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Plantation Forests in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities FROM SCIENCE TO POLICY 9 Plantation forests in Europe: challenges and opportunities Peter Freer-Smith, Bart Muys, Michele Bozzano, Lars Drössler, Niall Farrelly, Hervé Jactel, Jaana Korhonen, Gianfranco Minotta, Maria Nijnik, Christophe Orazio From Science to Policy 9 Authors Peter Freer-Smith, University of California Davis, USA & Forest Research, UK Bart Muys, KU Leuven, Belgium Michele Bozzano, European Forest Institute Lars Drössler, Ilia State University, Georgia Niall Farrelly, Teagasc, Ireland Hervé Jactel, INRA, France Jaana Korhonen, University of Helsinki, Finland Gianfranco Minotta, University of Turin, Italy Maria Nijnik, James Hutton Institute, UK Christophe Orazio, European Forest Institute Acknowledgements The report benefited from the helpful comments from external reviewers, Arttu Malkamäki from the University of Helsinki and Margarida Tomé from the University of Lisbon. We wish to express our thanks for their in- sights and comments that helped to improve the report, and acknowledge that they are in no way responsible for any remaining errors. This work and publication has been financed by EFI’s Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Policy Support Facility, which is supported by the Governments of Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Spain and Sweden. ISSN 2343-1229 (print) ISSN 2343-1237 (online) ISBN 978-952-5980-79-0 (print) ISBN 978-952-5980-80-6 (online) Editor in chief: Lauri Hetemäki Managing editor: Rach Colling Layout: Grano Oy Printing: Grano Oy Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute, or of the funders. Recommended citation: Freer-Smith, P., Muys, B., Bozzano, M., Drössler, L., Farrelly, N., Jactel, H., Korhonen, J., Minotta, G., Nijnik, M. and Orazio, C. 2019. Plantation forests in Europe: challenges and opportunities. From Science to Policy 9. European Forest Institute. https://doi.org/10.36333/fs09 2 Plantation forests in Europe: challenges and opportunities Contents Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................4 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Key messages .............................................................................................................................7 2. Sustaining production ....................................................................................................................9 2.1 Maintaining and using the genetic capital ...............................................................................9 2.2 Silviculture to achieve sustained yields .....................................................................................9 2.3 Maintaining site sustainability ................................................................................................10 2.4 Economic sustainability ...........................................................................................................12 2.5 Social sustainability ................................................................................................................13 2.6 Key messages ..........................................................................................................................13 3. Managing risks, improving adaptation .........................................................................................15 3.1 Multiple interacting hazards ....................................................................................................15 3.2 Reducing the susceptibility of plantation forests ...................................................................15 3.3 Limiting exposure ....................................................................................................................16 3.4 Key messages ...........................................................................................................................17 4. Safeguards and ecosystem services ..............................................................................................18 4.1 Conservation of biodiversity ...................................................................................................18 4.2 Land use and other environmental impacts ..........................................................................18 4.3 Ecosystem services ..................................................................................................................20 4.4 Key messages ..........................................................................................................................21 5. Social and governance aspects of plantations ..............................................................................22 5.1 Stakeholder and public perceptions of forest plantations ....................................................22 5.2 Institutional settings, social innovation and governance structures .....................................24 5.3 Key messages ...........................................................................................................................25 6. Outlook for the future ....................................................................................................................26 7. Policy implications and recommendations...................................................................................29 References ................................................................................................................................................30 Country case studies ...............................................................................................................................35 Republic of Ireland ........................................................................................................................35 Sweden ..........................................................................................................................................38 Italy .................................................................................................................................................41 Georgia ..........................................................................................................................................43 Appendix 1. Definition of plantation forests used in this study ............................................................45 Appendix 2. Site indicator values for analysis of land use impact.........................................................48 Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................50 3 From Science to Policy 9 Executive summary he Sustainable Development Goals, Paris However, “plantation forests” have often been TClimate Agreement, the Forest Europe process, viewed negatively, for example, from the monocul- and EU targets and policies set new demands for ture and biodiversity perspective. In the past, poor European forests. These include helping to mitigate tree species selection, poor silviculture and failure climate change, providing goods and services, gen- to consider social issues (especially local communi- erating jobs and acting as a source of fuel and mate- ties) in afforestation schemes have sometimes cre- rials. The development of an innovative, sustainable ated problems, and led to the discrediting of plan- bioeconomy is a key strategy, and in Europe forestry tation forestry. However, plantation forests do not is expected to play a major part in supplying the feed- need to create problems if planted and managed in stock and services required. ways that take into account environmental impacts, Plantation forests can play a key role in meeting the balance of different ecosystem services and the these objectives. Globally forest area continues to full range of stakeholder views. decline, from 4.3 billion hectares to 4 billion hectares In many regions, land-use mosaics incorporating during the period 1990 to 2015. However, over the forest plantations are highly effective in enhancing same timeframe the area of planted forests has in- ecological integrity and in tackling climate and en- creased, and they now comprise 7% of the total glob- vironmental challenges. Forest plantations are often al forest area and provide about 33% of the world’s a significant component of landscape-scale resto- roundwood. ration, and can bring degraded land back into pro- In Europe, the area of plantation forestry is also in- duction and improve the provision of ecosystem ser- creasing, together with the proportion of roundwood vices. If managed well, forest plantations have the and other services provided by plantation forests. potential to sustainably supply a substantial propor- There is new evidence that the sustainable manage- tion of the goods and services required by society, ment of plantations, particularly as part of a land- and therefore allow other forest areas to be managed scape-scale mosaic, has strong potential to deliver for conservation and protection objectives. against Europe’s emerging policy priorities. The challenges are to design and manage planta- The scientific evidence on how best to achieve these tions in ways which can cope with climate change, targets, while achieving multifunctionality and maxi- limit the
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