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Nocturnal Lepidoptera of Midland Raised Bogs

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Nocturnal Lepidoptera of Midland Raised Bogs Nocturnal Lepidoptera of Midland Raised Bogs A thesis submitted to The National University of Ireland, Maynooth for the Degree of Master of Science (MSc.) Presented by: Ciara Flynn B.A. Department of Biology National University of Ireland, Maynooth October 2014 Supervisor: Dr. Christine Griffin Ph.D. Co-supervisor: Dr. Christopher Williams Ph.D. Head of Department: Prof. Paul Moynagh Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ 1 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 5 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .......................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 9 1.1 FORMATION OF RAISED BOGS ............................................................................. 9 1.2 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FEATURES OF RAISED BOGS ............................................. 9 1.3 MIDLAND RAISED BOG COMPLEXES .................................................................. 10 1.4 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES ......................................... 11 1.5 CONSERVATION POLICY ................................................................................... 12 1.6 PEATLAND INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION ..................................................... 13 1.7 PEATLAND INVERTEBRATE BIODIVERSITY ........................................................ 13 1.8 INVERTEBRATES AS BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS ............................................... 14 1.9 AIMS OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................... 15 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................... 16 2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 16 2.2 STUDY SITE SELECTION .................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Designated sites .......................................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Undesignated sites ...................................................................................... 18 2.3 LIGHT TRAPS .................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Light trapping and selective sampling ........................................................ 20 2.3.2 Advantages of light trapping ....................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Operation of light traps ............................................................................... 21 1 2.4 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 22 2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES .......................................................................... 24 2.6 SPECIES VARIABLES ......................................................................................... 25 2.6.1 Non-target species and ecological noise..................................................... 25 2.6.2 Light trap attraction and sampling ranges ................................................. 25 2.6.3 Raised bog associated species .................................................................... 26 2.6.4 Species of conservation concern ................................................................. 27 2.7 THE DATABASE OF IRISH LEPIDOPTERA ........................................................... 28 2.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSES ................................................................................... 29 2.8.1 Comparing species relative abundance ...................................................... 29 2.8.2 Species of conservation concern ................................................................. 30 2.8.3 The Chao 2 species richness estimation method ......................................... 30 2.8.4 Species-Accumulation Curve ...................................................................... 32 2.8.5 Diversity Indices.......................................................................................... 32 2.8.6 Data Preparation ........................................................................................ 35 2.8.7 Cluster analysis ........................................................................................... 35 2.8.8 Multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) ........................................ 36 2.8.9 Indicator Species analysis ........................................................................... 36 2.8.10 Ordination ............................................................................................... 36 2.8.11 Nestedness analysis ................................................................................. 37 3 RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 39 3.1 MOTH ABUNDANCE & DIVERSITY ................................................................... 39 3.2 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN AND SPECIES NEW TO OFFALY ............ 44 3.3 THE DATABASE OF IRISH LEPIDOPTERA ........................................................... 46 3.4 OBSERVED AND ESTIMATED SPECIES RICHNESS PATTERNS ............................. 47 3.5 DIVERSITY INDICES .......................................................................................... 49 3.6 CLUSTER ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 50 3.7 ORDINATION .................................................................................................... 53 3.8 MULTI-RESPONSE PERMUTATION PROCEDURE (MRPP) ................................... 56 3.9 NESTEDNESS .................................................................................................... 57 4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 59 5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 67 2 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 88 APPENDIX A SITE DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX B PRELIMINARY SAMPLING DATES .............................................................. 95 APPENDIX C 2011 SAMPLING DATES ............................................................................ 96 APPENDIX D FULL AUTHORITY NAMES ........................................................................ 97 APPENDIX E SPECIES LIST ............................................................................................ 98 APPENDIX F THE DATABASE OF IRISH LEPIDOPTERA ................................................. 106 APPENDIX G RANK ABUNDANCE CURVE 2009, 2010 AND 2011 DATASET. ................. 107 APPENDIX H EXPLANATORY VARIABLES ................................................................... 108 3 List of Tables TABLE 2.1 SUMMARY OF MIDLAND RAISED BOG STUDY SITES. ......................................... 19 TABLE 2.2 RAISED BOG ASSOCIATED SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN .................... 28 TABLE 3.1 ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 1% OF TOTAL ABUNDANCE. ............................................................................................................ 42 TABLE 3.2 SPECIES NUMBER AND ABUNDANCE BY BOG TYPE .......................................... 43 TABLE 3.3 ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN IN 2011. ..................... 45 TABLE 3.4. OBSERVED AND ESTIMATED SPECIES RICHNESS PATTERNS. ............................ 48 TABLE 3.5 COMPARISON OF DIVERSITY INDICES. ............................................................. 49 TABLE 3.6 STRESS IN RELATION TO DIMENSIONALITY (NUMBER OF AXES). ...................... 53 TABLE 3.7 EXPLANATORY VARIABLES CORRELATION WITH NMS ORDINATION AXES. ..... 54 TABLE 3.8 SPECIES VARIABLES CORRELATION WITH NMS ORDINATION AXES. ................ 55 TABLE 3.9 ORDER OF SITES IN PACKED MATRIX COLUMNS. .............................................. 58 4 List of Figures FIGURE 1.1 DISTRIBUTION OF IRISH RAISED BOGS (STUDY AREA INSET) ........................... 11 FIGURE 2.1 STUDY HABITATS. .......................................................................................... 18 FIGURE 2.2 LOCATION OF STUDY SITES. ........................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2.3 HEATH TRAP IN 1METRE DIAMETER CIRCLE. .................................................. 23 FIGURE 2.4 DIAGRAM DEPICTING ATTRACTION RANGE (A) AND SAMPLING RANGE (B). .. 26 FIGURE 3.1 NUMBER OF SPECIES ACCORDING TO FAMILY ................................................. 39 FIGURE 3.2 SELECTED RAISED BOG ASSOCIATED NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED . 40 FIGURE 3.3 RANK ABUNDANCE CURVE 2011 DATASET. ..................................................
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