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The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and Tsunamis—A Modern Perspective and Enduring Legacies

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The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and Tsunamis—A Modern Perspective and Enduring Legacies The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and Tsunamis—A Modern Perspective and Enduring Legacies Introduction Nation except for Connecticut, Delaware, and Most of the population of Alaska and its major The magnitude 9.2 Great Alaska Rhode Island—registered the earthquake. It transportation routes, ports, and infrastructure Earthquake, which struck south-central Alaska was so large that it caused the entire Earth to lie near the eastern segment of the Aleutian at 5:36 p.m. on Friday, March 27, 1964, is the ring like a bell: vibrations that were among Trench that ruptured in the 1964 earthquake. largest recorded earthquake in U.S. history the first of their kind ever recorded by modern Although the Great Alaska Earthquake was and the second-largest earthquake recorded instruments. The Great Alaska Earthquake tragic because of the loss of life and property, with modern instruments. The earthquake spawned thousands of lesser aftershocks it provided a wealth of data about subduction- was felt throughout most of mainland and hundreds of damaging landslides, zone earthquakes and the hazards they pose. Alaska, as far west as Dutch Harbor in submarine slumps, and other ground failures. The leap in scientific understanding that the Aleutian Islands 800 miles away from Alaska’s largest city, Anchorage, located followed the 1964 earthquake has led to Anchorage, and at Seattle, Washington, west of the fault rupture, sustained heavy major breakthroughs in earth science research more than 1,200 miles to the southeast of property damage. Tsunamis produced by the worldwide over the past half century. This the fault rupture, where the Space Needle earthquake resulted in deaths and damage as fact sheet commemorates the Great Alaska swayed perceptibly. The earthquake caused far away as Oregon and California. Altogether Earthquake and examines the advances in rivers, lakes, and other waterways to slosh as the earthquake and subsequent tsunamis knowledge and technology that have helped to far away as the coasts of Texas and Louisiana. caused 129 fatalities and an estimated $2.3 improve earthquake preparation and response Water-level recorders in 47 states—the entire billion in property losses (in 2013 dollars). both in Alaska and around the world. Damage to the Seward Highway caused by the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake. Photograph by the U.S. Army. U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2014–3018 U.S. Geological Survey March 2014 Scientific Impact of the Great Alaska Earthquake Support for the Theory of Plate Tectonics North American Plate, it descends, or At first, geologists did not know how subducts, into the Earth’s mantle along the such a huge earthquake could have happened, Aleutian Trench. Subduction zones like because the prevailing theories of the day could southern Alaska’s occur throughout the not explain such a large movement. So they world, and the 1964 Alaska earthquake was examined the earthquake within the framework the first to be generally understood by earth Tsunami damage to the waterfront area of Kodiak, of a new theory, plate tectonics, which scientists as having occurred on a subduction Alaska. USGS photograph by George Plafker. proposed that the crust of the Earth consists zone interface: the slip was along the gently of about a dozen or so major sections, or dipping boundary, or “megathrust fault,” tsunamis produced by the 1964 Great Alaska plates, that sit on top of the hot mantle below between the denser downgoing oceanic plate Earthquake was one of the first events to and slowly move past each other or collide. and the lighter overriding continental plate. demonstrate to scientists that an earthquake Compelling evidence for this theory is that Since 1964, subduction zones have been may cause changes of seafloor depth that most earthquakes occur near the boundaries recognized elsewhere, including Indonesia, generate transoceanic tsunamis. of these plates, and the plates’ movements Japan, and Chile, where great earthquakes The 1964 earthquake was giant because through geologic time help to explain many have also occurred during the past 60 years. of the large area of the fault that slipped of the landforms and processes that we observe The understanding gained from the 1964 during the earthquake and the large amount on Earth. Great Alaska Earthquake provided the of slip, or relative motion, between opposite Earth scientists now recognize that the geological framework for assessing the sides of the earthquake fault. Current 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake resulted from earthquake and tsunami hazards estimates of the average slip along the plate convergence: where the Pacific at all convergent margins megathrust fault during the 1964 earthquake Plate is being overridden by the N around the world. are in the range of 30 feet, with some patches Anchorage For example, the that slipped as much as 60 feet! Turnagain Heights Government Hill Map of southern Alaska Turnagain Arm showing the epicenter of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake (red star), caused when the Pacific Plate lurched northward 0 10 Denali Fault underneath the North MILES Anchorage American Plate. There was extensive damage NORTH AMERICAN to coastal towns and Kenai infrastructure throughout PLATE Peninsula Whittier Valdez the region, particularly Cook Prince in Anchorage, Seward, Inlet Seward William Whittier, and Valdez. Sound Widespread uplift occurred Chenega Copper River seaward of Kodiak Island Montague Delta and the Kenai Peninsula, SUBSIDENCE Island while subsidence occurred Middleton Island inland as a result of the Kodiak Kodiak UPLIFT AND magnitude 9.2 earthquake. Island In 1964, there were no SUBSURFACE instruments in Alaska RUPTURE capable of recording the PACIFIC PLATE earthquake, but now there ch is an extensive network of en N Tr stations (yellow squares) tian Aleu that monitor the seismically ALASKA active plate boundary PACIFIC OCEAN along the Aleutian Trench. CANADA (detailed map) 0 100 Modern seismic stations MILES Volcanoes Movement of plate Seismogram of 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake from station in Weston, Massachusetts. Each line is 30 minutes. Image courtesy of IRIS Data Management System. Observation and Explanation of In areas experiencing initial sudden and in the Kodiak Island area, show that the Earthquake Ground Deformation subsidence, such as Cook Inlet and much last 1964-type earthquake may have occurred Geologists from the U.S. Geological of Kodiak Island, coastal forests and peaty 880 years ago and that the average interval Survey (USGS) were the first earth scientists marsh deposits dropped below sea level and between great earthquakes is about 535 years. to respond to the devastated region, and they were killed by the sudden inundation by Middleton Island, located offshore mapped land-level changes resulting from salt water. These drowned forests become southern Alaska, was uplifted about 10 feet the 1964 earthquake all along the coast of buried by marine silt, and, in some places, by the 1964 earthquake, and a new wave- southern Alaska. They were astonished to by tsunami sand deposits. During the gradual cut terrace was formed. The observation of find that the earthquake was accompanied by uplift that follows, salt-water-tolerant peat this new landform led to subsequent USGS vertical shifts of the Earth’s surface over an eventually accumulates on the marine silt, study of a series of five other wave-cut area two-thirds the size of California. Parts of and new forests grow on the peat. In other terraces that were first noticed on the island the coast sank, or subsided, as much as 8 feet, places, such as the Copper River Delta, in 1933 but were not originally recognized and other parts rose by as much as 38 feet. In located closer to the Aleutian Trench, as earthquake-related features. Geologists addition, geodetic surveys showed that much sudden uplift occurs first, followed by slow realized that each terrace had been formed by of coastal Alaska moved seaward at least submergence between earthquakes. uplift during a great 1964-type earthquake. 50 feet. The uplift and subsidence data from Sediment cores collected through these Radiocarbon dating of fossil driftwood the 1964 earthquake have been repeatedly cyclic uplift/subsidence deposits have yielded from beach deposits on these older terraces used to test models of how subduction zones an unprecedented 5,600-year-long record of showed that the repeat times for these prior rupture during great earthquakes and to great earthquakes along the southern Alaska earthquakes ranged from 400 to 1,200 years, calculate how much the plates shifted along coast. In the Copper River Delta, the cores with an average of 800 years. Since the 1964 the fault plane at depth. show evidence of 9 prehistoric earthquakes, earthquake, similar wave-cut terraces have It is now recognized that major implying an average interval of about 600 been recognized and used in other subduction subduction-zone earthquakes produce a years between 1964-type great earthquakes in zones to better assess the hazards and pattern of uplift of the coastline above the southern Alaska. Other studies to the west of earthquake recurrence intervals associated shallowest and most seaward part of a the Copper River Delta, in the Turnagain Arm with them. rupture, and that subsidence of the coastline occurs farther inland from the rupture. This The movement of the Pacific Plate northward beneath the North American Plate resulted in pattern gradually reverses over a period of subsidence in some areas and uplift in others. Whale Bay, on Prince
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