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Templat Tesis Dan Disertasi

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Templat Tesis Dan Disertasi 1 1 PENDAHULUAN Ikan belida (Chitala lopis) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan air tawar yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi di Indonesia. Persebarannya meliputi daerah Jawa, Riau, Sumatra Selatan, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung dan Kalimantan (Kottelat et al. 1993). Ikan belida merupakan ikan konsumsi dan ikan hias karena tampilannya unik. Harga ikan belida konsumsi di pasar berkisar Rp. 50.000 ‐140.000/kg dan ikan belida hias berawal dari Rp. 20.000/ekor, tergantung umur, ukuran dan corak tubuh. Berdasarkan kelebihannya, ikan belida sudah banyak ditangkap baik dari ukuran besar untuk konsumsi, dan ukuran kecil untuk ikan hias. Adanya aktivitas penangkapan (overfishing) dan perubahan lingkungan maupun kerusakan lingkungan perairan, dapat menyebabkan kelestarian ikan ini terancam punah. Ikan belida termasuk dalam kategori ikan air tawar yang dilindungi menurut peraturan pemerintah no. 7 tahun 1999. Pada tahun 2018 ada 4 jenis ikan belida yang dilindungi pemerintah, yaitu belida Borneo (Chitala borneensis), belida Sumatra (Chitala hypselonotus), belida lopis (Chitala lopis), dan belida Jawa (Notopterus notopterus) (Men. LHK 2018). Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) mengkategorikan Chitala spp. terutama jenis Chitala lopis sebagai spesies langka (Sarkar et al. 2008). Dalam menjaga kelestarian ikan belida, perlu adanya upaya kebijakan pengelolaan dan konservasi untuk menjaga populasi ikan belida. Sebagai dasar konservasi, ada 3 prinsip konservasi yang tertuang dalam peraturan pemerintah, yaitu konservasi ekosistem, konservasi jenis, dan konservasi genetik (UU. RI No.31/2004). Upaya untuk menjaga populasi ikan belida sudah dilakukan dengan berbagai kajian, seperti karakter morfologis (Sunarno et al. 2007, Nugroho et al. 2019), keragaman genetik (Wibowo et al. 2010, Wibowo 2012, Wibowo & Marson 2012), biologi reproduksi (Adjie et al. 1999, Santoso 2009, Sunarno & Syamsunarno 2015), ekobiologi (Wibowo & Subagja 2014). Dari beberapa penelitian tersebut, penelitian ini dapat membantu menjaga ekosistem dan kelestarian ikan belida dengan informasi ilmiah tentang kerakteristik dan keragaman populasi ikan belida berdasarkan DNA mitokondria di wilayah Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Analisis gen mtDNA dapat memberikan informasi dalam melakukan identifikasi spesies, mengklarifikasi taksonomi dan menentukan sebaran populasi hewan yang diamati (Hebert et al. 2003). Penggunaan gen mtDNA sering digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi keragaman genetik karena berevolusi sangat cepat dan dapat digunakan untuk membedakan interspesies dan intraspesies hewan yang berkerabat dekat (Solihin 1994). Beberapa tahun terakhir penggunaan gen mitokondria yang paling populer adalah gen Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) dan Cytochrome b (Cyt b) untuk menganalisis taksa dari tingkat species hingga tingkat family (Kartavtsev & Lee 2006, Page & Hughes 2010). Gen COI merupakan salah satu marka molekular yang terdapat di DNA mitokondria. Gen ini banyak digunakan sebagai DNA barcoding, identifikasi spesies, karakterisasi dan pengelompokan spesies dari berbagai taksa hewan (Solihin 1994, Hebert et al. 2003). Penggunaan gen CO1 sebagai DNA Barcoding, mampu untuk mengidentifikasi ikan pada berbagai stadia ikan, maupun 2 status ikan cryptic species (Ward et al. 2005, Bhattacharya et al. 2016, Linh et al. 2018). Informasi keragaman genetik dapat diperoleh melalui analisis marka DNA mitokondria (mtDNA). Gen COI mampu melihat keragaman genetik dan verifikasi spesies ikan belida adalah Chitala lopis ;Bleeker 1851, maka penggunaan gen ini sangat penting untuk barcoding species. Pada beberapa kasus, penggunaan gen COI mampu membedakan asal-usul spesies tersebut (Artamonova et al. 2018). Namun dari beberapa literatur yang ada, pemilihan gen untuk melihat sebaran populasi menggunakan marker yang paling efektif yaitu gen Cyt b (Peng et al. 2004, Habib et al. 2011). gen ini mampu melihat perbedaan pada intrapopulasi dengan sebaran geografik yang berbeda. Gen Cyt b bersifat conserve/lestari dalam spesiesnya dan juga harus menunjukkan kemungkinan pembeda/variabel bagi antar populasinya (Gordeeva & Volkov 2016). Penggunaan gen ini banyak digunakan pada spesies ikan, terutama untuk merekonstruksi pohon filogeni, species origin, maupun sebaran populasi (Page & Hughes 2010, Kartavtsev 2011, Esa et al. 2012). Dalam studi ini, penggunaan gen COI pada ikan Belida diharapkan mampu mengkarakteristik genetik di wilayah Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik genetik ikan Belida (Chitala lopis) dari sebaran pulau Sumatra dan Kalimantan berdasarkan gen COI DNA Mitokondria. Manfaat Penelitian Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi dasar mengenai karakteristik genetik ikan Belida di wilayah Sumatra dan Kalimantan berdasarkan gen COI DNA Mitokondria untuk upaya konservasi berkelanjutan. 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Ikan Belida Di Indonesia ikan belida dikenal dengan nama belido (Sumatra) atau pipih (Kalimantan). Salah satu genus dari famili ini adalah genus Chitala yang terdiri atas 6 spesies yaitu C. blanci (Indochina Featherback) C. borneensis (Indonesian Featherback) C. chitala (Clown Knifefish) C. Hypselonotus, C. lopis (Giant Featherback) dan C. ornata (Clown Featherback) (Kottelat et al. 1993). Nama ilmiah Chitala telah mengalami perbaikan dan nama yang sah atau valid adalah: Chitala lopis. Ikan Belida memiliki sinonim Notopterus chitala dengan nama internasional giant featherback (Fishbase.org 2017). Klasifikasi ikan belida (Chitala lopis, Bleeker 1851) adalah sebagai berikut (Fishbase.org, 2017): 3 Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Osteoglossiformes Family : Notopteridae Genus : Chitala Species : C. Lopis Sinonim : Notopterus chitala Nama lokal : Pangaju (Jawa), Lopis (Jawa Barat), Belidah/Blidah (Kalimantan Barat), Pipih (Kalimantan Selatan) (Schuster & Djajadiredja, 1952) Nama Umum : Giant featherback Gambar 1 Ikan Belida (Chitala lopis) Ikan belida (Chitala lopis) merupakan spesies ikan air tawar yang menghuni perairan umum di Indonesia. Ikan belida tergolong ikan purba dengan bentuk tubuh yang unik. Ikan ini merupakan ikan yang bersifat predator dan nokturnal, pada siang hari mereka bersembunyi di antara vegetasi (Kottelat et al. 1993). Ciri morfologis ikan belida, berdasarkan Weber & deBeaufort (1913); Kottelat et al. (1993), memiliki badan pipih dan memanjang dengan bagian punggung yang tampak membesar. Bentuk kepala dekat punggung cekung, rahang semakin panjang sesuai dengan meningkatnya umur sampai jauh melampaui batas belakang mata pada spesimen yang besar. Bagian perut berduri ganda dengan bagian ekor yang juga memanjang. Ukuran sisik kecil, berbentuk sikloid, pada samping badan membentuk gurat sisi. Bukaan mulut lebar, dibatasi rahang atas depan dan rahang atas. Sirip punggung kecil, terletak kira-kira direntang pertengahan sirip dubur yang bersatu dengan sirip ekor. Sirip perut yang bersatu pada dasarnya kecil (rudiment). Selaput insang bersatu pada bagian dasarnya dan bebas dari isthmus dengan jari-jari selaput insang berjumlah 7-9. Saringan insang tidak banyak, kuat, ada serangkaian tonjolan pada bagian dalam lengkung insang yang pertama. Daur hidup ikan belida hampir secara keseluruhan hidup di perairan air tawar (Adjie et al. 1999), sebagian lagi populasi ikan belida dapat hidup di perairan rawa banjiran yang memiliki kualitas air yang kurang baik, khususnya kadar oksigen terlarut rendah, oleh karena itu ikan belida memiliki alat bantu pernapasan berupa labirin (Wibowo & Sunarno 2006). Pola migrasi lokal ikan belida yaitu pada saat debit air kecil di musim kemarau sebagian besar ikan belida cenderung tinggal di perairan sungai dan sebagian lagi di tempat-tempat terdalam yang tergenang air, sedangkan pada saat air melimpah di musim hujan mereka menyebar ke rawa banjiran dan persawahan 4 baik untuk memijah maupun untuk mencari makan. Ikan belida memijah dilokasi yang banyak terdapat kayu, perakaran yang terendam air. Induk ikan belida menempelkan telurnya pada substrat (akar akar kayu) yang terendam dalam air sebagai tempat pemijahan. Induk ikan belida menempelkan telur-telurnya pada benda-benda yang berada 1,5-2 m di bawah permukaan air (Adjie & Utomo 1994). DNA Mitokondria Mitokondria merupakan organel sel penghasil energi yang terdapat di dalam sitoplasma. DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) merupakan DNA utas ganda yang berbentuk sirkuler. Panjang basa dari mtDNA hewan berkisar antara 14.000 – 39.000 yang terdiri dari 13 gen yang menyandi protein, 2 gen ribosomal RNA (12S dan 16S), 22 gen transfer RNA (tRNA), dan sebuah daerah yang tidak menyandi informasi genetik, bagian ini dikenal sebagai control region (displacement-loop/d-loop) (Solihin 1994). Ketiga belas gen penyandi protein meliputi tujuh subunit (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5 dan ND6) dari kompleks I rantai respirasi, satu subunit (Cytochrome B) dari kompleks III, tiga subunit (Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I, Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II, Cytochrome C oxidase subunit III) dari kompleks IV dan dua subunit (ATP ase 6 dan ATP ase 8) dari kompleks V. 22 gen tRNA terdiri dari prolin (tRNAPro), fenil alanin (tRNAPhe), valin (tRNAVal), leusin (tRNALeu), isoleusin (tRNAIle), asparagin (tRNAAsn), glutamin (tRNAGln), metionin (tRNAMet), triptofan (tRNATrp), alanin (tRNAAla), sistein (tRNACys), tirosin (tRNATyr), serin (tRNASer), asam aspartat (tRNAAsp), lisin (tRNALys), glisin (tRNAGly), arginin (tRNAArg), histidin (tRNAHis), serin (tRNASer), leusin (tRNALeu) asam glutamat (tRNAGlu), dan treonin (tRNAThr) (Pereira 2000; Broughton et
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