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HONESTY

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07 EDITOR’S NOTE Ar. Lalichan Zacharias 08 research PRESIDENT’S 35 MESSAGE PROTEAN LIVING Ar. C. R. Raju, President, IIA ADAPTING TO THE comments CLIMATE CRISIS Ar. Anushka Samant 09 & Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 41 4 theme CALL FOR PAPERS

10 dialogue HONESTY 44 Ar. Brijesh Saijal AR. CHRISTOPHER research BENNINGER 12 Dr. Kaiwan Mehta COLLAGE CITY in memoriam URBANISM 51 Ar. Deepashree Choudhury & Dr. Sanjukkta Bhaduri FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT research REFLECTIONS ON THE SOURCE OF 23 ‘CONTINUITY’ IN A STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION AND THE INNER WORKERS’ SELF OF THE ACCOMMODATIONS ARCHITECT CONTENTS JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Ar. Himani Tawade Parte Ar. Prem Chandavarkar JUNE 2021 5 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 112 NEWSLETTER ARCHITECTS ARCHITECTS SOCIAL CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY (ACSR) Sudhir B. Ar. 102 IN AUTHENTICITY CONSERVATION THE OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE Kavita Jain Ar. 106 APPLICATION OF OF THEORY (TOS) STRUCTURES Fatema Kabir Ar. photo essay photo 90 STROLLING OLD THE THROUGH STREETS Nimisha Shaijal Ar. travelogue 96 BURMA BURMA Gita Balakrishnan Ar. acsr 100 article education 88 book review poem Chintan Shah Ar. HALF OPENHALF WINDOWS CHANGE 77 Ar. Ajay Ghag Ar. 87 WORLD ENVIRONMENT 2021 DAY Manguesh R. Prabhugaonker Ar. 83 VIA ANTYODAYA INCLUSION RE-THINKING INDIA URBAN Avitesh Ar. ecosystem restoration interior design project 79 TURVO Designer WEB article different strokes NALA PONNAPPA Leena Kumar Ar. 78

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JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL [email protected] JUNE 2021 7 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Ar. Mukul Goyal Ar. Ar. Tushar Sogani Tushar Ar. Dr. Shilpa Sharma Dr. Ar. Gita Balakrishnan Ar. Sudhakaran Dr. Pratheek Pratheek Dr. Prabhugaonker Ar. Brijesh Saijal Brijesh Ar. Ar. Manguesh R. Ar. Ar. Lalichan Zacharias Lalichan Ar. EDITORIAL TEAM EDITORIAL EDITOR’S NOTE EDITOR’S Mahatma Gandhi As Architect Buckminister Fuller said, As Architect Successful. Integrity or Honesty is the Essence of everything It’s very important we should be that as architects, month is HONESTY. for the The theme to include a dialogue between happy are Ar. We The Journal would like to carry good practices, issues also call upon members who work in various We our gratitude to all those place on record We Few People Can Handle. Very Honesty has a Power, Zacharias Lalichan Ar. Editor when the to the fore comes Honesty in Architecture birthday which was on commemorate Wright’s To YES uttered merely to please, or worse, to avoid trouble.” to please, or worse, merely YES uttered “A NO uttered from the deepest from better conviction is “A NO uttered than a trusted by our clients and all the different stakeholders that trusted by our clients and all the different the for the foundation we interact with. And that trust is role players. Being honest between relationship the different playing by the rules to succeed in and true to our profession, tools are and important life building blocks to our professional a Practice Let us create that we can be of. build a career proud all and can bewhich gains respect from emulated by others. in this issue. Kaiwan Mehta Christopher Benninger and Ar. Education. and challenges in the newly introduced section for government, semi-public or private offices to contribute experiences,their on articles opportunitiesand challenges on invite members to submit features in those sectors. We design, interior design and landscapearchitectural design among others. projects and dealers of building materials companies, manufacturers supporting Journal by releasing and products,for the appreciated greatly advertisements in JIIA. are gestures These and will be remembered. structure of the building is truly expressed. Frank Lloyd expressed. of the building is truly structure being of architecture testimonies great works are Wright’s materials like stone deployed natural Wright true to itself. came together as a prodigious picture and slate and the whole and the building set out to the architect depiction of what lessons to design will reveal his approach achieve. A study of between and relationship in understanding the Man, Nature Architecture. Prem by Ar. an essay delighted to present 8 June, we are in this issue. Chandavarkar as a feature JUNE 2021 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

Dear Members,

Greetings!

As the rays of hope emerge slowly with the improve- ment in the situation, relaxation of curbs with caution, the pace and improvements in health facilities, let us look forward. The efforts of Chapters and Centres in coming to the aid of the local communities, both in cash and kind, apart from the vaccination drives and help to local authorities are very much appreciated. The Journal has been making a steady progress with a lot of features. It is also good to see Chapters and Centres publishing their magazines and newsletters with excellent content and composition. Our profession has grown thus far with the dedicated contribution of members across the country with Honesty in their approach to design, practice and academics, engagement with stakeholders, an enduring coordination during the process of execution and delivery with integrity. This is the way to sustain the growth of our profession with a steady progress leading to increased awareness amongst the members of society. The IIA Awards for Excellence in Architecture have been launched. It’s a good opportunity for members to share 8 their exemplary architectural works and research papers for Ar. C.R. Raju President, IIA their due recognition and as a source of inspiration for others. We have a growing number of young architects who are establishing their credentials even during these difficult times. To bring out the design talent amongst youngsters, it is proposed to have a National Competition on low cost/ af- fordable housing to be announced shortly with the support of the Young Architects Committee and the Chapters. It is time to articulate our thoughts to enhance the scope of architectural practice and to explore the benefits of forming consortiums and also an organisational structure Ar. Vilas Avachat Ar. Jitendra Mehta, Ar. Gyanendra that allows for multi-disciplinary practice, with architects as Vice-President, IIA Jr. Vice President, IIA Singh Shekhawat Hon. Treasurer, IIA the major stake-holders. This can aid in more number of firms meeting the criteria for taking up large scale public projects. Truth is the foundation on which we build integrity, the hallmark of strong moral and ethical principles and values. Honesty as always is the best policy.

Wishing you all good health and cheer.

Ar. C. R. Raju Ar. Ashutosh Kr. Ar. Leena Kumar Ar. Satish Mane President, IIA Agarwal Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA Jt. Hon. Secretary, IIA

IIA

OFFICE Ar. Divya Kush, Immediate Past JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL BEARERS President JUNE 2021 9 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Must say I have started looking forward to our Journal. Must say I have started looking forward the section dedicated to obituaries. From Appreciated to bookscoverage of projects and concerns it gives a in a manner our profession for wholesome platform that no other publication can. Obviously it had to be an "inside job" !!! Cheers guys! Kerala Cochin, Cherian, Jacob Ar. The IIA Journals are really good. Top notch. Extremely Top notch. Extremely really good. The IIA Journals are as well. Kudos happy to see such content coming out to the whole team. Manoj Madhu Ar. I just saw the latest issue of the JIIA and I am very hap- I just saw the latest issue of the JIIA and and the entire Wish you py to see the new everything. team well always. Palaye Anand Ar. [email protected] us at to Please write We welcome your comments and suggestions. comments your welcome We

Ar. N. Mahesh Ar. Hope of the Editorial team will sustain the predication the Journal ! The two monthly Journals of IIA imparted ‘lemon The two monthly Journals of IIA knowledge for full of marque and were reading fresh’ IIA members. skip The winsomeness is that one cannot and content any page and the quality of all the articles is tempting. Ar. Harish S Hariani Harish Ar. Best wishes in your future endeavours. Best wishes in your future The present team of the Journal of IIA is doing excel- The present lent work and I consider it our duty to support and of our fraternity. the interest in come forward Congratulations on IIA’s recent publication. It's a Congratulations on IIA’s recent I applaud the very inspiring. and really example great publication. It's a good to look- reminder on the pres Diamond Jubilee ent side of our daily challenges in the of MembershipEra of our esteem IIA. I was Secretary of our Institute. I had the op- and Public Affairs Board to various visits portunitya hundred over arrange to in our architecture sites, factories and programmes fraternity. COMMENTS 10 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS JUNE 2021 As architects, wecanengageinsustainablepracticeswhich openness, empowers us, and enables us to develop a positive us,andenablesustodevelopapositive empowers openness, ety, andindeedlife itself. Architects needtoadoptaholistic ed from theground level -from thedeterminationofsite,se - - towards todevelopasenseofresponsibility soci with society lection of materials to the intricate detailing of the project. an honestapproach towards oneself, nature, andsociety. and compassionatesociety. Itpromotes authenticityandfos- approach towards de- user-centricdesign,climate-responsive betterment ofhumankind.The role ofanarchitectbetterment indevelop- built spaces must be seamlessly incorporated withtheunbuilt seamlesslyincorporated built spacesmustbe ing the social fabricispredominant andwemustworkalong ing thesocial reduce the carbon footprintandarereduce energy-efficient.The thecarbon sign anddesignthatadheres fabric. tothecurrent social spaces creating- aconnectionwithnature. Anotherimport ters the living standards It is crucial to have of living beings. changed yourself. ofinteg- are Great allpeople peacemakers As I have said, the first thing is, to be honestwithyourself.As Ihavesaid,thefirstthingis,to ness ofthepast,for afuture which isessentiallyunknown. As anarchitect, youdesignfor thepresent, withanaware- You ifyouhavenot canneverhaveanimpactonsociety As architects, we are entitled to shape society forAs architects, society the weare entitledtoshape - An honest approach incorporat in designing must be Honesty byvirtueisavitalhumanvaluethatpromotes rity, ofhonesty, buthumility. Nelson Mandela Norman Foster HONESTY THEME coming generations to embrace a better quality of living.coming generations to embrace a better It construction. It is also important tocreate ahealthyenvironconstruction. Itisalsoimportant - architecture andcompassion canevokeasenseofbelonging a legacy forarchitecture canleavebehind up- andsociety attempt torestore theenvironment. Massiveimpactcanbe encouragedisreforestation, thatneedstobe ant aspect an is our responsibility to create awareness among people about tocreateis ourresponsibility about awareness amongpeople ment for from different people sects. artisansfor andlocal made byadoptingvernacularmethods towards otherlivingcreatures. ofarchitecture.the importance Thusanhonestapproach to Ar. Brijesh Saijal As quoted above, an honest approachAs quoted above, towards nature, No legacyissorichashonesty. William Shakespeare JUNE 2021

RESEARCH

Collage City Urbanism: a Reading of Kolkata, India Ar. Deepashree Choudhury, Dr. Sanjukkta Bhaduri JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS • A Study of Construction Workers’ Accommodations in Mumbai Metropolitan Region of India Ar. Himani Tawade Parte • Protean Living : Adapting to the Climate Crisis Ar. Anushka Samant, Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 COLLAGE CITY URBANISM A READING OF KOLKATA, INDIA

Ar. Deepashree Choudhury Professor Piloo Mody College of Architecture Cuttack, Orissa, India [email protected] Dr. Sanjuktta Bhaduri Professor, Former Dean (Research) and Head, Department of Urban Planning School of Planning and architecture New Delhi, India [email protected] 12 12 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 13 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 13 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

For further investigation, this research takes up takes up For further investigation, this research With this background, Collage City authored by City authored Collage With this background, A literature study and secondary data analysis are study and secondary data analysis are A literature tion in urban conditions in terms of selected parameters to the early 18th century) are selected for comparison selected for to the early 18th century) are tween contrasting urban situations and proposetween contrasting urban situations and a radi- undertaken to develop an understanding of the mor- urban image. of urban tial assemblages and simultaneous imbibing urban territories, composedurban territories, config- of differential identity as it of unique into urban realms urations play. Based on the study, ‘Park Street’ is selected as the ‘Park Street’ on the study, Based play. putting them together with newly constructed themes putting them together with newly constructed peace and conflict, equality and discrimination oper- phological, enactment and temporal collages which prioritizes available materials over the custom made, materials over the custom made, prioritizes available study area for this research for demonstrating the prin- for this research for study area shaping the urban territory over the predetermined territory over the predetermined shaping the urban research aims to address. research Seven assemblages of Kolkata, whose origin goes back it views cities as a ‘collage’; bothit views cities as a ‘collage’; wherein as an ‘object’ constitu- existing an art that uses already it resembles with the idea of the built forms By referencing nature. icant meaning in public perception. Colonial legacy Also, trans- this study. makes it a suitable context for namism through multiples modes multiples through namism and enactment of binaries like wealth and poverty, efficiency and waste, efficiency and waste, binaries like wealth and poverty, ble of altering their beings altering ble of to accommodate dy- this and are graded as per they dis- and are the urban differentials and ideas and as a ‘technique‘ wherein it transforms to it transforms and ideas and as a ‘technique‘ wherein of urban an agency of implementation or enactment Kolkata, a metropolis India, having a co- in Eastern example, both global and ating at multiple scales, for Palaces’ and the ‘City of Squalor’ both having signif- allegiance and the principles of collage urbanism can can of collage urbanism and the principles allegiance Collage urbanism, efficiently. this need most address shaping contemporary useful toola particularly for the spontaneous to emphasize process for and prefers Colin Rowe and Fred KoetterColin Rowe and Fred is selected as the (1978) lation of this particular urban design discourse in an lation of this particular urban design discourse in an shapedhave contemporarythe Kolkata. metropolisof key text for the research. The treatise has very high rel- has very high The treatise the research. key text for years. The hundred than three lonial history of more local bestow it with two paradoxical titles: the ‘City of which has the art of collage as its mainstay becomes as its mainstay the art of collage which has ciples of collage urbanism as it shows maximum varia- to the others. compared ents of both a new whole by built and unbuilt to create urbanism of mediation be- collage, the authors profess urban constructs representing where cal middle ground can co-exist. affiliations different and contrasting para- combined with native culture urban processdigms of urban spaces, urban lives, and - metropolisinvesti- this holistic characterize but a es the essence of city is still awaited. Kolkata represents oriental context has emerged as a necessity which this evance in modernand practices as urban design theory - of differen city’s configuration as a conglomeration engages multiple stakeholders over selected experts,engages multiple gation into how the urban differentials construct the construct the gation into how the urban differentials ‘Collage City’ as professed by Rowe and Koetter, which which Rowe and Koetter, by ‘Collage City’ as professed Keywords: urbanisms of multiplicity, Collage urbanisms of multiplicity, Keywords: Contemporary cities exhibit highly complex ABSTRACT Contemporary cities exist as conglomerations of diverse diverse of as conglomerations exist cities Contemporary 1. INTRODUCTION 1. This research is a quest for the methodology of is a quest research This from the fragments through a process of superimposi the fragments through from - that would facilitate reconciliation betweenthat would facilitate reconciliation the ex- tion, overlaps, and juxtaposition of parts, that may at to unison in work propertiesbut unrelated have times, the perspective of looking at cities as urbanisms of the involvement of multiple stakeholders. These cit- the involvement of multiple stakeholders. ferent modes of reconciliation and thus acts as an urban collage. and thus acts as an urban collage. modes of reconciliation ferent spaces must be capa- as frames which are conceived shape these urbanscapes. The thrust on ‘collage cities’ since the latter half of the last century. These urban- since the latter half of the last century. nication, cities are bound nication, cities are to change and thus urban is particularly significant in modern times, as due to isting differentials in terms of urban constructs that of urban constructs that in terms differentials isting reading such urbanisms of multiplicity through the the such urbanisms of multiplicity through reading isms of multiplicity which manifest the principles of the principles of isms of multiplicity which manifest multiplicity has been the dominant one among them ies merit representation as an interconnected mass of mass of as an interconnected ies merit representation at cities from the past to the present-day world cities, world cities, the past to the present-day at cities from assimilation of patches organized in different layers layers different assimilation of patches organized in spatial and temporal different scales and are across terms of urban spaces and facades and graded to reveal their var- reveal and graded to and facades spaces of urban terms the key text and urban constructs for studying the collage cities cities the collage studying for text constructs and urban the key City, urban constructs, Kolkata, Park Street City, ied state of existence, that is, intra- and inter- stretch collages. collages. stretch and inter- is, intra- that of existence, ied state is adopted for this research. for is adopted lens of collage urbanism to draw certain inferences lens of collage urbanism to draw certain inferences with each other in various capacities to form a whole. a whole. to form with each other in various capacities eration, push and pull of modern trade and commu- collage urbanism, are assemblages composedcollage urbanism, are of differ- the whole is generated ential urban conditions where dispersed components and heterogeneous interacting characterized by rapid transformation processes and processes and characterized by rapid transformation which addresses the unique challenges they face and enables enables and face they the unique challenges addresses which representing the working collage of the city is selected as the as the is selected of the city collage the working representing - re This between the existing urban differentials. reconciliation global forces of interconnection, instant stimuli gen- of interconnection, global forces generate a functional urban entity. - pres and the characteristics enactment phological composition, are derived from it. Kolkata city, a metropolis in Eastern India is India is in Eastern a metropolis city, it. Kolkata from derived are Fred Koetter and published by MIT Press in 1978 is selected as as in 1978 is selected MIT Press and published by Koetter Fred detailed study area. The different stretches are then analyzed in in then analyzed are stretches different The area. detailed study search explores the contemporary cities as collage ensembles by ensembles by as collage cities the contemporary explores search critically assessed and Park Street, a 3.5 km-long thoroughfare thoroughfare a 3.5 km-long Street, assessed and Park critically components, layers, narratives and imageries. The ‘urbanisms ‘urbanisms The imageries. and narratives layers, components, urbanity to a new approach of multiplicity’ require harbor they establishing their correspondence with the art and technique of with the artof and technique establishing their correspondence ence of varied temporal layers, Park Street is unified through dif- is unified through Street Park layers, temporal of varied ence An exploratory research strategy with a mixed-method approach with a mixed-method approach strategy exploratory research An Though there have of looking Though there approaches been many The findings conclusively prove that despite heterogeneous mor- heterogeneous despite that prove findings conclusively The ‘collage’. The treatise Collage City authored by Colin Rowe and and Rowe Colin by authored City Collage treatise The ‘collage’. JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021

14 14

Figure 1:The Research Design for the Study (Source: Author)

2. RESEARCH AIM 3.1. STAGE-I-LITERATURE REVIEW

To read the selected study area, that is, Park Street The literature review for this study constitutes the of Kolkata as a manifested reality of collage urban- following five sections as shown in Figure 2. ism using urban constructs suggested by the Key text ‘Collage City’ (Rowe & Koetter, 1978). ▶ The First Section: ’Cities Past to Present’ reveals that the contem- The following are the objectives the research aims porary city is no more a homogeneous entity as an in- to address: tervention in the form of spontaneous and unplanned 1. To undertake a study of the various urban de- function, multiple stakeholders and a mixture of tem- sign approaches that have made their mark around the poral layers that generate heterogeneity in urbanscapes. world so far with a focus on understanding the pro- These translate them into urbanisms of multiplicity. Also, cess of emergence of pluralism in the domain of city cities have traveled from totalitarian to incremental and planning. autocratic to participative enactment procedures and 2. To establish the suitability of Rowe and Koet- singular to multiple interpretations of memories that ter’s Collage City (Rowe & Koetter, 1978) as the key support this new paradigm. text for this inquiry and derive urban constructs for a reading of ‘urbanisms of multiplicity ‘based on critical ▶ The Second Section: reading of the key text. ’Discourses on Urbanism of Multiplicity’ estab- 4. To read the city of Kolkata and the study area lishes the establish the ‘urbanisms of multiplicity’ as the using the toolset derived from the key text and validate main determinant of the urban realm in contemporary the urban collage inherent in it. cities and deduces their main characteristics.

3. RESEARCH DESIGN ▶ The Third Section: ‘Collage City Urbanism in the Context of Urban- The research is undertaken in the four stages de- isms of Multiplicity’ establishes the correspondence scribed below in Figure 1. between urbanisms of multiplicity and collage and JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 15 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 15 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Memory as meaning Museum City Structure and Content Structure Collage Time Constructs (T)Time Constructs T1 T2 T3 T4 ▶ The Fourth Section: STEP-I: The excursuses[1] mentioned in ‘Collage (i) The derived urban constructs (ii)four steps: The measurable indicators derived in ’Study of ‘Collage City’-The Key Text’ undertakes ’Study of ‘Collage City’-The Key to the urban concerns in terms of urban space and ur- a detailed study of ‘Collage City’ (Rowe & Koetter, a detailed study of ‘Collage City’ (Rowe & Koetter, City’ (Rowe & Koetter, 1978, pp. 150-177) are related related pp. 150-177) are 1978, City’ (Rowe & Koetter, lyzing the selected study area. lyzing the selected study area. corresponding measurable indicators to be used in ana- 1978) to derive the urban constructs(see Table 1) and 1) Table constructs(see to derive the urban 1978) Enactment Vision Enactment Enactment Approach Enactment Enactment Agency Enactment Enactment Technique Enactment Enactment Constructs (E) Constructs Enactment E1 E2 E3 E4 Walkability Field Definition and Field Definition Connection Public-Private Realm Realm Public-Private Connection Contextual Object –Texture Object –Texture Equivalence Relationship Built Unbuilt Integration Poche Rooms Urban Integration Poche Rooms Urban Solid-void Relationship Relationship Solid-void Merging Typological Morphological Constructs (M) Morphological Constructs M1 M2 M3 M4 M8 M9 M10 M9 M10 M7 M5 M6 facilitates the creation and maintenance of such an urban facilitates the creation temporary of multiplicity’ i.e. collage cities ‘urbanisms poral is the chief characteristic of con- and spatial frame - pres the that reveals study The design. urban of proach ing urban constructs to read contemporarying urban constructs to read collage cities. and establishes collage urbanism as an apt approach that approach apt an as urbanism collage establishes and City (Rowe & Koetter, 1978) as the ‘key text’ for deduc- as the ‘key text’ for 1978) City (Rowe & Koetter, Figure 2: Outline of Literature Review (Source: Author) (Source: Review of Literature 2: Outline Figure collage. The study also justifies the selection of Collage ence of unified single urban entities displaying urban tem- same the in existence of state varied a in constructs extrapolates to collage urbanism ap- this connection Urban constructs derived from the key text the key from derived constructs 1 : Urban Table 2020 Choudhury & Bhaduri, Source: ban facades (e.g. the excursus’ memorable streets’ corre- the minimum and the maximum number of any indicator sponds to ‘streets’, the excursus’ stabilizers’ correspond forms the lower and upper limit of gradation classes and JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 to ‘buildings’, the excursus ‘potentially Interminable set gradation by value according to predetermined criteria. pieces’ corresponds to landmark and so on). ▶ The Fifth section: STEP-II: The attributes that define and affect ’Kolkata: The Collage City ‘ studies the city of the degree of presence of derived urban constructs in Kolkata (Figure 3)and reveals that the present city has a particular area, related to the morphological urban emerged over time as a combined paradigm of various constructs are listed e.g. imageability, enclosure, human temporal layers (collage of time construct), space idi- scale, transparency, complexity, legibility and linkage oms arrived at through different patterns of spatial or- are the identified attributes with respect to walkability ganization and appropriation(collage of morphological construct (Ewing & Handy, 2009, p. 72). construct) differential planning policies and visions, ac- cumulation of diverse urban activities and multi-ethnic STEP-III: The broad themes which would enable urban participation(collage of enactment construct), understanding, measurement, and gradation of the ur- all overlapping with one another through amorphous ban constructs regarding the attributes listed above are boundaries shaping it as a unique collage assemblage. discussed based on a review of classic urban design texts (e.g. walkability is analyzed under the themes premise, 3.2. STAGE II- THE STUDY OF KOLKATA’S AS- built structure, activity, accessibility, façade and conve- SEMBLAGES AND THE SELECTION OF STUDY AREA nience/comfort). Based on the literature on Kolkata and secondary STEP-IV: Measurable indicators related to mor- data, seven assemblages of the city that find a mention phological constructs are worked out and grading crite- in historical accounts of the city are identified namely; ria are derived for each indicator. To cite one example; a Park Street, College Street, Dalhousie Square, New Mar- few of the indicators considered for grading walkability ket, Chitpur, Kumartuli, and Burrabazaar (Figure 4). The construct are the percentage of premises with front and selected assemblages are compared in terms of variation side setbacks, the percentage of buildings directly abut- they display with respect to certain predefined parame- ting footpath and accommodating multiple building uses, ters with an aim to deduce their extent of conformity to nos. of identified building typology and historic build- collage urbanism as characterized by the city of Kolkata. ings, etc. Grading criteria applied to grade indicators include grading by boundary conditions where three equal 3.3. STAGE-III-DATA COLLECTION AND DATA divisions i.e. 0 to <33%,33% to 66% and > 66% to 100% ANALYSIS 16 16 corresponding to low, moderate and high grades of that indicator or the reverse depending on the interpretation From the study, Park Street emerged as the assem- of the indicator are adopted, grading by count, where blage having maximum variation in urban conditions

Figure 3: Location of Kolkata: An Eastern Metropolis of Figure 4: The seven assemblages of Kolkata selected for secondary analysis (Source: India (Source : https://www.freeworldmaps.net/asia/

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL by Author, based on Google maps) india/westbengal/) JUNE 2021 17 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 17 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Figure 7: Typical Map for Urban Space Analysis (Source: Author) (Source: Analysis Space Urban Map for 7: Typical Figure Figure 5: Park Street: The selected Study Area (Source: by Author, based on Google maps) based on Google Author, by (Source: Area Study selected The Street: 5: Park Figure Figure 6: Division of Park Street in 6 stretches (S1 to S6) (Source: Kolkata Municipal Corporation & Author) Corporation Municipal Kolkata S6) (Source: (S1 to in 6 stretches Street of Park 6: Division Figure JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021

Figure 8:Typical Elevation for Urban Façade Analysis (Source: Author) 3.3.2. DATA ANALYSIS

(i) In this research, all the Morphological Con- structs (M1-M10) have been studied and analyzed (based on primary surveys and interviews) for all the identified stretches of the study area, i.e., Park Street in terms of :

• Urban Space through the gradation of quantified/measured indicators (under each theme) based on stretch maps generated from field survey (see Figure 7). • Urban Façade through drawing up elevations of both sides of Park Street through the gradation of quantified/measured indicators (under each theme)based on elevations generated from field survey (see Figure 8).

(ii) The Enactment Constructs and Time Con- 18 18 structs have been studied and analyzed based on secondary sources (including maps, articles, but literature, narratives)and primary surveys (field survey and photo and video documentation ) for all the identified stretch- Figure 9: Map for analyzing Contextual Agreement (M4) Construct es of the study area i.e. Park Street. (Source: Author) (iii) Interviews were analyzed in two stages in which they were conducted. In Stage-I, interview tran- due to its unique configuration as a collection of ‘urban scripts obtained from an unstructured questionnaire patches’ all different from each other but existing side by which were administered face-to-face were coded ac- side and coming together both in terms of formal and in- cording to themes and subthemes and responses were formal discourses to represent a single urban identifiable grouped in specific categories to understand how re- unit. So, it is selected as the area for detailed study. spondents experienced Park street with respect to the identified urban constructs(morphological, enactment, 3.3.1. DATA COLLECTION and time). In Stage-II, responses of electronic surveys were aligned with findings of urban space and urban Park Street is divided into six stretches (S1 to S6) façade analysis with respect to individual constructs, based on pre-decided attributes for data collection and and the extent of agreement of interviewees with find- analysis as shown in Figure 6. ings was established.

This research has been accomplished through both (iv) Secondary data obtained from various sourc- primary and secondary data. Stage I has been accom- es are analyzed to identify the final study area from vari- plished through secondary data whereas both primary ous urban assemblages of Kolkata. and secondary data have been used for stage II and stage III. Field surveys, Interviews, Electronic surveys, Photos, 3.3.2.1. ANALYSIS OF CONTEXTUAL AGREE- and Video documentation were used for primary data MENT (M4) CONSTRUCT (AN EXAMPLE) collection. Archival documents, cartographic sources including maps of Kolkata obtained from different sources, The following section describes the urban space GIS maps, Smart maps [2], aerial photographs obtained and urban facade analysis with respect to contextual from Google Earth, newspaper clippings, journals, books, agreement construct in six stretches of Park Street (Fig- and other articles appearing in the media were the main ures 9 & 10 and Tables 2 to 6). Similar analysis has been secondary data sources were used for the study. carried out for other morphological constructs. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 19 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 19 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Remarks Remarks - agree S1 and S3 show low contextual a very- due to high range of varia ment coverage tion in plot sizes and ground context existing do not reinforce which differences. but manifests contextual S2 and S3 show moderate range a moderate due to agreement and ground in plot sizes of variation coverage. - agree S5 and S6 show high contextual in low range of variation due to ment coverage plot sizes and ground S1, S5, and S6 show high contextual S1, S5, and S6 show high contextual of a the presence due to agreement building of dominant high percentage use and building dominant typology, reinforce which influencers surrounding the existing context. contextual S2, S3 and S4 show moderate of a mod- the presence due to agreement building of dominant percentage erate building use. and dominant typology influencers number of surrounding The S3 and S4 in S2 but low in is moderate the context. dilutes which S1 shows high contextual agreement agreement S1 shows high contextual number of of a large the presence due to - prem pass through lanes that pedestrian the existing context reinforce ises which and the streets. premises connecting by contextual S2, S3 and S4 show moderate number the reduced due to agreement pass through lanes that of pedestrian premises. - agree S5 and S6 show low contextual of pedestrian the absence due to ment premises. pass through lanes that S1, S2, S5 and S6 show high contextual S1, S2, S5 and S6 show high contextual of a high the presence due to agreement infill. of contextual percentage due agreement S3 shows low contextual of of a high percentage the presence to infill. contextual - agree contextual S4 shows moderate of a high the presence due to ment infill. of contextual percentage S6 582 H(269) 83 H(201) H T4c H(78) M(3) Uc2 H(96) H L(0) L H(100) H S5 692 H(344) 79 H(250) H T4c H(75) H(4) Uc2 H(88) H L(0) L H(79) H S4 1973 M(1956) 55 M(996) M T3c M(60 L(0) Uc3 M(55) M M(2) M M(56) M S3 2767 L(2469) 46 L(1115) L T3c, T4c' M(40) L(1) Uc1 M(62) M M(3) M L(32) L S2 2592 M(2065) 53 M(881) M T2c', T4c M(45) M(3) Uc3 M(45) M M(3) M H(75) H S1 7711 L(2772) 45 L(1453) L T2c H(68) H(4) Uc2 H(72) H H(5) H H(78) H Indicators Average plot size Average Standard Deviation Deviation Standard of Plot sizes Average Ground Ground Average (%) coverage Standard Deviation Deviation Standard coverage of ground ASSIMILATED ASSIMILATED GRADE Dominant typology typology Dominant (%) Surrounding influ- Surrounding (buildings/ encers uses) (Nos.) Dominant building Dominant use (%) ASSIMILATED ASSIMILATED GRADE Lanes through Lanes through - or premis blocks es(Nos.) ASSIMILATED ASSIMILATED GRADE Contextual Infill Contextual (%) ASSIMILATED ASSIMILATED GRADE Step-I : Urban Space Analysis : Urban Step-I M4(Contextual Agreement ) Urban Space Analysis Space ) Urban Agreement M4(Contextual Code Cp1 Theme: PREMISE Theme: Cp2 Cb1 Theme: BUILT STRUCTURE BUILT Theme: Cb2 Cb3 Cac1 Theme: ACCESSIBILITY Theme: Theme: TRANSFORMATION Theme: Ct1 Inter-stretch grading of different indicators constituting M4(Contextual Agreement) construct-Urban construct-Urban Agreement) M4(Contextual constituting indicators of different grading 2: Inter-stretch Table Author) (Source: Analysis Space Step-II : Themewise assimilation of grades(Urban Space Analysis) Table 3: Assimilated grade related to M4(Contextual Agreement ) construct-Urban Space Analysis (Source: Author) JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021

M4 (Contextual Agreement ) Urban Space Analysis Grades

Theme S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Premise L M L M H H

Built Structure H M M M H H

Accessibility H M M M L L

Transformation H H L M H H

ASSIMILATED GRADE H M NC(M~L) M H H

Step-III : Urban Façade Analysis Table 4: Inter-stretch grading of different indicators constituting M4 (Contextual Agreement) construct-Urban Facade Analysis (Source: Author)

M4 (Contextual Agreement) Urban Façade Analysis

Code Indicator S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Remarks

Theme: FACADE

Percentage of buildings S1 and S2 show high contextual agreement due to having distinguishable the presence of a high percentage of buildings hav- 20 20 elements in building ing distinguishable elements in building facades. Cf2E facades H92 H75 M60 M64 L12 L16 S3 and S4 show moderate contextual agreement due to the presence of a moderate percentage of buildings having distinguishable elements in building facades. ASSIMILATED GRADE

H H M M L L S5 and S6 show low contextual agreement due to the presence of a low percentage of buildings having distinguishable elements in building facades.

Step-IV : Theme-wise assimilation of grades (Urban Facade Analysis) Table 5: Assimilated grade related to M4Contextualgreement) construct- Urban Façade (Source: Author)

M4(Contextual Agreement ) Urban Facade Analysis Grades

Theme S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

Built Structure H H M M L L

ASSIMILATED GRADE H H M M L L

Step-V : Urban Space Analysis and Urban Facade Analysis Table 6: Assimilated grade related to M4 (Contextual Agreement) construct- Urban Space and Urban Facade Analy- sis (Source: Author)

Contextual Agreement(M4) -Urban space Analysis and Urban Facade Grades

Urban Space Analysis H M NC(M~L) M H H

Urban Facade Analysis H H M M L L JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 21 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 21 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS We are highly indebted to various published highly are We Next, the research recommends the incorporathe - recommends research the Next, Acknowledgments This research also recommends framing of suit- of framing recommends also research This unique information and insights, which could otherwise unique information to return surveys and the countless numberto return of people we the research, granting the required photo and survey per- required granting the the research, throughout our research. We would also like to thank var- would also like We our research. throughout time to time helping us immensely in progressing with progressing in immensely us helping time to time also ac- as a part of our doctoral work. We the research the creation of equitable urban conditions by employ- of equitable urban the creation spaces urban designing responsesfor of contextual tion speedily altering to cushion the developmental pressure and legible, comprehensible, the urban fabric to create in a high grade of urban constructs e.g. tions resulting and engaging edge beuse of space, the transparent - floorretail ground tween built and unbuilt structures, poration, Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, poration, Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, pressed by internet bloggers and peersand bloggers internet by web- various on pressed sign Department School of Planning and Architecture sign Department School of Planning and Architecture space definers which enclose open built spaces through setbacks that incorporate building structures, public immensely grateful to all faculty members are sites. We never be books obtained from or published sources. met in and around Park Street while on field surveys and Park Street met in and around in other parts of Kolkata, as they supplied us with a lot of itude for the interview respondents for taking the time the interview respondents for itude for missions and responding to our queries with utmost sin- ious officials and staff members staff and officials ious cor- Municipal of Kolkata SPA, across departments, beSPA, across it administrative or logistics ing meager urban resources. - involving highly majestic to mun mentation program atic Society, and South Park Street cemetery for the helpthe for cemetery Park Street South and Society, atic able enactment modalities like bye-laws and policies De- Urban of Committee Research Departmental and ventional area and incremental and small scale imple- and small scale incremental and ventional area knowledge the support lent to us by the staff members of which would encourage the creation of urban condi- which would encourage the creation to the thesis and views ex- works on the subjects relevant cerity. Next, we want to place on record, our sincere grat- our sincere we want to place on record, Next, cerity. extended in collecting different documents relevant to documentsrelevant different collecting in extended comprehensive, and objective critique of the work from and objective critique of the work from comprehensive, dane elements are encouraged. This approach enables This approach encouraged. dane elements are urban realms. coherent openingdirectly etc. on to the footpath, Urban Planningof the Department of Urban Design and National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization, Asi- (SPA), New Delhi who have provided a constructive, (SPA), New Delhi who have provided iii) The study also reveals that the state of exis- iii) The study also i) The presence of unified single urban entities i) The presence - ii) Analysis of the urban constructs (morpholog - beIt can infer Space analysis that Urban seen 5. RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS RESEARCH 5. 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS (STAGE-IV) DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS 4. The research recommends the adoption of a col- research The The findings are verified through the users’are verified per- The findings The following findings are put forth through the through forth put are findings following The themselves to manipulation are considered as the inter- as the considered are manipulation to themselves tions and ground realities exist together e.g. some ur- exist together e.g. realities tions and ground tence of urban constructs probed in this inquiry is close- urbanism concept as suggested by the key text Collage urbanism concept as suggested by the tence in the same temporal and spatial frame is the chief stretch collage. Park Street is perceived as a unified sin- Park Street collage. stretch stretch wise analysis of Morphological, Enactment and wise analysis stretch in contemporary cities. According to this approach, the in contemporary to this approach, According cities. inferred from the interview, and an electronic survey un- survey and an electronic the interview, from inferred resources whereas the others might struggle to survive whereas resources imagery of the place being investigated. The state of ex- through istence of various urban constructs (interpreted ity’ i.e. collage cities. their reveals ical, enactment, and time) of the stretches S4 and S5 they differ. ban interventions in a contemporary collage city, where where ban interventions in a contemporary collage city, urbanof wealth a display might city the of patches ban and urban façade analysis: versatile urban constructs and indicators which lend City with respect studied here. to the urban constructs varied state of existence, i.e., intra-stretch and inter-, varied state of existence, i.e., intra-stretch ysis for stretches S1 and S4 whereas in the case of S2, S3, in the case S1 and S4 whereas stretches ysis for lage urbanism approach for designing the urban spaces designing for lage urbanism approach with impoverished inadequate urban provisions. and ly linked to the physical urban condition and popularly linked to the physical urban condition heterogeneous morphological composition, heterogeneous different dertaken during the research. ception relating to the urban constructs beingception relating graded, differential fragments displaying different urban condi- fragments displaying different differential enactment characteristics, and varied temporalenactment characteristics, and varied layers. displaying urban constructs in a varied state of exis- displaying urban constructs in a varied characteristic of contemporary’ urbanisms of multiplic- (S1 to S6) displaying despite its contiguous stretches ences are in agreement with those of Urban Facade anal- with those of Urban Facade in agreement ences are grading them in this research) can be used to guide ur- grading them in this research) gle urban entity in the same temporal and spatial frame Figure 10: Assimilated grade related to M4 (Contextual Agreement) construct-Urban Space and Urban Facade Analysis (Source: Author) (Source: Analysis Facade and Urban Space construct-Urban Agreement) M4 (Contextual to grade related 10: Assimilated Figure Thus it conforms to the primary characteristic of collage Thus it conforms Time Constructs of Park street in terms of urban space Time Constructs of Park street REFERENCES 4 13 18th Century: Impressions Of C.R.Wilson, 1900. The Early Dutta, P., 2015. Planning the Travellers. s.l.: Digital Library 1 Annals of the English in Bengal. City – Urbanization, and Reform of India. Choudhury, D., & Bhaduri, London: W.Thacker and co. in Calcutta, c. 1800 – c. 1940. s.l. JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 S. (2020). Collage Cities: Tulika books. 24 A Contemporary Reading. 5 Nair, P., 1986. Calcutta in the 17th International Journal of Advanced Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T. & 14 century. Calcutta: Firma KLM Science and Technology, 29(12s), Tiesdell, S., 2003. Public spaces, Groat, L. N. & Wang, D., 2013. Pvt.Ltd. 2004-2022. Retrieved April 10, Urban spaces. s.l. Architectural Architectural Research Methods. 2021, from http://sersc.org/ Press. 2nd edition ed. s.l.: Wiley. 25 journals/index.php/IJAST/ Nair, P., 1990. The growth and article/view/24363 6 15 development of old Calcutta. Chattopadhyay, S., 2000. Habeeb, D. M., 2008. Coding In: S. Chaudhuri, ed. Calcutta, 2 Blurring Boundaries: The Limits the urban form, s.l.: Georgia The Living City, Vol. I. Calcutta: Ewing, R., & Handy, S. (2009). of "White Town" in Colonial Institute of Technology. Oxford University Press, pp. Measuring the Unmeasurable: Calcutta. Journal of the Society 16-17. Urban Design Qualities Related of Architectural Historians, 59(2), 16 to Walkability. Journal of pp. 154-179. Hays, K., ed., 1998. Architecture 26 Urban Design, 14(1), 65-84. Theory Since 1968. s.l.: MIT Pal, A., 2008. Planning from Retrieved March 20, 2016, 7 Press. the Bottom Up: Democratic from https://www.tandfonline. Chaudhuri, S., ed., 1990. Decentralisation in Action. com/doi/ abs/10.1080/ Calcutta - The Living City: 17 Amsterdam: IOS Press. 13574800802451155 Volume I: The Past: 001. s.l. OUP Johansson, R., 2003. Case Study India. Methodology, Stockholm: Royal 27 3 Institute of Technology. Racine, J., 1988. Calcutta 1981: Rowe, C., & Koetter, F. (1978). 8 The City, Its Crisis, and the Collage City. Cambridge: MIT Çizgen, G., 2012. Rethinking 18 Debate on Urban Planning and Press. The Role of Context and Kathleen, B., 1905. Calcutta, Past Development. s.l. Concept Contextualism in Architecture and Present. London: W.Thacker Publishing Co. and Design, s.l.: Eastern & Company. Selected Bibliography Mediterranean University. 28 19 Rowe, C. & Koetter, F., 1978. 1 9 Marshall, S., ed., 2011. Urban ‘Collage City’. Cambridge: MIT Almaki, S., 2016. Integrating Cotton, H., 1905. Calcutta: Old Coding and Planning. s.l. Press. Quantitative and Qualitative and New, the century in India Routledge. Data in Mixed Methods 1800-1900. s.l.: Hartly House. 29 Research—Challenges and 20 Saunders, W. S. ed., 2009. Urban Benefits. Journal of Education 10 Mitra, C., Shepherd, J. M. & Design. s.l.: Univ Of Minnesota and Learning, Volume Dasgupta, B., 1992. Calcutta's Jordan, T. R., 2012. Assessment Press. 5.B.Jacobs, A., 1995. Great Urban Future: Agonies from and dynamics of Urban growth Street. s.l.: MIT Press. the Past and Prospects for the in the city of Kolkata, India. 30 Future. s.l.: South Asia Books. Sen, S., 2017. Colonizing, 22 22 2 21 Decolonizing, and Globalizing Babbie, E., 2010. The Practice 11 Mitra, M., 1990. Calcutta in Kolkata: From a Colonial to a of Social Research. 12th ed. s.l.: Dasgupta, K., 2009. Mapping the 20th Century: An Urban Post-Marxist City (Asian Cities). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Calcutta. Archive series ed. Disaster. s.l.: South Asia Books. s.l. Amsterdam University Press. Calcutta: Centre for Studies in 3 Social sciences. 22 31 C.R.Kothari, 2004. Research Mitra, R., 1952. Kolikata Darpan. Shields, J. A. E., 2014. Collage Methodology: Methods and 12 1st ed. Calcutta: Subarnarekha. and Architecture, London: Techniques. 2nd Revised Edition Dutta, K., 2012. Calcutta: A Routledge. ed. New Delhi: New Age Cultural And Literary History. s.l. 23 International Publishers. 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Endnote Ar. Deepashree Choudhury is an architect, urban designer, educator and researcher [1] Excursus is defined as an abridged list of stimulants, with active research interests in contem- a-temporal, and necessarily transcultural as possible objets porary cities, various urban paradigms and trouvés in the urbanistic collage (Rowe & Koetter, 1978, p. 150) environmental conservation among many which serve e as a prescription for creating the Collage City that others. She is pursuing her doctoral studies Rowe and Koetter envisaged. at SPA, Delhi at present. She has 21 years of professional, research and teaching experi- [2] Major R.B. Smart conducted a survey of the city of Calcutta, ence in and numerous quality publications under the supervision of major R.T. Critchton between 1903 and to her credit. Contemporary city discourses 1914.The survey was conducted as per the provisions of Calcutta and emerging domains in the urban realm Survey Act I of 1887.This survey was necessitated as the earlier are her main research interest. maps based on previous surveys proved inadequate for serving the enhanced administrative requirements of the government. Dr. Sanjukkta Bhaduri has 33 years of pro- Scale The drawings were in the scale of 50 feet to an inch and was fessional, research and teaching experience carried out in different phases. The map holds great relevance in the fields of Urban Planning, Environ- today due to the accurate and detailed depiction of the city mental Planning, Smart Cities, Sustainable where each and every plot, buildings with number of storeys Development of settlements, Participatory , streets ,lanes, landmarks like institutions, drains, tanks, big Planning, Social aspects related to Planning trees, lamp posts and several other elements of the urbanscape Disaster Management, Energy and Urban are shown on the maps. These maps are also important sources of Development, etc. She is the Coordinator of information related to Calcutta’s past in terms of built form and the Design Innovation Centre and Centre for cityscape. This research uses Smart map of ward 63 and 64 which Urban Disaster Studies at SPA New Delhi. includes Park Street as a source of data due to its relevance. She has to her credit a book, several technical papers and articles presented in National and International Conferences, seminars JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL and journals. JUNE 2021 23 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 23 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Ar. Himani Tawade Parte Himani Tawade Ar. Professor Associate of Architecture Society’s College Indian Education Bandra (west), Mumbai, India [email protected]

REGION OF INDIA OF REGION METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN MUMBAI IN ACCOMMODATIONS ACCOMMODATIONS WORKERS’ CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION A STUDY OF STUDY A ABSTRACT recruitment. (Sutradhar, 2016, pp. 15-21). These workers are acknowledged as ‘Construction Worker’ through JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 Construction workers (CW) in India are usually from the ru- registration under the Building and Other Construction ral poor or families who migrate to urban pockets of the country in Workers Act (BOCW), 1996, which looks after the health- expectation of better earning opportunities. Mumbai Metropolitan care, safety, social security, pension and financial assis- Region (MMR) is one of the fastest developing areas in India and tance. Due to lack of awareness and resistance towards absorbs a considerable amount of labour workforce on construction paying monthly contributions, around 30 percent of the and interior projects. Although the BOCW Act 1996, entitles CW with workers are still not registered and unable to receive any the facility of free accommodations from employers, it fails to consid- benefits from the Government. (BOCW, 2020, pp. 9, 10) er the accommodation requirements for un-employed and self–em- The same act also looks after the accommodation facili- ployed workers, who end up living in slums. The quality of employ- ties of employed CWs (BOCW, 1996, p. 13). er provided accommodations too are found to be pitiful and below habitable standards. This research sheds light on the issues related Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), spread to the CWs accommodations in MMR. Firstly, through evaluation of over an area of 6355 sq.km is one of the fastest devel- different types of labour accommodations, on the basis of parame- oping regions in India attracting CW from all kinds of ters for Safe and Healthy Environments, the paper highlights the fact labour catchment areas as mentioned above. Although that the most commonly used labour accommodation types in MMR the exact number for MMR is not found, as per BOCW’s do not satisfy the parameters. Based on further investigations and latest records, 23,15,771 workers are estimated to be analysis, the paper infers that the reasons leading to accommodation present in Maharashtra (BOCW, 2020, p. 29). With issues are absence of standards and guidelines, cost cutting from a huge amount of real estate projects, (around 10500 employers, lack of resistance from the workers and absence of alter- sites) (Kamath, 2020) and infrastructural projects on- native solutions, and concludes with recommendations for bringing going and planned by MMR Development Authority positive change in the labour accommodation system. (MMRDA), a significant amount of labour workforce is assumed to be employed in MMR. As per sources, MMR- Key Words: construction workers, accommoda- DA has in all 17000 workers presently employed across tions, labour accommodation, standards for housings, all their projects, and has announced 16,726 more va- migrant workers, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, BOCW cancies (Sachdev, 2020; Pandey, 2020). Approximately Act 1996. one lakh registered, self-employed workers are present in Mumbai and Thane district alone (Priolkar, 2019). INTRODUCTION Based on these numbers, and considering an almost equal number of unregistered workers, tentatively five The construction sector of India, responsible for lakh construction workers can be estimated to be living 24 24 the development of real estate projects- such as housings, in the entire MMR at present. commercial, hotel, entertainment etc.; infrastructural projects- such as roads, metros, transit hubs, airports etc.; As mentioned before, BOCW governs the accom- and government-flagship projects- such as housing for modation facilities of these construction workers. How- all, smart cities, PMAY, AMRUT and others, is a rapidly ever, based on observations and investigations it was growing sector and acts as a key driver for the country’s found that CW in MMR are commonly found to be liv- economy and overall development, along with offering ing either on rental basis in slums on group sharing ba- enhanced growth prospects for global competitiveness. sis or in employer provided temporary shanty hutments With a present contribution of around 9% to the nation- built in a corner of the construction site. While the qual- al GDP, the construction industry is the second largest ity of living in rental/ slum accommodations depends employer after agriculture (Sriram, 2021). The employ- on the amount of rent, the quality of employer-provid- ees of this industry, the construction workers (CW), also ed accommodation is deplorable. The most common known as labourers, involved in actual, on-site execution type of employer provided accommodations can be de- of the projects, play a crucial role in the growth of the scribed as shanty hutments made using metal corrug] sector. In India, CWs form one of the largest categories ated sheets or scrap materials on plain cement concrete under the unorganized sector of employment. Based on (PCC) levelled ground with no provision of openings the average of various sources, around 5 Crore of workers, for light and ventilation, no furniture to sleep, cook which form around 10% of the total employed workforce or eat, minimum climate protection and lack of safety. in India, are presently employed under the Construc- Workers living in these accommodations are exposed tion sector. (BOCW, 2020, p. 10; Sutradhar, 2016, p. 16). to extremely poor living conditions and health hazards. The average profile of CWs in India can be summarized Such a scenario of labour accommodations has been as rural poor - migrating from labour catchment areas a continuous practice since long. While few research like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil studies and articles were found to be addressing gener- Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka, to urban pockets like Mum- al labour issues related to their wages, gender equality, bai, Delhi and Kolkata for better livelihood opportuni- social security, harassment, health and workplace safety, ties, male dominant, belonging to socially disadvantaged and a few official documents and policies are in place groups and around 65% of them being unskilled with no to regulate social and financial security of workers, no training or skills acquired related to construction indus- substantial study or document was found addressing try. These labourers channel their ways into the industry the issue of labour accommodation. The condition of la- through the link of middlemen like contractors - muqa- bour accommodation seen throughout the region raises dam, jamadar, munshi etc. - who also help them get em- concerns related to the physical and mental health of ployment and sometimes also decide their conditions of workers. It also raises questions about the governance JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 25 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 25 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS - RESULTS AND FINDINGS AND RESULTS METHODOLOGY CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ACCOMMODA WORKERS CONSTRUCTION The job of workers involved in the building and The research findings are divided into three parts: divided into three are findings research The This research was conducted in two parts. In the in two parts. was conducted research This (MMR) - re for recommended were strategies alternative facts, ternational Labour Organization’s Workers Standards Standards Labourternational Workers Organization’s - employer due to other worker re tion, cost cutting from used by workers in MMR on a framework of parameters used by workers in MMR on a framework provided that the quality of most common, employer type of accommodation failed on 9, partially satisfied there are no prescribed standards governing the qual- no prescribed standards are there this method, the quality of worker’s accommodations through personalthrough of con- observations and interviews tractors and labourers, types of labour accommodations part of this research was focused on trying to under- was focused part of this research the existing condition the issues responsible for plore such condition of labour accommodations, absence of some of the peculiarstable employments are character- satisfied 11 parameters. This proved that in general, the 11 parameters. This satisfied solving the issues and improving the system of laboursolving the issues and improving stand the reasons leading to the poor leading to the stand the reasons accommodation standards for a safe and healthy environment. Through Through environment. and healthy safe a for standards impacting issues. in providing safe and healthy environments to their in- and healthy environments safe in providing multi-tier employment system, seasonal migrations, un- istics of construction worker’s jobs which make these ity of accommodation spaces for construction workers. ity of accommodation construction spaces for on evaluating the quality of accommodations Secondly, rameters, which were derived from comparative study of comparative derived from rameters, which were based on the analysis of the findings and other relevant and other based on the analysis of the findings and completely satisfied only 1 parameter out of 17. and completely satisfied only 1 parameter accommodations. and living conditions were demonstrated. The second second The demonstrated. were conditions living and Colonies” in Indian Railways Works Manual (2000). Works in Indian Railways Colonies” While rental accommodations While rental on 6 and partially failed habitants. On investigating the reasons responsible for responsible for habitants. On investigating the reasons lated liabilities, desperate need of jobs by workers, lack workers employed in manu- the from workers different labour accommodations fail or lack in MMR prevailing work durations on sites depending upon the skill sets, of labour absence of alternative accommo- unions and to be found major were dation solutions in the region construction industry is different from any other kind from construction industry is different unique of workers. Absence of fixed work premises, derived from other published standards, it was found found it was other published standards, derived from conditions, which was done through a literature review review a literature was done through conditions, which of government policies, and discussions to ex- websites labourof the accommodation system in MMR. Finally, existing in MMR were evaluated on a framework of pa- of a framework on evaluated were MMR in existing firstly, The research findings are divided into three parts: are divided into findings research The firstly, the fact that in India to light brought research the firstly, first part, based on the primary information collected collected information based on the primary first part, governing standards resulting in lack of basis for inspec - for in lack of basis resulting governing standards (1961); NBC India 2005 and “Planning of Railway Staff Staff Railway of and “Planning 2005 NBC India (1961); TION SPACES IN MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION REGION METROPOLITAN MUMBAI IN SPACES TION

LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE ii) The second category reviewed was online ar- ii) The second category i) The first part included study of official of study included part first The i) docu- iii) The third type of literature reviewed, to draw type iii) The third of literature Another official proposal,official Another Project, Mission Mode The literature reviewed for this research paperresearch for this reviewed The literature The objectives for this paper : are The objectives The aim of this study is therefore to shed light on to of this study is therefore The aim 3. Recommend alternative strategies to resolve strategies to resolve 3. Recommend alternative 2. To highlight the issues related to labour to related highlight the issues accom- 2. To 1. To shed light on the poor shed light on the living conditions of 1. To the important references that helped in understanding the important references of CW in India. A journal article the overall background the labour accommodation facilities in migrated areas. ticles and publications to help understand the back- tion workers (CW), shed light on the absence of stan- tion workers (CW), shed light on the the issues and create better living environments for con- for better environments living create and issues the the issues related to the construction worker’s accom- construction worker’s to the related the issues security, poverty, workplace safety, gender inequality workplace safety, poverty, security, struction workers. issued by BOCW to the Ministry of Labour Employ- and objectives aim- five-fold ment on 14 July 2020, provides and utilization of percent 100 registrations ing towards inferences. Services’, issued on 19 August 1996, which provides the provides Services’, issued on 19 August 1996, which of Construc- and welfare to registration norms related ments related to construction workers employed in In- in employed workers construction to related ments modation poor system, responsible for living conditions improvisation. modationsin Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) result in such quality of accommodations. such quality in result modationon In- (2009) based – Process Standards and accommodation facilities. The book of Migrating out - Poverty - A Study of Migrant Construction Sector Work accessible to them in MMR. accessible to them and strategies employed by BOCW and employers that and employers by BOCW employed and strategies International Finance Corporation’s Workers Accom- International Finance Corporation’s Workers While some articles and research papers were found papers found were While some articles and research helped other aspects tak- understand a few which were labourers in different typeslabourers in different of accommodation spaces leading to physical and mental distress. ers in India by Ravi S. and Sutradhar (2016) was one of ers in India by Ravi S. discussing general issues of CWs such as, their social discussing general issues of CWs discussing CW’s etc., no substantial study was found cess amount towards financial security of workers. How- cess amount towards this document fails to propose any objectives for ever, en as important considerations for drawing analysis and en as important drawing considerations for dards and guidelines for labourfor accommodations. and guidelines dards It also dia. Review of Building and other Construction Workers Workers dia. Review of Building and other Construction can be broadly categorized into three parts : can be categorized into three broadly of the construction workers. of the construction of India and recommend alternative strategies for for strategies alternative recommend and India of evaluation parameters, were as follows: World Health World as follows: evaluation parameters, were ground, statistics and general issues related to CW. to CW. statistics and general issues related ground, (BOCW) Act 1996 – Regulations of Employment and (BOCW) Act 1996 – Regulations of (2014), gave a detailed idea of issues in slum dwellings (2014), gave a detailed idea of issues Organization Guidelines for Healthy Housing (1988); Organization Guidelines for The Psychological Toll of Slum Living in Mumbai, India: The Psychological A Mixed Methods by Subbaraman and others Study facturing or service industry (Rao, n.d.). Due to the vol- in a corner of the site. Each hutment of tentative size 3 x atile nature of this job, construction workers live a very 3m is occupied by 5 to 7 workers. The structure of these JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 unstable life moving from one place to another in long hutments is generally built using metal corrugated or short time durations, which leads them to having no sheets or bamboo on a PCC leveled ground. The enclo- fixed accommodation space anywhere. In case of MMR, sure on four sides and the roof are also made from metal the construction workers are spread throughout the re- corrugated sheets or a combination of scrap materi- gion and their accommodation spaces can be broadly als like timber planks, plastic sheet etc. The structures categorized into two types viz., employer-provided and have no openings other than the access door and lack non-employer-provided : of structural and fire safety. The quality of space inside these structures can be described as dark, warm, humid, 1. Employer Provided Accommodations with hardly any provision of artificial ventilation, no fur- As per the BOCW Act 1996, the owner of any es- niture or accessories to sit or sleep, no storage to keep tablishment engaged in building and construction ac- the belongings, and ease of access to external elements tivity and having employed more than ten workers in like storm water, rats, insects, and dampness. Common the past twelve months is considered to be an “employ- toilet and drinking water facilities are provided near er”. He is liable to provide free of charge, temporary ac- accommodation structures. Facility of food varies from commodations and facilities for drinking water, toilets, site to site. While employers may provide a canteen or canteen and crèche (if more than fifty female workers mess facility in some cases, in others, workers may cook are employed) to all his employed and registered con- their own food on stoves within these temporary shel- struction workers (BOCW, 1996, pp. 4, 12, 13). As per ters. Labours living in such accommodations are found this rule, workers employed under an establishment can to be spending most of their time outside the structures be found to be accommodated within or near the con- which indicate the lack of comfort within. struction site of the project. In MMR, most commonly, three types of employer-provided accommodations are b) Off-Site Temporary Shelters – Shanty Hut- found: on-site temporary shelters, off-site temporary ments shelters and within the under construction buildings. Due to lack of space within the construction sites There is the fourth type of employer-provided accom- or due to undefined site boundaries such as for infra- modation – steel-fabricated accommodation camps. structural projects, employers hire a piece of land near However this type of accommodation facility is rarely the project site for building workers accommodations. used. However, in quality, these accommodations are exactly a) On-Site Temporary Shelters – Shanty Hut- the same as the on-site accommodations as described ments above. Figure 1 and 2 are images of on-site and off-site 26 26 On-site temporary shelters can be described as a labour accommodations photographed from real estate group of ground storied, shanty hutments usually built and infrastructural project sites respectively.

Figure 1: On-site labour accommodation structures from construction sites in Mumbai JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL (Source: Author) JUNE 2021 27 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 27 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS d) Fabricated / Prefabricated On-site / Off-site / Off-site On-site / Prefabricated d) Fabricated 2. Non-Employer Provided Accommodations Provided 2. Non-Employer All construction workers migrating to MMR are MMR are All construction workers migrating to The fabricated / prefabricated structures (seen structures prefabricated The fabricated / labour Accommodation Camps labour Accommodation from Rs. 300 to Rs. 1000 /month/ personfrom or Rs. 3000 to However, the system of rental accommodation the system of rental highly is However, under the BOCW Act. This system leads to inaccurate to elevated floor plates, these structures are safe from from safe are floorelevated to structures these plates, tion workers like carpenters, painters, plumbers, elec- small duration on sites for required tricians etc., are to manage their own accommodation facilities. In MMR, preventing ingress of rainwater. Such structures also structures Such of rainwater. ingress preventing type this provided, of accommodation system is more struction workers usually rent accommodationstruction workers usually rent spaces steel channels and walls made of GI or PVC sheets. Due steel channels and walls made of GI or sloperoofs structures such of The issues. water storm there While sleeping. and resting for only basis sharing such self-employed or unemployed construction work- informal and unorganized. Due to such a system, almost system, a such to Due unorganized. and informal in SRA buildings. The facilities available in these accom- modationrent which ranges based on the spaces differ is best self-employed or seasonal migrants suitable for more workers employed on a project. workers more or under project not always employed under a single weeks. These workers a single day to a few ranging from in the slums located the outskirts of the city and trav- on in Figure 4) are a rarely used typeused accommodationof rarely a are 4) Figure in back to their hometowns during agricultural seasons. basis. Mumbai being a very expensive city to live, con- Rs. 8000 per room/ family. This type of accommodation Rs. 8000 per room/ family. any single employer. A large section of skilled construc- A large section of skilled any single employer. on multiple sites at a time and usually also working are of any establishment and thus have not employees are ally G+1 or G+2 structures made using a framework of made ally G+1 or G+2 structures kitchens and canteen and toilet facilities common are who live and work in MMR for a few months and go a few who live and work in MMR for within the cities. The quality of rental accommodationswithin the cities. The quality of have provision for windows and security. These types windows and security. for have provision data on the number skillset of construction workers and el all the way to their sites, which are majorly locatedel all the way to their sites, which are shanty hutment to chawls to apartments can range from of accommodations rooms to the workers on a provide organized, though expensive by very few and provided thousand or construction companies having around Most of these workers projects. interior employed for sharing to be and group found living on rental ers are considering its higher cost of investment and space considering its higher typesThese constraint. gener- accommodations of are 30 percent of construction workers are still unregistered still unregistered 30 percent of construction workers are c) On-Site Temporary accommodations within accommodations Temporary c) On-Site The third common way of providing accommoda common way of providing - The third under construction buildings under construction tion site in Mumbai. the previous two types. However, such accommodation such two types. the previous However, from climate, light and ventilation, safety tection from types of accommodations use wooden on planks placed only 6 Chapter in 34 Rule Act BOCW the Since floor. the tion to workers is by allotting them some space within tion to workers is by Depending under construction. buildings the the on plan of the floor or may not plate, partitions may be spaces provide workers with better con- spaces provide human comfort niture, toilet and food toilet similar to those describedniture, are in of temporarymentions the provision accommodations, it is a question whether this type of accommodation fa- bricks as their beds sleep on to sleep on or may directly a few photos taken from a residential under construc- under a residential from photos taken a few ventilation. In terms of furniture, workers in all three workers in all three ventilation. In terms of furniture, cility is acceptable under the rule or not. Figure 3 shows Figure cility is acceptable under the rule or not. created for grouping of workers. Facilities related to fur- workers. Facilities related of grouping for created - to shanty hutments, in terms of pro ditions as compared Figure 2: Off-site labour accommodation structures from a hired land in Mumbai (Source: Author) (Source: land in Mumbai a hired from structures labour accommodation 2: Off-site Figure flooding and dampness, structural safety, fire safety and safety fire flooding structural safety, and dampness, Figure 3: ON SITE - Employer provided accommodations within under accommodations provided 3: ON SITE - Employer Figure site. construction a Mumbai buildings from construction Author) (Source: JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021

Figure 4: Sample of Prefabricated labour accommodation structures (Source: Renuka Engineering indus- tries, Indiamart, https://5.imimg. com/data5/IN/TD/MY-6126577/panel-box-cover-500x500.jpg)

present in the region as well as reduces the chances of come group (LIG) housing were considered. And finally, better opportunities and benefits. considering labour as the employees of the construction industry, standards for employee accommodation set Evaluation of the Construction Worker’s Ac- by Indian Railways were also taken into consideration. commodations based on Standards Based on a comparative study of standards and guide- As per World Health Organization (WHO), lines set by these institutions, requirements commonly 28 28 “Housings should provide a safe and a healthy environ- prescribed by at least three institutes were sieved to form ment for its inhabitants” (WHO, 1988). Merriam Web- the framework of evaluation. (Refer Table 1 for the com- ster and Collins define housing as ‘shelter or lodging or parative study of standards to derive framework for eval- dwellings provided for people’, and the Cambridge dic- uation). Following are the common requirements found tionary defines housing as ‘buildings or places for people from comparative study : to live’. On this basis, labour accommodations, where the construction workers live for durations, ranging 1. Protection against overheating, rain, humidity from few months to years, can be called as their houses or strong winds and should ideally provide a safe and healthy environ- 2. Prevention of overcrowding - max. density is 8 ment to the workers inhabiting them. To examine if these persons / 12.5 sq.m room accommodations satisfy the requirements of providing 3. Separation of activities – at least two rooms / safe and healthy living environments, the methodology dwelling (9 and 6.5 sq.m) used was to evaluate each typology of accommodation 4. Privacy of individual / family on the basis of certain standards that are nationally or in- 5. Adequate natural and artificial ventilation ternationally accepted to provide safe and healthy living 6. Adequate natural and artificial light conditions. This was done through a comparative of stan- 7. Structural safety dards selected on the basis of different considerations as 8. Dampness-proof follows. The first set of standards considered was of WHO 9. Fire safety which is a detailed guideline for healthy housing. Sec- 10. Safety against ingress of disease spreading ondly, to be more relatable to the actual situation, stan- elements like rats, insects, mosquitoes, flies etc. dards for CWs. Labour accommodations in India had to 11. Protection from intrusion of dangerous be taken as framework of evaluation. But investigations animals or other humans revealed that no such standards existed on any public or 12. Supply of clean drinking water private domain. As per the government portal of Minis- 13. Hygienic cooking and eating Facilities try of Labour and Employment, the International Labour 14. Hygienic sanitation conditions (1 toilet/ Organization (ILO) has been setting standards through bath/wash-basin for 12 persons considering 4 conventions in the interest of workers and India’s ap- persons/ family) proach towards ILO standards has been always positive 15. Electricity and telecommunications (GOI, 2021). Therefore, taking this into account, stan- 16. Community gathering and recreational dards for labour accommodations set by ILO were taken spaces for mental relaxation into consideration. Thirdly, to have national relevance, 17. Basic furniture for sleeping, storage and National Building Code for general building and low in- privacy of individuals JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 29 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 29 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INFERENCE b) Investment cost – an important constraint Employers, in addition to the workers welfare welfare Employers, in addition to the workers a) Absence of objectives and architectural stan- architectural and objectives of Absence a) Coming from poor earning from Coming backgrounds, rural c) Acceptance of accommodation conditions Although BOCW Act commands provision of free of free Although BOCW Act commands provision The continuance of any disturbing situation can The continuance for better of losing their job. Since for facilities in the fear facilities. These employers, usually a contractor being to the migrant nature and economically poor and economically nature to the migrant status, conditions of labourtion. Such accommodations have them. Getting free shelter to sleep within the work site them. Getting free communities and so- different the workers come from these all of Because formed. rarely are unions and them ter to avoid investments on their registrations, PF, ESIC PF, ter to avoid investments on their registrations, in accommodation structures. to overcrowding tion facilities are the easiest way to do the cost cutting. the easiest way to do the cost cutting. tion facilities are temporary accommodations to workers, it does not give the labour accommodations, as ILO has done, it will be tions in MMR is a similar disturbing situation. On inves- tions in MMR is a similar labourpoliciesto and of various systems tigation related skilled labourers. Their jobs are extremely important extremely to skilled labourers. Their jobs are structure and space to be and structure If specific achieved. standards is an added benefit. They are scared to complain or ask is an added benefit.are scared They money is the only motive of these construction workers. Showing less number- of employed workers on site regis ing then. mandatory for employers to follow the same. Inspection to follow employers mandatory for ing issues as to be the existing condition responsible for been prevalent in MMR for a long time. But on research, research, on But long time. a for MMR been in prevalent accommodations- chances of upgrada and negligible ignorance or purposefulbe pure of either negli- a result and accommodationsand too leading practice, common a is accommodations,In case of employer provided workers accommodated usually unskilled or semi- on sites are Lower tender costs, increases their chances of winning Lower tender costs, increases any information or guidelines related to the quality of quality the to related guidelines or information any issued by the government of India for and guidelines are accommodations BOCW Act 1996, labour such as laws, healthy living environments to their inhabitants. Due Due inhabitants. to their environments living healthy - arti any policies,hardly plans or research government without any complaint lack of resistance from workers, labour from accommodalack of resistance - construction workers are left with very few choices of left with very workers are construction to be these issues. addressing found cles were cio-cultural backgrounds, there are differences differences between are there cio-cultural backgrounds, cess, have to provide free accommodations free and related cess, have to provide have tough competitions to win the project. company, and standards contracts. Due to absence of regulating of accommodation mean- facilities will also hold more dards to regulate the quality of labour to regulate accommodationsdards of labourrelat- accommodations. inter These issues are that is thriving in the same circle a vicious ed and form condition with support of each other. discussions with architects, contractors, workers and lit- and workers contractors, architects, with discussions - understanding of follow have led to the reviews erature five lakh construction workers, fail to provide safe and safe fail to provide workers, lakh construction five gence. Condition of construction workers accommodagence. Condition of -

(depending upon various behavioral patterns) = satisfied = Does the requirements not satisfy requirements satisfies the = partially 0 Rental accommodation not designed spaces are Table 2 presents an evaluation of each type of an evaluation 2 presents of Table Overall study highlights the fact that, the labour The living conditions within the under construc- The living conditions within the under The examination of labourThe examination accommodations on 2 1 for construction workers accommodation. for These are forms, force them to store and carry out all activities on them to store force forms, the reasons leading to mental distress in slum dwellers. leading to mental distress the reasons temporary made by workers to sleep during adjustments on an average, place to place. However, tions vary from ters and to avail betteravail to and ters shanty the than conditions living they designed as accommodation structures for workers. they designed as accommodation for structures tion building varies depending upon the scale of project the ground itself. Absence of windows, force workers to Absence of windows, force itself. the ground the parameters of ‘Safe and Healthy Environments’ has Environments’ and Healthy ‘Safe the parameters of snakes, mosquitoes, flies and Rain water from the roof. roof. snakes, mosquitoes, the flies and Rain water from structurally unsafe but they also leave unsealed joints structurally unsafe nights in a migrant city. Since these accommodations nights in a migrant city. - condi living exact the chawls, to hutments from range to accommodation found rental maximum spaces are pay-to-use toilets, adverse long queues for rain water, rats, shortage of clean drinking water, impacts from Such living conditions can lead to physical and mental Such living conditions can lead to physical score of evaluation is as follows. of evaluation is as score revealed that out of the employer-provided accommo- that out of the employer-provided revealed be- on Mum and as per in the slums of MMR a research penetration of bai slums, lack of space, overcrowding, accommodation facilities in MMR housing around accommodationaround in MMR housing facilities and highly unhygienic sanitary conditions are some of and highly unhygienic sanitary conditions are Employers and workers prefer to use such space for ac- to use such space for Employers and workers prefer and ventilation threatening their privacy and security. their privacy and security. and ventilation threatening Lack of furniture such as beds,Lack of furniture or cooking storage - plat and gaps which allow easy ingress of storm water, rats, of storm water, and gaps which allow easy ingress accommodations The parameters. these 17 basis of on vertically with metal or scrap materials are not only not are materials scrap vertically with metal or hutments respectively. housing, as these spaces are not built completely, nor are nor are not built completely, housing, as these spaces are hutments as their accommodation facility. workers employed on infrastructural projects and real and real projects workers employed on infrastructural keep the doorsthe keep light natural of open resort only the as hutment type accommodations, being on ground, built without a proper and enclosed structural framework hutments fail or lack on almost all the parameters of on almost all the parameters of hutments fail or lack commodation cost of constructing separate shel- to save completion and space allowed to be used for accommo- completion and space allowed to be used for practical to it is not dation by the employers. However, typethis evaluate for accommodationof standards on estate projects within MMR are provided with shanty provided within MMR are estate projects distress. As a sad reality, the maximum number of the sad reality, As a distress. evaluation. As mentioned before, fabricated accommo- before, evaluation. As mentioned and thus can benefit provided very rarely dations are the shanty of workers. However, only a small section dation facilities, prefabricated/ fabricated accommodation facilities, prefabricated/ standard closest to satisfying the are dation structures shanty the whereas, and healthy environments, of safe (Subbaraman, 2014)

facts, construction workers remain silent about the of the workers which keeps them unaware of most of quality of life they live in their on-site accommodations. the governmental announcements. If activities like JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 training and upgrading of skills are merged with com- d) Absence of alternative solutions for construc- munity rental accommodations for workers, such as tion worker’s accommodations labour colonies, and built at regular intervals within or For the skilled, self-employed or unemployed on the outskirts of the city, a habitat for construction workers migrating to MMR, there are no official ac- workers and skilled labourers can be generated. Such commodation facilities. BOCW does not acknowledge spaces can act like a resource of skilled construction the need for their accommodations in any document or workers for the employers, creating better job oppor- policy. Living in slums or small rooms with their friends tunities and providing a platform for contractors and or co-workers is the only possible solution available in employers to hire the workers based on the skill sets the city. required by them. Other than this, collaboration with existing unused LIG housing societies or constructing CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS permanent construction workers quarters in different parts of the city can provide an easy platform for in- Based on the inferences, it can be concluded that dividual migrant workers to move from one place to lakhs of construction workers migrating to MMR, in another depending upon their job convenience. Such hope of better earning and living opportunities have to space for accommodation along with bedding, can- spend substantial time of their lives in poor accommo- teen and sanitary facilities can act like low cost lodg- dation spaces that are prone to cause physical and psy- ing for workers, which can be used by them for limited chological distress to them. However, due to their des- durations based on their ID cards, etc. An organized perate needs of the job, and psychologically giving up way of providing safe and healthy accommodation al- to their economic and social conditions, these workers ternatives to migrant construction workers can help show no resilience towards the accommodations pro- in maintaining more accurate records of the workers vided to them. While this easy acceptance from workers and also minimize the informality of the construction keeps the water still, things continue as they have been. worker’s employment system. In order to bring a positive change in the lives of such distressed workers employed in MMR and similarly in At present in MMR, around five lakh and in In- all over India, there is a dire need to address this issue dia around five crore construction workers are living more sensitively. It is important to empathize with these in more or less similar conditions. In order to provide workers and take actions towards improving the qual- a safe and healthy environment for them and for up- ity of their accommodations to ensure them safe and coming labourers, their accommodation facilities need 30 30 healthy living conditions. Following are some of the rec- to be looked at from a fresh and innovative perspective. ommendations to begin the change. Experts from fields of architecture, engineering, social sciences, political science, law and government together 1) First and foremost, design architectural stan- in collaboration with each other can resolve the issues dards and guidelines for labour accommodations suit- related to labour accommodations, and provide a better able to Indian context, aiming towards providing safe life to the millions of workers who work hard towards and healthy environments for workers, followed by building good spaces for us to live in. stringent inspection policies in the interest of worker’s welfare. Fabricated/ prefabricated structures were ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS found to be close to satisfying most of the requirements for providing safe and healthy living. Use of this type of This research paper is based on the actual facts accommodations should be encouraged or mandated and practices on-going in the system of labour accom- based on project backgrounds. Employers should be modation in MMR. And it was possible because of the motivated to provide good quality accommodation access to information and sites provided by certain peo- spaces to workers, in form of incentives, financial sup- ple working within the system. For that I wish to express port, discounts etc. As per the BOCW records, after all my gratitude to Mr. Ninad Parte, Mr. Nilesh Choudhary, worker welfare expenditures, welfare cess of approxi- Mr. Vilas Parte, my colleagues and construction workers mately Rs.38000 crores is still left balance with state from the on-site, off-site and rental accommodations for welfare boards all over India (BOCW, 2020, p. 11). sharing the relevant information. In 2019, Maharashtra alone had a tentative balance of Rs. 6652 crores (Khairnar, 2019). These numbers show that BOCW as a welfare body is financially strong enough to support upgradation of labour accommodations. This support can be extended directly to employers in form of partial funding or can be used to develop labour accommodation communities. 65 percent of the migrant workers are unskilled and hence remain at the risk of unemployment (Sutradhar, 2016, p. 19). Ac- cording to sources, MMRDA provides a month of training to willing construction workers. However, workers have to link through different contractor companies (Pandey, 2020). Another major problem is illiteracy JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 31 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 31 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Non-employer Non-employer rental provided - accommoda tions in chawls and Slums 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 22 On-site em- On-site - provid ployer / ed fabricated labour prefab camps 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 19 On-site em- On-site provided ployer within under construction building 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Off-site Off-site - pro employer vided shanty hutment 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 On-site em- On-site - pro ployer vided shanty hutment Basic furniture for sleeping, for Basic furniture - of individ and privacy storage uals Community gathering and gathering Community mental for spaces recreational relaxation - and telecommunica Electricity tions Hygienic sanitation conditions conditions sanitation Hygienic 12 basin for (1 toilet/bath/wash 4persons/ persons considering family) Cooking facilities Cooking Supply of clean drinking water drinking of clean Supply Protection from intrusion of intrusion from Protection other humans Safety against ingress of against ingress Safety animals and disease dangerous rats, like elements spreading flies etc. mosquitoes, snakes, Fire safety Fire Dampness proof Dampness Structural safety Structural Adequate natural and artificial natural Adequate light Adequate natural and artificial natural Adequate ventilation Privacy of individual / family of individual Privacy Separation of activities – at – at of activities Separation (9 /dwelling least two rooms and 6.5 sqmt) Prevention of overcrowding - of overcrowding Prevention 12.5 8 persons / Max. Density room sqmt Protection against overheating, against overheating, Protection winds Rain, Humidity or strong Evaluation Parameters Evaluation Evaluation Score out of 34 Score Evaluation 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sr No. - environ living healthy and of safe on parameters in MMR facilities Labour Accommodations of 1: Evaluation Table Author) by Compiled (Source: ments Table 2: Comparative study of standards prescribed by WHO, ILO (IFC), NBC and IR for Safe and Healthy Living (Sources: WHO, 1988; IFC, 2009; NBC, 2005; IR, 2000) JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 (Note : the cells highlighted in yellow are taken as evaluation parameters for CW accommodation as given in Table 1)

Sr.No Standards for Healthy International Standards General Standards Staff Accommodation Underlying Objec- Housing by WORLD of Workers Accom- for Habitable Space Colonies by INDIAN tives in relevance to HEALTH ORGANIZA- modation by INTER- as per NATIONAL RAILWAYS Labour Accommoda- TION NATIONAL FINANCE BUILDING CODE, tions in India – Case CORPORATION and INDIA 2016 of MMR EBRD based on INTER- NATIONAL LABOUR LAW 1 To create a state of To create a state of NOT-MENTIONED Staff Quarters Objective: complete physical, complete physical, men- Physical and Mental mental and social tal and social well-be- Well being well-being for its ing for Construction inhabitants workers 2 Orientation of build- Planning to take care of NOT-MENTIONED Orientation of build- Protection against ings/rooms to ensure safety against climate ings should provide overheating, Rain, safety and human and health hazards physical and psycho- Humidity or strong comfort conditions logical comfortable winds living conditions inside the habitable space 3 Decent density per Max 8 persons / room Min C.A. of a multi- NOT-MENTIONED Max. Density 8 habitable room to sharing. purpose single room persons / 12.5 sqmt avoid crowding and Minimum of 4 to 5.5 should be at least room spread of diseases. sqmt surface area / user 12.5sqmt Min.Height = 2.75m 4 Separation of living, Kitchen, laundry, toilet Kitchen, laundry, NOT-MENTIONED At least two rooms / 32 32 sleeping, cooking and and sleeping areas have toilet and sleeping dwelling. washing facilities to be separate from areas have to be each other. separate from each Separation of other. sleeping, cooking, eating and sanitary A dwelling consist of activities at least 2 rooms of min. 9 and 6.5 sqmt. 5 Privacy – Freedom Privacy - Separate bed, NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED Privacy of Individual from intrusion of storage, table and lamp or Family unwanted people / worker separated with mobile partition or curtains

6 Indoor Ventilation / Indoor Ventilation / Apertures required Planning of buildings Adequate natural thermal comfort thermal comfort suit- to ensure natural shall provide protec- and artificial Venti- able to local climate ventilation. In tion against climate, lation absence of the same Rain, winds, tempera- artificial ventilation ture and humidity to be provided 7 Adequate Day lighting Adequate Day lighting Adequate Day Adequate Day Adequate Day light- and artificial lighting and artificial lighting lighting and artificial lighting and artificial ing and Artificial lighting lighting lighting 8 Structural safety Structural safety Structural safety Structural stability Structural stability against seismic against climate and against climate and shall be ensured con- activity local conditions local conditions tinuously and shall be inspected on regular basis 9 Dampness proof, Damp proofness of NOT-MENTIONED Waterproofing of Dampness Proof avoid penetration of habitable spaces roofs mandatory. rain and storm water Shall be inspected on regular basis. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 33 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 33 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Fire Safety Fire Protection from from Protection like disease vectors - ter flies, rats/mice, mosquitoes, mites, etc. cockroaches Protection from in- from Protection trusion of dangerous animal or human. pollu- from Safety tion and Chemicals Noise and Vibration Proof of clean Supply Water Drinking supply Hygienic Cooking Cooking Hygienic facilities and Eating - good Hy Maintain giene and Sanitation facilities disposal Waste - of Electric Provision - ity and Telecommu nication Aesthetics Spaces / Facilities / Facilities Spaces and recreation for relaxation mental from Protection airborne diseases - Con for Furniture struction workers NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED - treat Anti-termite be done to ments construction. during be nets to Mosquito provided NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED to 200 l/person/day including be provided of flushing 45 litres Individual Kitchen / Kitchen Individual or (residential) family for canteens Staff offices Individual toilet / toilet Individual (residential). family / 25 male and 1WC / 15 female 1WC NOT-MENTIONED electrical Concealed - and telecommuni be to wiring cation provided fin- surface Internal ishes of walls, floor, mentioned. etc - of New mate Use to encouraged rials aesthetics achieve Garden and open Garden in proposed spaces the planning NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED Fire Protection Fire NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED of 145Litres Supply of water/Person/day flushing including shall have Kitchen impermeable floor, utensil separate washing area, drainage through traps and sufficient ventilation natural Maintain hygienic hygienic Maintain sanitary conditions. Minimum 1 toilet, wash basin and bath 3 families ONLY for Solid waste manage- Solid waste ment and safe Electricity cabling electrical NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED Fire Protection Fire disease from Protection flies, rats/ like vectors mosqui- termites, mice, etc. cockroaches toes, Social security against security Social human intrusion NOT-MENTIONED NOT-MENTIONED 180Li- of 80 to Supply of water/day/ tres worker washing kitchen, Clean facility and Canteen Maintain hygienic sani- hygienic Maintain tary conditions. wash Minimum 1 toilet, 6 for basin and bath persona NOT-MENTIONED and safe Electricity cabling electrical NOT-MENTIONED - rec for spaces Social and exercise reation, be to relaxation mental created Adequate furniture to to furniture Adequate privacy storage, ensure - and bedding + Com fortable bedding Protection from air- from Protection borne diseases Protection from dis- from Protection flies, like ease vectors termites, rats/mice, - cock mosquitoes, etc. roaches Fire Protection Fire Protection from in- from Protection trusion of dangerous animal or human. Protection against Air against Air Protection pollution and harmful chemicals from Protection and Noise excessive Vibration - pota of clean Supply drinking for ble water and kitchen Clean washing facility - facili toilet Hygienic ties with sanitary fix- faucets, heath tures, washing and bathing facility Solid waste manage- Solid waste ment and safe Electricity cabling electrical Aesthetics Open space for for Open space and other recreation activities Protection from air- from Protection borne diseases 11 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 REFERENCES

1 9 slowdown-has-made-life- 19 BOCW. (1996). BOCW act 1996 Kamath, N. (2020, August tougher Sutradhar, S. (2016). Migrating JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 - Regulations of Employment & 19). Hindustan Times - Real out of Poverty? A study Services - Accommodations - 34, Estate- Liases Foras. Retrieved 14 of migrant construction Chapter VI. Government of India. June 2021, from Realty suffers Rao, N. (n.d.). Labour Laws - sector workers of India. New in MMR as only 40% sites Applicability to Construction & Delhi: Institute for Human 2 begin work: https://www. Real Estate Industry. Hyderabad: Development. BOCW (2020). Mission Mode hindustantimes.com/india- niranjanraoassociates.com. Project for BOCW - Advisory news/real-estate-sector-suffers- 20 guidelines. Government of India. as-work-begins-in-just-40- 15 Venkatraman, T. (2020, percent-construction-sites/ Sachdev, A. (2020, June 9). september 11). Not many in 3 story-BJC5auG8YLrHu36xXESdCO. Infra projects to suffer as over Maharashtra adept at construction Cambridge, d. (n.d.). Cambridge html 75% labour 'disappeared', work, authorities find. Retrieved dictionary. Retrieved June says MMRDA. Retrieved June from Hindustan Times - 2021, from https://dictionary. 10 17, 2021, from CNBC TV18: Mumbai News: https://www. cambridge.org/dictionary/ Khairnar, A. (2019, July 4). Out https://www.cnbctv18. hindustantimes.com/mumbai- english/housing of `7,482cr cess collected by com/infrastructure/infra- news/not-many-in-maharashtra- Maharashtra, only spent `830 cr projects-to-suffer-as-over- adept-at-construction- 4 on labour welfare. Retrieved June 75-labour-disappeared-says- work-authorities-find/ GOI (2021). Government of 2021, from Hindustan Times - mmrda-6097801.htm story-NsQ7tL02BLUY5izM8EcnKM. India, Ministry of Labour and Pune News. html Employment. Retrieved June 16 2021, from India & ILO: https:// 11 Sandilya, S. (2015, May). 21 labour.gov.in/lcandilasdivision/ NBC. (2005). National Building Economic Times Bureau. Webster (n.d.). Merriam india-ilo code of India. Government of Retrieved from ET Reality.com: Webster- since 1828. Retrieved India. https://realty.economictimes. June 2021, from https:// 5 indiatimes.com/news/industry/ www.merriam-webster.com/ IFC, I. F. (2009). Worker's Housing 12 real-estate-construction-sector- dictionary/housing Standards. EBRD. Pandey, P. (2020, June). MMRDA to-create-maximum-jobs-by- Announced 16,726 Vacancies for 2022-nsdc/47162095 22 6 Skilled/Unskilled Workers, Know WHO (1988). Guidelines for GOI (2005). National Building the Details. Retrieved 2021 17, 17 Healthy Housing. Copenhagen: Code of India - Part 3 DCR & June, from aglasem: https:// Sriram, A. (2021). INVEST World Health Organization. general building requirements. news.aglasem.com/mmrda- INDIA - Building a sustainable Government of India. recruitment-2020-16726-posts- future - Investment opportunities open-for-skilled-and-unskilled- Construction Sector. Retrieved 7 workers/ May 2021, from https://www. International Finance investindia.gov.in/sector/ corporation, E. B. (n.d.). Workers 13 construction: https://www. Accommodation - Processes & Priolkar, A. (2019, August 28). investindia.gov.in/sector/ 34 34 Standards. International Finance India Job Losses: For Mumbai’s construction corporation, European Bank. Construction Workers, Slowdown Has Made Life Tougher. Retrieved 18 8 June 2021, from Bloomsberg Subbaraman, E.A. (2014, IR (2000). chapter 2 - 202 - The Quint: https://www. August). The psychological toll - planning of Railway staff bloombergquint.com/business/ of slum living in Mumbai, India: colonies. In I. railways, RWM real-estate-for-mumbais- A mixed methods study. Social works manual. construction-workers- science & Medicine.

Ar. Himani Tawade Parte completed her B.Arch. from The IES College of Architec- ture, Mumbai (2010) with a Gold Medal from Mumbai University. She is a passionate ac- ademician. Her interest in finding solutions for urban issues motivates her research. She has done an extensive study on bazaars and has also presented a research paper in an International conference. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 35 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 35 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INTRODUCTION Human beings the only species are to have ex- temperatures, the widespread melting of ice and the melting of ice and the temperatures, the widespread temperature by even 1.5°C above the pre-industrial temperature by even 1.5°C above the pre-industrial to alter the earth’s atmosphere. The Inter-Govern- to alter the earth’s atmosphere. people into ‘climate migrants’ escaping crop failure, people failure, migrants’ escaping crop into ‘climate permafrost, the intensification and high variability of permafrost, the intensification and high variability of so significantly. The early human beings knew to live The early human beings knew to live so significantly. soon but that relationship morphed symbiotically, ronment so much that we have set a mass extinction so much that we have set a mass extinction ronment Bank report estimates that cli- into motion. A World than 143 million more mate change will transform rise, we are experiencing the impacts of climate experiencingrise, we are the impacts of climate - Climate Change warns us of the pre mental Panel for isted for such a short period on earth and altered it short period such a isted for it on earth and altered as the anthropoceneinto one of discord progressed. al., 2018). Even if we manage to limit the global av- average global sea levels. We have changed the envi- average global sea levels. We water scarcity, and sea-level rise by 2050 (Rigaud et and sea-level rise by 2050 (Rigaud et water scarcity, levels (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2018). Even at 1 °C levels (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2018). Even at 1 °C erage temperature rise to 1.5 °C, we will still have to erage temperature rise to 1.5 °C, we will still have to it will cause. deal with the irregularities change. From increases in global average air and sea in global average air and sea increases change. From weather events, rainfall anomalies, desertifi- extreme cation, the acidification of the oceans, and the rising carious effects of allowing an increase of the global the global of of allowing an increase carious effects The human impact is so much that we have managed The human impact is so much that we have managed

LIVING PROTEAN CLIMATE CRISIS CLIMATE

ABSTRACT To face the greatest threat of our generation, we have to to we have of our generation, threat the greatest face To The objective of this dissertation is to study the impact of of this dissertation study is to objective The The timescales of the Earth’s climatic processes are slow. slow. are processes climatic Earth’s timescales of the The

Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar Mridula Ar. Professor Assistant of Architecture L.S. Raheja School Mumbai, India [email protected] Ar. Anushka Samant Anushka Ar. Architect Mumbai, India Urbz, [email protected] learn to adapt. Today, there is a need for new infrastructure with infrastructure new for need a is there Today, adapt. to learn ble to the impact of these changes. We need to bring to realisation, a realisation, to bring need to We the impact of these changes. ble to by 2050, we are still looking at 1.5oC of warming. Presently, at 1oC at 1.5oC of warming. Presently, at still looking 2050, we are by tecture that engages with the environment. that tecture - be designed and con this new normal, to adapt to the ability to the changing climatic patterns on the people on the frontlines in on the people on the frontlines patterns climatic the changing modern to indigenous techniques a wide spectrum- from tics across in- methods of polyvalent adaptation, It also explores technology. - had minimal con who have and those in fragile areas, away, move to vulnera- most are poverty in living are and problem, this to tributions ters, people across the globe are in search of safer lands and better of safer in search the globe are people across ters, in meeting current needs and building capacity to tackle future future tackle to capacity building and needs current meeting in world where everyone has the ability to combat this crisis. combat has the ability to everyone where world India, specifically the coasts. The study also looks at adaptation tac- adaptation also looks at study The the coasts. India, specifically Even in the best-case scenario, if we cut down all carbon emissions down all if we cut in the best-case scenario, Even - and pliable and amphibious archi regenerative, are that strategies structed. The framework for this infrastructure has to be polyvalent, be polyvalent, has to this infrastructure for framework The structed. sesses the scope of the built interventions in adapting to the crisis. in adapting to of the built interventions sesses the scope ADAPTING TO THE TO ADAPTING cluding the scope of migration as a strategy. The dissertation as- The as a strategy. of migration the scope cluding opportunities. However, not all communities have the same capacity the same have not all communities opportunities. However, of warming, and 415 ppm of carbon [1], these impacts are already already impacts are of warming, and 415 ppm of carbon [1], these disas- climatic life real into translate numbers these As catastrophic. events. The dissertation proposes the use of anticipatory design the use of anticipatory dissertation proposes The events. NEED FOR STUDY were personally interviewed in each village. The aim of the survey was to understand the socio-cultural and JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 Elasticity (noun) : the ability of an object or ma- economic practices of the communities and the direct terial to resume its normal shape after being stretched and indirect distresses caused due to the climate cri- or compressed. sis. In 24 South paraganas, this also involved mapping the impact of previous cyclones and understanding Everything has an elastic limit. When pushed too the subsequent adaptation techniques. In Devbag, the far, that limit is reached, after which the onset of perma- first study focused on understanding the social and nent alteration begins. This is known as a tipping point economic fabric of the village. All the live case stud- in the climate system. The catastrophic onset of life-al- ies pointed towards a grave problem of water. During tering events has already begun. this period, existing impacts of environmental and an- thropogenic changes on communities using available Whether we look at small island nations such as data and satellite images were mapped out. Local, tra- Kiribati or larger deltaic areas such as the Sundarbans, ditional methods of combating natural adversities and we see the plight of their inhabitants- losing houses understanding the ecosystem’s regenerative processes and sources of livelihood, living on the edge of poverty. were also studied. What is often found in common amongst these climatic hotspots is that they are the early sufferers of this hu- Online case studies were carried out to study man-induced disaster despite having a minuscule con- various techniques of adaptation which included tribution to the cause of the crisis. The impacts of this nature-based solutions such as wetland restoration, climate emergency are going to exacerbate existing vul- Sponge Cities, CALTROPe and soft infrastructure; in- nerabilities and marginalise the marginalized. frastructure solutions such as Climate Tile, POP-UP: All-purpose flood shelter; investigation of native tech- In cities, we see gross mismanagement of resourc- niques which was done through live case studies; and es. From building insensitivity over natural catchments exploration of migration as a design strategy through to ill-planned infrastructure of cities. All of this has a existing projects. cumulative impact on the overall resiliency of the city and its surrounding areas. The further construction of All these studies concluded that Devbag, Maha- ‘fortress-like’ projects that keep natural disasters and rashtra would be an ideal pilot village as it represented environmental changes at bay temporarily instead of many coastal villages in India. In that, the village, like integrating them into the infrastructural fabric is do- many in India, has turned its economic base away from ing more harm than good. In order to face the greatest fishing towards tourism. It is a peninsular sand-spit of a 36 36 threat of our century, it is essential to adapt to change. gradual ever-changing nature. Devbag is situated on a 3.5 km long extended piece of land that projects from AIM Tarkarli. The peninsular land lies between the mouth of the Karli river and the Arabian sea. The village is at an The aim is to integrate the emerging environmen- approximate elevation of 5 metres above the mean sea tal, social, and economic challenges into future resil- level. This means that it is susceptible to rising sea lev- ience planning. The intention is to re-imagine living in a els. Along with that Devbag has seen a steep rise in the new normal of increased natural calamities, food short- number of environmental events and the destruction age and water crisis through anticipatory methods that that ensues. are humane and endurable, and to create alternative methods of sustenance. Field visits were carried out that focused on iden- tifying potential sites for intervention through inter- HYPOTHESIS views and consultation with the residents, local experts and local bodies. These site visits revealed more infor- The current efforts toward global climate action mation about the polluted groundwater table, and a do not look promising. In order to survive the inevita- gradually receding coastline. Factors that were studied ble: higher temperatures, droughts, rising seas, fiercer included topography, historical landform changes, sa- storms, more unpredictable rainfall, and more acidic linity of soil, sea level rise as per the IPCC SR6, mapping oceans, we need to design a climatically adapted soci- of existing infrastructure, wind analysis and impact of ety- where instead of resisting change, we Anticipate previous environmental events. All of these factors led and Adapt. to the generation of a vulnerability mapping that identified 3 sites on the village. METHODOLOGY DISCUSSION The initial background study was conducted using existing research papers and data online to un- The climate breakdown is a process whose out- derstand the climatic hotspots of India and their geo- come is unknown. This situation has no precedence. graphical and climatic timeline. Following this, live Adaptation therefore has to be polyvalent. Durability case studies were carried out at identified sites: 5 coast- and functionality of structures need to be reassessed, al settlements in 24 South paraganas in West Bengal, especially their purpose and reaction with the environ- including Bakkhali and Beguakhali and Devbag in Ma- ment. People on the coasts have a better grasping of harashtra. To carry out the study, at least 10 residents water than anyone else. Interactions with water are in- JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 37 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 37 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Vulnerability mapping (by Author on Author mapping (by 4- Vulnerability Figure Pisolkar (2008) base map by Regenerative systems are systems that not only Regenerative systems are forces of nature to mould it. For adaptation it means of nature forces that migration has to be looked a different at through sign that modifies enhances existing public infra- and it to act for in the village to make it resilient, structure to the flexibility of and both structures refers structures refuge when the time for migration comes. migration comes. when the time for refuge as a shelter when disaster strikes, and to function as a as a shelter when disaster strikes, and to function as a the for beto has allow to needs It flexible. architecture - help with adaptation to the climatic changes, while re ducing impacts; they also try to mitigate the issues. A of Pliability is wetlands barriers. this classic example of of the people. emphasises on the concept of It heavily going with the flow. For structures, it implies that the it For structures, going with the flow. Mapping of soil salinity (Source: 3- Mapping of soil salinity (Source: Figure Pisolkar (2008) this to suggest small scale interventions that are woven woven this to suggest small scale interventions that are their survival .Where there is too much water, there is is there is too there much water, their survival .Where tegrated into their socio-cultural and economic fabric. pendency between the two types and of water- fresh structures and amphibious building to propose a de- structures salt. The salt water provides the residents of Devbag residents of Devbag the salt. The salt water provides into the ever-changing nature of the village and the of the village and the into the ever-changing nature systems, the pliability of rates the ideas of regenerative it is crucial to understand and interact with water. An An it is crucial to understand and interact with water. important- of all case studies was the interde outcome also very little water. The design proposal harnesses The design proposal harnesses also very little water. For the viability of any design proposal in this context, For the viability of any design proposal in this context, water. The proposal looks at protean living. It incorpo- The proposal looks living. at protean water. with their livelihood water enables while the fresh Infrastructure mapping of Devbag (by (by mapping of Devbag 2- Infrastructure Figure maps) on the base of Googel Author Mapping of sea level rise as per the IPCC SR6 as per the IPCC rise 1- Mapping of sea level Figure lens. Seasonal migrations should be encouraged and RECOMMENDATIONS looked at from a new perspective. Amphibious nature The design draws on the knowledge of socio- JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 refers to the ability to live on both land and water. In the logical, economic, cultural and traditional systems of context of climate adaptation, it refers to architecture’s Devbag which are deeply rooted in the concept of ‘living ability to engage with water. with water’. It assumes - on the basis of previous studies - that the peninsula will eventually disappear and makes While viewing adaptation through the lens of the recommendations for this process. The design proposes built environment, anticipatory design strategies are a network of soft and hard infrastructure that will pro- more pivotal than reactive design strategies. vide support for, and navigate through this process of

38 38

Top: Figure 5- Design proposal for Devbag (Source: Author) JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Bottom: Figure 6- Proposed wetland barrier and walkway as a method of regenerative adaptation (Source: Author) JUNE 2021 39 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

JUNE 2021 39 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Top to Bottom: View of the Bottom: to Top on part A; centre community at View of the gram panchayat - part cen B; View of the tourist Author) part at C (Source: tre function as a refuge when the time for migration comes. comes. migration time for when the as a refuge function pecially with regards to potable water. It also addresses addresses It also to potablepecially water. regards with munities and increase their resource independence,- es their resource and increase munities become which has tourism, increasing issues of a part al gatherings and economic activities. al gatherings and economic of daily lives, such that it doesof daily lives, not catalyze ecological existing the enhances infrastructure new The damage. in aspects social care, life of health quality of and cultur- The program is to meet the present needs of coastal com- of coastal needs present meet the is to program The The proposal is to modify and enhance existing 1 Predicted changes 1 Predicted events disasters such as cyclonic 2 Natural lead event which will hundred-year 3 Once-in-a for it to act as a shelter when disaster strikes, and to it to act as a shelter when disaster for to migration public infrastructure in the village to make it resilient, it resilient, the village to make in public infrastructure main scenarios: main change. The design will will The design change. in three is functions such that be As a part of the overall resilience of the village, REFERENCES the design proposal is a wetland barrier that integrates 1 6 Caltrope Project. (n.d.). Retrieved Pisolkar, Y., & Chaudhary, N. JUNE 2021 JUNE 2021 the functions of coastal defenses and public space. This June 18, 2021, from http://www. (2018). Challenges for Wellness barrier will span the entire western coast of the village, caltrope-project.com/ Tourism Development along i.e., 3.5 km stretch with intermittent pockets of an am- Malvan Coast, Sindhudurg phibious walkway that gives access to the Arabian Sea. 2 District, Maharashtra, India. Climate Tile. (n.d.). Tredje Natur. Annual Research Journal of SCMS, This walkway will function as a promenade for the locals Retrieved June 18, 2021, from Pune, 6. and tourists and as a boat anchor for the local fishermen. https://www.tredjenatur.dk/en/ portfolio/climatetile/ 7 The wetland is rooted in the idea of regener- Pisolkar, Y. M. (2008). A 3 Geomorphic Study of Beach and ative systems. They will react to the challenges of the Fennessy, S., & Lei, G. (2018). Creek Erosion at Devbag Coastal changes in the environment and minimize them. This Wetland Restoration for Climate Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule will function as a carbon sequestration system, and ab- Change Resilience. Ramsar Pune University. Retrieved June Briefing Note No.10. Ramsar 2021, from http://shodhganga. sorb carbon. It will promote coral growth and provide Convention Secretariat, Gland, inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/ a habitat for fish along with improving water quality. Switzerland. handle/10603/155693 This will in turn promote self-sustenance both ecologi- 4 8 cally and economically. Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, Pop-Up Climate Change P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Adaptation - Tredje Natur. (n.d.). The village is divided into three parts of 10-12 Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., Pirani, Retrieved June 18, 2021, from A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, https://www.tredjenatur.dk/en/ minutes of walking distance from the 3 sites. These sites C., & Pidcock, R. (2018). Global portfolio/pop-up/ have public structures situated at the highest ground Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC in that region that will act as evacuation points. In part Special Report on the Impacts 9 A, the program proposes a community centre near the of global warming of 1.5°C Rigaud, K. K., de Sherbinin, above pre-industrial levels A., Jones, B., Bergmann, J., Vithal Mandir and school no 2, in part B, there is a pro- and related global greenhouse Clement, V., Ober, K., Schewe, posal of a new polyvalent gram panchayat and in part C, gas emission pathways, in the J., Adamo, S., McCusker, B., & the proposal is to build a tourist centre and a jetty. context of strengthening the Heuser, S. (2018). Groundswell. global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable 10 All architectural interventions in the proposal development, and efforts to Sandbar cropping to eradicate engage with both seawater and fresh water. The modi- eradicate povert. IPCC, 1, 1–32. extreme poverty in Bangladesh. (2016, February 22). Practical fications to the existing built infrastructure include cre- 5 Action. Retrieved June 2021 ation of water reservoirs to store water harvested from Pisolkar, Y., Chaudhary, N. from https://practicalaction. the monsoons. All three structures are made such that (2017). Strategies to Integrate org/news-media/2016/02/22/ 40 40 Communities and Geo Spatial sandbar-cropping-to-eradicate- they rise and fall with the tidal frequency of the river Technologies for Sustainable extreme-poverty-in-bangladesh/ and the sea. They are designed keeping in mind the wind Development along Tarkarli— velocities and directions. All roofs are designed aerody- Devbag Coast, Maharashtra, namically, ensuring minimal impact of the stability and India. Annual Research Journal of SCMS, Pune, 5, 5, 14. security of the structure. Around these structures, it is recommended to explore the process of phyto-reme- diation which entails planting shrubs and plants of variety that extract soil from the water and improve the groundwater table. The structures will be made out of locally sourced materials that will disintegrate alongside the landform.

CONCLUSION

The climate crisis is the greatest challenge of our generation. It will exacerbate existing inequalities and create new ones. Architecture can no longer function in isolation and disregard the environment. The biggest Ar. Anushka Samant completed her B. Arch problem with designing in isolation, is the creation of from L. S. Raheja School of Architecture in hard infrastructure such as embankments, is that they 2020. She is interested in learning about resiliency planning, cultural geographies and disrupt the existing delta and their smooth concrete investigating the intersection of the built surfaces are detrimental to the natural processes of environment and ecology. She is currently siltation and erosion of landforms. All and any design exploring participatory planning processes in high density settlements at Urbz. strategies therefore need to be woven into the landscape. In order for us to combat and overcome the crisis, we need to look at inclusive design that penetrates Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar is an assistant professor at L. S. Raheja School of Architec- through different strata and provides a fair chance at ture. She is currently a partner and principal survival to all. architect at earth-HAB, a firm specializing in sustainable design and consultancy. Mridula Endnotes completed her B.Arch from Academy of Architecture in 2005 and attained an M.Sc. [1] The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, which has tracked in Energy Efficient and Sustainable Building atmospheric CO2 levels since the late 1950s, on May 11, 2019 detected from Oxford Brookes University, United JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL 415.56 ppm of CO2. Kingdom in 2008. JUNE 2021 Call for ARTICLES PROJECTS & PAPERS

Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects invites original Category 2 and unpublished contributions from members (academi- Summaries of dissertations (2000-3000 words )at the cians, practitioners and students) under the three categories level of B.Arch. & M.Arch., and theses at the Ph.D. level. The given below. Guide for that work will be mentioned as the Co-author. (For- mat will be available on the JIIA website given below) In order to be accepted for publication, all material sent in these categories should be sent in the following components: Category 3 1 MS Word document file with text only. Please do not Research papers (2000-5000 words) in the prescribed 41 format it in anyway. The numbered captions for all the im- format. The research may be based on their ongoing or com- ages will also be in this document. pleted research. (Format will be available on the JIIA web- 2 Folder with all images (minimum 300 dpi), numbered site given below). All contributions in this category will be according to the captions given in your text file peer-reviewed before being accepted for publication by con- 3 Photograph of the author/s (minimum 300 dpi) ducted by academic experts of repute. 4 Author biodata – Maximum 50 words. 5 PDF (optional)– showing the intended layout. This pdf Category 4 should include text and all images, with numbered cap- Contributions from Chapter Correspondents tions. (a) Chapter News: This includes various interesting activities from the Centres of your Chapters (maxm. 500 words Category 1 for the news from the entire Chapter). All material sent should Essays, interviews, articles (1500- 2500 words) and be sent in the following two components : book reviews (600 and 750 words) in the areas of architec- 1 MS Word document file with text only. Please do not ture, planning, urbanism, pedagogy, heritage, technology, format it in anyway. No pdfs will be accepted. The numbered ecology, theory and criticism, visual design, practice or any captions for all the images will also be in this document. This other relevant subject pertaining to the built environment. should NOT contain any images. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS (Details of the format will be available on the JIIA website giv- 2 Folder with all images (minimum 300 dpi), num- en below). bered according to the captions given in your text file. • For a design project, please include the “Fact File” (b)Projects: Identify outstanding architectural proj- with the following details : Project Name, Location, Plot area, ects of members and send them to JIIA Team to consider for Total built up, Structural consultants, Project completion. publication. (Please follow the design project requirements as Also please give the photo captions and credits. Please ensure given in Category 1) that the image is referred to within the text. For eg, “As seen (c) Obituaries : Obituaries of IIA members should con- in Figure 1…”. This is essential for the layout. sist of the photograph of the departed soul, the dates of birth • For design projects, plans and sections of the project and death and a short 50-word note. are desirable along with the photographs. Note • Further, it is important that along with the manu- 1 Please email all papers and articles through the script, we receive an undertaking from you that the stated Chapter / Centre or directly to [email protected]. architect/ architectural firm is the author of the architectural 2 Format is available on the JIIA website : projects mentioned in the article, and that IIA and JIIA is in no https://indianinstituteofarchitects.com/wp-content/ way responsible for any matter or dispute arising out of the uploads/2021/06/Doc_for_Call_for_articles__projects_ publication of the same. and_papers__10.6.2021_.pdf JUNE 2021

42 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 43 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS JUNE 2021 DIALOGUE AR. CHRISTOPHER BENNINGER

About Christopher Benninger Christopher Benninger, Chairman and Principal Architect at CCBA Designs Pvt. Ltd., studied Architecture at Harvard University and City Planning at the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. He has taught in various institutions including the school of planning in Ahmedabad (which he co-founded) and MIT and Harvard. His book Letters to A Young Architect won the Best Architecture Book of the Year Award 2012 and has been translated into various languages. Besides numerous awards, he has won the prestigious IIA award on six

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL occasions. JUNE 2021 45 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The first by was The Natural House read book I ever As a youth I travelled into rapidly evolving, mature Frank Lloyd Wright which introduced me to integrating Frank Lloyd Wright human scale, sequencing spatial ex- buildings with nature, periences, using natural, local and “honesty of expression” I collected every book ever that Wright materials. Eventually, written about and everything wrote him too, his integrating his ego) into my own and thinking (and I may add, theories thinking and beto wanted I architecture His him! personality. a counter-blast to the boringwere “track houses,” of America in the 1950s, and the boring people who lived in them. Her- bert Gans’ book,the blandness The Levittowners, summed up of that urban landscape of and the limited “American Dream” a nation whose mythical past was in stand-alone farm houses, and with disappearingwith the bread-winner into the “city,” all isolated from the family isolated in domestic splendour, of reality. forms - Washing that hosted sophisticated public spaces like cities I lived on and Central Park in Manhattan where ton Square with my aunt and uncle, Waldorf Astoria the top floor of the Ambassador to the United Nations. Looking who was the U.S. was the Pan Am Building floor, the 42nd the city from across and the Sea- the street to the south, the Lever House across hundred few a just all north, immediate my to Building gram a new paradigm in my mind; I liked meters away! This created their grandness; I liked the idea of a city within a building; with Dr. Kaiwan Mehta travelling betweentravelling Mehta Kaiwan philosophies. and nations times, Dr. with Kaiwan Mehta (KM) Mehta Kaiwan practice, you have had a long-running Christopher, Benninger (CB) Christopher look our early days architects at our own work from We up in a rather bland, small town environment I grew Master Architect Christopher Charles Benninger in an honest hearty conversation conversation hearty honest in an Benninger Charles Christopher Architect Master Suzlon One Earth Campus – Photo Source CCBA Design Pvt. Design CCBA Ltd. Source – Photo Suzlon One Earth Campus with some important projects and strong ideas. How do you with some important and strong projects Can you lookongoing projects? and at some of your recent tell us something about them, and maybe what drives share today? for your architecture - evolved up to the pres analysing how our thinking forward, then and work, looking recent my at around, this Turning ent. lessons, but out some interesting distils backwards, reflecting prior to analys- I’d always liked to study the roots of a tree out, and last the ing its trunk, then the branches that reach leaves. sprouting composed level bungalows, with two level struc- of ground a Florida, Gainesville, It was square. town the around tures thousand populationuniversity town of less than a hundred of economics. The positive my father was a professor where thing about this place was the very high level of education of the citizens. So, my childhood with nature, was a romance also were farm lands, and stand-alone houses. There verdant beautiful Some of the and jungles to explore. lakes, rivers, very well designed, whether contemporarybungalows were or historical. and I liked the application of advanced technology to archi- der Veldt’s Craft Institute, and then the Bauhaus (1919) tectonic forms. However, a dichotomy emerged in my think- and soon thereafter in 1928 the International Congresses of

JUNE 2021 ing, as I loved the forested, calm, and open atmosphere of Modern Architecture (CIAM). The early modernists ideal- Gainesville, Florida, and also I loved the excitement, variety ised the countryside, institutionalizing it within the Garden and creative chaos of New York City. I had two ideals floating Cities Movement. Le Corbusier brought gardens into his in my mind. One, Wright’s Broadacre City, and the other Le utopian city, under his megastructures, while Wright pro- Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse. Was I evolving a split personality, posed that everyone could live in vastly spread out farm-gar- or a kind of architectural schizophrenia? Perhaps in a positive dens. While these two utopian models were apparently very manner? I think today I am seeing cities within cities in my different, both utopias depended upon the automobile, and designs and buildings! If I look at my contemporary work I both responded to the ideal of a garden city, yet in differ- think there are consistent ideas that have persisted from my ent ways. Wright was following an American illusion based childhood up until now! Let me simplify! I want to do the on extensive open land, that idealized the nuclear family stand-alone, iconic house like the Villa Savoy or Falling Water, living in its own independent homestead. Corbusier was yet at the same time I want to design cities within my build- following an European illusion, idealizing the sophisticated ings, or at least create a pedestrian, urban public space that in city state, based upon a history of large, high density settle- a “city-like” manner holds the building together. Even in very ments plagued by sanitation problems, slums and pollution. small projects, like the Vakil House, there is the imaginary Le Corbusier wanted to tear down Paris, and supplant the “town square” in the centre. Maybe the swimming pool in city with concrete slabs, floating over gardens, while Wright that courtyard is like the Jacqueline Kennedy Lake in Central wanted to just forget the cities all together. Park. But in my small and large buildings and campuses one will always find the microcosm of the vehicle-free, pedestrian, Over the first half of the twentieth century, and after public domain as the heart of urban life. It is here even in In- two World Wars, modernist thinking matured from housing dia House as well! units amongst CIAM members, to clusters amongst TEAM 10 members (1954), on to “group form” amongst members of KM the Metabolism Group (1959). The Modernists moved from This allows one to clearly see why the architectural and circulation and megastructures in the Ville Radieuse, to stems the urban are always integrated in your work so importantly; and public domains in the Free University, to group form as your journey has been the choreography between the prac- in the Nakagin Tower, in Tokyo and in Fumihiko Maki’s work. tice of architecture and the important thinking you bring in They moved from free-standing iconic buildings to spatial as a planner – this intensity of relationship between architec- fabrics and modular systems. The Team Ten Doom Manifes- ture and the landscape of development around it… can we to emerged from the post-ninth CIAM meeting held at Aux- hear from you on this? en-Provence in 1954. This manifesto simply expressed the 46 anxieties of young architects that shaped their concerns re- CB garding the directions of post-war urban reconstruction, and I believe that an important part of my journey is the not as a counterblast to the militant La Sarraz Declaration of discovery and exploration of the difference between domestic CIAM in 1928. It, in fact, was meant as a precursor to the up- architecture (and the modern architect’s concern with “hous- coming tenth CIAM meeting held at Dubrovnik in 1956. The ing units,” along with free-standing iconic buildings), and Team Ten Premier, published in 1968 discusses the changes what we call “urbane public domains.” Housing units can be in thinking in the early 1950s into more diverse, urbane, re- conceptualized as the basic building blocks of architecture, alistic and lively urban milieus. Aldo van Eyck’s urban play- but not of cities! It is the “public domain” that is the build- grounds in Amsterdam are key references. I personally came ing block of cities, not functional units. The early modernists under the sway of these movements at Harvard with Walter saw this the other way around. To them “the house”, or “the Gropius still a living figure there (Bauhaus and CIAM), Jose office,” or the “factory space” were the units that added up to Lluis Sert (CIAM) and Jacqueline Tyrwhitt (CIAM and Ekis- the city. tics), and Fumihiko Maki (Metabolism). These people were not “distant figures,” but more like family members to me As a young man I soon learned that cities gifted the who welcomed me into their homes and personal lives, than word civic, gifted the need for civic responsibility, and gifted the invisible brand names of today. Their book, Can Our Cit- the code of human gathering, which is the charter of civili- ies Survive, was a major venture away from two-dimensional zation. Cities are an advanced force creating humanistic ide- town planning, and 3D architecture, integrating the two into als, whereas the small town and the countryside farm can be a new idea called “Urban Design”. havens of conservative thinking, bigotry, isolation and selfish individualism. KM It is interesting that you locate this relationship be- The modernists began with the Arts and Crafts tween architecture and city, the landscapes of developments Movement, concerns generated by the lack of human spir- and the buildings we organise our lives in, not in some ab- it and culture in mass-produced products, having no roots stract theory or broad poetry but in the precise development or contexts. Art which is intrinsic to the handmade crafts, of the twentieth century and that is crucial, because our ideas was absent in mass-produced machine products. The Gar- are always located in histories and contexts. It is always about den Cities Movement saw the pollution and slums of cities being attentive to your present and your past, as much as you as uncivilized and wanted to isolate the city from industri- are working in the future… there will always be arguments al pollution, surrounding it by greenery. This evolved into between the past, the present and the future… they will the Werkbund Movement (1907) that tried to discover the contend with each other, and design can play the theatre of balance between industry and the crafts, evolving into Van choices…what would you say? JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 47 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS I developed one line of thinking in conflict with an- KM you were Rich experiences dear Christopher… there CB and systems housing me teaching was Sert Lluis Jose of the UNCHS (Habitat) that emerged out of her initiation out of her initiation of the UNCHS (Habitat) that emerged Vancouver (1976). Her book of the first Habitat Forum in the first inter- Spaceship Earth published in 1966, catalysed at Stockholm (1972), conference national environmental United the of creation the in resulting organised, she which (UNEP) in Nairobi. Program Nations Environmental emotive statements, other line of emotions. I love high art, of urban fabric while seeking the anonymous, rationale permutationsand combinations space elemental of through and movement modulesthat can add up to, or subtract form, pedestrian creating walking experiences,urban form, as one a variety of public domains! moves through your I say or is it the way you extracted from should lucky, - every archi experiencesFinally, should appreciate? that one rath- designer, a as consciousness her/his on build to has tect er than trying to identify some stifling style or run after the what would you say stereotypes of identity expressions… about experiences journey from building your to building a consciousness? I worked, and in his office where urban design at Harvard, with Le Corbusi- while Jerzy Soltan (author of Le Modular, member) was encouraging me to explore Ten er and a Team - profes as my of self-help housing (1966) my original idea as my exter- C. Turner sor in his studio, along with John F. to Build, and was the leading Freedom nal guide, who wrote CB contentious were So even amongst my teachers there Suzlon One Earth Campus – Photo Source CCBA Design Pvt. Design CCBA Ltd. Source – Photo Suzlon One Earth Campus issues emerging. Gerhart Kallmann and I taught a studio to- Gerhart Kallmann and I taught a studio issues emerging. when I was infatuat- gether in the spring of 1971 at Harvard, time At the same design of the Boston City Hall. ed with his I was studying urban sociology under Herbert Gans at MIT, population, resettled who traced out the lives of Boston’s his classic book,displaced by Kalman’s City Hall. Reading socialThe Urban Villagers we learned of the city fabric of the in communities, not in iconic statements, and how it grows but in rich, interdependent social Kevin fabrics. My teacher the Image of the City which made me see human Lynch wrote settlement patterns as an indelible part of our psychologies and knowledge systems, and how we pattern complex, multivariable urban systems in our memories. My involvement with the Ekistics Movement began in 1967 when Barbara invited me to be at the Delos Symposium her protégé Ward like Buckmin- on Doxiadis’ personal figures yacht, where Operating Spaceship Earth, Margret for Manual ster Fuller, Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, Edmond Bacon, Design also A Study of History were of Cities and Arnold Toynbee, Editor of the Ekistics journal, Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, present. mentor until her death, who published my was my lifelong Her book. writings on urbanism early in In- Geddes Patrick on me, and Geddes’ integration of impact dia had a great Section” his “Valley biology and human habitat through the most di- group was surely continues to influence me. This theorists of their time, of urbanists and regional verse group being urban plan- various disciplines from the leaders of economics technology, to anthropology, ning, and history, and sociology dealing jointly with a multi-contextu- and all al, multivariable model Bar- of international transformation. book. Of Man catalysed the creation The Home bara Ward’s spirit behind the participatory planning movement. How wanting to make each building into a city within a city, or an did all of these competing and contradictory concepts and important part of the city, in which it lives. There is always

JUNE 2021 ideas slowly fit together into my consciousness, designs and a major solidifying central space for pedestrians to gather! urban plans? There is always separation of vehicles from the public domain, and there are always porous connections between the ground In 1970 I assisted Jane Drew, as a young Assistant Pro- floors and this open public domain. There is an attempt at fessor at Harvard, teaching a studio together. Over the com- human scale and humane intrigue at the ground level plane. ing years my frequent trips between India and America always Even in my first building, the Alliance Francaise at Ahmed- included a stop (each way) at her Gloucester Place home in abad, one can see a totally integrated material palette, struc- London. I think their work in Chandigarh with Le Corbusi- ture, space, form and light, creating an iconic building. But er and their leading the MARS Group in the late 1920s gave then there is my desperate attempt to create a small public them a very practical and professional view of our profession. domain, using the two old walls of the existing campus, and Jane was the President of the Architectural Association, and employing a designed “L” into the building design, making Maxwell was running an international practice. They helped the other two enclosing walls. Somehow I create an “enclos- me put utopian and visionary ideas into the working space of ing urban space,” out of a small institution of 250 square my mind, and their book Tropical Architecture was perhaps meters. So, you see me seeking iconic form and space, while the first book that approached sustainability directly in terms simultaneously creating a very lively public domain where of a design practice. My travels between India and America al- people can meet, and discuss ideas with whoever happens to ways included stops in Athens, at Jacqueline Tyrwhitt’s home be sitting there. in Attica, Dolf Schnebli’s home in Agno, Switzerland, and the Gloucester Place home and studio of Jane Drew and Maxwell KM Fry. This kind of mentoring was a valued teaching form of the There is clearly a pursuit, through and through your pre-digital age. Dolf Schnebli’s early work in Agno integrated growing up, building on ideas and arguments… at this stage much of Wright’s organic thinking with Le Corbusier’s Eu- would you tell us something about your early projects and their ropean materiality. Challenges and debates over lunch and pursuits… even as you have travelled much further today? dinner were the normal course of interaction, with different viewpoints being heard and respected. How did this discourse CB and guru-shishya learning leave an impact on me? Beginning with my early projects like the Jamnagar Economically Weaker Section (EWS) housing neighbour- If one looks at my design of the Bajaj Institute of Tech- hood in 1972, the SOS Children’s Village at Bawana in 1973, nology, or the Suzlon One Earth, or the Eye of Wisdom, in on into later projects like the Suzlon One Earth in 2009, the Shanghai, you will notice me walking on the two legs of my Bajaj Institute of Technology in 2018, and The Eye of Wisdom 48 youth! I am seeking the iconic, memorable statements, while (under design), one will see an attempt at memorable, stand-

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Bajaj Institute of Technology - Photo Source CCBA Design Pvt. Ltd. JUNE 2021 49 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS CB prepossessedI think I am think- with very internalized the on a design I always recall When I am working - imagined the archi Mid-nineteenth century culture Alliance Francaise, Ahmedabad- Photo Source CCBA Design Pvt. Design CCBA Ltd. Source Photo Ahmedabad- Francaise, Alliance ing a reflective consciousness as against a consuming style; a consuming as against consciousness reflective ing a have been con- your references, your your library, and here right? stant co-travellers… ing processes on the mi- centring the years, that evolved over clear a pretty time in moved over I have crocosmcity. of the always looking the iconic el- stage to stage, process from for how will it beement of each project; a memory point the for people who visit it, or who work there? book,learned that which I Built Cities from How the Greeks citizen spent Greek of his daytime in the agora most a free his mind in the gymnasium where (market), in the temple, and body ideas developed, where were in the amphitheatre and poetry) debates plays, lectures, and concepts (through Citizens would gather in illustrated and questioned. were and competitive racing in sports. for life A Greek’s the forum in public spaces that the day was public, civil, civilized and of what was meant by catalysed ideas, thought, and analysis good by city generated civilization and the bad! The Greek bringing leaders, students and the people the city together of mutually evolved and into one holistic community based on Books values. shared The Republic , laid out a by Plato, like educat- the ruled by rational democratica republic of idea ed. While his book Symposium illustrated how friendship atmosphere, domestic a in meetings, thought-provoking and is “meeting,” and it The key word evolved ideas organically. to encourage people, is the essential work of architects lure peoplepeople, for to gather into the catalysts and provide civilized meetings. When people- meet thoughtfully discuss ideas, civiliza- their concepts and ing rationally and logically, tion is being enriched and is maturing. maybe a genius, but always an indi- tect as a lone thinker, role model This led thinker-doer. vidualistic and self-centred me to be a very top-down, individualistic person. All of my in this model, living gurus were but this was an inadequate is not It architect! model century the twenty-first role for have projects over the years, design the way to go. Painfully, technolo- demanding more becomingtransformed, larger, integration of systems and involving more demanding gy, diverse investors on the clients’ side. New participants, more and construction managers, MEP consultants, like project

So, if I look over de- back at my practice stretching KM It is good the way you describe journey through your But from there on the integration empowers on the integration there to me But from Alliance Francaise, Ahmedabad- Photo Source CCBA Design Pvt. Design CCBA Ltd. Source Photo Ahmedabad- Francaise, Alliance amphitheatre-like set of steps like a kund meeting the water set of steps like a kund meeting the water amphitheatre-like of an anchor in the in the tank at the far end, which is kind spatial choreography. . the constant has been cultures a fixation cades. across with a central, urbane, pedestrianpub- public domain. This domain blockslic and is the preserve movement all vehicular of pedestrians. and often wa- This central space has greenery believealso I talk. to and relax, stop, to visitors inviting ter, to bestruggle buildings always my local contextual, with the fabric. Maybe urban em- culture’s is why I have rarely that away style. I broke ployed any kind of consistent trademark World of thinking after the Mahindra United that line from College in 1996. the joys of dilemmas and discoveries, and we your projects… the importance of build- come back to what we spoke earlier, seek out my own narrative of spatial sequences, visual sur- of spatial sequences, visual seek out my own narrative my own employment of prises, murals cast in concrete, a spatial alignments of movement through and jack arches aside, the city with- system. But, then with the iconic put gathering space that in a city comes into play with a new a cosy courtyard, connects the ensemble’s entry through the open under or from under the studios, look basement, - openan to down on then and lawn, grass the to out ing air alone iconic buildings, living symbiotically with the “city in “city in with the living symbiotically iconic buildings, alone an of seed the from “grow” projects these of microcosm.”All domain in the 1973 the small public emerged from idea that and larg- moving on to larger building, Alliance Francaise pedestrian through spines and spaces, that feed er central spaces. subsidiary urbane into networks of smaller, branches with the surrounding to integrate is also an attempt There palettes, and sharing their materials by urban environment, If one studies my new buildings the scales of the buildings. is palette material my that find will they University CEPT at pal- School a continuation of Doshi’s merely of Architecture ette, and the floor-to-floor heights, the width of brick pylons, of water spouts and expression of studios in this the breadth - new building, all speakarchitec classic to the surrounding The of my guru, Balkrishna Doshi. ture hillockpopular grass my studios, just as it doesalso flows under under the original building. School of Architecture landscape and interior designers, kitchen and lighting de- realising that a small office can no longer land a commission signers, BOQ experts, and even security consultants have to build more than a farmhouse, or design a shop interior. In

JUNE 2021 all come into the team, making the idea of the stand-alone my studio I have become more and more superfluous, with architect ridiculous. my directors and senior architects all doing ninety per cent of the work. Yes, I plant a concept amongst them and propose KM a vocabulary of facades, an integrated structural system and Wonderful… we have travelled far and wide, across spatial sequences, but they temper this, often telling me what time and libraries with you in this interview… thanks so is not a good idea and what will not work. much! Where do things stand today, for you? What do you perceive your role to be as one of India’s senior-most and My struggle, and that of all architects, is to learn to work most respected architects and thinkers? with larger and larger teams having many specialised capabili- ties, in a more integrated manner taking up design challenges CB that intrinsically change and morph with each new project. This So, as the milieu of construction and design changed I is happening in projects like the Eye of Wisdom in Shanghai, had to change too. Surprisingly, many, many young architects and with the METRO 3 mass transit line in Pune, a twenty-three still hold the “great man theory” as their life’s dream and they kilometres long string of metro stations we are designing for run off on their own, setting up their one-man studios, not Siemens Germany and the Tata Group of Companies.

List of References for Further Reading

(1) Wright, Frank Lloyd: The Natu- (17) Fuller, Buckminster: Operating du MODULOR” (“He helped me TECTURE FOR THE PEOPLE, ral House, Horizon Press, New Manual for Spaceship Earth, discover the MODULAR.” “School of Architecture, Centre York, 1954. Lars Müller Publishers, Zürich, (28) Turner, F. C.: Freedom to Build, for Environmental Planning (2) Gans, Herbert: The Levittown- Switzerland, 1969. Macmillan, New York, 1972. and Technology (CEPT),” pages ers, Columbia University Press, (18) Mead, Margret: Coming of Age (29) Fry, Maxwell and Drew, Jane: 124 through 133, Vitra Design 1967. in Samoa, William Morrow & Tropical Architecture, B. T. Museum and Wüstenrut Foun- (3) Koolhaas, Rem: Delirious New C0., New York, 1928. Batsford Publisher, London, dation, with the Vastushilpa York, The Monacelli Press, New (19 ) Bacon, Edmund: Design of 1964. Foundation, Weil am Rhein, York, 1994. Cities, Viking Penguin, New (30) (a) Schnebli, Dolf: Schnebli, 2019. (4) Wright, Frank Lloyd: Broadacre York, 1967. Ammann, Menz: Recent Build- (36) Ivy, Robert: Architectural Re- City, Horizon Press, New York (20) Toynbee, Arnold: The Study ings and Projects, Birkhauser, cord, “Mahindra United World City, 1954. of History, Oxford University Basel, 1998. College of India,” New York, (5) (a) Le Corbusier: La Ville Press, Oxford, 1946. (b) Donat, John, Editor: World pages 122-3, September 2000. 50 Radieuse, Editions Vincent, (21) (a) Tyrwhitt, Jacqueline: EKIS- Architecture 3,“Design Models, (37) Wycherley, R. E.: How the Fréal & Cie, Paris, 1933. TICS, “1967 Delos Symposium,” Dolf Schnebli,” pages 108 Greeks Built Cities, W.W. Nor- (b) Le Corbusier, The City of Athens Center for Ekistics, through 113, Viking, New York, ton & Co. New York, 1962. To-Morrow and Its Planning, Athens, November, 1967. 1966. (38) Jowett, B. :The Republic, The 8th Edition, Dover, New York, (b) Shoshkes, Ellen: Martin (31) Benninger, Christopher: Ar- Clarendon Press, Oxford, (origi- 1929. Meyerson and Jaqueline Tyr- chitecture + Design, “Intricate nal 375 B. C.). (6) Howard, Ebenezer: Garden whitt and the Global Exchange Spatial Interactions: Bajaj (39) Plato : Symposium, The Penguin Cities of to-Morrow, Swan of Planning Ideas, Journal of Institute of Technology,” pages Classic, (translated by W. Sonnenschein & Co., London, Planning History, Volume 9, 28 through 34, Special Issue, Hamilton). 1902. Issue 75, 2010. New Delhi, August-September (40) Benninger, Christopher: (7) Burckhardt, Lucius, [Editor]: (22) Benninger, Christopher: 2020. Letters to a Young Architect, Werkbund: History and Ideol- EKISTICS, “Models of Hab- (32) Benninger, Christopher: India House Art Gallery, Pune, ogy 1907-1933, Barrons, New itat Mobility in Transitional DOMUS, “When I awake at the 2011(and publishers in America, York, 1980. Economies,” Athens Center for still of the night…,” pages 41 Bangladesh, India, and China in (8) Gropius, Walter: The New Ekistics, Athens, 1970. through 53, Mumbai, Vol. 14, local languages). Architecture and the Bauhaus, (23) Benninger, Christopher: Issue 1, January, 2013. (41) Loew, Sebastian, Editor, and MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, EKISTICS, “Design for Devel- (33) Flavo, Rosa Maria and the Urban Design Group: Urban 1965. opment,” Athens Center for Naidu, Ramprasad Akkisetti: Design Practice: An Internation- (9) Le Corbusier: The Athens Char- Ekistics, Athens, 1972. CHRISTOPOHER BENNINGER al Review, INDIA, by Christo- ter, La Librairie Plon, 1943. (24) a) Tyrwhitt, Jacqueline: Patrick Architecture for Modern India, pher Benninger, pages 218 to (10) Maki, Fumihiko and GROUP: Geddes in India, Percy Lund page 41, SKIRA, Milan, 2015 and 235, Royal Institute of British Metabolism/1960, The Propos- Humphries & Co., London, 1947. RIZZOLI, New York City, 2016. Architects, London, 2012. als for New Urbanism, Edition b) Shoshkes, Ellen: “Martin (34) Benninger, Christopher: IN- (42) Caves, Roger and Wagner, Fritz: Yasuko Kawazone, 1960. Meyerson and Jaqueline Tyr- SITE, Markers in the Evolution Livable Cities From a Global (11) Team Ten: Doom Manifesto, whitt and the Global Exchange of Civilization,” Ahmedabad, Perspective, “Pune Metropolis: Post Mortem of the Aux-en- of Planning Ideas,” in the Jour- Volume 12, Issue 1, 2019. Unlivable Cities within a Livable Provence CIAM Congress, nal of Planning History, 2010, (35) Kries, Mateo, Hoof, Khush- Metropolis,” by Christopher Doom, Holland, 1954. 9:75. nu, and Kugler, Jolanthe: Benninger, pages 93 to 108, (12) CIAM: La Sarraz Declaration, (25) Ward, Barbara: The Home of BALKRISHNA DOSHI: ARCHI- Routledge, New York, 2018. Conference Report, Chateau de Man, W.W. Norton &Co., New la Sarraz, Switzerland, 1928. York, 1976. (13) Smithson, Alison, editor: Team (26) Ward, Barbara: Spaceship Dr. Kaiwan Mehta Ten Primer, MIT Press, Cam- Earth, Columbia University A theorist and critic in the fields of visual culture, bridge, Massachusetts, 1968. Press, New York, 1966. architecture, and city studies, he has studied archi- (14) Lefaivre, Liane, and Roode: (27) a) Le Corbusier (with Jerzy tecture, literature, Indian aesthetics and cultural Aldo van Eyck, NAi Publishers, Soltan): Le Modular, Faber & studies. He is the Managing Editor of Domus India Rotterdam, 2002. Faber, London, 1951. and Professor and Programme Chair of the Doctoral (15) Gans, Herbert: The Urban Vil- b) Letter from Le Corbusier Programme, FA, CEPT. He was the Charles Correa lagers, Free Press of Glencoe, to Jose Lluis Sert dated 15th Chair Professor for the academic year 2017-2018. 1963. March, 1961, on the subject of He authored Alice in Bhuleshwar: Navigating a (16) Lynch, Kevin: The Image of the Jerzy Soltan’s role in creating Mumbai Neighbourhood (Yoda Press. New Delhi, City, Cambridge, MIT Press, Le Modular, in which he writes, 2009) and The Architecture of I M Kadri (Niyogi.

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL 1962. “Ill m’a aide dans la découverte New Delhi, 2016) JUNE 2021 51 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Ar. Prem Chandavarkar Prem Ar.

WRIGHT

ARCHITECT SELF OF THE

ARCHITECTURE ‘CONTINUITY’ IN ‘CONTINUITY’

FRANK LLOYD AND THE INNERAND THE

THE SOURCE OF SOURCE THE REFLECTIONS ON REFLECTIONS IN MEMORIAM IN JUNE 2021

Bust of FLW at Taliesin

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Photo Credit : Author JUNE 2021 53 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

- archi ‘humane’ more a to referred have I onstantly HUMANS IN THE WORLD: LEVELS OF ENCOUNTER OF LEVELS WORLD: THE IN HUMANS But Wright also spoke another perspective of But Wright on conti- C “the light, this interior names for Mankind has various of transcendent foundational, source yet A different, collection of essays edited their introductionto the In 1. First-Person Experience : This is the personal expe- tecture, so I will try me, an so humane means to explain what tecture, to humanity is the quality of architecture, organic Like architect. of light- in terms is reckoned the solar system man. As to interior humanity. calling are we what be light inner the may so years, [13] all reckoning. is beyond as light, Man element, This - as sub the artist self of of the inner suspicious detachment, to be from excluded and therefore non-replicable, jective, like If transcendentalists, foundations. epistemological Norberg-Schulz, propose approach a phenomenological that modifies rational model a purely include human to on building objectivity, still seeks analysis consciousness, on the in- [11] and focusing of Heidegger the philosophy architect’s rather than the existential anchors habitant’s inner compulsions. get con- “To when he wrote, one with a spiritual focus, nuity, just eliminating all constructed features tinuity in the whole, in in his ornament background as Louis Sullivan eliminated of the promotion sense of the whole. Here favor of an integral spiritual plane began the material to the an idea from to have objec- This spiritual dimension was not consequences.” [12] personal,tive, it was intensely sourced significantly and more elaborated He spiritual dimen- on this within himself. from sion, saying: so when Jesus said “the kingdom of instance…..And soul” for But his he meant. what this is I believe is within you,” God the Father, removed his meaning when they betrayed disciples heart within the human inhabit a realm from to light, supreme human beings to difficult for of his own, because it was too out the in- itself misled, put find faith in man. So Christianity, light. as exterior worship of life organize to in order light terior his to of true instead his intellect subject to Man is now too of the man is submerged this inner light Whenever own spirit. “Satan” he has invented and failure, of discord in the darkness - thus inorgan becomes Insofar as light explain the shadow. to by the unity of mankind. Only discover ic, humanity will never is this possible. [14] light interior - relative continuity is positedremained one that has here; Being interior to humanity in the profession. ly unexplored and beyond the first site of inquiry can only reckoning, be an experiential of his/her own inte- by the architect exploration continuity with toward there from expanding outward rior, must now included The architect be architecture. humane a comes to be. in a philosophical appraisal of how architecture this aspect, explore it is necessary to look at the levels at To which humans encounter the world. Jon- and [15] Francisco Varela of consciousness, the study on levels at which humans encounter athan Shear identify three the world: which rience of internal cognitive and mental states through one has primary access to the world. What one knows at this level may be but never fully known in the exact appreciated, to this level as ‘con- refer often We by another. same form,

In the early 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright began using Wright Lloyd Frank early 1930s, In the proposition- of ‘continuity’ implies a tran Wright’s of the source places Wright In some of his writings, to Lieber Meister by as conceived plasticity I promoted off and the post begins is no the beam leaves Where must be seen as the room-space architecture In integral to in architecture the full importBut were of continuity define An assumption that attributes of architecture the notion of ‘continuity’ as a way of framing his argument argument his of framing as a way ‘continuity’ of the notion seeing proposing that rather than architecture, organic for should see a uni- one and background, as figure architecture “No famous statement, is epitomized in his This fied totality. of It should be a hill or on anything. be on ever house should together live and house should it. Hill to the hill. Belonging [1] the other.” happier for the each inseparable from are if surroundings scendent architecture: But what scales all the way to infinity. the work, architecture does as ‘continuity’ and where do we understand it spring ‘continuity’, can one divide In a full application of from? Does spring ‘continuity’ the architecture? from the architect the inner self of or from the attributes of architecture, from the architect? as evidenced attributes of architecture, continuity in tectonic statements: in the following of the building as a whole….So why concept in the continuity - of post and beam con all implications entirely away not throw cornices no pilasters, no posts, no columns, struction? Have of the sort no divisions or moldings or ornament; nor allow any the struc- as something added to enter to fixtures whatever things, one thing. [2] of many ture…...Instead longer important all because it no lon- nor need it be seen at enables the support in tension slide to is. Steel ger actually the support the supported, into or the supported grow into to - trunk. There out of its tree glides branch as a tree somewhat I am reactions physical of interior the new series arises from [3]. calling “Continuity” an longer have no We no architecture. or we have architecture, an outside and an inside have no longer outside as outside. We inside, and come things. Now the outside may as two separate other….. of each are does go outside. They and the inside may its site, from grow building to organic of any it is in the nature itself held – the ground the light into out of the ground come [4] basic part of the building itself. as a component always one, completely become be grasped, aesthetic and structure of our the use and wont revolutionize to it would continue and in harmony superior making it age architecture, machine work at ideal This Greek. or Gothic architecture, any to beauty used means a or tools of the process nature by upon materials the only architecture, new age, organic in a architecture living be- because it can never and let live can live that architecture [5] style. a mere come of design has always beenthe disciplinary core a prevalent necessarily seek in analyses that do not It is found trend. a transcendent dimension, such as Ching [6] or Venturi; methodthe also is and [7] tran- the when seeking adopted scendental, such as Norberg-Schulz [8], [9] and Alexander. for rational an Enlightenment quest [10] This springs from sciousness’, and it is a poorly understood notion in Western cesses by which third-person accounts get reified. Rath- rational epistemology. er than seeking authenticity in any one level of encounter,

JUNE 2021 2. Third-Person Accounts: These are seen as indepen- consistent movement between one level and the other is the dent of any one person’s experience. They may be physical, source of authenticity. [22] such as objects in the world, works of art and architecture, or texts, but also include intangible manifestations such as con- This movement across levels is fundamental to the cepts, theories, memes, belief systems, shared identities, au- nature of living systems and has been termed as autopoiesis ras, etc. Every person’s perception of them may not be iden- by the biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. tical, but the overlap is sufficient for a group of persons to [23] The term means ‘self-making’ and refers to how an au- acknowledge their independent existence as the foundation tonomous living being is never a closed system: if it were, it for what we call ‘reality’. would fall under the second law of thermodynamics which 3. Second-Person Mediation: Exchanges, conversa- states that every closed system keeps increasing in entropy tions, interactions with others, which can be one-on-one con- until it merges with the entropy of the universe (which is what versations or group dialogues. Often, the engagement is with happens when we die). While the self that is alive possesses teachers, or persons with greater expertise or wisdom, and the an autonomy that is defined by a boundary, that boundary exchange serves to enrich the relationship between the self is porous, allowing energy flows through the self by which it and the world. remakes itself. The nature of the exchanges that take place through that boundary are fundamental to life, and the sensi- To speak about the architect’s interior is to speak of tivity of the being’s boundary to the environment is crucial to first-person experience, whereas to dwell on attributes of ar- the success of autopoiesis. chitecture is to articulate third-person accounts. Mainstream academia pursues a rational definition of truth that focuses When these exchanges are recurrent, then the living on third-person accounts, fearing that inclusion of first-per- being learns, and can structure its behavior in terms that son experience in epistemological models will lead to subjec- transcend immediate ‘in-the-now’ experience. In autopoietic tivity and bias. This consequently sidelines the role played by terms, the cognitive boundary of consciousness absorbs a part second-person mediation, also leading to an impoverished of the environment, occupying a larger territory than the sen- perception of human experience. An existential authenticity sory boundary of the physical self. Humans can take learning known only through personalized sensory experience is ig- to radically different levels with significant impact on their nored. More significantly, a connection is lost with an infinite cognitive capacities, for they have the unique ability to be creative power that we use on an everyday basis that lives reflexive, thinking in the abstract about themselves and the within each one of us: when we speak we coax meaning out of world and changing themselves through that thinking. For silence, when we dance, we coax beauty out of stillness, when non-reflexive beings, the cognitive boundary of conscious- 54 we love we coax community and conviviality out of solitude. ness and the sensory boundary of physical being are relatively This redoubtable creativity should evoke wonder within us, close together. The reflexivity of humans allows them to shift but is so powerful that we have to learn how to come to terms the boundary of consciousness significantly beyond the phys- with it, and are not always successful in doing so. As John ical boundaries of self. This can be seen in everyday ways one O’Donohue remarks, “One of the sad things is that so many often recognizes: the loving wife who can intuit what troubles people are frightened by the wonder of their own presence. her husband of long standing, or the experienced stage actor They are dying to tie themselves into a system, a role, an image who can read the audience’s attentiveness and engagement or a predetermined identity that other people have actually from the sound (or absence of it) of their bodies and feed this settled for them.” [16] energy into the performance.

This misperception erodes the core of the design process: This expansion of boundaries of consciousness is the (a) the value of tacit knowledge [17] receives insuffi- aim in many established contemplative practices, as well as cient recognition; the rigorous training one goes through in acquiring the mas- (b) poor acknowledgment of tacit knowledge pushes tery of any craft. The consciousness of the masterful practi- the transcendental to the background; [18] and tioner gets intertwined deeply with his/her craft: the musi- (c) the profession valorizes a perception of architec- cian and music feel as one, the master architect unifies with ture where interpretation is privileged over experi- materials and aura of space. This shapes the way others en- ence, obstructing a true quest for continuity. [19] counter the craft. When you hear the performance of a masterful musician, both you and the musician hear the larger Foundational significance should not be assigned voice of music; when you inhabit the work of a masterful to any singular level of human encounter with the world. architect, both you and the architect have sensed the larger First-person experience, second-person mediation and presence of architecture. The resonance within you happens third-person accounts are woven together within socio-cul- because both you and the master, inherently as human be- tural and natural networks where each level validates the ings, have the inborn impulse to expand and emancipate the other. [20] The self cannot know itself without examining autopoietic boundary of your consciousness. The acquisi- how it is recognized by another, and the other cannot be tion of personal mastery and the layperson’s recognition of appreciated without validation by the authenticity of ex- its value happen through radically different processes, but perience that only the self knows. And both self and the they connect because both strike a resonance between in- other existentially anchor themselves within third-person nermost being and observed reality. accounts. Self and otherness are inextricably intertwined. [21] Second-person mediation plays a crucial bridging role, This calls for a re-examination of the conventional validating first-person experience and containing the pro- modes of architectural practice and architectural education. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 55 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS CONCLUSION: CONTINUITY, EPHEMERALITY EPHEMERALITY CONTINUITY, CONCLUSION: Pedagogy needs to transcend its instrumental status toPedagogy needs to of architecture seek continuity only in the attributes To of being connect with this ‘rapture alive’, the inner To argue this is to pursue a phenomenological argu- To AND TRUTH AND high, the bulk of professional architectural production tends architectural of professional the bulk high, sustain an who Students familiar. of the reproduction toward may do so well after graduation critical rigour internalized because more how they were capacities than of their innate re- of that the success studies that suggest are taught. There students they of profile the from ensues more puted colleges [28] the caliberattract than they deliver. of education focus should of curriculum. The lie at the core self be on the be- that aspirations on content and producting educated, such are not external beacons an aspiring self as but internalized within possibleis not It theunderstand to logically personalmastery. It must mastery into state of flow that brings be attainedbeing. of architectural core the why lived practice, which is through education should be of a pedagogy the infection that provokes passion between members- of the community of learners, teach ignite the spark of flow within the learningers and students, to pedagogy A critical does it not seek external standards, self. and consistent selves who the evolution of committed aims for to personally in order partici- can critically engage with reality mereeschews self a Such [29] world. their of renewal in the pate a pursuing of the familiar or imitation of a hero, reproduction personal mastery that is driven by an awakened inner light. The goal of education is a pedagogy this inner light. that fires Campbell But as Joseph - the meaning of life. re for is to search all seeking is a meaning minds us, “People say that what we’re think I seeking. really we’re what that’s think don’t I life. for is an experience seeking what we’re of being the alive, so that experiences physical plane will have on the purely that we life those of our own innermost within that are have resonances of the rapture feel And so that we actually being and reality. being alive, that’s what it’s all finally about.” [30] so that the source must enter the reckoning self of the architect as lying in the continuous critical of continuity is recognized the attributes of architecture, engagement between this self, embedded,and the networks within which they are as to so processthis when only exists truly Continuity all. them bind sustains the personal this resonance. that is able to reify mastery the later Heidegger with the early ment that seeks to reconcile The later Heidegger emphasized ‘dwelling’, [31] Heidegger. and this is the aspect theory has focused on that architectural The early when it has taken a phenomenological approach. Heidegger emphasized ‘being’, particularly the fact that ‘be- continuously ing’ was always within ‘time’, and was therefore being [32] Heidegger proposed erased and reconstructed. one half a repetitive looping where in a hermeneutic circle, was in a modeof the circle of ‘understanding’, and the other half in the mode of ‘experiencing’. This is nothing other than a shift between first-person experience and third-person accounts: a processby second person underpinned mediation. experiencBut understanding is an act of claiming, whereas - a willing suspension of disbelief in ing is an act of surrender, of the world in to maximize one’s conscious awareness order all its power and subtlety. IMPLICATIONS ON ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE ARCHITECTURAL ON IMPLICATIONS EDUCATION ARCHITECTURAL ON IMPLICATIONS When the architect’s interior is eliminated from consid- is eliminated from interior architect’s When the of an bePractice should not to the expression reduced The practice, rather than as the vehi- being seen merely perand tangible transcendental the - renders Mastery of practice must shed the cult of The structure person- - curriculum tends to fore objectivity, In the quest for eration, the architect at the creative cutting edge is reduced cutting edge is reduced at the creative architect eration, the breeds a This figure. to superficial a heroic recognition as by constituted largely practice of professional shallow culture - of heroes,wake of a handful in the repro followers a bulk of the to access without genuine philosophy idiom or ducing an of culture A widespread they admire. of the creativity source of the ideal that could propagate reflection deep and creative elusive. continuity remains be It should - pred or philosophy. established visual language critical dialogs betweenicated on two ongoing the architect’s values embodiedinner of beingsense in his/her out- the and One dialog would beer world he/she inhabits. with collab- to within and without the practice orators and stakeholders self; and the other with the attributes validate the existential faced. While to the design challenge relevant of architecture a theory would be applying merely ‘reflection-and-action’, using the effective practitioner achieves ‘reflection-in-action’, challenge as a means of expanding his/her each professional of the degree boundary increasing of consciousness, thereby ‘double-loop process of a happensThis [24] through mastery. learning’, going beyond the single loop through of learning experience into a wider loop one of contemplation where factors. [25] critically comes to terms with overarching should be as a crucial expression, individual structured cle for site of second-person mediation. When the dialogs it contains quantum of repetition, inner and outer the a threshold cross At that point, of tacit intimacy. worlds achieve a high degree personal mastery is achieved, and popular wisdom stipulates a this level. [26] reach minimum of 10,000 hours of practice to its inhabitants, they enthralls architecture sonal. When great than either inhabitant or ar- by a voice greater enchanted are architect the of mastery The architecture. of voice the chitect: speakto alive voice this inhab- the to as intimately renders flow of state A doesit as itant here, occurs architect. the to himself/ herself to a greater surrenders the architect where [27] such that this his/ her that flows through body, reality becomes to others. transcendent reality apparent Practice must be reinvented ality and the crutches of theory. dialogs betweenas a place that shelters critical and rigorous the acquisition and inner self and outer world that promote development of personal mastery. content and product, with pedagogy to an ground reduced achieving excellence on these counts. instrumental means for the the self, externalized from Once content and product are con- student can sustain rigour only when the surrounding text is supportive. the crutches of ac- graduating from On practice, ide- ademia and entering the world of commercial even in cities als held in college begin to fade. This is why, education is considered of architectural the standard where The crucial role of surrender means that truth cannot The things of this world be pinned down in a belief, theory, or philosophy that encom- exist, they are;

JUNE 2021 passes reality. The architectural reification of continuity rests you can’t refuse them. on an ephemeral truth that is an act of being alive, moving continually across all levels of encounter with the world to be To bear and not to own; immersed in the ‘rapture of being alive’. to act and not lay claim; to do the work and let it go: The kernel of the argument of this essay is summarized for just letting it go in this verse from Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching: is what makes it stay [33].

References

1 12 23 Frank Lloyd Wright House, Studio, Wright, Frank Lloyd. “The Natural Maturana, Humberto & Varela, Fran- https://www.nber.org/papers/ and Farm, “Taliesin” https://flwright. House”, 331. cisco. Autopoiesis and Cognition: The w7322 (Accessed 16 September 2018) org/researchexplore/wrightbuild- Realization of the Living (New York: ings/taliesin (Accessed 25 May 2021) 13 Springer-Verlag, 1980) 29 Wright, Frank Lloyd. “A Testament” in Freire, Paolo. Pedagogy of the Op- 2 The Essential Frank Lloyd Wright: Criti- 24 pressed (New York, Continuum, 1970) Wright, Frank Lloyd. “The Natural cal Writings on Architecture, ed. Bruce Schön, Donald A. The Reflective Prac- House” in The Essential Frank Lloyd Brooks Pfeiffer (Princeton: Princeton titioner: How Professionals Think in 30 Wright: Critical Writings on Archi- University Press, 2008), 438. Action (London: Temple Smith, 1983) Campbell, Joseph. “Interview with tecture, ed. Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer Bill Moyers, The Message of the (Princeton: Princeton University 14 25 Myth, Episode 2”, https://billmoy- Press, 2008), 322. Ibid. 438-439 Argyris, Chris & Schon, Donald A. ers.com/content/ep-2-joseph-camp- 56 Theory in Practice: Increasing Profes- bell-and-the-power-of-myth-the- 3 15 sional Effectiveness (San Francisco: message-of-the-myth/ (Accessed 18 Ibid. 334. Varela, Francisco & Shear, Jonathan Josey-Bass, 1974) January 2019) Shear, eds., The View from Within: 4 First-Person Approaches to the Study 26 31 Ibid. 332 of Consciousness (Bowling Green: Sennett, Richard. The Craftsman (Lon- Heidegger, Martin. Building, Dwell- Imprint Academic, 2002), don: Allen Lane, 2008) ing, Thinking 5 Ibid. 321. 16 27 32 O’Donohue, John.Walking on the Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time, 6 Pastures of Wonder, in conversation Psychology of Optimal Experience trans. John MacQuarrie and Edward Ching, Francis D.K. Architecture: with John Quinn (Dublin: Veritas, (New York: HarperCollins, 1990) Robinson (New York: Harper and Form, Space, & Order, 4th Edition 2015), 15 Row, 1962) (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 28 2014) 17 Dale, Stacy Berg & Krueger, Alan B. 33 Polanyi, Michael. The Tacit Dimension “Estimating the Payoff to Attending Le Guin, Ursula K. Lao Tzu: Tao Te 7 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, a More Selective College: An Appli- Ching – A Book about the Way and the Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Existence, 2009) cation of Selection on Observables Power of the Way, in collaboration Space, and Architecture (London: and Unobservables, NBER Working with Prof. J.P. Seaton (Boulder: Sham- Praeger Publishers, 1971) 18 Paper No. 7322 Issued August 1999”, bhala, 1998), 5 Polanyi, Michael. “Transcendence 8 and Self-Transcendence”, Soundings, Ibid. Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring 1970), 88-94.

9 19 Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Heymann, David. “A Mound in the Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Wood”, https://placesjournal.org/ Architecture (New York: Rizzoli article/a-mound-in-the-wood/ (Ac- cessed 4 January 2019) 10 Alexander, Christopher. The Nature of 20 PREM CHANDAVARKAR ([email protected]) Order: An Essay on the Art of Building Varela & Shear, The View from Prem Chandavarkar is the managing partner of CnT and the Nature of the Universe, Book Within, 9 Architects: an award-winning and widely published One, The Phenomenon of Life (Berke- architectural practice based in Bengaluru, India. ley: The Center for Environmental 21 Structure, 2002) Ricœur, Paul. Oneself as Another, He is a former Executive Director of Srishti Manipal trans. Kathleen Blamey (Chicago: Institute of Art Design & Technology in Bengaluru and 11 University of Chicago Press, 1992) is an academic advisor and guest faculty at Indian and Heidegger, Martin. “Building, Dwell- international colleges of architecture. ing, Thinking” in Poetry, Language, 22 Thought, trans. Albert Hofstadter Taylor, Charles. The Ethics of Au- Besides his design practice at CnT, he writes, lectures (New York: HarperCollins, 1971), thenticity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard and blogs on architecture, urbanism, philosophy, poli-

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Looking back upon our history, as far one can per- Lady K. C. Roy Memorial School ceive, architecture has always and everywhere been involved with ordering, ornamenting, and decorating bare structures The Lady K.C. Roy Memorial School, one of our recent- so as to communicate a message. Even contemporary archi- ly completed projects is an example of an honest portrayal 58 tecture portrays this practice. of materials in architecture. It is situated in the outskirts of Ranchi and currently under construction. The school itself Honesty and portrayal play important roles which has grown from just ten classrooms holding 500 students to have led to new meanings in architecture and design. To start 2000 students since we started with the development process. with, we can point out what honesty defines for an architect: a few believe that honest architecture only refers to being The total site area is two acres which was large for the true to the material used, however this honesty has a much early requirements, and had only one small building initially. broader meaning. The first job assigned to us was to develop the façade for the existing building, to which the design of the overall site in Each material has its specific characteristics which we housing the future buildings also got added as an additional must understand if we want to use it. This is no less true of scope. The idea and the concept essentially started with this steel and concrete. Mies van der Rohe sketch. The buildings were designed and oriented keeping the site and the existing situation in mind. The core of the project Buildings are not only to speak of the function but the became the amphitheatre, which in future would act as the materials that make it, the spaces they carve and the inten- centre of activities and a place of interaction for students. tions they set out to serve too. True architecture can be said to be created when the intention and spaces truly serve the The classrooms have been oriented in a way to create function they simply should. spaces for different activities and the non-linear approach to the corridor allows the students a sense of surprise at every A building and the spaces created should have a very corner (Image 1), a place where students can feel free to play, strong connection to materials it is built with and to natural learn and interact. The design interrogates whether simple ar- resources as well. in a manner that truly depicts the use of na- chitectural planning principles can create the parameters of a ture as a context. Every material has to be considered unique, higher quality of education within a space in semi-urban sce- speaking of its texture, strength, colour, opacity and durabili- narios that are characteristic of most Indian school campuses ty. Honest architecture is what blends each of these characteristics, merges and plays with their boundaries, and uses them The new building, now complete, has a distinct and raw in a defined structure to form a space. character: exposed brick, concrete with metal shading devic- es convey the poetics of its spaces. Materials work alongside In addition, architecture and sense of space have always structure to create the form in the building, making them an responded to people in different ways. “Truth” and “honesty” indispensable precondition in the process. The use of local- in architecture will always be perceived in different ways, es- ly-sourced materials has also lowered the carbon footprint of pecially as the world and technology are rapidly changing. the construction process. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 59 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Conceptually, the office space references the spatial references the office space Conceptually, volumes – the Two entrances lead into two distinct for the synthesis of an Sublime contours and profile Restaurant Kaveri’s restaurant chain in the branch of Kaveri’s, a The third es are a triad of materials, modernism a triad es are and fluid deconstruc- tivism. The space can in individual wall-planes be interpreted an One enters through expressions. creative as a canvas for in the poeticsinteractive parametric installation revealed of shadow and light (Image 3). unpolishedqualities that characterize libraries – the elegance of clean and open focused workstation spaces, tidy structures, atmosphere. and a tranquil areas by a single, trans- together working and the meeting – linked made in both in are areas of glass. Worktops partition parent moderna wood,with aesthetic engi- with Corian, and steel lights hanging above. lights in the working neered Whereas - ageing aesthetic, the meeting space is re space have a rusty, vealed with a floating lamp shade cast onsite, weaving a dia- computational and brutal media- a stucco wall logue across silently yet subtly echoes the poetics in light and shadow. - the interior design of an architec acoustic partition wall for tural studio. Bio-mimetic tessellation of inner ear function parametrically morphed into topographic interiors – where sight isolates, but sound incorporates – vision is directional sound is omnidirectional. whereas inaugurated, is like a fantasia of city of Ranchi was recently colours, adorned with hues of purple and gold. Com- royal in rich fabric with a heavily cosy seating upholstered fortable, the space an instant attrac- adorned parametric ceiling makes tion with its dramatic interior lights. Celebrations Banquet Celebrations is demonstrated in the banquet hallAnother approach the strengthening signifies grandeur, form itself The The exterior façade uses geometry and is made of hick- The banquet hall opens up to a pathway with a shaded Office Studios Metarch Studio offic- of the Metarch and interiors Architecture Image : 3 named Celebrations completed in 2014 and constructed on anamed Celebrations completed in 2014 banqueta large brief included project ft. The sq. of 1,20,000 plot office, an additional ar- hall along with adjoining facilities, an accommodation and a large landscapedrangement for facilities The site area. gateway leading to a well-cu- begins with a huge rated landscaped parking, and finally leads to adjoining the area the banquet hall which is a well-defined, bold, imposing struc- point as a main focal standing setting. ture amidst the entire of honest depiction of concept of minimalism and our idea materiality in the volume (Image 2) . stone cladding with an overhanging polytetrafluoory brown - shade. The interior of the hall is de- roethylene (PTFE) Teflon signed in a contemporary style and is elegantly infused with so minimal colour tones of white, off-white and dark brown to the users. The ceiling is made up of gypsum that it is relatable board which runs in abstract geometrical patterns throughout. pergola the rear whilst having cottages towards on one side end, both opening lawn to be up to the expanse of the green outdoor used for activities during various functions . Through and corporatehaats, lectures exhibitions, events, workshops, sessions, this public space become social a hub for interaction and sharing knowledge that engages diverse sections of the population.city’s planter fountains, lawn sportsThe and beds a classical metal gazebo which, although contrasts the style of setting. the main building, also complements the entire JUNE 2021

60 Image : 4

The entire theme purely complements a rustic yet roy- cupants. Thus, the concept of materiality and an honest poral dining space. The aforementioned ceiling made of pine- trayal plays a fundamental part in the thought process, and its wood of varying sizes which adds to the contrasting form relevance is not restricted to a singular area. and scale to the interior space not only creates a three-dimensional texture but also defines space and directs the eye (Image 4), exemplifying our idea of pure material representation, exploring the potential of certain materials, in this case pine wood logs.

The restaurant is divided into two floors with the sweet shop and the kitchen on the ground floor and fine dining on the first, planned in such a way that both receive natural daylight. Medium wood tones, spread over the walls and columns, contrasting with the grey textured wall, which, in turn also move along the ceiling. The flooring shows the fusion of rustic motif tiles and grey matt finish tiles stabilizing the Ar. Anupam Deb entire space while patterned metal and wood panels create Metarch Studios, Ranchi non-restraining intervention at certain intervals in the fine Anupam Deb is the Principal Architect and proprietor at dining area. With the help of natural wood and metal mate- Metarch Studios, Ranchi. Anupam has done his Bache- lors of Architecture from BIT Mesra, Ranchi and went on rials, we convey how natural style and modern architecture to complete his Masters in Architecture and Urbanism can coexist. from Politecnico Di Milano, Italy. He has been practicing in Ranchi and doing projects nationwide since 2014. His As important as the concept of materiality is to the practice focuses on architectural, urban, interior design and landscape-driven projects. Apart from practice , he loves visible expression of our idea, it has geographical, political, teaching and sharing the knowledge about architecture by historical, and cultural significance as well. Materiality plays a conducting workshops with schools and other social groups. crucial role in providing aesthetics and warmth to the space. At present, he is a visiting faculty at the Department of Architecture, BIT Mesra. While using certain materials during the construction of an establishment, it is crucial to take into account the long- term effects on the environment, along with the building oc- All images copyright: Metarch Studios

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Photo Courtesy: Image 1,2,3 – Anupam Deb, Image 4 – Ratnesh Agarwal JUNE 2021 61 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS DESIGN FEATURE DESIGN

Court Complex, Hubballi, Asia’s Biggest Taluka Court complex Court Biggest Taluka Hubballi, Asia’s Complex, Court

HUBBALLI

COMPLEX

COURT TALUKA TALUKA It is not only the beauty of a building you should look at: building strong, aesthetic timeless structures. JUNE 2021

Sankalp Associates

Attara_Katcheri (1868) which gave the inspiration for the design of the Court Complex, Hubballi. (Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Attara_ Katcheri%2C_Bangalore_%28Ear- ly_1900s%29%2C_Tucks_Post_ Card.jpg)

Fact File A team of judicial members from the Government of Project Name ▶Court Complex, Hubballi Karnataka Committee suggested overcoming the issue with a Commissioned by ▶Government of Karnataka, high-tech taluka level court complex with all facilities. This re- Judicial Department, Bangalore sulted in the new Court Complex at Hubballi which efficient- Project cost ▶122 crores INR ly operates as Asia’s Biggest Taluka Court complex. The proj- Completed ▶2018 ect was awarded ICI- Ultra Tech Award, 2018 for Outstanding Location ▶Kallur Layout, Hosur-Unkal Road, Concrete Structure of North Karnataka in the Building Cate- Timmasagar village, Hubli, Karnataka 580021 gory by the Indian Concrete Institute. Plot area ▶5.37 acres BUA ▶24,525 sq.m Design Approach Architect ▶Principal Chief Architect, The court building is one of its kind in North Karnata- Govt of Karnataka ka. The design is inspired by the neoclassical style of architec- Structural Consultant ▶Sushama Hiremath, ture and the iconic portico of the Attara Katcheri (1868) at Sankalp Associates, Hubballi Cubbon Park, Bangalore. Consultant Architect ▶Mahesh. Hiremath Contractor ▶KMV Projects Ltd., Hyderabad. The Site Sankalp Team ▶Umesh, Virupaksh, Vijay Sardis The site is located at Kallur Layout, Hosur-Unkal Road, and Saleem Timmasagar village, Hubli in Karnataka state. Situated in a de- Implementation ▶Public works, ports & inland veloped area in the heart of Hubballi city near to Central BRTS water transport Department north zone, Dharwad. bus stop, the site area is 5.37 acres with a natural gradient of 3m. The total built-up area is 24,525 sq.m with a total height of 27 m. Introduction Hubli, officially known as Hubballi, is a City in the In- The Design dian state of Karnataka. The older Hubballi taluka court func- This new seven-storey building consists of twenty spa- tioned out of a 132-year old building located near Sai tem- cious court halls and a witness lounge for each court hall. The ple. This complex became very congested as the whole cluster entire court hall has centralized air-conditioning with all oth- housed seventeen court halls which were insufficient. As it er modern amenities. It will also house the office of the Bar was located near the circle, vehicular movement and parking Association. One of its halls will be kept as a conference hall. was also an issue. Realizing that the old building could not It also has separate lounges and waiting rooms for clients and sustain the increasing rush of clients and staff. under-trials. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 63 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Er. Sushama Hiremath Er. All energy saving LED light fixtures considered. For considered. All energy saving LED light fixtures designed for computers, laptop, CCTVs, server, and the se- and server, laptop, CCTVs, computers, designed for considered are panels kVA.2 x 160 system having a curity LT panel The DG synchronizing and DG source. EB source from auto auto switch on or off, auto load sharing, for is considered etc. to save fuel on the DG set. synchronism, the occupancy to switch the toilet area, sensor is considered considered wires ducts XLPE and FRLS on / off. Cable/ wire/ earthing, light- Bus bar, low smoke wires. retardant with fire system, access control system, IP based CCTV, ing protection networking and lighting management is taken care. Ar. Mahesh Hiremath Ar. Ground floor plan Ground Sankalp Associates Sankalp Associates firm dedi- and structural consultancy is an architectural Sankalp Associates be- They their projects. both functionality and aesthetics for providing to cated - both utilitarian create to spaces utilitarian in the design of well-balanced lieve architects, comprises team Their the user. for of space ism and an appreciation designers and expertise building services, 3D for structural engineers, interior supportvisualizers and a technical team.

The basement and ground floor parking provide ground The basement and each Services Plumbing and sanitation of its first is the provided plant treatment sewage The and alarm system Fire consists of a 2 lakh UG sump, and alarm system The fire system HVAC The court complex is air-conditioned with a state of art Electrical is 2000 kVA.The electrical Stand-by required power space for sixty 4-wheelers. The successive floors sixty 4-wheelers. house court space for judges, along with halls of size 12 x 18m and chambers for registrar the account’s their personal are staff. Also provided record room, office room, room, assistant public prosecutor Room, property Room, public toilet blocks, litigant public room, waiting room, witness child and mother area, waiting lockup room, typing pool, computer room facilities and other typical floors. of 3414 sq.m for with an area of this, Out STP plant. 100 KL a capacity of which has kind for and 50 KL for gardening flushing, 20 KL 20 KL is used for the ground for provided Recharge pits are the cooling tower. the rainwater. of recharging diesel and jockey hydrant, fire pump with wet riser and sprin- alarm is manual as well as auto- klers. The fire operational, in- External and internal hydrants are with sprinklers. tegrated also provided. through centralised chilled water system. This is controlled the building management systems (BMS). Twenty court halls the ceiling-mount- on five floorsare air conditioned through dedicated AHUs with Each court is served through ed AHU. air supplied fresh All corridors are temperature controllers. (FAV) that integrate systems air ventilation fresh through ventilated with with the existing HVAC system. Basements are CO sensors and terminal exhausts a jet fan system through for two hours. The entire rated the axial fans, fire through plant is integrated with the BMS. power by a diesel generator of capacity 1000, is provided 750, 500, kVA each. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is DESIGN FEATURE JUNE 2021 THE HIMALAYAN VILLAGE

RESORT Figure 1: Aerial view of the Himalayan Village complex (Phase-1)

64 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 65 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Design Concept Design place envisages This poets here who stay and writers Figure 4: Pagoda-style temple with upright machaan with upright temple 4: Pagoda-style Figure Figure 3: Built form complementing the deodar trees in backdrop the deodar trees complementing 3: Built form Figure for long periods long for work in the cool to complete their weather the scenic beauty amidst nature, and calm the surrounding of self-sus- of a creation envisaged the The design environment. with use of localtainable village local materials and adopting All the disturbance to nature. with minimum technologies blocksbuilding least disturbance to cause the planned were topographyto the ecology and of the site, using the half-cut build- and planning for small structures and half-fill concept a including surfaces flat developing for basements with ings like the natural features the central lawn. All the terrace for nallah have been was no connection kept intact. Since, there Kasol, Parvati Valley, Distt.-Kullu, H.P. Distt.-Kullu, Parvati Valley, Kasol, 3500 sq.m.(Phase-II) (Phase-I) area terrace developed sq.m. of developed 2525 sq.m. + 2035 (Phase-II) area terrace Fact File Fact Resort Village Himalayan ▶The Name Project Doonkhara,P.O.-Jari, Nagar, ▶Kailash Location (Phase-I), ▶6400 sq.m. Plot area of + 5080 sq.m. ▶1510 sq.m. Built up area Total (Phase-I) ▶INR 5 Crore Cost Site The situated in Kasol, at 1) is (fig. The Himalayan Village in hilly in design and construction faced Challenges on hills always seems to be Though architecture beau- Figure 2: Night view of huts covered with fresh snow with fresh view of huts covered 2: Night Figure the oldest democ of the famous Malana Village, the foothills - is just 10 km short of Manikaran, famous racy in the world. It the banks of the ice cold its hot water springs, right on for is pleasant, mild and generally climate here River Parvati. The is full valley The 2) temperateand warm snow fall. (fig. with thick flora and flower valleys, through treks of adventurous the Parvati valley, fauna, clear waterfalls, rivers in the serene attracted are tapo bhoomi Shiv Shambhoo. of Lord Tourists low pop- its untouched natural beauty, to the scenic valley for Kasol is also a the year. climate throughout ulation and great to Sar Pass, Pin Parbati Pass and Khirigan- trekking base for and the as the crown forest ga. The village has a thick deodar made of craggy are River Parvati at its foot. The mountains forms an ideal peaks.black granite with snow-covered This 3). lovers (fig. nature for backdrop regions and architects for tiful and attractive, it is always a challenge planning, design and construction of structural engineers for ais hill a on buildings of design and Planning buildings. these gra- steep terrain, to difficult due task and challenging tedious flora and susceptibilitydient, adverse climatic conditions, rich and dense The existence of tall, shady trees to natural hazards. habitation in the for obstructs the winter sun required forests site de- the involved for buildings. In additions, high costs are process.velopment due to the cutting and the filling Non-avail- ability and transportation of accessibility to cause problems construction materials. Since vernacular practices have proven to be sustainable essential to take lessons from sustainable, it is of new development and formulation vernacular practices for contextually appropriate achieving for building regulations and sustainable development in hill settlements. JUNE 2021

Figure 16: Site plan

Figure 5: Reception block with raised plinth level with respect to natural Figure 6: Mud-plastered interiors topography

between the two areas, they have been connected with wood- All the blocks placed without any physical hard bar- en bridges. The area in main entrance has been paved with riers between the huts. Instead hedges form green barriers, loose aggregate flooring, to help natural percolation of rain meticulously incorporated and aligned in the whole scheme. water for recharging the underground water-table. All over- They not only divide the huts but also ensure adequate priva- flow is diverted into the existing site nallah. The drainage sys- cy to the residents and guests. tem of the whole site is facilitated through swales. There is no artificial drainage system and the rain water travels through The angle of the slope of the roof has been kept to a mini- natural terraces or swales which collect into the rain-water mum 30 degrees due to the snowfall, and made in timber and lo- harvesting tank. To avoid flooding of water during monsoons cal slate roofing tiles. The walls are constructed with 40 cm thick proper slopes have been maintained. dry stone masonry with mud plastering and wooden panelling JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 67 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Materials and construction details and construction Materials The construction technique in this village uses the tra- the quarry at their own from Local brought stones were Figure 8: Floating residential space of machaan of space residential 8: Floating Figure each cottage has its own personal lawn and a clear view of the view of the The village has a clear River Parvati or the valley. The Himalayan Village. snow line at Shilla, 18 km from ditional kath-kuni style, which consists of walls built by dry stacking of stone and wood and mud-plastering them from The interiors are inside, which blends with the deodar timber. enhanced by decorative wooden panelling, beautiful carved teak wood handmade silk curtains and traditional furniture, 6). brass fittings (fig. locally transported trolleys, known through nearby, orchards - and pro as spans. The client was environmentally-conscious moted the use of locally available materials without disturb- Local artisans and skilled labourers were ing the local ecology. blends the tra- involved in construction works. The project ditional together with modern and aesthetic techniques for The use of that matches yet stands out with the local flavour. natural timber bands used in facade with exposed plank nat- of natural the requirement ural stone dry masonry reduced and bands of seismic front in are wood bands These 7). (fig. seismic necessities at corners which are vertical reinforcement zone V area. in this earthquake –prone Zoning of the building blocks Zoning The arrangement of building blocks is so that the Shiv eight double huts with Phase-II is planned to provide Open at two levels have constructed, one restaurants Figure 11: Multi-purpose open green space above the health club above space open green 11: Multi-purpose Figure Figure 7: Snow-covered slate roofing slate 7: Snow-covered Figure upto certain heights. This helps maintain thermal insulation andupto certain heights. This helps maintain specifi All huts are - in terms of seismic measures. is appropriate cultures. districts and different cally dedicated to different pagoda-stylein built temple, level, top-most the kept at is along with two tall machaans facing the River Parvati. Be- unobstructed allow to placed cottages individual six are low views of the valley as well as ensuring privacy with a central open plaza over the health club at the entry level. The green blocksare dining and kitchen with restaurant bar, office, the entry side from areas placed close to the public approach in the Phase-I site. Display of local artefacts near the reception showcases the material and skills of local artisans. individual open landscaped terraces at various levels con- valley the of view clear a give which pathways through nected (figs. 4 and 5). and the river. Waiters with thatched roofing and the other one with slates. in traditional outfits serve in these open The entire structures. complex and the huts have unobstructed views of the valley. Privacy and security have been maintained in such a way that JUNE 2021

Figure 9: Dry stone retaining walls as green walls with relief work

A few structures in the village, which are three-storeyed, like the machaans (fig. 8) are similar to the tall temples Ar. N. L. Chandel has received his Diploma in Architectural Assistantship in 1984 from the of the valley, built with timber in the kath-kuni style. In order Government Polytechnic, Sundernagar. He to reduce the usage of natural wood, it was decided to make graduated in 1992 from IIA, Bombay, and his the core in RCC frame from within, and finished with an ex- post-graduation in landscape architecture from School of Planning and Architecture, New ternal kath-kuni features. This is a composite masonry with Delhi in 1995. He is the Chief Architect of the use of modern and traditional construction techniques. Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department, state-nominated member to the Council of Architecture and Chairman of IIA Himachal Landscape Development Pradesh Chapter. He has been an interna- All the pathways are finished with locally-available tional award winner in a competition held at slate in dry masonry without usage of cement mortar. Small Taiwan during his post-graduate studies, and a recipient of the Pahari Nirman Shaili Sanrakshan niches were also created in the retaining walls to depict the Samaan (Appreciation Patra) from Puratatwa local cultural events of Kullu in relief work as the backdrop Chetna Sangh, Mandi, HP in 2011. He is also a of the central lawn. All retaining walls and toe walls are con- member, Board of Studies for B.Arch. in Him- structed in dry stone masonry and covered with native species achal Pradesh Technical University, Hamirpur. of creepers. Large expanses of lawns atop the RCC terrace of the Health block for naturopathy. They have sky-light panels The text for this article has been provided by placed over health club and spa. Ar. Vijay Thakur, Executive Member, IIA HP

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Centre and Ar. Amrita Kumari. JUNE 2021 69 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Figures A: SHRF Figures

SALIGRAMA, UDUPI SALIGRAMA, (SHRF) FOUNDATION FOUNDATION RESEARCH HOSPITAL AND HOSPITAL SARVAH KSHEMA KSHEMA SARVAH DESIGN FEATURE DESIGN Fact File (5) Treatment Block (6) Yoga Block (7) Diet Block (8) Wa- Project Name ▶Sarvah kshema Hospital and ter Tank (9) Accommodation Block (10) Tulasi Garden (11)

JUNE 2021 Research Foundation (SHRF) - Phase I Homam Area (12) Rehabilitation Block (13) Research Block Location ▶Saligrama, Udipi Lab (14) Walking Track (15) Staff Quarters (16) Library Type of Project ▶Spiritual Healing Centre Completion Date ▶1 February 2020 (Phase 1) Area 1 : Since this area is full of dense, mature trees, Client : Divine Park, Saligrama, Udipi it has been allocated as the Experience Zone with pathways Landscape Architects ▶Ravikumar and Associates, through forests, groves, herbal gardens for walking in the Chennai woods. Consultants Area 2 : All the secondary activities and facilities - play Architects ▶Sajith and Vivek Architects, Chennai. area, arrival court, drop-off zone and gardens - which support Site Area ▶11.4 acres the primary activity have been housed in this area. Landscaped Area ▶7.7 acres Area 3 : This area is square in shape and fairly flat and devoid of mature vegetation. Hence the primary requirements Introduction and activities of the hospital and research have been located The client, Divine Park founded by Shri Chandrasekhar in this area. Udupa and followed by Shri Dr. Vivek Udupa have been conducting various yoga programs with spiritual content for the Inspiration from Temple Planning Principles past eight years. Yoga Parwa is one such a program where par- The project being spiritual in its background and con- ticipants come and stay at the Divine Park premises for a week text, inspirations from temple architecture and planning form for the inpatient treatment along with yoga. In the presence the basic design principles. The underlying principle in Hindu of the divine atmosphere of Divine Park, along with the scien- temple architecture is built around the belief that All things tific and simple yoga practices, patients return to good health are one, everything is connected. In the temple’s master plan, and overall personality. As the next phase of Yoga Parwa, a the movement of the devotee from the outer noisy world, cut- unique yoga hospital Sarvah Kshema Hospital and Research ting across the different layers to the inner serenity and tran- Foundation (SHRF), an advanced centre for yoga, rehabili- quillity, to the deity. The inner sanctum or garbha griha, the tation and research is being built at the plot near Saligrama. place of the deity, is always the centre. This symmetry-driven SHRF will be the first of its kind where yoga and spirituality structure depictsg perfect geometric shapes like circles and will be taught with scientific evidence in the divine and serene squares. At the centre of the temple, typically near the dei- atmosphere with the concept of ‘Return to Nature’. This proj- ty, is a mere hollow space with no decorations, symbolically ect was awarded the first prize in HUDCO National Design representing Purusa. A Hindu temple is meant to encourage Awards 2021 in the Landscape Planning and Design Category. reflection, facilitate purification of one’s mind and trigger the 70 process of inner realisation within the devotee. Project Programme and Zoning The project programme consists of the following com- Guiding Design Principles ponents : The daily schedule of the patients and visitors at this (1) Security Block, Parking area, Rest Room (2) Ad- centre is such that they have to visit the various blocks very ministration Block (3) Consultation Block (4) Doctor Office frequently resulting in criss-cross movement between them.

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Figures 1: Landscaped drop-off zone JUNE 2021 71 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Figures 5: Landscaped Bahya Pradakshina 5: Landscaped Bahya Bottom: Figures Pradakshina; 8: Landscaped Antar Figures Top: Since these movements happen throughout the day, covered been dealt with as per the natural gradient by means of open corridors connecting all the primary blocks becomes essen- channels and grassed swales along the pathways. All circulation

JUNE 2021 tial. This also leads into an introvert, compact and well-con- areas and most of the site is well shaded to minimize the heat nected layout. The lotus being the symbol for many religions island effects and imperviousness of the site. - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Bahaism and many others, is a symbol of beauty, youth, life, non-attachment, purity, spon- Sustainable Design Practices taneity, passion, love, compassion etc. The five elements of All mature trees on the site are retained by careful plan- nature - water, earth, light, wind and space - which are the ba- ning. Native trees and vegetation will be planted to encour- sics of life, become the five defining open spaces of the archi- age bio-diversity. Minimum building footprint and maximum tecture. Hence the lotus became the inspiration for the built greenery area (70 per cent of the site) is maintained to improve form with 8 as its basic geometry. the micro-climate and encourage bio-diversity. Minimal ecological footprint is retained by preservation of existing trees, Landscape Concept retaining the natural gradient and the water bodies on the The centre of the complex is a lotus-shaped pond with site. On-site sewage treatment plant to recycle and reuse waste the iconic statue of Swamiji as a focal element. The stepped water is used. Bio-swale and rainwater harvesting features ex- seating around the pond makes it a serene meditative place. ist. A drip irrigation system is used to treat water. Eco-friendly Around this is arranged, in two concentric circles, the build- construction materials that are sourced locally, such as recy- ings predominantly in square modules connected through cled materials, agriculture waste based materials etc., laterite shaded corridors and interspersed with courtyards and blocks, clay tiles, semi-pervious paving materials are used. 70 flanked by two concentric pedestrian walkways. Thus, all per cent of site area is allocated for flora and fauna to encour- buildings are oriented to the centre lotus court with Swami- age bio-diversity. 70 per cent of the materials used are natu- ji’s statue. The space in between the buildings are filled with ral or earth-based. Efforts are made to preserve local heritage native trees, fragrant gardens and herbal plants. Vehicular cir- and traditional skills in construction. Entire fertile top soil is culation is kept at the periphery, leaving the entire campus preserved for reuse. Natural slope of the site is retained. All the predominantly pedestrian. lighting used is down-lighting which minimises light pollution.

The landscape proposal aims at merging and integrat- Ar. Ravikumar Narayan Architect and Landscape Architect, Ravikumar Narayan ing the architecture with the surrounding agricultural environ- is the Founder Principal of “Ravikumar and Associates ment. The landscape concept and design detailing attempts (RaA)” based out of Chennai. and fairly achieves a sustainable, close to nature built and open RaA consults on Landscape Architecture, Master environment. The landscape structure has a minimal or no im- Planning and Environmental Design and has completed pact on the natural environment, retaining it as it is, through- 1000+ projects in 27 years of practice and have been 72 out the development. The landscape structure is completely recognised with several National and International award for Sustainable Design Practices Landscape of natural and sustainable elements like semi-pervious mean- Design Excellence. Ravikumar Narayan is also engaged dering pathways, eco-ponds, water channels, planting of local with many Architecture and Landscape Architecture trees, plants and grasses. The materials used in the landscape Schools across India as BoS member, Juror and Guest proposal are entirely natural and pervious to suit the theme Lecturer. Landscape Urbanism, Master Planning and Biophilic Design being his favourite subjects, he has and the spirit. Hard paving is largely reduced to a minimum presented papers on these topics in many Green Sum- and is just enough for pedestrians and battery cars. Water con- mits and Landscape Conventions. Presently he is the sumption for landscape irrigation has been kept to a minimum Chairperson of ISOLA TN and PY Chapter. through shaded gardens and local native species, and by using drip irrigation. Storm water management of the entire site has Photos Courtesy : Divine Park, Saligrama, Udipi

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Figures 11: Landscaped Swamiji Court JUNE 2021 73 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Winding rural pathways Winding rural pathways in dream-house my leading to village Palsunda - as a profes a project executing or while actually college Whether at do not know what I myself paper, touches the pencil a time, until Many

- constant yet unexplored, place, was a secret there sub-conscience, in my sional, could they till ideas nurtured, unknowingly, that here it is from And evolving. ly but projects, actual architectural these led to fruition. Some of to be brought and sketches drawings through be expressed could others which yet were there by unseen nature amidst temple a of reality the depict might sketches The alone. imag- childhood castles in the air of my illustrate might the camera lens or they ination. The enjoy. I actually that it is this unpredictability forth. will issue And it is that - of physi me; without the constraints hold a magical quality for created pictures of paper. on a blank piece a reality cal rules, all become SKETCHES JUNE 2021

An architectural setting for the drama of a neighbourhood

The Bhagawati temple on the banks of a lake in village Dhamapur, district

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Sindhudurg JUNE 2021 75 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS the Akash Ganga (Milky Way) the Akash The Ghats – an abstraction of the Ghats The solids and voids of the hilly terrain of the hilly solids and voids an embodiment of the unanswered of the unanswered an embodiment An imaginaryAn built-scape on Mars – questions, as countless as the stars of questions, as countless JUNE 2021

Ar. Pratik Dhanmer is a practicing architect in the Dahanu region of Maharashtra and actively works with local craftsmen for his projects. He firmly believes in their skills and expertise in local techniques. He is a co-founder of architectural organisation Design Jatra which works towards creating an ecologically sensitive built environment.

A narrative sequence encompassing the four “O” or “J” of Ad- ivasi life : Ob jal (water), O§Jb jungle (forest), O_rZ zameen (land),

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL OmZda jaanvar (animal life) coexisting with OZ junn (people). JUNE 2021 77 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

has graduated from KLSGIT, KLSGIT, from Shah has graduated Chintan Ar. from degree master's Belgaum and completed and principal He is the founder Surat. SCET, - of the design firm Shodh Archi architect also a city is Shodh. Chintan and Urban tects competitions. designer and has won several in interests design he has keen Apart from GCP at He is faculty and photography. writing of Architecture. Institute

I woke up to a change!!! joy... A change that brings by anxieties, But followed long... Joy of stepping out after strong. still remains But the fear greener... days, the world appeared For a few The only change that made us happier, was a pause to our misuse... There grateful, us a lesson to be more Taught again... refreshing Now the mornings are is an excitement of socialising, ‘Cause there I stepped out of my abode... world we built for, cherish the To The air outside is cleaner than ever... And the sky is brighter and sunnier, occupied with motors... are Again, the roads is lesser honking all along. And there on pavements... covered faces are The while walking, precautious But the eyes are like not crowded The nooksbefore... of lanes are is utmost in that zone. Because the fear the new norms... following are Workplaces to handshakes!!! reluctant And the people are is back, of ‘Namaste’ to greet Our culture still await the children... The parks and gardens So the flowers can blossom to their season, glittering... are bazaars Again our vibrant online, not to come and order But many prefer dimming quickly... The lights of nights are As everyone has to rush to their homes early, The change is evident in the way people behave... still prevails. ‘Cause the wind of fear CHANGE POEM DIFFERENT STROKES JUNE 2021 NALA PONNAPPA

Cartoon 78

Known to most of us as Ponnappa the cartoonist, grad- ly to proliferate. He has always been a freelance cartoonist to uated as an architect, and then changed course. Not so well maintain his freedom of expression and thoughts, and not be known is the fact that he had an illustrious twelve-year career bound by the economic and ideological dictates of a full-time as an architect, having worked with Geoffrey Bawa in Chen- job. His cartoons have been varied- to cover plants, animals, nai, Chowdhury and Gulzar Singh & C.P. Kukreja in Delhi, society, politics, et al. Beginning with black and white on pa- and a five-year stint in Nigeria, West Africa. Many architects per, he moved to watercolor and pencils, and now sometimes would hanker for that experience. on the iPad. It seems that technology touches all, and that perhaps, is his DNA, to continuously change. He also went to Chicago, a year after graduation, to study for a master’s degree, but came back home without Does he sometimes have a change of heart with regard completing it. However, he began drawing cartoons in Chi- to his career decision? He is in a happy place now, drawing cago that he would sell for 5 US dollars apiece in 1972, which cartoons and living life on his own terms in Goa, with no re- must have made him a very merry student! His journey to grets. But in the past, there have been times, he says, when he Chicago revealed two things to him – that he was done with has thought of architecture, only to allow those thoughts to studies, and that he could earn through his cartoons. Perhaps, pass on . . . . . subconsciously, that’s when his voyage began.

Architecture, as a practice, is a complex cocktail of design, engineering, technology, consultants, contractors, vendors, construction, budgets, certifications, payments and clients, to name only just a few of the ingredients. And we architects must negotiate through all of these to deliver a Ar. Leena Kumar complete built space. For a puritan, as Ponnappa perhaps is, Leena Kumar is the principal architect of Kumar Con- sultants, Bangalore, a practice of three decades. In her it must have been ungainly and sometimes frustrating. And so own words, " Life is about relationships. Relationships eventually, in 1980, he changed course and took on his pas- with people, with ideas, with spaces, with nature, with sion that until then, had been an obsessive hobby. your talents, with work. And life is essentially very simple. The difficult part is to keep it simple." Her practice is firmly rooted in this idea. Her firm has worked The career migration to being a cartoonist was not the through projects of hospitality, residential, industrial, easiest to begin with, taking time to establish, but eventual- institutional, public and health care. She is at present

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL the Jt. Hon. Secretary of the IIA National Council. JUNE 2021 79 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

INTERIOR DESIGN PROJECT DESIGN INTERIOR

DESIGNER WEB DESIGNER TURVO Front office Front Fact File achieved by polishing the existing floor screed, retaining the ex- Name of Project ▶Turvo posed concrete slab and columns, red clay brick tiles, matt black

JUNE 2021 Project Carpet Area ▶2800 sq.m. MS sections and mesh, naturally polished cement board parti- Builtup area ▶3155 sq.m. tions and timber (packing pine wood and wood substitutes). Location ▶Financial District, Gachibowli, Hyderabad The design layout was designed to accommodate 322 Project type ▶IT Office seats. This was done so that they all essentially have natural Project cost ▶7.1 Cr. INR light, flexible seating for individuals and teams while punc- Design Team ▶Manoj Wahi, Rohit Rajpal, tuating the office with enough open collaboration spaces S. Durga, Ismail, Surjeeth, Abiraman and informal work seating, leading to increased sponta- PMC ▶New Designer Web Private Limited neous staff interactions. The work culture and theme being and JMB Associates “work from anywhere”. Project Team ▶Surendra Babu, Bala, S. Dileep, Yak Chander The design highlight is the flexi - open collab spaces Electrical, Fire & ELV Consultant ▶Synergy using writing boards and cork boards mounted on MS frames Infra Consultants and mesh moving on tracks with lockable castors. These allow HVAC Consultant ▶BBN Escendo Consultancy for discussions in various setups and capacities and also create Modular, Work stations & Custom Furniture▶ semi-privacy screens. Seating World, EURO, Soft Touch C & I Contractor ▶JRD Interiors The entire office is high speed Wi-Fi enabled for flexi HVAC Contractor ▶HVAC Engineers working, just by moving one’s laptop to any location. The Electrical Contractor ▶Listen Lights high tables spread across the office along the window areas Fire Fighting & ELV Contractor: E Zone allow one to stand and work whenever needed and double Networking Contractor ▶Global Networks up as an instant informal meeting touch point. Telephone booths across the floor help reduce noise during one on one In order to attract and retain the best industry talent, the calls. Meeting rooms for three, four, eight and twelve pax al- California - headquartered company wanted to create an office low for formal discussion and virtual meetings. that fosters creativity, collaboration and transparency across a flat organization. The theme was industrial with a material pal- Carpeting has been laid only in closed meeting rooms ette restricted to bare natural materials and their substitutes, for increased acoustics during meetings and calls. The acous- without adulteration of colour and props, was successfully tics in the absence of carpet and fabric panels in work areas

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Left: Café & screen JUNE 2021 81 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 12 pax exterior Collaboration with movable frames with movable Collaboration Designers and open collaboration spaces is achieved with great efficiency by placing 50 mm thick open cell nitrile rubber sheets over New Designerweb Pvt. Ltd. or ‘Designer WEB’ as we call ourselves, celebrates 25 years of its existence this year. Founded by four classmates and friends JUNE 2021 metal mesh ceilings. who joined hands while doing their M.Arch. in Industrial Design at SPA Delhi, Designer WEB, has evolved into a design practice with offices in Hyderabad, All loose furniture is custom built for a unique look, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi with projects spanning all over the country. including the door handles that have an etched logo of the Their project portfolio consists of various typologies of projects ranging from company. The wide use of planters adjacent to each work clus- exhibitions, buildings and interiors for corporate offices, IT companies, health ter help camouflage the electrical and data cable drops from care, hospitality and the residential and retail segment. The main focus howev- the slab to the work stations across the office. The staff can er has been on workspace design and office environments. adopt any of the natural plants of their choice and care for Their clientele consists of companies like Tech Mahindra, Cognizant, Capgem- them creating a unique green bond between them and the of- ini, Larsen & Toubro, Reliance, Birla Group, Nielsen, Petrofac Engineering, fice environs. This also improves IAQ. Turvo, TTec, TAFE and so many others.

The success and growth of the firm is attributed to our ability to respond to The Town hall / work lounge has an informal café feel our clients’ requirements, understand and analyze them and propose design and by folding the entire DGU partition can be used to ac- solutions consistent with the site, budget and other constraints. Our growth commodate a full house when needed. The 64 pax café is com- story has lot of repeat clients who have bestowed their confidence on us again and again and also a team of dedicated professionals who have given their best bined with adequate recreation facilities separated by a geo- in each project. metric pattern screen giving it a dramatic effect under lights. The team consists of 60 plus professionals consisting of architects, engineers, The eco-friendly approach to design comes from the draftsmen, and support staff. minimum use of materials and elements, shading the glazing with reflective screen blinds without compromising on the views and natural light. The use of VAV in all AC ducts and VFD in AHU, BMS, stand-alone units for certain meeting areas for after office and weekend operations optimize the AC use.

Wrapping the entire periphery internally with red clay brick tiles and punctuating it with timber or polished cement finished partitions with an extensive use of glass in matt black frames and meshes all on a bare concrete floor lends a striking timeless appeal and impact, knitting the entire office together.

Ar. Yogendra K. Shrivastava B. Arch., SPA, Delhi (1985) and M. Arch.in Industrial Café exterio Design, SPA, Delhi (1996). He has worked with reputed architects Ram Sharma, N, Delhi. and PACE, Kuwait. A person of few words, Yogendra is a methodical worker with great ability to analyze and provide simple effective solutions. An avid runner, he has participated and completed many half and full marathons across the country.

Ar. Manoj Wahi B. Arch., GCA Lucknow (1993). Manoj had apprentice training under Ar. Hafeez Contractor, Mumbai. A warm and dynamic individual, he has been instrumental in expanding the client base and also inspiring the younger architects with his design capability and eye for detail. He is presently the secretary of the Hyderabad Chapter of FSAI and Chairman Designate of Hyderabad Chapter of IIID.

Ar. Vyom Sinha B. Arch., GCA Lucknow (1993) and M.Arch. In Industrial Design (1996), SPA, Delhi. Vyom has worked as an apprentice with Akriti Consultants, New Delhi. He is based out of Chennai and takes care of the Design Studio there and projects down south.

Ar. Rohit Rajpal B. Arch. GCA Lucknow (1993) and M. Arch. In Industrial Design (1996), SPA, Delhi. He had apprentice training under Ar. Ravindra Bhan, New Delhi. Based out of Delhi Rohit involves in projects pan India and guides the

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Work lounge studio team with holistic design inputs. JUNE 2021 83 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

ARTICLE

URBAN INDIA URBAN RE-THINKING RE-THINKING

ANTYODAYA

Figure 1 : Aspects and impacts of urban poverty 1 : Aspects Figure in Global South Scale by Poverty Urban from Adapted (Source: 2012, fig. 2c, p. 32) Mitlin and Satterthwaite, INCLUSION VIA ABSTRACT just a space of living? Can someone feel comfortable at any place if he/she doesn’t have a feeling of belonging? This arti-

JUNE 2021 Antyodaya defines the upliftment of the last person, the weakest cle is a small effort to answer these queries with a hope that part of society. The best theory of inclusion with limited understanding is there will be more efforts to make our urban spaces become the concept of antyodaya, priority is given to 'the last man standing in the more inclusive and people-centric as compared to the cur- queue' in terms of resources, facilities, opportunities, or value within the rent thinking of resource-centric (McKinley, 2010; The World society, or, in this case, a group of people within the city who are less fortu- Bank Group, 2015). nate. This article explores why inclusive design is necessary and needs to be included in re-thinking design with the discussion on limitations and chal- Who Needs to be Included? lenges in the inclusive spatial design process. This article draws an overall picture of urban areas in India and how we can re-think for the antyodaya It needs to be clarified that when we talk about less priv- group via inclusion. Findings provide some critical conclusions for the en- ileged classes, it may be anyone : it need not to be only a person hancement of design thinking and provide equal socio-economic opportu- with monetary limitations, but includes every woman who feels nities for everyone. unsafe while returning home alone from work at any blind spot after sunset; every elderly person who finds himself/ herself un- Keywords: spatial inclusion, social inclusion, inclusive able to do a simple task such as topping up a metro card at a growth and development, antyodaya, urban planning and vending machine or every child who doesn’t have a safe space design to experience the world from. All these people don’t even know why they feel excluded from the city or even society which INTRODUCTION may have led them to loneliness, anxiety, clinical depression or sometimes even worse. So, whose duty is it to make the city Antyodaya combines two terms : ant and udaya, where inclusive for them? The answer may be the society at large, but the firsAntyodaya combines two terms : ant and udaya, where executing this duty on behalf of society lies with us through the first signifies the end and the latter means rising. Antyo- designing (Chataway et al, 2014; Ali and Zhuang, 2007). daya denotes the rise of the last person. Economic planning, development and productivity expansion cannot be mea- Changing Design Thinking: Resource-centric to Peo- sured by people from the high income group (HIG) or middle ple-centric income group (MIG) of any country or urban area. This can be a mere check of who is at the bottom of the social pyramid, a Let’s suppose we provide a small assignment to our up- guarantee of every individual's minimal level of life and read- coming generation of architects or students to create a green- iness for the national defence. Antyodaya is the elevation or field development of the city or a small settlement with mar- lifting of the weakest part of society. In India, numerous weak ketplaces, offices, and housing facilities. In that case it is well 84 sectors have historically existed in society and are still present expected that the majority of them will have a first thought - females, untouchables, few minority religious groups, etc. to create a business center at the heart of the city. Then their During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in order to priority will be shopping places, housing for HIG, MIG and strengthen their dominance, the British exploited these ineq- at last LIG respectively. Have we ever thought about how this uities and the Indians' lack of brotherhood. A few zamindars thinking line is adopted by the majority of students? The an- and others backed the Raj openly. The result of this was that swer lies in the very basics of our psychology, which is more the economically weaker section got poorer and poorer not tilted towards resources or inclined towards materialism, not only in terms of earning but were also kept from communi- society or people-centric. Firstly, we need to change this. In ty facilities. After Independence, the government worked on a similar way, for the last decade, we have had discussions policies which were helpful for development and upliftment about making our cities sustainable extensively but if we see of the weaker sections of society. Antyodaya was, therefore, an the transportation system old or new, pedestrian/ cycle or essential element in the growth, development and autonomy even public transport of any city, the answer is no! This shows of the country for the underprivileged and exploited masses our collective inability and combined failure to persuade, ad- and helped head towards sarvodaya or development for all. vocate and propagate the very necessary concept to our policy makers and masses that they need to change their lenses so Why Inclusive Design ? that they understand how to perceive urban spaces and also how they need to be perceived. The foremost objective behind any architectural design lies in making the user comfortable. This comfort can be Antyoday: Concept for Inclusive Design expressed in terms of ergonomics, functionality or aesthetics and degree of all these three aspects may vary according to It should be our collective effort to rethink and even re- a subjective understanding of user and architect or design- design urban spaces, if need be, and make them inclusive. The er. This zone of comfort designed for that person or group best theory of inclusion with my limited understanding, is the of people is called his/her/their home. In macro-perspective, concept of antyodaya where priority is given to ‘the last man this is also true for lakhs or sometimes crores of people, who standing in the queue’ in terms of resources, facilities, oppor- consider any city as their home. By 2050, approximately 50 tunities, or value within the society, or in this case, groups of to 70 per cent of the world population will be living in urban people within the city who are less fortunate. Designers need spaces, according to a forecast of the United Nations and oth- to first prioritise the needs and expectations of this person er esteemed organizations such as the World Bank (Lahariya, from the city system or urban space in consideration. This will 2008). In such a scenario, it becomes the duty of the design- lead the designer to minutely changing the design and facili- er of spaces, to make citizens of urban spaces comfortable in tate the basic needs of the person who is the least capable in their own homes. How can we make cities liveable rather than terms of finance or physical capability. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 85 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS - At last, it being the political at the centre, represen Thirdly, of societybeing at the centre and the devel- Thirdly, Secondly it will give them a feeling of empowerment Secondly it will give them a feeling These measures will ensure the uplifting of the will ensure These measures poorest than 800 Although India is a young nation with more • • • tative will keep providing best basic amenities tative will keep providing infrastructure, and keeping anti-social elements in check. I section of societyin a sustainable fashion which will be the application of antyodaya in the true sense. million people of 18 to 35 (Census of the age group within India, 2011), the same data gives us a glimpse of a future societyof section large a bewill where Japan as just aged or European countries. So, keeping the futuristic scenario in mind; we need to include the marginalized section which may be elderly people. people It may also include children; the population in such as people with low representation of or even any socialfew caste groups minori- races, different outlooks or vi- ties who may have different in terms of attires counter the issue discussed above, we need To sual identity. open interaction and access to min- for to make people safer, This can open be done with more of society. gle with the rest societyof section every can where places and parks, spaces, de- will children where ecosystem socialize. an create It will elderly differences, people will velop a wider acceptance for their day-to-day issues and people share will have a chance Al- of society. to closely observe and understand the rest though the idea of open interactive spaces is not a new one, impact long-lasting a have surely will such places designing on society manner. in an affirmative opment processwell, with time, even with their small en- as efforts, whether it is a movable shop of any basic trepreneurial needs or food, a respectable be income would ensured. and being part of society way instead of a inclusive in a more of worthlessness. feeling Firstly, it will surely reduce the cost of transporta reduce - will surely it Firstly, Inter-linkage of Social and Economic Inclusion with Inclusion Economic and Social of Inter-linkage The spatial aspect of inclusion can’t be seen or consid- or cities, spatial inclusion is the cor- For urban areas Design in Urban Antyodaya off-beata little or may seem vague which ideas Few • tion for them, since in the case of satellite settlements, it takes tion for hours and large portions work. of income in daily transit for Figure 2 : Correlations and aspects of inclusion 2 : Correlations Figure 2015, fig. 2, p.13) Bank Group, World article by Approach, Cities Inclusive World from Adapted (Source: Spatial Inclusion Spatial other two aspectsthe socialinclusion: of from separately ered designer’s pointthe ofFrom as economic inclusion. well as it may be eco- said that spatial exclusion leads towards view, socialnomic exclusion and further pushes into - exclusion. Fo cusing only on one aspect be of inclusion will not but enough aspects three all of in- of understanding the close inter-linkage one aspect- im that working towards will surely clusion, assures section in two other aspects the moralized prove too (Ramos et al, 2013; Ranieri and Ramos, 2013). to basic amenities such as equal reach nerstone which ensures transportation, housing, and economic opportunities as well. land use planning, and land-based financing are Land tenure, some of the tools could help in achieving inclusion. Sim- that in also has a role provision and infrastructure housing ilarly, economicensuring inclusion in addition to its importance for import While services such as water and sanitation are - growth. ensuring public health, services such as transport ant for are asset building also important their impact on mobility, due to 2015). Bank Group, and the community’s image (World housing to the a solution. If we provide may lead us towards poorest society section of upcoming in city development what is the impli- at city centres, projects or in future projects may but we will have a cation? There be many disagreements, with a different point of view: discussion here The last section of society which may have a feeling of necessary for planning at the city level. It clears the picture exclusion is the constituent 50 per cent of the of population : about populations and various attributes related to it in-

JUNE 2021 it is a general phenomenon and a sad reality of our society that cluding socio-economic status. But the rapidly changing sce- while claiming to be the fastest-growing economy in the world narios and steep growth in urbanization make it difficult to and the largest democracy on earth, we haven’t yet created a understand ground realities. Despite progress in technology situation in society where women feel as safe as men in com- and related advancements, it hasn’t yet helped on this front. mon public places. It might be true that education and attitu- When we work towards the upliftment and inclusion of de- dinal changes are required to overcome this issue but there is prived sections of communities, we often find that they are also a role for designers here. It is generally observed that fear “invisible” due to lack of article-work, correct information develops when a person feels unsafe. It mostly happens in the and sometimes authorities don’t even consider them at all absence of light or where general movement of the public is while planning for development. This leads to a condition missing. This should be properly countered with design. Re- where formal government articles or city plans don’t pay any garding this, there is one more important aspect that generally attention in this direction. So as a design community, we also people, regardless of gender, feel unsafe in. This is not as much need to work towards this before designing or implementing in the working space or at home or even during transportation, our designs for any urban space. but it is the last mile distance from transit to home or transit to If and only if, we successfully implement the theory of workplace, which most gives a sense of insecurity. It might be antyodaya in our spatial planning and design thinking, then due to poor supportive infrastructure, street lighting or the last we may be able to fulfil the dream of Gandhiji and Deen Dayal mile connectivity, apart from the law and order situation for Upadhyay, two great political thinkers of modern India, who which administration is to be accountable. always advocated Antyodaya se Sarvodaya.

Limitation and Challenges in Inclusive Spatial De- CONCLUSIONS sign Process Few factors that we need to change and a few need to be The two most pressing concerns regarding making cit- redefined. This article recommends the following key points: ies inclusive are : first is that inclusion is a multi-faceted issue a Change design thinking from resource-centric to and all the aspects – spatial, social, and economic – are in- people-centric. terlinked. Experiences tell us that a divided approach to curb b) Try to follow the concept of antyodaya and priori- the lack of inclusion doesn’t work efficiently. To answer this, tise the ‘last man standing in the queue’ while de- we, as designers, need to be more vocal as well as passionately signing urban spaces. advocate inclusive policies and practices for making our cities c) Make sure to provide equal socio-economic oppor- a home for every person living there. tunities to marginalized sections of society. 86 Currently, a census is conducted in India every ten d) Keep the lowest strata of society at the centre of years. This is the only tool that showcases every parameter design.

REFERENCES

1 5 Ali, Ifzal, and Juzhong Zhuang, McKinley, Terry, 2010. “Inclusive Policy, UNDP and the Government of news/feature/2015/10/29/a-new-ap- 2007. “Inclusive Growth toward a Growth Criteria and Indicators: Brazil, no. 188, p. 70052. http://ipcig. proach-to-cities-including-inclusion, Prosperous Asia: Policy Implica- An Inclusive Growth Index for org/publication/26602?language_ (Retrieved Feb 19, 2021) tions.” ERD Working Article Series, Diagnosis of Country Progress.” content_entity=en, (Retrieved Feb no. 97, pp. 1–44. http://hdl.handle. Asian Development Bank Working 19, 2021) 10 net/10419/109299, (Retrieved Jan Article, no. 14, p. 1–34, https:// World Bank Group, 2015. “World: 10, 2021). www.adb.org/sites/default/files/ 8 Inclusive Cities Approach Article.” publication/28493/adb-wp14-inclu- Satterthwaite, David, 2014. https://documents1.worldbank.org/ 2 sive-growth-criteria.pdf, (Retrieved “Urban Poverty in Low- and curated/en/402451468169453117/ Chandramouli C., 2014, Census Jan 10, 2021.) Middle-Income Nations.” The pdf/AUS8539-REVISED-WP- of India 2011. Report on Post Routledge Handbook on Cities of P148654-PUBLIC-Box393236B-In- Enumeration Survey, p. 96. https:// 6 the Global South, 2014, https:// clusive-Cities-Approach-Paper-w- censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/pes/ Ramos, Raquel Almeida, et al, 2013. doi.org/10.4324/9780203387832, Annexes-final.pdf, (Retrieved Feb pes_highlights.html, (Retrieved Jan “MAPPING INCLUSIVE GROWTH (Retrieved Feb 19, 2021). 19, 2021) 10, 2021). International Centre for Inclusive Growth International Policy Centre 9 3 for Inclusive Growth (IPC -IG) Pov- The World Bank Group, 2015. Every- Chataway, Joanna, et al., 2014. erty Practice, Bureau for Develop- one Counts : Making the Cities of To- “Inclusive Innovation: An Archi- ment Policy, UNDP Esplanada Dos morrow More Inclusive. 2015, pp. 29– tecture for Policy Development.” Ministérios, MAPPING INCLUSIVE 32, http://www.worldbank.org/en/ Innovation and Development, vol. 4, GROWTH.” Workingn Article 105 no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1080/2157 International Policy Centre for Inclu- 930X.2013.876800, (Retrieved Feb sive Growth (IPC-IG), no. 105, http:// 19, 2021) ipcig.org/publication/26599?lan- guage_content_entity=en, 4 (Retrieved Jan 10, 2021) Ar. Avitesh is an Assistant Professor at Sushant Lahariya, Chandrakant, 2008. “The School of Art and Architecture, Gurugram. She has State of the World Population 2007: 7 won the Young Achiever Award in Architecture Unleashing the Potential of Urban Ranieri, Rafael, and Raquel Almeida from A3 Foundation, Chandigarh in 2020. Her areas Growth.” Indian Pediatrics, vol. 45, Ramos,2013. “After All , What Is of research include new trends in construction no. 6, 2008, pp. 481–82. https:// Inclusive Growth ?” The Internation- details and materials, renewable energy systems indianpediatrics.net/june2008/ al Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth and black architecture. june-481-482.htm, (Retrieved Feb Is Jointly Supported by the Poverty

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL 19, 2021). Practice, Bureau for Development JUNE 2021 87 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS along with B. Manguesh R. Prabhugaonker, Ar. in Landscape degree has a Masters degree, Arch. and is a Fellow New Delhi SPA, from Architecture Member Member of IIA, ISOLA and an Associate Council of IIID. He is a Member of the IIA National state He is also an Expert Member of Goa Member. School Member at and a Senate Authority Wetland He is also New Delhi. of Planning and Architecture, for of Architecture College Goa at a visiting faculty in Architecture. Masters mistic. This is a necessity. Ian L. McHarg, Design with Nature This is what it means to “design with nature”. nature”. This is what it means to “design with Building materials, sustainable strategies, innovative Building materials, sustainable strategies, We for nature or nature for us is always going to be a for or nature nature for We On this World Environment Day, let’s plan our built en- Day, Environment On this World The ecosystem restoration and its purpose its and restoration meet to has ecosystem The as a constructive part of nature. This is ethical. This is opti- as a constructive part of nature. nature of the earth system, and begin of the human- nature to appreciate As we begin and holistic to understand the true complexity ity’s impact within it, we can build a new identity for society identity for ity’s impact within it, we can build a new technologies all pose challenge to a wider thought-provoking toration policies only to get commercially-driven brownie toration policiesbrownie only to get commercially-driven - environ for a platform the complex challenges by providing points as per clients’ requirements? Or does architecture and and points Or does as per architecture clients’ requirements? way forward. honest approach planning adopt a sensitive nature; let’s address the liveable aspects the liveable let’s address of beingnature; on earth. Architects. the generation next through for natural resources ral resources, interventions of new alternative forms of ener- interventions of new alternative forms ral resources, mental and socialmental policy designers, scientists, planners, mak- architects in understanding real objectives of creating trendy trendy objectives of creating in understanding real architects and maintenance timelines - all need to beand maintenance timelines - all need - sensitively strat and quality of life in cities and towns worldwide. and quality of life vironment with a focus on creating a good with a focus on creating with vironment relationship challenge. Let us move collectively towards restoration of the restoration challenge. Let us move collectively towards which will do justice to our HONESTY, ecosystem with real emerging technologies across design, execution, operationemerging technologies across Impacts of natu- egized in our designs to make a difference. ers, developers and communities to unite and to research and ers, developers and communities to unite and to research the ecological performance design new ways of improving green buildings. green gy for our projects through user friendly infrastructure and infrastructure user friendly through our projects gy for Ecosystem restoration doesEcosystem restoration need innovative and fu- Preservation and conservation of this agenda at IIA, to Preservation

Architecture practices, both traditionally vernacular Architecture All above roadmaps initiated by architects cannot becannot architects by initiated above All roadmaps The recently-held celebrations by the National Council recently-held The Architecture and planning, across generations, have and planning, across Architecture

- all these res simply restrict turistic guidelines. Do architects to be focussed towards ecosystem restoration as a part of to be ecosystem restoration focussed towards the new normal post- 2020. Climatic disasters, sustainable tiatives organised by the members of of the Indian Institute ecosystem the policies towards restoration existing upgrade that architects practice through their review, re-adapt and re-adapt their review, through practice architects that urban and rural contexts in terms of natural processesurban and rural contexts and planning and micro-detailing through architecture. through planning and micro-detailing sensitive guidelines through architecture practice. architecture sensitive guidelines through sures to prevent all the losses due to degradation of existing to prevent sures ments needs to be at the grassroots by architects prioritised restricted only to celebrate the World Environment Day with Environment only to celebrate the World restricted ning guidelines and the strategies in the field of biodiversity. ning guidelines and the strategies in the re-visit strategies of ground realities along with the emerging realities of ground strategies re-visit impacts of climate change around our built forms. impacts of climate change around natural resources. While experiencing this change in the built natural resources. and digitally oriented, and contemporary typologies need a specific has to theme, but - be an integral part of architectur education. al practice and architecture and also propose appropriate strategies for the futuristic and strategies for and also propose appropriate and sub-centres reflected the sensitive approach and concerns the sensitive approach reflected and sub-centres architects and their role while analysing and understanding their role and architects and natural environment, we as architects face challenges face we as architects and natural environment, always faced transformation in planning processes- in planning bothalways faced transformation in vironment-friendly planning. Every built environment has a Every built environment planning. vironment-friendly with their honesty influencing the comprehensive master with their honesty influencing the comprehensive level context-based analysis and interventions through en- level context-based analysis and interventions through challenge when it gets inserted upon a natural environment, becomes architects significant, of very role the during which concepts and ability to be in all types resilient of develop- human beings survive. In today’s contemporary world, mea- quality of architecture and the ecosystems within. All the ini- All the within. and the ecosystems of architecture quality of The Indian Institute of Architects, various chapters, centres various chapters, centres of The Indian Institute of Architects, ecosystems in various climatic zones becomes very critical for ecosystems in various climatic zones becomesfor very critical of multi-dimensional biological ecosystems due to which to due ecosystems biological multi-dimensional of ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION ECOSYSTEM

LOOKING BEYOND LOOKING PLANNING STRATEGIES @ IIA @ STRATEGIES PLANNING 2021 ENVIRONMENT DAY ENVIRONMENT WORLD Architects and the fraternity, focus and emphasize the plan- the fraternity, and Architects BOOK REVIEW JUNE 2021 HALF OPEN WINDOWS BY GANESH MATKARI (Translated from Marathi by Jerry Pinto)

88 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 89 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS graduated from Academy of Architecture of Architecture Academy from Ghag graduated Ajay Ar. his hand on product tried (1993). He has successfully - Projec design. Set design and logo design. Thought of in the design disciplines tion, his design studio work residential, design executing and interior architecture 1998. since projects and lifestyle commercial graduated from Academy of Academy from graduated Ganesh Matkari Ar. as and started (1993) primarily practising Architecture in while pursuing his interests a landscape architect, he has Recently, fiction as well as film criticism. writing a directed He has co screenwriting. into also ventured and film Investment winning Marathi award national in film lectures regularly being a notable film critic, a short-sto- He has authored courses. appreciation of film books and three ry Installations collection, and Choukatibahercha Cinematic Filmmakers, criticism, winning award the national He co-directed Cinema. a short film, and directed Film, Investment Marathi in the Indian Film Festival at premiered Shot, which film various and has been shown at Germany Stuttgart, since. festivals Ganesh seems to have unfolded the lives of these char- Ganesh seems to have unfolded Megalopolis This truly unfolds Mumbai! ly widow contemplating a move to US to stay with her son; her son; stay with to US to a move contemplating ly widow - atten for craving of architecture student a young Ramakant, swayed to be a NGO worker tion; Swarupa a whistle-blower the entwining her old friend and to do right by and wanting of mo- to the censure winning project an award from narrative togeth- and all of this coming of connection, to forging rality, of Café of an urban environment mundane routine er in the Marri- in the airportCoffee Days, conferences press lounges, ott hotel to gloomy days and the flooding rainy so common to the urban upper- class canvas of Mumbai. Interest middle is narrated in the first ingly each of the chapters person by one a gives a sense of a complete story with of the characters and The in- with the reader. which connects sense of relatability nuances of Mumbai, its social to the fabric, cessant references per crowds, - ever-increasing the from frustrations stemming petual coexistence story of construction of infrastructure, of with skyscrapers the city slums adjoining large to life bring The story who inhabit its streets. the multitude of characters the into leaps taking flashbacks of ride coaster roller a truly is school to), complex I could relate (which days of architecture human behavior love, human aspirations, and relationships, with a narration manipulation and a storyline that is riveting, that is matter-of-fact. The book is compelling enough to be it. unputdownable once you start reading layers of Mumbai as acters and in turn painted layers after soul. Being an architect though it has its own living breathing quality in its telling. and a film critic, his narrative has a visual describing peopleHe has an acute sense of observation in and astute story teller. places in general which makes him an The cover is also representative of the of representative also is cover The (bharadwaj). Fact File Fact Ughdya Ardhya Title ▶Khidkya Book Half-Open Windows (Translated to English) to Windows (Translated Half-Open Ganesh Matkari ▶Ar. Author ▶Jerry Pinto Translator Tiger Publishing Private ▶Speaking Publisher 2014 (Marathi) & 2017 (English) 2014 (Marathi) ▶ of Publication Year -9789386338358 ISBN-10 - 978-9386338358 ISBN-13 & English (Tr.) Language ▶Marathi & Fiction ▶Literature Genre No of pages ▶208 ▶20 x 14 x 4 cm Dimensions ▶Kindle & paperback Type ▶amazon.in, flipkart.com and others at Available narrative which OpenHalf Windows is an interesting - Fountainhead as students of architec have all read We The cover of the book is a striking yellow orange with of unlike characters to see a plethora It is refreshing (Original in Marathi) (Original Limited, New Delhi Limited,

unfolds through a variety of protagonists having overlaps in having overlaps in a variety of protagonists through unfolds to adults to children range from their lives. These protagonists us limited glimpses giving walks of life different seniors from and their points- of views. It is quite like in the world of archi dif- from seen differently the same things are where tecture perspectives. either right or wrong, ferent None of these are it’s just that they coexist.this What I find most enthralling in language the and situations the is that the characters, story The very contemporary every day. are come across and what I bookchil- the of psyche the into insight meticulous a gives Sushrut and heroine the ‘namesake’ hero the adults, dren, is like a literary photo- Sanika. In fact, I think that the title a moment, an incident, a happeninggraph which captures of it in another narrative, which is a reference and then there makes it very true to life. we have to situations where often come across and have ture choose between being Roark or Peter Keating and go Howard - agonizing dilemma on a daily basis in our pro the through This book life. fessional opens of up and shows the shades the black and white. It does along with grey not pose on an nor doesintellectual high ground it take the pessimistic view point. All it does is put facts as they stand in their relatable of the systematic decay perspectives. is an undercurrent There of the grandeur of old Mumbai giving way to the rash manipulation of people, bye laws and the matter-of-fact accep- the tances. It makes me wonder if a city influences its inhabitants or is it the other way round. an image of an under-construction building and a crow pheasant all experiencingchanging cityscape us which we are around It makes you ques- and the small subtlety of death of the rare. a goodtion beliefs which is considered a bird of whether luck charm and associated so? really with fulfillment of wishes is Does the change in perspective change the event? like Sushrut, an aspiring writer and a stay-at-home partner; firm of SNA with Sanika, an ambitious, hon- the architectural partner; Niranjan the corrupt and est but naïve founding to bend to risk it all ready the rules and ready ruthless partner, partner; Joshi Kaku a lone- and Anant the silent and reticent PHOTO ESSAY JUNE 2021 STROLLING THROUGH THE OLD STREETS IN KASHMIR

90 Ar. Nimisha Shaijal graduated with a Bach- elors in Architecture from College of Engineering, Trivandrum and Masters in Urban Design from School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. She is the Principal Architect of her collaborative studio practice in Calicut called Design Ashram (DAC) and is currently a visiting studio faculty at Avani Institute of Design, Calicut. At DAC, Nimisha leads projects in urban regeneration, building restoration, and rehabilitation. As a solo traveler, she has explored many national and international des- tinations with keen interest in learning its history, the local people and the cultural values and tries to communicate her perspective through the images.

The architectural style of the Jamia Masjid is inspired by the Indo-Saracenic style and also carries similarities

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL to Buddhist pagodas. JUNE 2021 91 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The courtyard is made up of courtyard The ar- brick arched, a pointed lends a solemn cade which atmosphere. JUNE 2021

92 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 93 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The minars are connected by spa- by connected minars are The is feature halls, whose principal cious wooden piece of single the vast array supportingdeodar columns the wooden ceiling. JUNE 2021

Top Left to Right The court is enclosed by arched cloisters covered with two tiered sloping roofs. ; The old streets gleaming with large beautiful samovars, intricately carved trays, and bowls, reflecting the glamour of this fine art.

Bottom The principal features are the four minars, covered by pyramidal roofs. The central open space is similar to the pattern of Mughal gardens. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 95 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS The multi-domed tomb was multi-domed tomb The - grave an ancient built within and of bricks layer The yard. stone made of the basement two completely has followed architectures. different TRAVELOGUE JUNE 2021

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL Shwedagon Pagoda JUNE 2021 97 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Not many may know that the burial site of Bahadur Not many may know that the burial with it reminders of Bahadur The visit brought poignant Our next stop was the Kaba Aye Pagoda and the Ma- After a quick stop at the Kandawgyi Lake and a peep Bagan is full of temples and stupas. Stupas contain their offerings or were praying at the corner that was symbolictheir offerings or were of their day of birth. the last Moghul Emperor of India lies in Yangon. Shah Zafar, was exiled in Myanmar It is not a coincidence that while he when he died, King Thebaw, and buried unceremoniously banished were daughters their along with Supayalat Queen to Ratnagiri in India - a strategy of the British Mandalay from them! forget to make their followers Shah Zafar’s poetry in school that I had read and later as well, - prob in his own words Le udi khakh baha le gya sailab mujhe - ably point Hence, I fol to how the British rule changed things. by William Dalrymple. lowed our trip up with The Last Mughal lucky to witness the final oral exam- were hapasana cave. We of them sat, one each reciting ination of monks - hundreds memory to a teacher who was their examiner. holy texts from reverberated and oral The chants. mesmerising with hall The perioda over held are exams written Decemberin days 33 of every year and have been conducted since 1948 by the Bur- expected over 2.4 mese government. Candidates are to recite and smooth pronunciation flow, with correct million words The first monk and transcribe memory. over 200 texts from passed all levels in 1952 and even today the number that have is belowachieved this feat 20. And we complain of learning by in our schoolsrote in India! on we were of the Royal Barge in Mandalay, into the replica also had We airportthe to way our Bagan. flight to to boarda our first taste of Khow Suey as it is meant to be and not how we have come to know it in India. meditation usually used for of Buddhist monks and are relics activities. The Shwezigon Pago- religious for while temples are A gift for my fiftieth birthday, Burma Chronicles, a Burma fiftieth birthday, for my A gift What struck me about is com- Myanmar is how religion Glass Palace a second time I read myself, prepare To Yangon and the sheer began first day in with our We

graphic novel by Guy Delisle whet my curiosity once again for for again once curiosity my whet Delisle Guy by novel graphic of only in the news until Ami- that I had read this country, years ago. a few it to life, tav Ghosh’s Glass Palace brought But the actual trip to Myanmar began to take shape when I and we decided to spend met a college friend at a conference were Eve (2019-20) together with friends. We New Years’ that decided on going together and just as I families three had bought our tickets, the other two dropped That is off ! a cou- that making plans with friends who are when I realised an empty nest while were ple of years apart has its risks. We and un- school-going college or two had other the children me So that made academic schedules took over. derstandably, going on another honeymoonand my husband, lovebirds to an exotic land! - bepletely intertwined with every aspect- it architec of life what you eat, your education; in politics,ture, you wear, what religion may While one may say that effect be equated to life. definitely is it region, this in countries our of many for true is This is possibly intense in Myanmar. and a lot more different - nation until recent because a totally introverted they were access to modern with no trappings such as the television, ly, and internet etc. The British rule and the wars that preceded in Myanmar being resulted divided into territories followed that have their own governing bodies and even armies. They ways to unite. The continue to grapple with this and look for coup is a case in point.recent by David Eimer. it up with A Savage Dreamland and followed to fortunate While it did turn out to be we were a dreamland, see only the softer side of this culturally rich country. size of the Shwedagon Pagoda, said to be one of the oldest pagodasreflective gold cover- amazed us. The in the world, around without sunglasses. Inter- ing made it difficult to walk making was teeming with locals place estingly the were who

BURMA BURMA JUNE 2021

Royal barge at Kandawgyi Lake da was our starting point and then we went on to the Wetkyi Cave temple to see the beautiful Jataka paintings on its walls.

Our guide gave us a detailed tour of the Ananda temple, one of the largest. Through the paintings, murals and sculptures, he took us on a tour of history with anecdotal pointers on how the hairstyle of the Buddha changed from period to period - curly hair due to Greek influence to straighter hair in more recent times. The philosophical and the spiritual narrations by the guide made me read Siddhartha by Herman Hesse again after my return and I also went and splurged on the 8-volume graphic novel series The Buddha Box by Osamu Tezuka. This was certainly a special addition to our library.

While walking the streets of the small town of Bagan, we came across Kayan Lahwi women who wear brass coils on their neck, although they are originally from the Shan region. One of the interesting reasons given by our guide for these coils is that they are meant to protect them from tigers that attack at the neck. The other reasons are of course attributed to beauty and elongating their neck.

Nothing quite prepared us for Inle Lake, which made Tonle Sap of Cambodia pale into insignificance. I am thankful that we finally added this beauty to the itinerary. Around an hour from the airport, we reached the jetty and got into a narrow boat and the magic began. We were first in the narrow lanes

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL The Wetkyi Cave temple JUNE 2021 99 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS A graduate from the School of Planning and the School from A graduate - Gita Balakrish Ar. New Delhi, Architecture, an of Ethos, and curator nan is the founder is also on learning. She focussed organisation for Association AVAS, of the NGO a trustee and Services and IHCNF, Action Voluntary Foundation. Network Cities Indian Heritage Sunset at Inle Sunset at A weaving factory on stilts A weaving We were being were by our guide to visit factories tempted We colours of Sitting on the deck and watching the surreal months down the line, Little did I know then that a few Sunset at Inle Sunset at A fisherman in action at Inle A fisherman in action at seeing life on either side until we reached the wide expanse of side until we reached on either seeing life with fishermen stunts, or so it only water all around performing their boatscould seem, as they steered and cast their nets. They way of fishing indeed! do have a unique and picturesque cigars, etc. but we chose to stop at a weaving of silver jewelry, we got to see lotus stem fibres being woven into factory where We got to small scale factories, all on stilts. fabric. These are our hotel, Sofitel - one of the finest that we have stayed in, becausemore of the setting. one of my most treasured the sunset that evening will remain mas- his saved have to seemed Master-Artist The memories. Inle. The setting and rising of the sun always have terpiece for the power and that evening with the setting of to move me and a new beginning had already the sun at Inle, the New Year me. dawned for a politicalMyanmar would go through upheaval once again. Added to that, our world would be in the throes of a pandemic that would make such memories invaluable. It already doesappearsit ago and beto seem bewill it that a lifetime such uninhibited travel becomessome time before a way of once again. life ACSR JUNE 2021 ARCHITECTS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (ACSR) THE SYMBOL OF HONESTY Top Left As a part of IIA Calicut Centre’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) project, the DAC Team in collaboration with PRISM (Promoting Regional Schools to International Standards through Multiple Inter- ventions) restored the Karapparambu School. Being a monumental landmark nearing its golden jubilee of existence and being a government project as well, the team came up with restoration of the same, playing it fair to the structure and nature. Followed by this school, at present IIA Calicut Centre is involved with more than ten schools and other public projects in the region. Setting this as a benchmark the state government has identified over a hundred schools to be renovated.

Bottom Pazhayannur palace- A small palace attached to the pazhayannur temple ; used by the members of the Cochin Royal Family while visiting the temple is historically connected to the Family. Before settling in Kochi , the members are said to have been in Pazhayan- nur briefly as they moved from Perumbadappu in Malabar. Around 250 years old, the structure was set for demolition and the tenders for this were allredy in place. Due to the timely intervention and with support of Archeology Dept and the District Collector, a stop memo could be issued which halted the demolition. Currently steps are in progress to bring back the palace to its former glory... ( Vinod Kumar MM, Chairman IIA 100 Thrissur, convener INTACH Thrissur)

The word social responsibility is not a new terminology. ISO 26000:2010 provides guidance for those, who rec- The Google meaning says that it is an ethical theory in which ognize respect for society and environment is a critical suc- individuals are accountable for fulfilling their civic duty and cess factor, as well as being the proper thing to do. It is also the actions of an individual must benefit the whole of soci- looked upon as a way of assigning the commitment of an or- ety. In this way there must be a balance between economic ganization to sustainability and its overall performance. growth and the welfare of society and the environment. All sections of society accepted the good deeds and Corporate social responsibility is a type of Interna- importance of having values in business and the Brand value tional business practice, self regulation that aims to contrib- it carries around the society. The profession of architecture ute towards societal goals of philanthropic activist or char- is also got attracted to this ethical theory and associations itable nature by supporting or volunteering for ethically of profession and individual practices started adopting the oriented practices. CSR format. In the year 2012, ARCASIA (Architects Regional The Corporate houses started this concept to create Council of Asia) adopted this as one of its major verticals and an ethical or value based business practice and dissipate started deliberations to develop a charter for its functioning the same to their employees for better productivity and as and guidance. In the year 2015 a charter was formulated, ad- an alternative method for creating job satisfaction by “DO- opted and approved in the 38th forum of ARCASIA. ING THE JOB FOR A CAUSE” theory. Governments across the Globe has found this as an excellent method to include private or corporate houses partner with the development process .Corporates also found this as a good opportunity for better “Brand building “and “Social connect”. It also helps them as an alternative for merely paying tax, thus becoming win-win situation for both parties. Governments announced tax exemption for corporates doing CSR activities. In the year 2010 a standard was derived following several years of negotiation between many stakeholders across the world. Representation from Governments, NGO’s, In- dustry Partners, Consumer groups, corporate houses, labor organizations were involved in the development to mark its international consensus. The most popular of these standards are ISO 26000:2010. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 101 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS and social safeguards. and social stakeholders’ expectations. stakeholders’ Respect for Human Rights Human for Respect Respect for the Rule of Law for Respect Respect for Stakeholder Interests Stakeholder for Respect a B.Arch. from the University of Kerala of Kerala the University from B. Sudhir holds a B.Arch. Ar. - in the field of architec of experience (1993). He has thirty years - Responsi of Social of the Committee He was the Chairman ture. the during (ARCASIA) of Asia Council Regional Architects bility, of of Institute of 2017 - 2019 and has been the Chairman period - 2017 - 2019. He has writ (IIID) during Designers Indian Interior leading architectural other articles in JIIA and many several ten the National was Consortium His firm Architects’ publications. in 2017. Excellence IIID Design Runner up for Award respective Member Organization countries. Organization Member respective to secure dignity and equality for all people. dignity and equality for secure to Respect for International Norms of Behaviour International for Respect Social any responsibilityof A Professional: Crafting principle fundamental The Accessibility: Universal should always have our thinking process in We Respect for the rules of the land is an essential pa- the rules of the land is an essential Respect for Self discipline, socially way responsible and relevant ongoing engagement and formal acknowledgement of acknowledgement and formal ongoing engagement 2. A lot of research and studies have carried out after this and studies have A lot of research 1. 3. 5. 4. ARCASIA respects the rule of law and the legal systems as applied in all as the legal systems the rule of law and respects ARCASIA to promote and protect the implementation of adequate environmental environmental of adequate the implementation and protect promote to ARCASIA encourages and supports respect for human rights and strives and strives rights human and supports for encourages respect ARCASIA ARCASIA supports respect for international norms of behaviour in order in order norms of behaviour international supports for respect ARCASIA ARCASIA supports respect for the interests of all stakeholders, including including stakeholders, of all interests the supports for respect ARCASIA How many of us make sure that all the toilets or at least one that all the toilets of us make sure How many ulations prescribe some of us tend to universal accessibility unit we design to betoilet in a residential universally acces- the new genesis of Socially Responsible Architects. professional begins at their academic period.professional reason The be- shall be age friendless, etc engraved process. Gender equality, seriously wish to study or learn the profession. So studying profession. seriously wish to study or learn the sible? How can we make sure the footpaths in our neighborsible? How can we make sure - rate Social Responsibility is termed as ACSR. ing they replaced the chances of thousands of students who ing they replaced a responsibleresponsiblepositionin a professional. will craft rameter for any responsible designer. rameter for and substantial results produced. We shall go through some shall go through produced. We and substantial results Basics of social responsibility shall be part of our academic thinking It is the attitude which matters our compassionate as part of our thought process. Individual interventions in Mother EARTH. Green and sustainable manner with unstinted respect to our Green of the developments at individual level and as an Association.of the developments at individual level etc can beleagues and public projects, part of this initiative. hood pedestrian friendly or universally accessible? curriculum. - rules & reg are Even if there of ACSR is universal accessibility. the sake of it. rules and try to comply them for these overcome to other col- own practice, suggestive recommendations of life will make each one of us a role model/ of ambassador role a us of one each make will life of After the advent of The CHARTER in 2015, Architects Corpo in 2015, - After the advent of The CHARTER 2015 at large. at General Transparency October 2012) October THE CHARTER Accountability responsible standards. responsible al risks in times of crisis. al risks bution to sustainable development”, 2002) sustainable development”, bution to in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. with their stakeholders in their interaction ARCASIA supports initiatives to encourage individual professionals professionals individual encourage to supports initiatives ARCASIA (ARCASIA Committee on Social Responsibility, Bali, Indonesia, 31 Responsibility, on Social Committee (ARCASIA and companies engaged in architectural practice to conform to socially socially to conform to practice engaged in architectural and companies - inte companies whereby is a concept Responsibility] Social [Corporate an organisation or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society benefit society act to to has an obligation individual, or an organisation Social Responsibility is an ethical ideology or theory that an entity, be it or theory is an ethical ideology an entity, that Responsibility Social - A business contri Responsibility: Social “Corporate (EU Commission ARCASIA supports a policy of total transparency with all stakeholders in with all stakeholders supports transparency a policy of total ARCASIA - reputation brand image and reduce a positive build trust, create to order grate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their business operations concerns and environmental social grate CCC building having the biggest permanent LOGO & name plate of & name plate LOGO the biggest permanent building having & Bottom CCC Top of IIA The of 100 years On completion of the city IIA on the public building center Mauk- of Ar. under chairmanship center - Saurashtra of Architects Indian Institute - build the Com to decided IIA team The society. to back give to decided tik Trivedi it to & donated society and secure a safe for project (CCC) Center mand & Control has 2 floors, 4000 sq.ft & 10000 sq.ft landscape area building CCC police. Gujarat & landscape of Interior Architecture, of Rs 2 crores. Expenditure with an overall & their sponsors. the IIA Saurashtra & funded by designed, executed project CCC ARTICLE speak for themselves about nature and intention of the building. Substitution of materials however could imitate lies and

JUNE 2021 deception in a building. A prime example is Gothic architec- AUTHENTICITY IN ture when construction techniques changed from timber to THE CONSERVATION stone, it initiated the metamorphosis of the architectural sense. In one of the articles by John Ruskin, Architectural De- OF HISTORICAL ceits are broad to be considered under three heads: 1. The suggestion of a mode of structure or support, oth- ARCHITECTURE er than the true one 2. Painting surfaces represent a different material than Ar. Kavita Jain the one in which they are constructed. Architecture is a reflection of time, culture, and place. 3. The substitution of cast or machine work for that of Building form, elements, materials are reflections of culture. the hand The cultural significance of a place or object is created by the meanings, uses, or benefits attributed by distinct societies to I believe that ornamentation, and prosthetics over a real something they define as a legacy. Buildings speak about the structure are considered to be “deceits” in architecture. For in- culture that they were built as a part of : that when, why, how, stance, Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum at Bilbao uses wall and by whom it was constructed. As a result, it serves as a link cladding material for an aesthetic purpose when the real struc- between the past, present and future. Honesty in architecture ture is covered up. here may be understood as the authenticity of historic architecture and honesty in creating a new architecture. CONSERVATION WORKS Culture is what makes us who we are and forms our iden- All actions are designed to understand a heritage prop- tities. Culture helps to pave the path for a more humane, inclu- erty or element, know, reflect upon, and communicate its histo- sive, and equitable development. Without it, no development ry and meaning, facilitate its safeguarding and manage change can be sustained. Putting culture at the centre of development in ways that will best sustain its heritage values for present and strategies is a critical investment in the future of the globe and future generations. While restoring or conserving the historical a pre-requisite for effective globalization processes that respect structures, falsification with the elements, their scale and pro- cultural diversity. The values of heritage sites, whether natural portions is the wrong approach. or cultural, are vested in them by the belief that these values Without any evidence, tampering with the building is exist with a particular place. Different communities, groups, or not justified. Sometimes people replace the original material even individuals attribute different values to each heritage site. with new ones, like a lime mortar jaali with a stone jaali or a 102 Some sites have more than one meaning, and also spiritual or masonry parapet with stone railing, stone railing with metal religious values. The potential range of Sites of Memory is very railing, and so on. Sometimes the exposed stone masonry is broad, ranging from ancient archaeological sites to rather re- painted with modern paint, or lime-based paint with emulsion cent ones with memorial aspects. In that sense, honesty in archi- paints, or lime plaster with lime kada, etc. tecture changes with context, which is especially true of histor- By doing this, both the intangible and tangible dimen- ic buildings. Any honest preservation projects would capture sions of heritage change and hence the interpretation of the that change as well. In today's world, development and change site. Interpretation should be an integral part of managing a are growing challenges and dangers to the built heritage, a heritage place, and of its management system. This new con- global condition that frequently results in compromise or loss cept has been developed since the nineties, at the crossroads of of historic fabric and its related values. This applies equally to human rights advocacy and heritage conservation. individual historic buildings, assemblages and historic areas of Sites of Conscience are defined as places that: towns and cities. A conflict frequently arises between heritage - Interpret history through a site and development, the past and the future; different stakehold- - Participate in public initiatives that promote conversa- ers and players in the conservation and development process- tion about urgent social issues es take up opposing positions and seem unable or unwilling - Participate in public activities that encourage discus- to find common ground. Making alterations in the form of a sion of pressing social issues. traditional building, material, elements (if unrecognizable, - Promote justice and universal cultures of human rights non-identifiable) may mislead future generations. The results of this conflict can be damaging on several lev- NEW CONSTRUCTION els, from the loss of historic fabric to impacts on community and Sometimes people, including architects and designers, social values and the failure to take advantage of economic and just add traditional elements to the façade. They are often jux- developmental opportunities. All of this contradicts the vision taposed as an ornament just to make it look like a traditional of culture as an essential component of sustainable development building without planning a building as one. The new building and heritage as a powerful contributor to social development. may look ‘new’, and not necessarily like an old one, even in a historical context. Material or color texture may be adopted in Ar. Kavita Jain is a practicing Conservation Architect and Dean, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Vivekananda Global harmony with the traditional context so that the new buildings University, Jaipur. She is a graduate from MNIT, Jaipur and doesn’t look alien in its surrounding context. post-graduate in Architectural Conservation from SPA, New A building should have a strong connection to its ma- Delhi. She has been a consultant to Asian Development Bank, World Bank, World Monument Fund and Archaeological Survey terial whereby they could be used from the natural resources of India and many more. She has won the prestigious NDTV available locally. However, the fundamental goal is to let the Grohe award for adaptive reuse of a historic building in 2015. materials used, the spaces conceived, and the structure built She has been featured in various documentary films for various

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL television channels on historical buildings and temples.

The two towers punctuate the otherwise grounded mass JUNE 2021 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 103 3 4 5 of the Topkapi Palace of the Topkapi 4. Ground floor plan 4. Ground 5. Section 1. Inside the blue Mosque abloom in one of the gardens 2. Tulips Pasaji, off the Istiklal Cadessi 3. Cicek the Hagia Sophia to 4. Entrance of the Hagia Sophia face East 5. The 2 2 ment Engineering College, Raipur (1995). Ghule on page 81 of the May 2021 issue of JIIA : Ghule on page 81 of the May 2021 issue article Istanbul by Ar. Meena Mani (pages 82 – 85) Meena article Istanbul by Ar. Captions of the photographs in the Travelogue section Captions of the photographs in the Travelogue Cascade by Collage Architecture Studio (pages 66 – 69). Studio Collage Architecture Cascade by building building Captions of the photographs in the Design Feature Green Green in the Design Feature of the photographs Captions 1 4 5 1 3 Ar. Nitin M. Ghule graduated with honours from Govern- from Nitin M. Ghule graduated with honours Ar. We regret the misprint in the biographical note of Ar. Nitin of Ar. the misprint in the biographical note regret We 1. View of the Green Cascade Cascade 1. View of the Green 2. View of entrance Cascade 3. View of the Green ERRATA 4 2 6 courtyard, detached from the from detached courtyard, mass two-storeyed otherwise mass grounded 5. The Chapel and its landscaped Chapel 5. The the punctuate two towers 6. The (Photo courtesy : Ar. Habeeb Khan) : Ar. courtesy (Photo 2 Stein by Centre 2. India Habitat tion (pages 46 – 47) tion (pages We regret some of the information being missed out in a few articles of the May 2021 issue of JIIA. of the May articles being out in a few missed the information some of regret We , Bangalore (pages 49 – 53) (pages tween Spaces, Bangalore Captions of the photographs in Joseph Allen Stein : in Joseph Allen Stein of the photographs Captions Stein (Photo courtesy: courtesy: (Photo Stein Meena Mani) Ar. yard below yard and the rest between the Chapel by Ar. Divya Ethirajan and Ar. Pramod Jaiswal of Be- Divya Ethirajan and Ar. Sadan by Ar. Captions of the photographs in the Design Feature Shanti Feature Captions of the photographs in the Design 1 1 5 3 An ‘Indian’ Architect by Ashok Lall in the In Memoriam sec- Ashok Lall in the by Architect An ‘Indian’ 1. India Habitat Centre by by Centre 1. India Habitat 2. Passage to the sacristy 2. Passage to the buffer forming courtyard 3. The jali screens brick laced 4. Intricately 1. The corridor overlooking the court - overlooking corridor 1. The JUNE 2021

104 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL

EDUCATION JUNE 2021 APPLICATION OF THEORY OF STRUCTURES (TOS) IN THE SYLLABUS OF ARCHITECTURE

ABSTRACT adopted. To make sure that the idea sank-in, notes were To understand the application of Theory of Structures (TOS) in the taken down on A3 sheets as syllabus of architecture, a demonstrative, hands-on or graphical method seen in figure 1. These were would be more appropriate. Hence we started TOS studios at Rizvi College later pinned in class and each of Architecture, Mumbai in 2010. After a couple years of trials and varied student explained one term. projects being undertaken we realized that not only the student’s under- These sheets then stayed on standing improved but also their interest was rekindled in the subject. This board for daily reference. article shares the various projects undertaken during TOS studio. The read- Figure 1: Theory of Structures vocabu- er is encouraged to try them, share feedback and hence together we nurture lary understanding sheet the value of TOS in Architecture. ii) Load-Transfer Diagrams Key words: theory, structures, studio When we draw a sloping roof, mostly the student INTRODUCTION imagines that that load is like a ball of snow over the roof During the discussions of design, we tell students to that is going to roll till the tip broaden their imagination. But a question is always raised by of the roof and after the tip. the student of how those wild ideas would stand or be con- Usually it’s not questioned or structed? Of course, we sketch ideas, solutions, give them assumed that the load will also building references to study from; but is it enough? Have we drop down like the snow-ball. 106 answered the larger issue of understanding structural stability? Load transfer systems of these Figure 2: Load-Transfer Diagrams of simple structures. In the subject of Building Construction, we teach brick-bonds. simple structures were ad- One is forced to believe that the student has understood the dressed in this exercise as seen in figure 2. Students were asked logic of brick bonds looking at the beautifully drafted sheets. to draw simple structures in section, elevation or views and So, one day we asked the students to sketch a brick wall eleva- show load transfer on them. During this exercise one would tion, no brick bond type was specified. The wall should have stumble over a drawing of a cantilever and realize that that the a couple openings, while the use of concrete lintel was not load is at the tip of the projection - either you provide a column allowed. To our surprise many sketches had openings within below it or find another solution. At first, one is glad that the which the bricks would collapse, because there was no lintel. unsupported large cantilevers were questioned by the students Without a lintel what is the logic of brick bond (staggered per- themselves. Later we also had an opportunity to explain in the pend) was put to question, which was clearly unclear. These same diagram how else it could be supported without a col- experiences and questions brought the studio and this article umn underneath. These diagrams also led to discussion of forc- into existence. es and various materials that work under them or otherwise.

Trials of TOS studio were conducted on first, second and iii) Awareness through Case Study third year B.Arch students. A few selected projects are shared Case study in design is here. They range from sketching to small scale model making a regular exercise. Our meth- to creation of life-size shelters to case studies. An idea of varied ods have also been questioned methods is provided here; one can learn from them and evolve and evolved to encompass your own projects. Some experiments were successful while a wider range of study. Yet some had their own challenges and later realizations. While one one feels that study of struc- is narrating this story of experiments, the learning continues. tural systems in design is still compromised. Hence similar 1. Theory through Sketching projects from Design Studio i) Vocabulary were taken up and studied TOS lectures do teach various terminologies, but to be- under new aspects. Explana- gin with vocabulary revision seemed appropriate. These terms tion of these aspects was done were made more easily available and understandable for the through load transfer dia- student by accompanying sketches. Tony Hunt’s Notebook grams as learnt in previous ex- for Structures and Visual Dictionary of Architecture by D.K ercise, as seen in figure 3. Some Ching came handy at this stage. A literal copy-paste exercise, varied aspects addressed here Figure 3: Case Study of Millennium Dome as one would call it, from the book to sheets was yet again are: construction material and JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 107 Figure 9: Architectural Design exer- Design 9: Architectural Figure of structural with exploration cise as focus. systems Ar. Fatema Kabir Fatema Ar. Email: [email protected] Aayojan at Professor is an Associate Kabir, Fatema Ar. of teaching years Pune. With eleven of Architecture, School - pursuing her Ph.D. in Experien She is currently experience. In her quest of Architectural of Architecture. tial Analysis being IA & B to at being a writer from she has gone Theory, - orga being a workshop to schools in architecture a teacher Programmes Training Teachers for person nizer and resource has Fatema Ar. (TTP) of Architecture. the Council held by art as part galleries She also curated of her exploration. her reflect her name that papers published to has a couple interests. varied Special Akhtar Chauhan who has been thanks to Prof Design studios always ACKNOWLEDGMENT THE WAY AHEAD THE WAY This exercise in the first round worked partially. Explo- partially. worked round first in the exercise This This yearning to ex- - All the work is of the students of Rizvi College of Archi from the thickness and tightness of the roll and the unwanted tightness of the roll the thickness and from their success to take human load. for - a particular proj fulfil through use of glue or adhesive tapes.use of glue of students used couple groups A the design innovation intact, ex- to pushed was student the tecture Mumbai from I to III Years during 2010 to 2014. With- III Years I to Mumbai from tecture plore the structural system and the structural plore and of TOS the subject plore possibilities in their design. Only then will they be holistically students of architecture. Because we already see the discipline Because we already students of architecture. span of teaching at Rizvi College of Architecture; from 2010 to2010 from Architecture; of College Rizvi at teaching of span is a bridge of paper rolls where the structural strength is madeis strength structural the where paper of bridge a is rolls ration was to its fullest- objects, and furniture was built that was built and furniture objects, its fullest- was to ration make the design functional. 9. in figure toolour it make athan rather one should of the engineering of a structural designer, mercy responsible and independent. my inspiration for Theory of Structures studio during my short Theory of Structures my inspiration for being compromised when the designs of architects are at the are being when the designs of architects compromised be equipped the varied structural to understand and explore beennew endeavours. an asset in these - those the structur making adhesive tapes and glue intensively, 6 Figure as opposedal anchors to the paper and its materiality. adhesive tapes. Eventually this idea was understood by us and Keeping a short design project. Learning from the TOS studio, the TOS Learning from 8 show a low height seat of paper where the folds are heralded are seat of paper8 show a low height the folds where later attempts of this exercise saw varied results. Figures 7 and 7 Figures varied results. saw exercise later attempts of this objectives to have one or more be should hurdle, ingrained in load-transfer diagrams were were diagrams load-transfer could take the designed load. The part that was missed was the The part that was the designed load. could take system made structural ect. We for exploration as our objective drawn as design output as seenas output design as drawn out their work this paper would not have been possible. 2014. I also thank my colleague; Ar. Durgesh Samalkar who had 2014. I also thank my colleague; Ar.

Figures 7 & 8: Low height seat of folded of folded seat 7 & 8: Low height Figures paper

ii) Life-Size Shelter ii) Life-Size i) Models Basic design does take up exercises where spaces andBasic design does where take up exercises Execution of your own design is a thrill and through and through Execution of your own design is a thrill 2. Understanding through hands-on activity through 2. Understanding the students in the form of plans and sections (as load transfer the students in the form tive was to explore the folding of paper as a catalyst to structural the folding tive was to explore acted folds, if played with appropriately, was raised. The transfer use of material can be provided. Our first trial was with pa- was trial beOur first can material use of provided. that process one can learn all required skills from design- skills from that process one can learn all required This can objects. and other life-size be tried furniture tures, them confident at designing. them confident technology, load transfer system, identification of structural of identification system, transfer load technology, per. No cutting was allowed- paperallowed- was cutting No rolled or becould folded per. stability. These A4 structures were discussed as structures at var- as structures discussed were These A4 structures stability. shelters are created from various materials, sometimes are even are sometimes materials, various from created shelters are structural systems’. structures that are built and existing in the world around. Hop- in the world around. built and existing that are structures ious scales. Then the question of structural membersious scales. Then the and load is folded to create various structures and shelters. The paper various structures is to create is folded in any required form. Sticking was meant to be Sticking was meant at a mini- form. in any required mum. This helped to keep the A4 paper understand- exercise acted as the if played with appropriately ing intact that ‘folds ing to building. Hence a project was taken up to build struc- Hence a project ing to building. ing that this exercise would not only widen their imagination, not only widen would exercise ing that this members and their role, study of foundation. An advantage An members foundation. study of their role, and as the structural systems. This understanding was later drawn by This understanding was later drawn as the structural systems. breaking the misconception of stability issues, but also make of stability issues, the misconception breaking with various materials and accordingly, restrictions of the of restrictions with various materials and accordingly, diagrams). Models and drawings are seen in figures 4 and 5. diagrams). Models seen in figures and drawings are only to be folded, no cutting or sticking was allowed. The objec- cutting or sticking was allowed. The only to be no folded, origami-driven. A similar exercise is undertaken here. A4 paper is undertaken here. exercise origami-driven. A similar of this study is also to make the student aware of challenging the student aware is also to make of this study Figures 4 and 5: A4 paper model and its drawings 4 and 5: A4 paper Figures Figure 6: Student walking on 6: Student Figure of paper rolls bridge JUNE 2021

108 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 109 E E

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110 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 111 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS JUNE 2021 NEWSLETTERJUNE OBITUARY

Ar. Prithvi Raj Luthra

Ar. Luthra graduated from Chandigarh College of Architec- ture (CCA) in 1966. He taught at CCA from 1967-‘74. From 1974 onwards he served in Department of Architecture, Gov- ernment of Punjab in various capacities. He worked as Chief Architect of the state from 1996-2001. After his retirement, he was involved in teaching at Chitkara School of Plan- ning and Architecture, Punjab.ness and through outreach programmes.

NATIONAL

112 GO GREEN INITIATIVE @ IIA CII- IGBC SIGNS MOU WITH THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

The CII-Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and Indian er, smarter and provide healthier workspaces, he underlined. Institute of Architects (IIA) signed an MoU to give a fillip to He said India is one of the top three countries in the world the green building movement and sustainable development in terms of registered green building footprint in the world in the field of architectural design and planning. Er. V. Suresh, today, with over 6,548 green building projects registered with Chairman, IGBC and Ar. C R Raju, National President, Indian IGBC, amounting to a footprint of 7.83 billion sq. ft. Institute of Architects exchanged the MoU on the virtual platform in the august presence of the supporting organisations. Ar. Raju said the buildings and infrastructure development Er. Suresh said that this engagement of strengthening the which are sustainable is the need of the hour. This MoU will green movement will go a long way in setting new global go a long way in development of built environment that is benchmarks in environmentally sensitive building design, re- aligned with the green building concepts and practices. To- source conservation, energy and environmental management gether they plan to work in the areas of research related to and in the process facilitate India consolidate its leadership architectural design, handholding projects in creating aware- position in the global green buildings map. IGBC will work ness and through outreach programmes. closely with IIA team in facilitating projects to build green- JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 113 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS IIA-Bihar Chapter IIA-Assam Chapter IIA-Assam The second wave of COVID 19 in 2021 affected the The Chapter also took up with social concerns, such as - cele was June 2021 5 on 2021 Day Environment World was the cityThe first and plantation beautification was named A New Plant in The second programme population greatly. IIA Bihar Chapter also received a big blow a big IIA Bihar Chapter also received population greatly. Arun Kumar Prabhat lost his life when one of its members Ar. to Covid on 27 April 2021. Realising the gravity of the situation, the Chapter members took the initiative to raise funds of Rs 5,25,000 to help his wife. day on 5 June 2021. Environment a plantation drive on World brated by IIA Assam Chapter with two programmes: IIA Assam Chapter brated by in association As a pilot project, with city. drive in Guwahati trees Corporation, Municipal Guwahati Palm Foxtail fifty Road, Baruah R.G. median strip of planted along the were Assam State Zoo to Guwahati, from cum Botanical Garden shall Ganeshguri. The trees Chap- be maintained by IIA Assam Similar beautification have and plantation drives been ter. locationsplanned at various the city to be across taken up in by the Chapter memberssubsequent programmes who have a plantation drive the cause. This includes contributed for as well. along Rajgarh Road the ongoing pandemic and lockdownEvery Home. Keeping membersin mind, the Chapter by planting a new celebrated online. pictures and shared sapling in their homes IIA-Chhattisgarh Chapter IIA-Chhattisgarh World Environment Day was celebrated by IIA Raipur was celebrated by Day Environment World on the programmes organized various Bilaspur Centre the members An online dialogue was organized for made a and students of architecture The architects Centre, Durg Bhilai Centre, and Bilaspur Centre with great with great Centre and Bilaspur Centre, Durg Bhilai Centre, about awareness ways various spread on 5 June to fanfare drive annual plantation The the environment. of protecting the help of Green with Centre by IIA Raipur was organized Indoor outdoor and Mahavir Nagar. Talab, Army at Purana distributed by local pub- to the general plants were architects of Raj Prajapati, President President lic. The IA CG Chapter Subodh Bagrecha, as the chief guest. Ar. Army presided Green Navin Sharma and Ar. Dilip Panigrahi, Anand Khadia, Ar. Ar. Raipur Centre along with the IIA present several senior were Committee members at this event. neem, peepal Mango, Day. Environment occasion of World by the local planted in D.P. were architects and kadamba Trees Ghatak along Debashish Ar. along with Law College premises Soni and Sports Anu Bhai with the Principal of the college, Dr. Officer Alok Sharma. Architecture made : Sustainable were a presentations where by Pooja- Sao; Urban Heat Island by Namrata Gupta and Rain Expert environmentalist Vivek Yadav. water Harvesting by Ar. talk on Grey Ravi Singh gave a Prathmesh Mishra and Er. Er. and Usage. Treatment Water and materials building architecture green pledge to promote NIT of the ecosystem. Students from the restoration towards Mumbai and PVP College, Academy of Architecture, Raipur, also celebrated Centre Pune also participated. IIA Durg Bhilai plantation drive. Local with the this day with a tree architects that than 100 trees help of the general public planted more much water. do not require IIA-Himachal Pradesh Chapter IIA-Karnataka Chapter

JUNE 2021 To highlight the importance of the environment, CSR partnership of the IIA Karnataka Chapter with School of Architecture, RGGEC Kangra and IIA Himachal Government of Karnataka Pradesh Chapter jointly organised an environmental aware- The IIA Karnataka Chapter engaged with Department ness drive for two weeks during 1-12 June 2021. Students of of Information and Public Relations, Government of Karnata- architecture, stepped forward to preserve the environment by ka as a CSR partner and conducted a baseline assessment for planting more than 120 trees at their native places during the setting up of ICU beds in government hospitals in Bengaluru COVID pandemic. Various competitions were also initiated on 21 May 2021. The assessment was done for taluk hospitals to promote environmental consciousness : on ecosystem res- in and around Bengaluru to assess how these hospitals can toration, ecological footprint and sustainability. These were scale up to accommodate 4000 ICU beds. conducted online by four jury panels each compromising of one member from School of Architecture, one member from Discussion on the letter and amendments to the Archi- IIA Himachal Pradesh Chapter and one independent architects Act 1972 tect. The results were announced by Ar. Rohit Thakur, Ar. Pra- The Professional Concerns Committee of IIA Karna- nav Sharma, Ar. Karan Sharma and Ar. Harshodaya Bhardwaj: taka Chapter met virtually on 22 May to discuss the letter ▶ Poem recitation : Ms Arpita Mengi (Sem. 2) and amendments to the Architects Act 1972, along with the ▶ Declamation : Ms. Hitaishi Sharma (Sem. 6) Centre’s members and industry experts. The letter written by ▶ Short video : Mr. Upender Pathania (Sem. 2) and Mr. Association of Consulting Civil Engineers, India (ACCE) was Parvesh Kumar, Ms Harshita Negi, Ms Akanksha Sharma, Mr. discussed in detail. Architects were encouraged to share their Maheshwar, Ms Kanika, Mr. Aashish and Mr. Divanshu (all experiences about managing professional work with civil en- from Sem. 8). gineers in current times. Dr. Sridhar Rajan, Ar. Wodeyar Vidy- adhar, Ar. Shashi Bhooshan and Ar. Appanna Deshpande were All events were sponsored by Ar. Nand Lal Chandel, able to identify few key areas of concerns. Chairman IIA HP Chapter and cash prizes awarded of Rs. 1500/ as first prize, Rs. 1200/ as second Prize, Rs. 1000/ as Launch event of the CLF Hub of India, Bengaluru. third prize and Rs. 500/- as consolation prize. The IIA Karnataka Chapter Chairman, Ar. B.R. Mohan, was a panelist at the launch event of the Carbon Leadership Dr. Satish Kumar Katwal, Head, School of Architecture, Forum (CLF) hub of India at Bengaluru, on 29 May 2021. CLF Kangra extended a warm welcome to the Chief Guest and is a worldwide movement to empower professionals to decar- other participants on the concluding day celebration on 12 bonize and reduce embodied carbon from the built environ- 114 June, 2021. Ar. Shalochna Dhiman, Executive Member of IIA ment. Himachal Pradesh Chapter, Ar. L.M. Mastana, Sr. Architect, HPPWD Kangra Zone and Executive Member of IIA Himachal IIA Hubballi Dharward Centre Pradesh Chapter, and Ar. N.K. Negi, retired Architect-in-Chief Philanthropic Donations from HPPWD shared their ideas and experience on the role Several donations were made by the IIA Hubballi Dhar- of architects in making buildings greener. It was also empha- wad Centre : sized that native species of plants should be given preference ▶ A sum of one lakh rupees to Sevabharati Trust, Hub- while landscaping for sustainable development. Ar. Nand Lal balli for COVID-related services on 17 May 2021 Chandel, Chairman of IIA Himachal Pradesh Chapter also ▶ Service donation of Rs. 15,500/- to Veer Shasan expressed his views on the occasion and extended his sincere Group (VSG) on 28 May for their COVID-related food service thanks to Dr. Satish Kumar Katwal and his team for organising for the needy the event. Ar. Manguesh Prabhugaonkar, landscape architect ▶ A sum of Rs. 14,000/- to Feed the Hungry through based in Goa and Executive Member of IIA National Council, Shri Laxmi Bhavan, Hirepeth. This helped feed 120 hungry also shared his views on the occasion. Prof. P.P. Sharma, Direc- and needy people for a period of seven days. The food was tor & Principal of Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Engineering College, distributed at Sevabharati COVID counter in Karnataka Insti- Kangra graced the occasion as the Chief Guest. He congratu- tute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi. lated the School of Architecture for setting new trends since its inception under the dynamic leadership of Dr. Katwal. This event was witnessed by over 300 guests who pledged to make the earth a better place to live. Ar. Aman Deep Gupta extended the vote of thanks to all those present. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL JUNE 2021 115 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS IIA-Madhya Pradesh Chapter Pradesh IIA-Madhya The second edition of Samwaad Madhya Pradesh was The second edition of Samwaad Madhya C.R. Raju Ar. V. Suresh, of Er. The inaugural addresses producer Ashutosh Rana, who is a versatile actor, Mr. conducted online on the occasion of World Environment Environment conducted online on the occasion of World CII’s Indian jointly by IIA Madhya Pradesh Chapter and Day, Ji- led by Ar. It was Chapter. Council, Indore Building Green tendra Mehta, Chairman of both the units, as a deliberation iconic personalitiesto exchange ideas amongst evolved and of Indian Institute C.R. Raju, President, Ar. everyone. to reach Chairman, Indian Green Suresh, Vasudevan Er. and Architects the guests, while the keynote speakerBuilding Council were author poet, orator, actor, renowned Ashutosh Rana, was Mr. was to The essence of the session and motivational speaker. issues and involvement of the understand the environmental masses in general. Jitendra Mehta made it clear that both organisations and Ar. through development sustainable advocatefor work and making our cities smart, for buildings and projects green - Presi Vice Mehta, Jr. Jitendra centric. Ar. citizen and green dent, IIA emphasised that IIA and IGBC would work together design, hand-holding in to architectural related research for these With programmes. outreach and awareness projects, common goals, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed and exchanged between- the two organisations and was for Jiten- and Ar. Suresh V. C.R. Raju, Er. mally announced by Ar. that the MoU would go a C.R. Raju expressed dra Mehta. Ar. that is aligned long way in development of built environment building concepts and practices. with the green having worked in over 200 movies in 8 languag- and director, es, began spiritual and human take on the impor his talk with - tance of various numbers: the as the start and end; one as zero, and function; five, which ultimate goal; two indicative of form eight and to us, numberthe is relation their and of elements IIA-Kerala Chapter IIA-Kerala IIA-Jharkhand Chapter IIA-Jharkhand Kerala is moving ahead from more than a month of than a more from Kerala is moving ahead - Monolita Chatterjee, the Social Security Ver Led by Ar. effective collaboration ensure - architec between To Benevolent SocietyArchitects (ABS) is a charitable IIA Jharkhand Chapter has created a platform called a platform created Chapter has IIA Jharkhand complete lock down to an eased lock down here after. Even complete lock down to an eased lock after. down here construction industry function, the though the sites could has been hike in materials, in- in a quandary due to the price - unavailability of materials etc. Archi conveniences of travel, tectural firms have home and maintaining been working from In addition, IIA strict COVID protocolprecaution. on sites as membersbest sought the have of staying active through ways : planning and implementing new ventures the Verticals, vaccine drive, setting tical initiated a very quick and efficient blockedup cen- north, in the with hospitals doses vaccine the IIA members and their staff ter and south of Kerala, for hospitals on a priority basis. The vaccina- private through Calicut on 2 & 3 June tion drive was first held at Aster MIMS, a total of 165 members16, 2021 where and beneficiaries were was drive vaccination the of phase second The vaccinated. 350 where Ernakulam held on 4 & 5 June at Aster Medcity, This continued initiative will sched- provided. vaccines were phase at Trivandrum. ule the third Ped- of the first Initiative the practices, and academic tural Series by Cell was an Impact Lecture agogy and Profession to guide under- India and abroad from architects prominent Reimagin- The first lecture graduate students of architecture. G. Shankar, Dr. by Padmashree conducted Architecture, ing B. targeted final year Group, Habitat Technology Founder, their independent developing students towards the- Arch possible their theses and providing guidance for sis projects by IIA members have expertise who in the typology of spe- G Shankar spoke to the students typologies.cific project Dr. how creativity nature, about sensitivity towards the need for and innovation can be beneficial in these crucial times, the strategies to be adopted and ways of handling the different importance stages of thesis : the point of view of a reviewer, for design decisions, and other of having proper justifications parts of points. Kerala and different relevant 65 students from India who attended the session will be participation awarded certificates and complimentary student memberships of IIA. of benev to take care - society of Kerala, formed of architects Its olent activities in consultation with IIA Kerala Chapter. insur- to support providing objectives are elderly architects, death indemnity, ance coverage to its members, professional compensation of members, to families financial and legal as- sistance, support hospitalization, etc. It is an achieve- during membersment that this month, over a hundred joined ABS. Saturday Strings in which there are seminars held on various seminars held on are there Strings in which Saturday espe at large and to individuals of interest - are subjects which a seminar On this platform, community. architect cially the Parul on 22 May by Dr. was held Exercise Online Breathing Ranchi, which practising in physiotherapist Behl, a trained pandemic. Dr Behl ex- considering the current was relevant helpedwhich under- exercises the and performed plained techiques. correct stand and learn the for the kinds of wealth. He also spoke of the golden ratio, the IIA-Rajasthan Chapter three energy forms that run parallel- the scientific, spiritual and religious points of view. This interactive session was con- JUNE 2021 ducted by Ar. Amber Vyas. (The session can be seen at https:// Vaccination Camp families www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRAcDiCzY6M). Impressed by A mega-camp for vaccination for members of IIA Rajas- the exposed brickwork of the house of Er. V. Suresh, designed than Chapter and their families was successfully organised on by Ar. Laurie Baker, Mr. Rana requested the architect of his 10 June 2021. The camp was supported by the local MLA Shri own residence to design a similar treatment for his office and Ashok-ji Lahoty. Chapter Chairman Ar. Tushar Sogani led the study as well. initiative which benefitted 250 people. All the members ap- This was followed by the felicitation of Ar. Anupama preciated the much-needed safety of COVID 19 vaccination Sanjiv and Ar. G. Sanjiv for their initiative of Urban Forest At for the vital work force of architects of the state. The doctors Kaliyasot River Bank, Bhopal. Mr. Ashutosh Rana along with and support medical staff were felicitated by the IIA Rajasthan Ar. Nitin M. Ghule unveiled the poster of Ensemble-2, a com- Chapter Executive Committee. petition for poets, writers, artists and singers within the IIA fraternity. Ar. Vibha Shrivastava expressed the vote of thanks.

IIA-PUNJAB CHAPTER

International seminar series on Future of Chandigarh In yet another series of webinars which started in March 2021, an international seminar on the future of the ideal city of Chandigarh was held. It was organized by Ar. Su- rinder Bahga, Principal Architect, Saakar Foundation and IIA member in collaboration with the Foundation Le Corbusier, ACT! Chandigarh with the support of the Consulate General Plantation drive on the occasion of World Environ- of Switzerland. This platform presented a fusion of interna- ment Day tional ideas with local culture. In his inaugural address H.E. Towards the socio-environment responsibilities of the Dr. Ralf Heckner, Ambassador of Switzerland to India and architectural fraternity, a plantation drive was organised by Bhutan, congratulated Ar. Bahga on the celebration of the the IIA members to plant trees and saplings within their prem- spirit of Chandigarh. Dr. Philip Ursprung, Chair of the Histo- ises and pledged to maintain it. All participants were motivat- ry of Art and Architecture from ETH Zurich, Switzerland also ed with a Guardian of the Environment” certificate. 116 presented his work. Other speakers were Senior Advocate M.L. Sarin and former Chief Architect Sumit Kaur.

The event was held under the guidance of Dr. Ar. Atul Singla (IIA Jalandhar Chapter Chairman and Principal Archi- tect IDEARCH Architects and Designers and Dean, LSAD, and was supported by the faculty, ex-students and students of Lovely School of Architecture (LSAD) and Lovely Professional University (LPU), Punjab. Members of IIA Punjab, along with Ar. Sanjay Goel, Chairman of IIA Punjab Chapter also participated actively in this event. This webinar series will continue to June 2021.

World Environment Day 2021 IIA Jalandhar Centre celebrated World Environment Day online on 5 June 2021. Ar. Sanjay Goel, Chairman of IIA Punjab Chapter and Director of SSCL urged all attendees to save the planet by actively participating in drives against pollution, assuring that the COVID pandemic can be tackled by "Good Earth and Good Environment" measures. He said saving the earth from pollution and further deterioration of its assets was the best way forward to curb disease and epidem- ics. Understanding and awareness of the effects of pollution and measures against them are paramount.

Seminar on “Restoring Planet Earth” Dr. Ar. Atul Singla, Chairman of Jalandhar Sub-Centre and the Dean of LSAD addressed the students of LPU at an Yoga Camp for Architects online seminar on Restoring Planet Earth. In resonance with The online Yoga Program, started by Chapter Chair- the well-known adage, “Prevention is better than cure”, he man, Ar. Tushar Sogani ,in the month of May is being contin- advised the students to base their design philosophy in tan- ued and actively participated in by several architects not just dem with the natural systems while planning the built envi- of Rajasthan but across the country. The program successfully

JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS OF ARCHITECTS INSTITUTE OF THE INDIAN JOURNAL ronment, which was also seen in the speaker’s own works. ended on 16 June, 2021. JUNE 2021 117 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS IIA-Uttarakhand Chapter IIA-Uttarakhand COVID curfew continued in Uttarakhand during Mayduring Uttarakhand in continued curfew COVID on 4 June 2021, the eve of World Virtual Celebrations on- had three Segment Two of the virtual celebration two nearly witnessed event virtual the to up run The and June. E-postersand June. the various com- used to announce were World mid-May to mid-June. and events from memorations - of Ut 29 May 2021. Architects was observed on Interiors Day theon Goa of architects the greet to together joined tarakhand of architects May 30 2021, and Foundation Day on Goa State For- June 2021, on the occasion on 2 of Telangana Telangana Milk observances included World Other virtual mation Day. Day on 3 June 2021. Bicycle and World Day on 1 June, 2021, - non-mo promote to Day, Bicycle World for digital The posters showcasedtorized transport also a healthy lifestyle (NMT) and Nilesh Ar. fraternity, the architect from cycling ambassadors Nainital. from Kapil Mudgal Rajkot and Ar. Suchdev from in hosted by IIA Uttarakhand Chapter were Day, Environment As part of association Chapter. with ITPI Uttarakhand Regional Com- Segment One, the six-memberand Sustainability Green table dialogue moderatedmittee of IIA, participated in a round took Debatosh Sahu. Discussions Ar. by the Committee Chair, waste construc- zero place on a variety of topics ranging from of vernacular and passivetion, water efficiency in design, use analysis of construction mate- design interventions, life-cycle and means of reducing building structures rials employed for Soga- Tushar carbon-emitting construction methodologies. Ar. IIA Rajasthan, cham- ni, Chairman Elect, CGSA, ARCASIA and techniquesdesign vernacular of adoption of cause the pioned climatic zones. different in a country like India which has five Nalin Goel, advocated IIA Jharkhand, strongly that we Ar. meter our water con- would save water only when we measure/ his philosophy of Kerala, presented IIA Sudhir, B. sumption. Ar. Necessity being is the mother of Invention, whilst affordability Committee Chair, Debatosh, the the father of consumption. Ar. and sustainability being summarized green a philosophy of life, as an object of course curriculum rather than being professed or a sermon. Sanjay Ar. Bhati, Auroville; Lalit Kishore : Ar. line presentations Habeeb, Riyan Germany, Dresden, Bhargava, Dehradun and Ar. their thoughts and work on Sustainable Living, who presented Indices in context of Uttara- Living and Vegetation Waste Zero IIA Uttara- attendees from Over seventy khand respectively. khand as well as other IIA Chapters attended the 150- minute supported programme, from by GREENIFYI, our event partner steel building segment. the LGSF/ CFS prefabricated IIA Nation- from various architects dozen video messages from - Presi Vice The Sub-Centres. and Centres Chapters, Council, al dent of IIA launched the Second Digital edition of Dhvani, the Thisevent. the during Chapter Uttarakhand IIA of newsletter Day and can be Environment ac- edition is themed upon World cessed at https://tinyurl.com/IIAUKC-Dhvani02. IIA-Telengana Chapter IIA-Telengana What beganCommittee online Executive as a routine site visits, meetings involves frequent As our profession 300 vaccinations of both than June more On 14 & 15 meeting veered towards a passionate plea by some members a passionate plea towards meeting veered aboutto do something As we saw second wave. the raging was no there to the virus, prey and friends falling close family - top prior the was safe that to keep mind anyone’s in doubt taking personal members already initiatives were A few ity. medicines, oxygen, hospital beds.by helping organise EC cooked Bathula had volunteered meals to member Ar.Ravi out and we had to reach As a fraternity, patients in isolation. special a discussion much after to emerged drive vaccination IIA Telengana and helpful initiative from be the most feasible Chapter. of peoplewith a varied cross-section staff and interaction with ourselves and our near had to protect and consultants, we special days, a held a few EC meet was and dear ones. Within who took Niranjan Mallangi, to arrange the modalities. Ar. registrations. for a google created form the lead had already his insights about Jalda Balasubramnyam shared working Ar. with local communities. Members started contacting vaccine and obtaining government permissions. hospitals providers, Singh took up the job of making publicity materi- Ar.Kuldeep spearheaded Uday Shankar pro-actively the al. Chairman Ar. Asha Acharya and Ar. initiative along with General Secretaries Aditya Singaraju coordinating effort. the whole Ar. in partnership administered Covaxin and Covishield were - fore fittingly was the with leading hospitals. The venue quite court of the centrally located campus of the Jawaharlal Nehru made avail- Hyderabad College of Fine Arts and Architecture, the whole-hearted supportable through of Vice Chancellor event Daryani. It was a well organised, orderly Dr.Ar.Kavita members,maintaining all COVID protocols. Apart from the mem- family their architects, other of by availed was vaccine bers, students, building craftsmen, etc. Even walk-ins without everyone to keep goal was as the accepted were registrations event for Chapter will be up planning a follow Telangana safe. the second dose. JUNE 2021 ADVERTISE WITH JIIA

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