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L'université De Bordeaux Docteur THESE Présentée à L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET ENVIRONNEMENTS Par Quentin LAPORTE-FAURET POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR SPÉCIALITÉ : PHYSIQUE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Rôle des interactions biophysiques dans la dynamique dunaire en réponse aux perturbations Sous la direction de Dr. Bruno CASTELLE et Pr. Richard MICHALET et l’encadrement de Dr. Vincent MARIEU Soutenue le 15 février 2021 Devant la commission d’examen formée de : M. Éric CHAUMILLON Professeur, Université de La Rochelle Rapporteur M. Christopher CARCAILLET DE EPHE, École Pratique des Hautes Études Rapporteur, Président du jury Mme. Estelle FOREY MdC-HDR, Université de Rouen Examinatrice M. Nicolas ROBIN MdC-HDR, Université de Perpignan Examinateur M. Bruno CASTELLE DR CNRS, Université de Bordeaux Directeur M. Richard MICHALET Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Co-Directeur M. Vincent MARIEU IR CNRS, Université de Bordeaux Co-Encadrant - 2021 - Remerciements ___________________________________________________________________________ Remerciements Je souhaite adresser mes premiers remerciements à mes directeurs de thèse Bruno Castelle, Richard Michalet et co-encadrant Vincent Marieu avec qui j’ai eu la chance et le plaisir de travailler tout au long de ces trois années. Merci de m’avoir fait confiance pour mener ces travaux, vous êtes tous les trois de formidables personnes. Bruno, merci d’avoir toujours été disponible pour discuter ou répondre à mes questions, même quand tu étais dans le rouge, tu trouvais toujours un peu de temps. J’ai beaucoup appris à tes côtés à travers ta passion pour les littoraux et ta rigueur scientifique. Richard, merci d’avoir toujours été disponible pour m’apprendre et répondre à mes nombreuses questions de biologie. Au début du doctorat, mes connaissances en biologie végétale étaient très limitées, mais c’est en t’accompagnant à travers la végétation des dunes et en voyant ta passion pour les plantes que j’ai réellement beaucoup appris. Vincent, un grand merci pour ta disponibilité et ton aide toujours si gentiment prodiguée. Tu as toujours pris le temps de répondre à mes très très nombreuses questions techniques et scientifiques, de débloquer et surtout d’optimiser mes codes MATLAB. Merci pour ces petites discussions toujours très intéressantes qui commençaient toutes par « Salut les jeunes ! ». J’adresse également mes remerciements à Éric Chaumillon et Christopher Carcaillet, qui ont accepté d’évaluer mon travail de thèse, ainsi qu’à Estelle Forey et Nicolas Robin de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Un grand merci à Stéphane Bujan qui n’a cessé de nous accompagner dans toutes ces missions de suivi de la végétation dans les dunes. Sous la pluie, en pleine tempête ou sous un beau soleil d’été, tu étais toujours présent avec le DGPS pour retrouver l’emplacement des (très) nombreux quadras. Je voudrais aussi remercier Bertrand Lubac et Lionel Bombrun pour avoir partagé leurs connaissances dans le domaine de la télédétection par imagerie spectrale. Je souhaite aussi remercier les membres de l’équipe METHYS pour leur accueil chaleureux, les discussions et bons moments passés, merci Aldo, Nadia, Bertrand, Philippe, Nathalie et Guillaume. Merci Aldo et Nadia de m’avoir gentiment laissé quelques enseignements afin que je puisse mener à bien mon monitorat. Je remercie chaleureusement tous les doctorants et post-doctorants rencontrés durant ces trois années, merci pour tous ces bons moments passés à travers des discussions, des afterworks, des soirées i Remerciements ___________________________________________________________________________ barbecue et tant d’autres choses : Arthur, Cassandra, Isaac, Mélanie, Barbara, Andrea, José, Paulo, Kevin, Yann, etc… Je voudrais aussi remercier les étudiants stagiaires que j’ai eu la chance de co- encadrer, vous avez tous participé à des campagnes de terrain et aux traitements de données qui ont été très utiles au cours de cette thèse : Tiffany, Ana Teresa, Jocelyn et Anthony. J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à mes proches qui m’ont toujours soutenu dans mes études et ont toujours cru en moi. Merci à ma mamie qui m’a toujours encouragé et qui depuis trois ans me demande tout le temps « Ça va les études ? Tu passes bientôt ton examen ? », ne t’inquiète pas, au moment où j’écris ces lignes, l’examen est très proche ! Merci à mon frère et mes sœurs, Alexandre, Natacha et Manuella pour votre soutien, les bons repas et tous ces bons moments que l’on passe en famille. Vous avez toujours porté un grand intérêt pour mon travail, même s’il est parfois difficile à comprendre. Puis, merci à Nounours (il se reconnaitra) pour m’avoir quand même bien fait rire à travers toutes ses aventures plus palpitantes les unes que les autres ! Papa, je voudrais te dire un grand merci, tu m’as toujours inculqué la notion du travail et de la persévérance. « Si plus tard tu veux faire un métier que tu aimes, tu vas devoir étudier des thèmes que tu aimes, d’autres que tu n’aimes pas, mais travaille dur pour que ces derniers ne t’empêchent pas d’atteindre ton but ». Je pense que cette phrase m’a suivi durant toutes mes études. Tu as toujours cru en moi, en mes choix d’études, et m’as toujours soutenu. Maman, je pense que si je suis arrivé jusqu’ici, tu y es pour beaucoup. Depuis tout petit, tu m’as permis d’éveiller ma curiosité pour les sciences et la nature, tu m’as toujours soutenu dans mes choix et porté un grand intérêt à tout ce que j’entreprenais, alors un grand merci pour tout ça. Depuis peu, tu suis mon évolution d’un peu plus loin, c’est pourquoi, amoureuse des histoires et de la nature, je souhaiterais te dédier ces quelques lignes racontant mon histoire à travers le vent, l’océan, le sable et les plantes. Enfin, je souhaite remercier du fond du cœur ma chérie Pauline. Il s’en est passé du temps depuis les TPs de biologie végétale sur les bancs de l’université ! Merci pour ton soutien quotidien depuis ces nombreuses années, tu m’as permis de développer une rigueur et une organisation dans mon travail qui ont grandement participé à la réussite de mes études et de mon doctorat. - Merci à vous tous - ii Table des matières ___________________________________________________________________________ Table des matières Remerciements .......................................................................................................................... i Chapitre 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Contexte général .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Présentation du sujet ........................................................................................................ 7 1.3. Organisation du manuscrit ............................................................................................... 8 Chapitre 2. État de l’art ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Circulation atmosphérique et forçages .......................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Circulation atmosphérique ...................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Forçages le long des zones littorales ....................................................................... 14 2.2.2.a. Forçages météorologiques ................................................................................ 14 2.2.2.b. Forçages marins ................................................................................................ 15 2.2.2.c. Impact des forçages sur les niveaux d’eau ....................................................... 16 2.3. Transport sédimentaire .................................................................................................. 17 2.3.1. Généralités .............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.1.a. Structure de l’écoulement ................................................................................. 17 2.3.1.b. Modes de transport ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.2. Transport sédimentaire éolien ................................................................................. 19 2.3.3. Transport sédimentaire marin ................................................................................. 21 2.4. Dunes littorales .............................................................................................................. 22 2.4.1. Les dunes embryonnaires ........................................................................................ 22 2.4.2. Les dunes blanches ................................................................................................. 24 2.4.3. Effet des dunes sur l’écoulement ............................................................................ 26 2.4.4. Les caoudeyres ........................................................................................................ 31 2.4.4.a. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 31 2.4.4.b. Initiation ........................................................................................................... 32 2.4.4.c. Évolution .........................................................................................................
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