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Biological Synopsis of Five Selected Florida Centrarchid Fishes with an Emphasis on the Effects of Water Level Fluctuations

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Biological Synopsis of Five Selected Florida Centrarchid Fishes with an Emphasis on the Effects of Water Level Fluctuations SPECIAL PUBLICATION SJ2005-SP3 BIOLOGICAL SYNOPSIS OF FIVE SELECTED FLORIDA CENTRARCHID FISHES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS Biological Synopsis of Five Selected Florida Centrarchid Fishes with an Emphasis on the Effects of Water Level Fluctuations Jeffrey E. Hill1 and Charles E. Cichra2 1/Corresponding author: Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1408 24th Street SE, Ruskin, Florida 33570; [email protected] 2/Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, Florida 32653 Final report submitted to: Water Supply Management Division St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida February 2005 Acknowledgments A number of people assisted in preparing this report and have our thanks. Funding for this study was provided by the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), Water Supply Management Division, through the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). Personnel managing the project were Chris Ware (SJRWMD), Jim Estes, Eric Nagid, and Dale Jones (FWC). Additional assistance, comments, information, or literature were obtained from Gray Bass, Karen Brown, Bob Epting, Carter Gilbert, Sonny Hall, Susan Hill, Jerry Krummrich, Rob Robbins, Craig Watson, and Jim Williams. Office space was provided by the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................................1 List of Tables...................................................................................................................................4 Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................6 Introduction....................................................................................................................................12 Methods..........................................................................................................................................13 Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède 1802)..........................................................14 General...............................................................................................................................14 Habitat................................................................................................................................16 Feeding...............................................................................................................................22 Nesting and spawning........................................................................................................27 Age and growth..................................................................................................................31 Dispersal and migration.....................................................................................................35 Effects of water level fluctuations on largemouth bass.....................................................37 Dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus (Holbrook 1855)...................................................................40 General...............................................................................................................................40 Habitat................................................................................................................................41 Feeding...............................................................................................................................44 Nesting and spawning........................................................................................................44 Age and growth..................................................................................................................45 Dispersal and migration.....................................................................................................46 Effects of water level fluctuations on dollar sunfish.........................................................46 Redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus 1758).....................................................................47 General...............................................................................................................................47 Habitat................................................................................................................................49 Feeding...............................................................................................................................54 Nesting and spawning........................................................................................................56 Age and growth..................................................................................................................61 Dispersal and migration.....................................................................................................63 Effects of water level fluctuations on redbreast sunfish....................................................64 Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus (Valenciennes 1831).............................................................65 General...............................................................................................................................65 Habitat................................................................................................................................67 2 Feeding...............................................................................................................................72 Nesting and spawning........................................................................................................74 Age and growth..................................................................................................................75 Dispersal and migration.....................................................................................................77 Effects of water level fluctuations on spotted sunfish.......................................................78 Warmouth Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier 1829)...................................................................................78 General...............................................................................................................................78 Habitat................................................................................................................................80 Feeding...............................................................................................................................86 Nesting and spawning........................................................................................................91 Age and growth..................................................................................................................94 Dispersal and migration.....................................................................................................97 Effects of water level fluctuations on warmouth...............................................................97 Summary of Effects of Water Level Fluctuations and Water Withdrawals on Centrarchid Populations.....................................................................................................................................98 Management Implications and Future Research..........................................................................104 References....................................................................................................................................106 Appendix......................................................................................................................................136 3 List of Tables Table 1. Lake morphometry, water chemistry, and aquatic macrophyte variables for lakes (N = 59) in north and central Florida where Hoyer and Canfield (1994) collected largemouth bass.................................................................................................................................................18 Table 2. Relation of largemouth bass gape width to total length, including the total length range over which the predictive equation is valid...................................................................................24 Table 3. Mean weight for largemouth bass from Florida lakes, by total length size group. Data from Hoyer and Canfield (1994)....................................................................................................32 Table 4. Lake morphometry, water chemistry, and aquatic macrophyte variables for lakes (N = 20) in north and central Florida where Hoyer and Canfield (1994) collected dollar sunfish............................................................................................................................................43 Table 5. Lake morphometry, water chemistry, and aquatic macrophyte variables for lakes (N = 5) in north and central Florida where Hoyer and Canfield (1994) collected redbreast sunfish............................................................................................................................................51 Table 6. Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) habitat variable values to achieve
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