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1 F Pollen Morphology of True Mangrove Species in Thailand F O-20 5 Pollen morphology of true mangrove species in Thailand 45 678 7*1 " " # 1 Noravit Chumchim* 1 and Chumpol Khunwasi 1 < => ? 2 #34 56#7 8"49: ;4 13 " 24 4 ? 10 A?"96 :"4BB;9""96:"46 "C64BB6? DB7BB#766?9 11 7BB " 7 7BB6 " #6F? 7 "" ?"B4G #7 ?997 H4:I47BB#7 IB7BB#7BB J =@@=4: 8"49: , #7, , 7BB#7 ABSTRACT The pollens of 13 genera and 24 species belonging to 10 families of true mangrove species in Thailand have been examined by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Based on characteristic of apertures, shapes and ornamentations of pollen could be divided into 11 types and 7 subtypes. Key to pollen type and short description were then constructed. Keywords: true mangrove species, pollen, Thailand, pollen type Introduction and west coast of peninsular (Aksornkoae et al. , Palynology is the study of pollen, spore 1992). There are 16 genera and 30 species and other biological materials studied by means belonging to 12 families of true mangrove of palynological method, including other species (Santisuk, 1983). applications (Hyde and Williams, 1944). Pollen Because of unique ecology and floristic morphology gives an advantage for plant composition of mangrove vegetation, it is a classification. It demonstrates the relationship in suitable ecosystem to use palynology in tracing rank of families, tribes, genera and species the history and evolution (Blasco, 1984). The (Erdtman, 1952). Pollen morphological study is reconstruction of vegetation types by means of not only provides a great wealth of plant pollen analysis can be carried out by taxonomy but also be able to apply in other experienced palynologists, and have enough branches of science, for example, aero- data of pollen morphology or acetolyzed pollen palynology, medical palynology, melisso- slides of present day plant species. However, palynology, and geopalynology (Erdtman, 1952, there is no specific study of pollen morphology 1969). of species from mangrove forest in Thailand, In Thailand, mangrove forest can be except for some publications in which pollen found along coasts, estuaries and around morphology of some mangrove species were islands which are in the tidal zone of described (Boonsermsuk, 1987) southeastern, central, east coast of peninsular *Corresponding author: [email protected] 1k # :l"# " 101 330 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 5 In this study, we try to describe pollen Results and discussion morphology of true mangrove flora in Thailand, Pollen morphology of true mangrove which provides basic knowledge for flora in Thailand can be divided into 11 pollen applications in other branches of science. types and 7 subtypes based on characteristic of apertures, shapes and ornamentations as Materials and methods showed in Table 1. The pollens of 13 genera and 24 species belonging to 10 families of true Key to pollen types mangrove species in Thailand has been 1. Polyaperturate yyyyyy.y.... Suaeda maritima type 1-5-aperturate yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy.yy.. 2 examined (Table 1). Mature floral buds were 2. 1-zonasulcate yyyyyyyy... Nypa fruticans type obtained from voucher specimens deposited at 3(-5)-zonoaperturate yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 3 BCU (Professor Kasin Suvatabhandhu 3. Simple aperturate yyyyyyyyyyyyy.......y. 4 Herbarium, Department of Botany, Compound aperturate yyyy.yyyyy..yy..y. 5 4. 3-zonocolpate yyyyyyyyy...y... Acanthus type Chulalongkorn University), PSU (Prince of 3-zonoporate yyyyyyyyy....... Sonneratia type Songkla University Herbarium), as well as 5. (3-)4(-5)-zonocolporate yyy..yy..y Xylocarpus type specimens collected in the present study which 3-zonoaperturate yyyyyyyy..yyyyy..y.. 6 were deposited at BCU. Flower buds were then 6. Mesoaperture present. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea type Mesoaperture absent yyy.......................................... 7 collected according to method of Erdtman 7. Pseudocolpi present yyyyy.y.y Lumnitzera type (1960) and Fægri and Iversen (1989). Most of Pseudocolpi absent yyyyyyy..yyyyyyy.. 8 the species were adopted acetolysis method 8. Endocingula present yyyyy..y..y Rhizophora type (Erdtman, 1960) to prepare pollen grains for Endocingula absent yyyyyyyyyy..yyy.y. 9 9. Amb triangular with slightly convex sides, aperture optical microscopy. planaperturate yyy........y Excoecaria agallocha type For light microscopy, acetolyzed pollen Amb triangular to circular-triangular, aperture grains were suspensed in benzene. Silicone oil angulaperturate if amb triangular yyyyyyyyy 10 was then added as mouting medium for making 10. Ornamentation perforate or microreticulate; costa endopori absent yyyyy..yyyyy. Avicennia type permanent slides sealed with paraffin wax. Ornamentation psilate or perforate; costa endopori Measurement was taken using LM: light present yyyyyyyyyyyy...yy. Ceriops type microscope (OLYMPUS CH30) based on a sample size of 10 grains. All species were taken Pollen type short descriptions photographs using LM (NIKON ECLIPSE E200). 1. Suaeda maritima type (Figure 1 a-b). Permanent slides were deposited at BCU. Species included: Suaeda maritima. For scanning electron microscopy, Grains polypantoporate, Oblate acetolyzed pollen grains were suspensed in spheroidal to prolate spheroidal, diameter absolute ethyl alcohol. Pollen samples were 14.80-18.80 X 14.20-18.50 µm. Pori circular or dehydrated by critical-point-drying method subcircular, 1.20-2.00 X 1.00-2.00 µm, porus (CPD) then mounted on stubs and coated with membrane microechinate. Ornamentation gold-paladium. Pollens were studied and perforate with microechinate. photographs were taken by scanning electron This type is distinguished from the other microscope (JEOL JSM 541 LV) types by polypantoporate aperture. Qualitative and quantitive analyses were 2. Nypa fruticans type (Figure 1 c). carried out and documented using terminology Species included: Nypa fruticans . of Punt et al. (2007) and Hesse et al. (2009) Grain 1-zonasulcate, oblate spheroidal Pollen morphology was divided into pollen to subprolate, P=32.20-48.00 µm, E=31.00- types. Eventually, pollen key to pollen type and each pollen type short description were then constructed. 2 5 Table 1. A summary of the main morphological characteristics and size measurements of specimens examined (µm). PXE = polar grain size showing mean for polar axis (P) and equatorial diameter (E), P/E = shape of pollen grain expressed as ratio. Species Families Aperture Ornamentation PXE P/E Ectoaperture Endoaperture Exine Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl ACANTHACEAE 3-zonocolpate granulate-perforate 30.63X18.83 1.44- 1.81 - 24.43X1.20 1.68 Acanthus ilicifolius L. ACANTHACEAE 3-zonocolpate reticulate 38.08X20.77 1.31-2.14 - 31.30X0.86 2.42 Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco PRIMULACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 18.92X15.91 1.06- 1.37 18.71X3.92 2.66X8.23 0.76 Avicennia alba Blume ACANTHACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate, microreticulate 23.78X22.63 1.00-1.14 19.32X9.50 7.95X8.19 2.02 Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. ACANTHACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate, microreticulate 23.34X23.41 0.85-1.27 16.68X6.42 6.49X6.88 2.35 Avicennia officinalis L. ACANTHACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 27.92X29.56 0.88-0.99 23.97X10.72 10.68X9.66 2.40 Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate psilate with very small round depressions 10.93X10.75 0.88-1.20 8.94X0.64 2.04X5.45 0.98 Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Savigny RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate psilate with very small round depressions 13.41X15.40 0.75-0.97 10.97X1.56 2.41X6.42 1.42 Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate psilate with very small round depressions 11.60X13.36 0.72-1.00 9.97X0.60 1.91X6.17 1.24 Ceriops decandra (Griff.) W. Theob. RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 15.58X16.17 0.89-1.07 12.20X1.04 3.34X6.06 1.34 Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 10.75X11.61 0.82-0.98 8.60X0.50 1.73X5.24 0.94 Excoecaria agallocha L. EUPHORBIACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 27.45X31.14 0.80-1.02 23.86X2.06 4.57X7.83 0.65 Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt COMBRETACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 25.87X28.27 0.60-1.02 22.27X3.02 5.98X8.60 2.14 Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. COMBRETACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 22.14X20.00 0.84-1.11 19.14X4.04 4.81X5.89 1.37 Nypa fruticans Wurmb ARECACEAE 1-zonasulcate echinate-perforate or echinate-reticulate 39.71X37.29 1.00-1.14 - 1.45 in width 2.02 Rhizophora apiculata Blume RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 19.35X16.89 1.03-1.24 19.06X0.84 2.76 in width 1.36 Rhizophora mucronata Lam. RHIZOPHORACEAE 3-zonocolporate perforate 18.02X16.40 1.04-1.25 16.38X1.00 1.89 in width 2.04 Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F. Gaertn. RUBIACEAE 3-zonocolpororate microreticulate 21.70X24.44 0.77-0.98 18.74X3.36 8.23X12.35 1.68 Sonneratia alba Sm. LYTHRACEAE 3-zonoporate gemmate 37.25X24.66 1.30-1.77 - 4.50X4.26 3.25 Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. LYTHRACEAE 3-zonoporate gemmate 32.72X25.45 1.16-1.42 - 5.21X5.08 2.24 Sonneratia ovata Backer LYTHRACEAE 3-zonoporate gemmate 31.85X20.42 1.41-1.79 - 3.48X4.34 2.06 Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. AMARANTHACEAE polypantoporate perforate-microechinate 17.06X16.64 1.00-1.06 - 1.65X1.62 1.78 Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig MELIACEAE (3-)4-zonocolporate perforate 32.88X32.94 0.88-1.08 12.31X1.15 4.02X4.32 1.00 Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roem. MELIACEAE 4(-5)-zonocolporate perforate 30.20X29.82 0.93-1.14 9.35X1.00 2.25X2.42 1.22 3 5 42.50 µm. Sulci 1.20-1.80 µm in width, E=27.80-37.50 µm. Colpi 6.80-16.20 X 0.60-1.60 meridianal ring-like, membrane psilate. µm, ends tapering or not and acute or obtuse, Ornamentation echinate, interspinal area membrane psilate. Pori 1.80-4.60 X 2.00-5.00 perforate or some reticulate.
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