DOCSLIB.ORG

Myxine Glutinosa), Its Ecology, and Its Exploratory Fishery in the Southern Gulf of St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Myxine Glutinosa), Its Ecology, and Its Exploratory Fishery in the Southern Gulf of St Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2017/017 Gulf Region A review of the biology of Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), its ecology, and its exploratory fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (NAFO Div. 4T) R. Morin, D. Ricard, H. Benoît, and T. Surette Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch Gulf Fisheries Centre P.O. Box 5030 Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6 March 2017 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2017 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Morin, R., Ricard, D., Benoît, H., and Surette, T. 2017. A review of the biology of Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), its ecology, and its exploratory fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (NAFO Div. 4T). DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2017/017. v + 39 p. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... IV RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1 BIOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................1 DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY ................................................................................................3 RESEARCH DATA IN THE GULF OF ST.LAWRENCE ..............................................................5 SOUTHERN GULF ANNUAL TRAWL SURVEY .................................................................... 5 NORTHERN GULF ANNUAL TRAWL SURVEY .................................................................... 7 INTERCALIBRATION OF THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN GULF SURVEYS ................ 7 SURVEY INDEX FOR ATLANTIC HAGFISH IN MANAGEMENT ZONE 4T9AB .................... 8 OTHER SOURCES OF RESEARCH DATA ........................................................................... 9 Sentinel, snow crab and Cabot Strait surveys .................................................................... 9 1992 Gulf Atlantic hagfish trap survey ...............................................................................10 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SURVEY DATA .............................................................................11 HAGFISH FISHERIES ..............................................................................................................13 MANAGEMENT APPROACHES OF ATLANTIC HAGFISH ...................................................... 15 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY ................................................................................................16 RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................16 REFERENCES CITED ..............................................................................................................17 TABLES ....................................................................................................................................22 FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................24 iii ABSTRACT Since 2011, four vessels have been licensed to conduct an exploratory fishery for Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) in the NAFO Div. 4T9ab management area, located off northern Cape Breton, of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Hagfish in this fishery are fished using baited barrels. This report reviews the biology of Atlantic hagfish, summarizes the current knowledge of its ecology in the southern Gulf, and how the fishery is managed in the southern Gulf and elsewhere. Atlantic hagfish is a primitive fish, known to occupy cold waters of full salinity. It is associated with soft sediments in which it burrows and it feeds on various invertebrates and small fishes, but also scavenges fish and marine mammal carcasses. In surveys of the southern Gulf, hagfish were captured on the slopes of the Laurentian Channel at depths > 260 m, at water temperatures mainly between 5 and 6°C, and salinities of 34 to 35 ppt. Prior to the 1990s, hagfish were only caught in small numbers and not every year in the southern Gulf survey. Survey indices indicate a considerable increase in hagfish abundance and occurrence in the southern Gulf during the 1990s, with annual fluctuations without a trend during the 2000s. A survey index for the 4T9ab management area, based on calibrated data from the northern and southern Gulf research vessel surveys, fluctuates widely without a clear trend, likely owing to the small number of survey tows conducted in this area annually. No data are available on the size at maturity of Atlantic hagfish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The minimum commercial weight of hagfish for buyers supplying the Korean market has been reported to be 80 g, or approximately 43 cm. Hagfish < 43 cm composed 21% to 72% of the number of hagfish caught in four commercial fishing trips sampled by observers and dockside monitors in 2012. Discarding occurs in the fishery and has exceeded 10% of the catch weight in two of the five years. Discarding may be partly due to spoiled catches when traps were deployed and untended for more than 24 hours. The potential of the hagfish resource to support exploitation is uncertain due to the lack of biological data, particularly their age structure, growth, and mortality, as well as the lack of capacity to assess population changes in response to fishing and the effects of unaccounted catch, particularly discarding. iv Un aperçu de la biologie, de l’écologie, et de la pêche exploratoire à la myxine du nord (Myxine glutinosa) dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent (Div. 4T de l’OPANO) RÉSUMÉ Depuis 2011, quatre navires ont été autorisés à mener une pêche exploratoire de la myxine du nord (Myxine glutinosa) dans la division 4T9ab de l’Organisation des pêches de l’Atlantique Nord-Ouest (OPANO), située au large de la côte Nord du Cap-Breton, dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent. Dans le cadre de cette pêche, la myxine est pêchée au moyen de barils appâtés. Le présent rapport examine la biologie de la myxine du nord, résume les connaissances actuelles sur son écologie dans le sud du golfe et explique comment les pêches sont gérées dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent et ailleurs. La myxine du nord est un poisson primitif qui occupe les eaux froides à salinité maximale. Elle est associée aux sédiments meubles dans lesquels elle s’enfouit, et elle se nourrit de divers invertébrés et petits poissons, mais aussi de carcasses de poissons et de mammifères marins. Dans le cadre de relevés menés dans le sud du golfe, des myxines ont été capturées sur le talus du chenal Laurentien, à des profondeurs supérieures à 260 m, à des températures de l’eau principalement entre 5 et 6 °C, et à une salinité entre 34 et 35 ppm. Avant les années 1990, les myxines n’étaient capturées qu’en petit nombre, et pas toutes les années de relevés du sud du golfe. Les indices du relevé montrent une augmentation considérable de l’abondance et de l’occurrence de la myxine dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent au cours des années 1990, avec des fluctuations annuelles sans tendance au cours des années 2000. Un indice de relevé pour la zone de gestion 4T9ab, basé sur des données étalonnées de relevés menés par des navires de recherche entre le nord et le sud du golfe, varie largement sans montrer de tendance évidente, probablement en raison du petit nombre de traits de relevé effectués dans cette zone chaque année. Il n’y a pas de données disponibles sur la taille à la maturité de la myxine du nord dans le sud du golfe du Saint-Laurent. Le poids commercial minimal de la myxine pour les acheteurs qui approvisionnent le marché coréen est de 80 g, ou environ 43 cm. Les myxines de moins de 43 cm constituent de 21 % à 72 % du nombre de myxines prises lors de quatre expéditions de pêche commerciale échantillonnées par des observateurs en mer et des vérificateurs à quai en 2012. Des rejets ont lieu dans le cadre de la pêche et ont dépassé 10 % du poids des prises pour deux des cinq dernières années. Les rejets peuvent être en partie attribuables aux prises gaspillées lorsque des pièges sont déployés et non vérifiés pendant plus de 24 heures. Le potentiel des ressources en myxine à soutenir l’exploitation est incertain en raison du manque de données biologiques, notamment la structure selon l’âge, la croissance et la mortalité, ainsi que le manque de capacité à évaluer les changements dans la population en réponse à la pêche et les effets des prises non comptabilisées, notamment les rejets. v INTRODUCTION Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) commonly occurs on the continental shelves or their edges across the North Atlantic (Figure 1). Atlantic hagfish in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acid-Base Regulation in the Atlantic Hagfish Myxine Glutinosa
    /. exp. Biol. 161, 201-215 (1991) 201 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 ACID-BASE REGULATION IN THE ATLANTIC HAGFISH MYXINE GLUTINOSA BY D. G. McDONALD*, V. CAVDEK*, L. CALVERT* AND C. L. MLLLIGANf Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada Accepted 10 July 1991 Summary Blood acid-base status and net transfers of acidic equivalents to the external environment were studied in hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, infused with ammonium sulphate (4mequivkg~1 NH4+) or with sulphuric acid (Smequivkg"1 H+). Hagfish extracellular fluids (ECF) play a greater role in acid-base regulation than in teleosts. This is because hagfish have a much larger blood volume relative to teleosts, despite a relatively low blood buffering capacity. Consequently, infusion of ammonium sulphate produced only half of the acidosis produced in marine teleosts in comparable studies, and hagfish readily tolerated a threefold greater direct H+ load. Furthermore, the H+ load was largely retained and buffered in the extracellular space. Despite smaller acid-base disturbances, rates of net H+ excretion to the external environment were, nonetheless, comparable to those of marine teleosts, and net acid excretion persisted until blood acid-base disturb- ances were corrected. We conclude that the gills of the hagfish are at least as competent for acid-base regulation as those of marine teleosts. The nature of the H+ excretion mechanism is discussed. Introduction + + In 1984, Evans found evidence for Na /H and C1~/HCO3~ exchanges in the primitive osmoconforming hagfish Myxine glutinosa L., and was the first to suggest that acid-base regulation by the gills preceded osmoregulation in the evolution of the vertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Brains of Primitive Chordates 439
    Brains of Primitive Chordates 439 Brains of Primitive Chordates J C Glover, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway although providing a more direct link to the evolu- B Fritzsch, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA tionary clock, is nevertheless hampered by differing ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. rates of evolution, both among species and among genes, and a still largely deficient fossil record. Until recently, it was widely accepted, both on morpholog- ical and molecular grounds, that cephalochordates Introduction and craniates were sister taxons, with urochordates Craniates (which include the sister taxa vertebrata being more distant craniate relatives and with hemi- and hyperotreti, or hagfishes) represent the most chordates being more closely related to echinoderms complex organisms in the chordate phylum, particu- (Figure 1(a)). The molecular data only weakly sup- larly with respect to the organization and function of ported a coherent chordate taxon, however, indicat- the central nervous system. How brain complexity ing that apparent morphological similarities among has arisen during evolution is one of the most chordates are imposed on deep divisions among the fascinating questions facing modern science, and it extant deuterostome taxa. Recent analysis of a sub- speaks directly to the more philosophical question stantially larger number of genes has reversed the of what makes us human. Considerable interest has positions of cephalochordates and urochordates, pro- therefore been directed toward understanding the moting the latter to the most closely related craniate genetic and developmental underpinnings of nervous relatives (Figure 1(b)). system organization in our more ‘primitive’ chordate relatives, in the search for the origins of the vertebrate Comparative Appearance of Brains, brain in a common chordate ancestor.
    [Show full text]
  • Travels on the Backbone Crest (A Group of Embryonic Cells)
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT EVOLUTION non-deuterostomes. In the most effective section, he strips vertebrates down to their parts, such as the nerve cord, notochord (fore- runner of the vertebral column) and neural Travels on the backbone crest (a group of embryonic cells). He even delves into the largely ignored gut and viscera. Chris Lowe lauds a study of vertebrate origins that Gee discusses how data from living and brings us up to date with a shifting field. fossilized hemichordates and echinoderms have facilitated the search for the origins of the defining chordate anatomies. He ome of the great remaining mysteries groups belong in the highlights how palaeontological, develop- in zoology concern origins — of multi- deuterostome lineage mental and genomic data now all support cellularity, complex nervous systems, of animals alongside the idea that the common ancestor of chor- Slife cycles and sex, for example. The chordates — have dates, hemichordates and echinoderms had evolutionary origin of vertebrates is among largely been resolved. pharyngeal gill slits for filter feeding. That the most intractable of these, despite more Others are as intrac- gives us a glimpse of the early chordate ances- than a century of work spanning a range of table as ever, including tor, which lived around 600 million years ago. disciplines and animal groups. where to place key fos- Other features, such as a complex brain, prob- In Across the Bridge, Henry Gee reviews sil groups such as the ably emerged much later. Having established the most recent research in this area. Gee curious vetulicolians, Across the Bridge: a hazy picture of the earliest chordates, Gee (the senior editor responsible for palae- which lived during Understanding focuses on building vertebrates and their the Origin of the ontology and evolutionary development the Cambrian period, Vertebrates defining features from the basic chordate at Nature) synthesizes contributions from some 541 million to HENRY GEE body plan, for example through spectacular anatomy, developmental biology, genomics, 485 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Resembling Those of Antigen Receptors Receptor Family with A
    Hagfish Leukocytes Express a Paired Receptor Family with a Variable Domain Resembling Those of Antigen Receptors This information is current as Takashi Suzuki, Tadasu Shin-I, Asao Fujiyama, Yuji Kohara of September 29, 2021. and Masanori Kasahara J Immunol 2005; 174:2885-2891; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2885 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/5/2885 Downloaded from References This article cites 37 articles, 11 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/174/5/2885.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Hagfish Leukocytes Express a Paired Receptor Family with a Variable Domain Resembling Those of Antigen Receptors1,2 Takashi Suzuki,* Tadasu Shin-I,§ Asao Fujiyama,†¶ʈ Yuji Kohara,‡§ and Masanori Kasahara3* Jawed vertebrates are equipped with TCR and BCR with the capacity to rearrange their V domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamprey, Hagfish
    Agnatha - Lamprey, Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Super Class: Agnatha Hagfish Agnatha are jawless fish. Lampreys and hagfish are in this class. Members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest vertebrates. Scientists have found fossils of agnathan species from the late Cambrian Period that occurred 500 million years ago. Members of this class of fish don't have paired fins or a stomach. Adults and larvae have a notochord. A notochord is a flexible rod-like cord of cells that provides the main support for the body of an organism during its embryonic stage. A notochord is found in all chordates. Most agnathans have a skeleton made of cartilage and seven or more paired gill pockets. They have a light sensitive pineal eye. A pineal eye is a third eye in front of the pineal gland. Fertilization of eggs takes place outside the body. The lamprey looks like an eel, but it has a jawless sucking mouth that it attaches to a fish. It is a parasite and sucks tissue and fluids out of the fish it is attached to. The lamprey's mouth has a ring of cartilage that supports it and rows of horny teeth that it uses to latch on to a fish. Lampreys are found in temperate rivers and coastal seas and can range in size from 5 to 40 inches. Lampreys begin their lives as freshwater larvae. In the larval stage, lamprey usually are found on muddy river and lake bottoms where they filter feed on microorganisms. The larval stage can last as long as seven years! At the end of the larval state, the lamprey changes into an eel- like creature that swims and usually attaches itself to a fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabarcoding in the Abyss: Uncovering Deep-Sea Biodiversity Through Environmental
    Metabarcoding in the abyss : uncovering deep-sea biodiversity through environmental DNA Miriam Isabelle Brandt To cite this version: Miriam Isabelle Brandt. Metabarcoding in the abyss : uncovering deep-sea biodiversity through environmental DNA. Agricultural sciences. Université Montpellier, 2020. English. NNT : 2020MONTG033. tel-03197842 HAL Id: tel-03197842 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03197842 Submitted on 14 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE M ONTPELLIER En Sciences de l'Évolution et de la Biodiversité École doctorale GAIA Unité mixte de recherche MARBEC Pourquoi Pas les Abysses ? L’ADN environnemental pour l’étude de la biodiversité des grands fonds marins Metabarcoding in the abyss: uncovering deep - sea biodiversity through environmental DNA Présentée par Miriam Isabelle BRANDT Le 10 juillet 2020 Sous la direction de Sophie ARNAUD-HAOND et Daniela ZEPPILLI Devant le jury composé de Sofie DERYCKE, Senior researcher/Professeur rang A, ILVO, Belgique Rapporteur
    [Show full text]
  • Snotty Hagfish
    DOWNLOADABLE EXTRAS Introduction to Science 9 Dissecting an Article: Snotty Hagfish When you threaten a hagfi sh, it squirts a huge amount of snotty goo from hundreds of glands that run along its sides. The goo is in such large quantities it could gag a large predator like a shark. The goo that they secrete can expand to 20 litres when it is combined with water; it is like mixing powdered glue paste up for papier-mâché. This goo is produced as a defence mechanism where they become so slippery that the predator can’t hold on to them. They can also tie themselves into a knot spreading the goo all over the predator, this twisting pretzel movement also removes the goo that is sticking them to themselves so that they can escape. The hagfi sh is mainly prey for birds and mammals, with very few sea creatures daring to eat the slimy snot ball. Scientists think that this could be because the goo is able to block fi sh’s gills which would suffocate them so instead they stay away. Hagfi sh are an eel-like marine fi sh that are found in deep areas of the ocean. Hagfi sh occur in a range of colours including pink, brown, blue, grey and even black or white spotted. They are very simple fi sh and lack a true eye. They have a series of eye spots instead that detect light rather than actually see objects. Hagfi sh use long whiskers around their mouths called barbels to help them sense the things in their environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of O2 Uptake in Pacific Hagfish Refutes a Major Respiratory Role for the Skin Alexander M
    © 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2016) 219, 2814-2818 doi:10.1242/jeb.141598 SHORT COMMUNICATION It’s all in the gills: evaluation of O2 uptake in Pacific hagfish refutes a major respiratory role for the skin Alexander M. Clifford1,2,*, Alex M. Zimmer2,3, Chris M. Wood2,3 and Greg G. Goss1,2 ABSTRACT hagfishes, citing the impracticality for O2 exchange across the – Hagfish skin has been reported as an important site for ammonia 70 100 µm epidermal layer, perfusion of capillaries with arterial excretion and as the major site of systemic oxygen acquisition. blood of high PO2 and the impact of skin boundary layers on diffusion. However, whether cutaneous O2 uptake is the dominant route of uptake remains under debate; all evidence supporting this Here, we used custom-designed respirometry chambers to isolate hypothesis has been derived using indirect measurements. Here, anterior (branchial+cutaneous) and posterior (cutaneous) regions of we used partitioned chambers and direct measurements of oxygen Pacific hagfish [Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington 1878)] to partition whole-animal Ṁ and ammonia excretion (J ). Exercise consumption and ammonia excretion to quantify cutaneous and O2 ̇ Amm branchial exchanges in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) at rest and typically leads to increases in MO2 and JAmm during post-exercise following exhaustive exercise. Hagfish primarily relied on the gills for recovery; therefore, we employed exhaustive exercise to determine the relative contribution of the gills and skin to elevations in both O2 uptake (81.0%) and ammonia excretion (70.7%). Following metabolic demand. Given that skin is proposed as the primary site exercise, both O2 uptake and ammonia excretion increased, but only ̇ across the gill; cutaneous exchange was not increased.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
    Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia
    [Show full text]
  • Hagfish at Home!
    Hagfish at home! What is a hagfish? A hagfish is a type of fish whose body looks similar to that of an eel or worm with a flattened tail. They are usually about a half meter long and are generally found in cold deep waters near the ocean floor (abyssmal zone) where they can live for months without food. When they do eat, they feast on the remains of deceased animals like whales and sharks, that sink to the bottom. Often, hundreds of hagfish will congregate around a carcass and eat it from the inside out. Why are they so slimy? Like many ocean animals, the hagfish needs a way to defend itself against hungry predators. Hagfish accomplish this task by producing a thick, fibrous slime that expands upon contact with saltwater. The slime coats their whole bodies making them unpalat- able, and possibly even dangerous to eat, as hagfish can even hurl their slime to choke potential predators. But if this slime is a choking hazard, why don’t hagfish choke on their own slime? Well, hagfish take their own precautions: they tie their bodies in knots to wipe the excess slime away from their heads so they can eat Above, a car is covered in hagfish slime as result without choking on their own slime! of an accident involving a truck transporting hagfish for human consumption. Photo: Reuters, via The Atlantic Make Your own hagfish slime! What yOU'LL NEED Washable school glue (8 oz) Baking soda (1 tsp) Saline solution/contact lens solution (3 tbsp) Optional Ingredients Liquid food-coloring Mixing bowl Craft glitter Measuring spoons Mixing spoon Airtight container for storage* *Bonus points if it’s a reusable or non-plastic con- tainer! instructions Pour 8 oz of glue into the mixing bowl.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Chordates Video Guide
    Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Information in Taxonomists' Heads to Resolve Hagfish And
    This article was downloaded by: [Max Planck Inst fuer Evolutionsbiologie] On: 03 September 2013, At: 07:01 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ghbi20 Using information in taxonomists’ heads to resolve hagfish and lamprey relationships and recapitulate craniate–vertebrate phylogenetic history Maria Abou Chakra a , Brian Keith Hall b & Johnny Ricky Stone a b c d a Department of Biology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada b Department of Biology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada c Origins Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada d SHARCNet, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada Published online: 02 Sep 2013. To cite this article: Historical Biology (2013): Using information in taxonomists’ heads to resolve hagfish and lamprey relationships and recapitulate craniate–vertebrate phylogenetic history, Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2013.825792 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information.
    [Show full text]