DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Climate of Florida and Arizona on Grapefruit Fruit Enlargement and Quality; Apparent Transpiration and Internal Water Stress1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Climate of Florida and Arizona on Grapefruit Fruit Enlargement and Quality; Apparent Transpiration and Internal Water Stress1 HILGEMAN: GRAPEFRUIT — CLIMATE STUDIES 99 couragement, observations and suggestions in 2. Steams, Charles R. Jr., J. T. Griffiths, W. L. Thomp son, and E. J. Deszyck. Progress report on concentrated compiling and assembling data for this presenta sprays on citrus in Florida. Proceedings, Fla. State Hort. tion. Soc, 1951. 3. Steams, Charles R. Jr., W. L. Thompson, R. B. LITERATURE CITED Johnson, and E. J. Deszyck. Method of Applying insecti 1. Griffiths, James T., C. R. Steams, and W. L. Thomp cides with different spray machines. Proceedings, Fla. son. Possibilities for the use of concentrated sprays on State Hort. Soc, 1952. citrus in Florida. Proceedings, Fla. State Hort Soc, 1950. EFFECT OF CLIMATE OF FLORIDA AND ARIZONA ON GRAPEFRUIT FRUIT ENLARGEMENT AND QUALITY; APPARENT TRANSPIRATION AND INTERNAL WATER STRESS1 r. h. hilgeman2 Introduction 'Valencia' oranges grown in Florida have a Abstract thinner peel and more juice but lower percen tages of acid and total soluble solids than Ari Fruit enlargement rates, changes in physical zona fruit (3). Similar differences in grape characteristics and water relationships were fol fruit are indicated by maturity studies (6) (8). lowed between July and November in Florida in These differences have been associated with the 1964 and in Arizona in 1965. widely different climatic conditions (3). How In Florida, due to summer rains and clouds, ever, detailed comparisons of the responses of relatively uniform fruit enlargement rates were trees to each environment have not been made, maintained. With soil water below 10 cbs. ten except with trunk growth of 'Valencia7 oranges sion, heavy rains increased enlargement rates (4). This investigation was designed to evaluate and intensified internal pressures on the peel. responses associated with typical commercial In Arizona, blossoming was 45 days later, fruit trees, grown with normal culture practices in was only % as large as Florida fruit on July 1 each area. It is recognized that differences in but grew more rapidly. Fruit enlargement rates soils, stocks and cultural practices, particularly varied widely between irrigations. Internal pres use of arsenical sprays, influence tree responses sure on the peel was low. and fruit characteristics, as well as climate. In Florida, continuously high soil water and This report compares the effects of climatic low internal water deficits in July, August and conditions in the 2 areas on (A) fruit enlarge September apparently induced high juice con ment rates and physical and chemical character tent and thin peel. The high juice content re istics; (B) apparent transpiration from leaves sulted in lower solids and acid percentages than and internal water deficits. found in Arizona. On sunny Florida days, apparent transpira Materials and Methods tion was similar to Arizona, although atmos pheric vapor pressure deficits were about 3 times Five large, vigorous 'Redblush' grapefruit higher in Arizona; internal water deficits were trees on rough lemon stock, about 18 years old, markedly higher in Arizona. were selected in a commercial grove growing lUniversity of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Sta on fine sand soil, about 11 miles south of Winter tion Journal Series paper No. 1173. Garden, Florida. Trees received adequate fer 2Horticulturist, University of Arizona Citrus Experi ment Station, Tempe, Arizona. The author was employed tilization and insect control and were sprayed as collaborator by the USDA, ARS Crops Research Division at Orlando, Florida, during 1964, while on Sabbatical leave. with arsenical materials. Irrigation was with 100 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1966 perforated pipe sprinklers with most of the wa each area between July and November in 1964 ter falling in alternate rows. No "off-season" in Florida and 1965 in Arizona. fruit was present; twig growth occurred irreg Maximum and minimum temperatures were ularly during the summer. obtained in U. S. Weather Bureau shelters, lo Four moderately vigorous 'Marsh' grapefruit cated about 5 miles from the trees in Florida trees on sour orange stock of similar size, but and about 100 yards from them in Arizona. In 33 years old, were selected at the University of Florida, the accumulative precipitation between Arizona Citrus Experiment Station, near Phoe fruit measurement intervals was measured at nix, Arizona. The trees were growing in calcare the test trees. In Arizona, precipitation was ous, gravelly, sandy loam, soil moderatly fertil measured daily at the thermometer station. ized with nitrogen, clean cultivated, and irri Irrigations are indicated in Figure 1. About gated by flooding between borders under the 2 to 3 inches of water were applied in Florida. tree. No "off season" bloom occurred and sum In Arizona, 5 to 6 inches were applied to either mer growth was light. one side or to the entire soil area as indicated Similar observations were made on trees in in Figure 1. Tensiometers were placed at 18 400 .FRUIT ENLARGEMENT DAILY ENLARGEMENT RATE A PRECIPITATION Florida .£ t(M\ o DAILY TRUNK SHRINKAGE Florida Fig. 1.—Seasonal growth of fruit, daily fruit enlargement rates, and trunk shrinkage as affected by precipitation and irrigation in Florida in 1964 and Arizona in 1965. HILGEMAN: GRAPEFRUIT — CLIMATE STUDIES 101 and 30 inch depth at the drip of the trees. weighed within 15 seconds after removal from Fruit Enlargement and Characteristics; Trunk the tree and after 2 minutes exposure at its Measurements. Forty fruits were measured near original place on the tree. Loss of water is sunrise at 2 to 5 day intervals as shown in Fig reported as mg of water/g fresh wt./hr. The ure 1. Circumference measurements were con leaf petiole was then placed in water, transfer verted to volume, according to tables of Taylor red to a saturated atmosphere and weighed 26 and Furr (15). Fruit shrinkage during the day to 32 hours later. The percentage water de was reported as percent of volume loss based on ficit was calculated by dividing the gain in volume near sunrise. Fritts dendographs were weight by the hydrated leaf weight. In Arizona, placed on trunks of two trees in a previously observations were started near sunrise. In Flor described manner (4) to obtain daily records of ida, they were delayed from 1 to 3 hours later trunk shrinkage. until the dew had evaporated. Wet and dry Five fruits per tree were collected on dates bulb temperatures were obtained from sling shown in Table 2. Fruit was weighed, volume psychrometers at intervals during the day. determined by water displacement and specific gravity calculated. Juice was extracted with a Results and Discussion Sunkist extractor, pressed through cheesecloth and weighed. Total soluble solids were meas Climatic Conditions. The mean monthly temper ured as sucrose with an Abbe refractometer. atures and total precipitation set forth in Table Acid was determined by titration with standard 1 show Florida rainfall was near normal in July alkali. and August. The hurricane caused 9.73 inches Apparent Transpiration and Internal Water between September 8 to 13. No rain fell between Stress. Apparent transpiration was estimated October 14 and November 27. The normal Ari by methods used by Oppenheimer and Mendel zona mean temperatures in July and August (12). Spring flush leaves weighing between 1.0 were associated with maximum and minimum and 1.5 g were used in both areas. A leaf was temperatures about 2° F above and below nor- Table 1, Temperature and precipitation in Florida and Arizona July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Florida 1964 Mean max. F. 90 91 tib1 81 78 Mean min. °F. 72 73 71 63 60 Departure from 0 0 + 1 - 2 + 3 normal a/ °F. Total precip. in. 3.22 c/ 7.67 ll.ij.7 .65 1.08 Days with precip• 9 19 10 k 1 Departure from + .71 + k.2k - 3.31 - .k9 normal a/ in. Arizona 1965 Mean max. °F. 107 107 9« 77 Mean mino °F. 72 69 61 Departure from 0 0 - k + 2 + k normal b/ °F. Total precip • in. .36 .81 .51 .I4.O 1.36 Days with precip. 2 1 3 Departure from J - -U5 - .10 - .20 + .70 normal b/in. Departure of mean temperature and precipitation from normal at: a/ Orlando, Florida; b/ Tempe, Arizona. 0/ Precipitation at test grove between July 17 and 31. 102 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1966 mal. In September, minimum temperatures were largement rates dropped rapidly, although a below 50° F on 4 days (low 45° F). Rainfall light rain and a drop in temperature occurred was well below normal until late November and soil water was available. Internal pressures when 1.28 inches fell on November 23 and 25. sufficient to cause contraction of the peel upon cutting did not develop at any time. Part. 1. Fruit Enlargement, Trunk Shrinkage, Daily Trunk Shrinkage. The trunk shrinks or Fruit Quality expands during the day as the internal water FRUIT ENLARGEMENT. Full bloom was supply changes (4) (10). Figure 1 shows the about March 1 in Florida and April 15 in Ari amount of daily diameter shrinkage. zona. Fruit enlargement rates and daily shrink Florida. Rain and cloudy days retarded age changed with age so the 45 day age differ shrinkage on about 50 percent of the days be ence induced differences in these values on the tween July 17 and September 22. On days with same dates (Fig. 1). Enlargement of similar age heavy, almost continuous rainfall, almost none fruit was about equal; however, the absolute ocurred (July 26; Sept. 9, 10, 11 and 15). Dur values for fruit size are not basic to this study. ing sunny days without rain, large shrinkage Florida. Between July 17 and Oct. 9 rela took place. tively uniform gradually decreasing daily During the dry October-November drouth growth rates were maintained by rainfall dur period, daily shrinkage was more uniform with ing each measurement interval.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Local Mitigation Strategy
    E LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY WALTON COUNTY 2020 Update Local Mitigation Strategy Table of Contents LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE LOCAL MITIGATION STRATEGY 8 1.2 BENEFITS 8 2.0 LMS PLANNING PROCESS 9 2.1 STRATEGY PREPARATION AND ORGANIZATION 10 2.2 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 11 2.3 COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES 12 2.4 PLANNING PROCESS 13 2.4.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ESTIMATION 13 2.4.2 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 13 2.4.3 DEVELOPING HAZARD MITIGATION INITIATIVES 14 2.4.4 DEVELOPING THE LOCAL MITIGATION ACTION PLAN 14 2.4.5 APPROVAL OF THE CURRENT EDITION OF THE STRATEGY 14 2.4.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF APPROVED MITIGATION INITIATIVES 14 3.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT 15 3.1 COUNTY PROFILE 16 3.2 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 18 3.3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 19 3.3.1 FEDERAL DISASTER DECLARATIONS 20 3.3.2 NATIONAL CENTERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION: STORM EVENTS DATA 21 3.4 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW 22 3.4.1 ASSETS, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND CRITICAL FACILITIES 22 3.4.2 CRITICAL FACILITIES 22 3.4.3 BUILDING DATA 23 3.4.4 HAZARD RANKING 24 3.5 HAZARD PROFILES 26 3.5.1 DAM FAILURE 26 DESCRIPTION 26 LOCATION 27 EXTENT 29 2 NOTE: * INDICATES THAT FDEP CLASSIFIES THESE DAMS AS HIGH HAZARD DAMS. N/A INDICATES THE INFORMATION WAS NOT AVAILABLE. 33 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES 33 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS 34 VULNERABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT 34 3.5.2 EPIDEMIC / PANDEMIC 36 DESCRIPTION 36 LOCATION AND EXTENT 37 PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES 38 PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS 39 VULNERABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Florida and Climate Change the Costs of Inaction
    FLORIDA AND CLIMATE CHANGE THE COSTS OF INACTION ELIZABETH A. STANTON FRANK ACKERMAN Tufts University November 2007 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY n July 2007, Governor Charlie Crist established greenhouse gas emission targets for the state of Florida, including an 80 percent reduction below 1990 levels by 2050. Although achieving Ithis target will involve nontrivial expenditures, the failure to avert severe climate change would have even more severe consequences for Florida, in cold hard cash as well as human and ecolog - ical impacts. Arguments against strong action to combat climate change often implicitly assume that inac - tion would be cost-free — that we can chose a future without significant impacts from climate change even if emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to grow unchecked. But the overwhelming scientific consensus now holds that this rosy assumption is sim - ply wrong, and that the more greenhouse gases are released, the worse the consequences will be. The stakes are high, the risks of disastrous climate impacts are all too real, and waiting for more information is likely to mean waiting until it is too late to protect ourselves and our de - scendants. If a bad outcome is a real risk — and run-away greenhouse gas emissions lead to a very bad outcome indeed — isn’t it worth buying insurance against it? We buy fire insurance for our homes, even though any one family is statistically unlikely to have a fire next year. Young adults often buy life insurance, out of concern for their families, even though they are very unlikely to die next year.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida
    CLIMATE-SENSITIVE HAZARDS IN FLORIDA Identifying and Prioritizing Threats to Build Resilience against Climate Effects Christopher T. Emrich, Daniel P. Morath, Gregg C. Bowser, and Rachel Reeves, Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute This report was produced under contract for the Florida Department of Health. This project was supported by an award from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant number U5UE1EH001047-02, Building Community Resilience in Florida through Adaptation and Mitigation). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page ii of xi TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi 1. Project Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Hurricane Storm Surge, Winds, and Rising Sea Level ............................................................ 8 Heat, Drought, and Wildfires ..................................................................................................10 Priority Climate-Sensitive Threats ..........................................................................................11 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • "Liquid" Sunshine State by Melissa Griffin, Assistant State Climatologist
    Florida . The "Liquid" Sunshine State By Melissa Griffin, Assistant State Climatologist and Florida CoCoRaHS Coordinator Climate is Florida's most important physical resource, a fact well recognized by its citizens, whose state government officially designated it the Sunshine State in 1970. Florida is mainly a long peninsula, and with the exception of the northwestern part of the state, no place is more than 80 miles from both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. This proximity to water has an impact on both temperatures and precipitation across the state. The Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico act as major modifiers of the state's temperature during all seasons, but particularly in the winter. During Florida's coldest month (January), average temperatures range from the lower 50s in the north to the upper 60s in the south. The mild temperatures give way to the "dog days of summer," when average temperatures across the entire state are about the same (lower 80s). Florida's summer high temperatures can be extremely draining, even though Florida experiences far fewer days of 100F days than most other states. This is because Florida is among the wettest states in the nation and its atmosphere is so humid that its summers are among the most uncomfortable. Despite these typical temperature patterns, Florida has had its fair share of extremes. The state record for minimum temperature is -2F set in Tallahassee, Florida, on February 13, 1899, while the hottest temperature recorded in the state was 109F on June 29, 1931, in Monticello, Florida. Oddly enough, the two record-holding stations are only 25 miles apart.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Winter Climatic Zones in Florida Freezes
    Proc. Fla. State Hart. Soc. 99:9-13. 1986. THE ROLE OF WINTER CLIMATIC ZONES IN FLORIDA FREEZES J. F. Gerber and E. Chen maritime subtropical air mass plays an important role in University of Florida, IFAS blocking the incoming cold air, then perhaps we could ex Fruit Crops Department pect a buffered, narrow stopping zone for the cold air. In Gainesville, Florida 32611 fact, there is no good method to estimate the stopping place of an air mass except indirectly, through events oc curring at the, surface as a result of the passage of the air Additional index words. Cold protection, acclimation. mass, which then allow us to infer some properties of the air mass. An example of this is the freeze of 21 January Abstract The Florida peninsula stretches for 5° latitude cover 1985 in which "Interstate 4" appeared to be the "dividing ing temperate to subtropical climatic zones. It is not uncom line" (zone): north of which citrus was severely damaged mon to find maximum temperatures greater than 27°C (80°F) (Lake County) and south of which citrus was relatively un occuring somewhere in Florida during the winter months of damaged (Polk County). Hence, we inferred from the December, January, and February. Thus, each winter Florida damages at the ground (citrus) that the boundary of the becomes a meeting ground beetween intruding polar air mas incoming cold air mass appeared to be so distinct as to ses and native, warm and humid subtropical air masses. As cause the damage zone to be well defined. If this premise a result, crop survival each winter depends not only on the is also not true, then acclimation and preconditioning of temperatures of the intruding air masses but also on the pre citrus would have to be examined carefully as a factor pro conditioning from the native subtropical air masses; and fi ducing the extensive damage north of "Interstate 4".
    [Show full text]
  • Enviroscaping1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EES101 Enviroscaping1 Joan Bradshaw and Linda Tozer2 HOME LANDSCAPING: welcome relief from uncomfortably warm HISTORICALLY temperatures. Historically, landscaping has played an In colder climates, landscape materials were used important role in modifying the home environment. to direct bitter winter winds. Houses were often built To survive, Native Americans and early settlers beneath a protective canopy of trees which provided designed shelters that offered protection from the shelter from the chilling effects of snow and rain. most severe conditions imaginable. Until the These early northern builders wanted to keep in the invention of mechanical heating and cooling systems, heat while fending off the cold. Small windows were man was dependent upon his ability to change or carefully placed to encourage the warming effect of modify his surroundings. the sun. Choosing a good location was also important to survival. Areas which had a ready supply of mature An instinct for survival may have been the trees and shrubs helped new communities to establish driving force which taught settlers to use landscape themselves more quickly. Early community planning materials to improve the effects of these harsh very clearly showed colonial man's respect for nature conditions. In southern territories, it was important to and its forces. keep out the sun while encouraging cool breezes. Florida, with its moist, hot climate presented an LIVING IN FLORIDA: CLIMATE especially difficult challenge for settlers. To Florida is the vacation capital of the U.S. encourage air flow, these early settlers designed very open homes and used trees and other landscape providing a playground for 37 million tourists each year.
    [Show full text]
  • Past and Projected Trends in Climate and Sea Level for South Florida
    PPaasstt aanndd PPrroojjeecctteedd TTrreennddss iinn CClliimmaattee aanndd SSeeaa LLeevveell ffoorr SSoouutthh FFlloorriiddaa Photo courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hydrologic and Environmental Systems Modeling Technical Report July 2011 PAST AND PROJECTED TRENDS IN CLIMATE AND SEA LEVEL FOR SOUTH FLORIDA July 5, 2011 Team Members: J. Obeysekera J. Park M. Irizarry-Ortiz P. Trimble J. Barnes J. VanArman W. Said E. Gadzinski Hydrologic and Environmental Systems Modeling South Florida Water Management District 3301 Gun Club Road West Palm Beach, Florida Contents PAST AND PROJECTED TRENDS IN CLIMATE AND SEA LEVEL FOR SOUTH FLORIDA Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................ x Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. xii Recommended Citation ....................................................................................... xiii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................. xiv Executive Summary ............................................................................................ xvii PAST AND PROJECTED TRENDS IN CLIMATE AND SEA LEVEL FOR SOUTH FLORIDA ........................................................................................ 1 I. Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Temperature Cycles in Florida
    3. Dillon, D. F. 1981. Propagating dwarf citrus with hydronic radiant ples and Practices. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. heated benches. Combined Proc. Int. Plant Propagators' Soc, Four 9. Jauhari, O. S. and S. F. Rahman. 1959. Further investigations on Winds Growers, Fremont, Calif. rooting in cuttings of sweet lime (Citrus limettoides) Tanaka. Sci. Cult. 4. Dore, J. 1953. Seasonal variation in the regeneration of root cuttings. 24:432-434. Nature. 172:1189. 10. Johnston, J. C, K. W. Opitz, and E. F. Frolich. 1959. Citrus propaga 5. Ford, H. W. 1957. A method of propagating citrus rootstock clones tion. Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 475. by leaf bud cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:204-207. 11. Kossuth, S. V., R. H. Biggs, P. G. Webb, and K. M. Porter. 1981. 6. Gates, C. T., D. Bouma, and H. Groenewegen. 1961. The develop Rapid propagation techniques for fruit crops. Proc. Fla. State Hort. ment of cuttings of the Washington navel orange to the stage of fruit Soc. 94:323-328. set. I. The development of the rooted cutting. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 12. Platt, R. G. and K. W. Opitz. 1973. The propagation of citrus, p. 12:1050-1065. 4-47. In: W. Reuther (ed.). The citrus industry Vol. III. Univ. of 7. Halma, F. F. 1931. The propagation of citrus by cuttings. Hilgardia. Calif., Berkeley. 6:131-157. 13. Umarov, A. Raising lemon transplants from softwood cuttings. 1985. 8. Hartmann, H. T. and D. E. Kester. 1983. Plant Propagation: Princi Hort. Abstr. 55:1513. Proc Fla. State Hort.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Scenarios: a Florida-Centric View a White Paper on Climate Scenarios for Florida
    Climate Scenarios: A Florida-Centric View A White Paper on Climate Scenarios for Florida November 2011 Principal Author Contributing Authors Vasubandhu Misra Elwood Carlson Robin K. Craig David Enfield Benjamin Kirtman William Landing Sang-Ki Lee David Letson Frank Marks Jayantha Obeysekera Mark Powell Sang-lk Shin Supported by the State University System of Florida November 2011 Climate Scenarios: A Florida-Centric View Principal Author: Vasubandhu Misra Contributing Authors: Elwood Carlson Robin K. Craig David Enfield Benjamin Kirtman William Landing Sang-Ki Lee David Letson Frank Marks Jayantha Obeysekera Mark Powell Sang-lk Shin Misra, V., E. Carlson, R. K. Craig, D. Enfield, B. Kirtman, W. Landing, S.-K. Lee, D. Letson, F. Marks, J. Obeysekera, M. Powell, S.-l. Shin, 2011: Climate Scenarios: A Florida-Centric View, Florida Climate Change Task Force. [Available online at http://floridaclimate.org/whitepapers/] ii Authors Elwood Carlson Professor in Sociology of Population Florida State University – Department of Sociology Robin K. Craig Attorneys’ Title Professor and Associate Dean for Environmental Programs Florida State University – College of Law David Enfield Oceanographer NOAA – Physical Oceanography Division Benjamin Kirtman Professor of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography University of Miami – Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science William Landing Professor of Chemical Oceanography Florida State University – Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science David Letson Professor of Marine Affairs and Policy University of
    [Show full text]
  • Health Effects of Precipitation Abundance and Deficits in Florida Health Effects of Precipitation Abundance and Deficits in Florida
    Health Effects of Precipitation Abundance and Deficits in Florida Health Effects of Precipitation Abundance and Deficits in Florida Florida Department of Health Division of Disease Control and Health Protection Bureau of Epidemiology 4052 Bald Cypress Way, Bin A-12 Tallahassee, FL 32399 (850) 245-4401 www.flhealth.gov Published August 2014 This document was developed by the Bureau of Epidemiology in cooperation with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health Project Number 1UE1EH001047-01. ii Table of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................................... 1 Historic Patterns .............................................................................................................................. 2 Geographic Vulnerability ................................................................................................................ 3 Health Implications .......................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Foodborne and Waterborne Disease .............................................................................................. 6 Asthma, Respiratory Allergies, and Respiratory Disease ................................................................ 12 Summary Conclusions....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IGCSE Cambridge International Environmental Management 0680/21 Paper 2 Management in Context Oct Nov 2020
    Cambridge IGCSE™ *9987155009* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/21 Paper 2 Management in Context October/November 2020 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use a calculator. ● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 80. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. This document has 24 pages. Blank pages are indicated. DC (LK/FC) 193257/3 © UCLES 2020 [Turn over 2 world map showing the location of mainland United States of America, USA USA Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Area of USA: 9.83 million km2 Population of USA: 326 million (in 2018) Children per woman: 1.87 Life expectancy: 80 years Currency: USD Language: English and Spanish © UCLES 2020 0680/21/O/N/20 3 map of state of Florida N r r e e v v i i R R a l o c r i e v h i R c R e e l a a l e e a a n n p p ATLANTIC n n A A a OCEAN w u S S t J o h n s R iv e r GULF OF MEXICO Lake Okeechobee Key state boundary line state capital Everglades national park major road s ey 0 100 a K major river Florid km Climate of Florida: humid and subtropical in north, tropical in south Terrain of Florida: low-lying with many lakes and rivers, hills in the north, wetlands in the Everglades, flat around the coastline with coral reefs and sandbars, a chain of islands in the south called the Florida Keys Main economic activities of Florida: aircraft, electronic products, citrus fruit, tomatoes, phosphate for fertilisers, tourism Florida is a state in the south-east of the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program Technical Report 09-4 8/14/2009 James W
    City of Punta Gorda Adaptation Plan Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program Technical Report 09-4 8/14/2009 James W. Beever III, Whitney Gray, Daniel Trescott, Dan Cobb, Jason Utley, David Hutchinson, John Gibbons, Tim Walker, Moji Abimbola: SWFRPC And Lisa B. Beever, Maran Hilgendorf, Judy Ott: CHNEP 1926 Victoria Avenue Fort Myers FL 33901 (239) 338-2550 www.SWFRPC.org and www.CHNEP.org Draft Adaptation Plan Page 1 The Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program is a partnership of citizens, elected officials, resource managers and commercial and recreational resource users working to improve the water quality and ecological integrity of the greater Charlotte Harbor watershed. A cooperative decision-making process is used within the program to address diverse resource management concerns in the 4,400 square mile study area. Many of these partners also financially support the Program, which, in turn, affords the Program opportunities to fund projects such as this. The entities that have financially supported the program include the following: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southwest Florida Water Management District South Florida Water Management District Florida Department of Environmental Protection Peace River/Manasota Regional Water Supply Authority Polk, Sarasota, Manatee, Lee, Charlotte, DeSoto, and Hardee Counties Cities of Sanibel, Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Punta Gorda, North Port, Venice, Fort Myers Beach, and Winter Haven and the Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council. Draft Adaptation Plan Page 2 Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program Policy Committee Mr. Tom Welborn, Co-Chair Mr. Jon Iglehart, Co-Chair Branch Chief, Wetlands, Coastal, & Water Quality South District Director U.
    [Show full text]