Food Security Bulletin - 23

FS Bulletin, May 2009 Issue 23

Highlights • Because of severe winter drought, 700,000 people in the Mid- and Far-Western Hills and Mountains are in need of immediate food assistance in addition to nearly one million people who are currently supported by WFP. • The drought resulted in decreased national crop production for wheat and barley of 14.5% and 17.3% respectively; however, crop losses in many Hill and Mountain districts of the Mid- and the Far-West regions were more than 50%. • The ongoing WFP food assistance has helped to reduce the severity of household food insecurity in drought-affected communities. Due to the winter drought, however, continuous food assistance will be needed until the next harvest to support the poorest, drought-affected communities in the Mid- and the Far-West regions.

assistance (see Box 1 for a summary of Overview the report). Box 1: Crop and Food Security experienced one of its driest Assessment1 winters in 2008/09 resulting in significantly reduced winter crop yields, Food Security MoAC/WFP/FAO Joint Assessment mainly wheat and barley. The crop Hotspots Report – May 2009 losses ranged from about 10% in the A joint assessment was conducted by Although crop production across the to more than 50% in some MOAC, WFP and FAO to look at the degree country was affected by the drought, Mountain districts of the Mid- and Far- of crop loss due to winter drought and its the magnitude of crop losses and the West. Such heavy crop losses have impact on livelihoods. caused severe food insecurity in many resulting impact on food security vary communities in the Hill and Mountain greatly between different geographic The severe winter drought, one of the districts, particularly in areas where regions of the country. worst on record, caused the decrease in wheat and barley play an important role wheat and barley crop production by 14.5% The most affected areas are where in household food security. More than a and 17.3% respectively compared to last wheat and barley play an important role year of sustained high food prices has year. In spite of the good summer harvest, in household food security – essentially already stretched household resources the poor winter crop production has in the hills and mountains of the Mid- to the breaking point. Limited income resulted in an estimated national food and Far-Western Development regions. generating opportunities and lack of deficit of 133,000 metric tons of cereal. Severe winter crop losses are access to food due to frequent supply This has caused widespread food insecurity, exacerbating an already precarious food constraints in the market leave many particularly in the Mid- and the Far- security situation caused by several drought-affected households with few Western Hill and Mountain districts, where years of poor crop harvests, poverty coping strategies to respond to this the winter crop production was reduced by and sustained high food prices, and shock. 50% or more. The poor crop harvest comes frequent market supply shortages. on-top of sustained high food prices for Ongoing WFP food assistance in many In early April 2009, WFP issued an over a year: current year-on-year food of these communities under the PRRO Emergency Alert (see Emergency Alert- price inflation is over 17%. Sixty-six (Protracted Relief and Recovery 5), based upon its field surveillance percent of rural households that were Operations) has provided some relief, system, warning that some 2 million heavily impacted by the drought are but continuous humanitarian assistance people might be pushed towards food already experiencing food shortages. insecurity because of drought. This was will be vital to people struggling to followed by a Crop and Food Security survive until the next harvest. This It is estimated that 700,000 people are in Assessment jointly carried out by the bulletin provides an update on the food need of immediate assistance in addition to Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives security situation in the 39 districts that current WFP programming. (MoAC), WFP and FAO which estimated are covered by the field surveillance that in addition to current WFP system of the Nepal Food Security The full report is available from WFP or the programming, an extra 700,000 people Monitoring System (NeKSAP). NekSAP google group website. are in urgent need of immediate

Food Security Bulletin

This section gives an overview of the and immediate. Poverty and sustained experienced such high levels of food food security situation in different high food prices mean that families insecurity. Ongoing WFP food for work geographical areas of the country. Maps have limited or no resources to activities has helped buffer households 2 and 3 depict the food security purchase food to compensate for this in Achham and Bajura from the most situation in the country and the district- loss. Collection and sales of immediate impacts of the drought. wise updates are provided from page 5 Yarshagumba provides income to some onwards. This is followed by the table communities, but it is unclear whether III THE RAPTI BHERI HILLS with the number of people at risk of the income generated will be enough to About 100,000 people in , food insecurity in different cover the costs of food needs. Ongoing Jajarkot, Rolpa and Rukum are facing districts/VDCs. WFP food for work activities in Mugu, high to severe food insecurity due to Humla, Jumla and in middle and poor winter crop yields, lack of The classification of the food security southern Dolpa have buffered alternative income, and high food status is based upon a set of reference immediate impacts of the drought, but prices. Ongoing WFP food for work indicators. A description of these additional assistance is likely to be activities has reduced the immediate indicators and the alert level definitions needed until the next harvest. impacts of the drought for households are provided on the last page of this in parts of Dailekh and Jajarkot. bulletin. Classifications are made by II. THE FAR-WESTERN HILLS AND District Food Security Networks which MOUNTAINS IV OTHER AREAS are now set up in 51 districts. The Some 260,000 people are highly food There are also food insecure Networks consist of members who insecure in the Hill and Mountain populations in other parts of the represent different organizations related districts of the Far-West. These include country, but the above three areas are to food security in respective district. populations in Bajhang, Bajura, the ones with largest concentration of Darchula, Baitadi, , Doti and food insecure, which were heavily I. THE KARNALI Achham. The wheat crop loss in Doti impacted by the drought. Wheat is not Some 136,000 people are highly food was 30-70%, more than 70% in a staple crop and is thus not as insecure and another 5,000 are severely Bajhang and was 50-70% in other important for food security in the food insecure in Karnali region across districts. Limited income generating Western, Central and Eastern all the districts of this zone. Crop losses opportunities and lack of easily Development Regions compared to Mid- were between 30-50% for wheat and accessible markets leave affected and Far-Western Development Regions. barely that are critical staple cereals for households with few sustainable options Hence there is no critical mass of highly this season. The impact of such for coping with such high rates of crop food insecure populations in these dramatic crop losses on the food loss. Many areas in Doti, Dadelhdhura, areas due to the drought. security of poor households is severe Baitadi and Darchula have rarely

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Food Security Bulletin

1 District Situation and Outlook May 2009

Outlook Immediate/Underlying Remarks on District/VDC 2 Situation report (April- causes June assigned Outlook 2009)

Severely Food Insecure VDCs

Karnali Districts About 40% of households have As reported earlier, these are the There are no depleted food stocks. Some VDCs with limited and marginal alternative livelihood 5,400 people are severely food agricultural land with difficult options other than insecure, and are mostly access to markets/roads; some Yarsagumba collection depending on heavy borrowing places are 8-10 days walking and desperate sale of of money with the expectation distance from the DHQ. People livestock for food. The that they could pay it back generally depend on Yarsagumba preliminary market from the collection and sales of and livestock sales mostly in observation does not Yarsagumba. However the Tibetan markets. However the price reflect a reasonable price of the herb has gone of Yarsagumba has reduced price rate for Dolpa down to NRs. 25-30 per piece significantly from last year. The Yarsagumba, hence compared to NRs.200-250 last closing of the Tibetan border last  outlook remains the year. This area was highly food year slashed households' income by same until external (6 VDCs in Upper insecure in the previous cycle more than 60%. Summer wheat assistance is launched Dolpa) (January 09), and the number and buckwheat production in the area, or till the

of people affected was about decreased by around 50% last year next harvest in 6,700. The severity of food due to drought, strong wind, and October. People are insecurity has increased, but pest diseases. There is no winter crop requesting that WFP the number of affected people at all; only one crop a year. NFC food for work activities has decreased because of depot does not exist; no assistance begin sooner. income and food brought back programme implemented either (till from people returning from date). Meaning no WFP assistance? winter migration. Rapti-Bheri Districts Food stock is depleted in more Winter crops, wheat and barley, Food stock is depleting than 50% of households. decreased by more than 70% due and other alternatives Mostly people coping by to drought; summer crops, maize do not exist for the depending on wild food, heavy and paddy, were not good (yields immediate recovery of borrowing, selling of livestock, reduced by 30-50%) last year as stock till the next Chamunda and skipping meals. Also the result of excessive rainfall, pest  harvest in August. Kasikandh food stock in the market is disease, and strong wind. Market prices might Raniban poor due to frequent bandhas. Employment opportunities are not increase further with Dailekh Bansi Out-migration has increased by available and the market prices the monsoon rain Kalika more than 40%. About 34,300 have increased by 20-40%. starting in June Jagannath people are at risk of severe onward. food insecurity. People in Salleri VDC Salleri are requesting WFP Meheltoli The rest of the areas are food programmes to start secure or only moderately food à shortly, in which case insecure due to the assistance the situation is likely to from WFP and other improve. development organizations.

Highly Food Insecure VDCs

1 More information is available on request from WFP-FSMAU and the district secretariats of the Food Security Networks (for each district locally completed analysis templates and a district synthesis table are available. 2 Wards level information on 'Highly' and 'Severely' Food Insecure population for 16 districts are provided in separate table in this report. -5-

Food Security Bulletin

Karnali Districts Some 30% households have There were no winter crops There is no stock from food in stock for about a because of the very limited winter crops. The month only. People are coping productive land, and the lack of preliminary market by borrowing money and irrigation facilities. Summer crops rate of Yarsagumba selling of livestock. About decreased by about 50% last year does not seem 2,200 people are highly food due to excessive rainfall and promising this year. If insecure in the area. disease. NFC food distribution has there will be no Dolpa Rimi not been regular, and the market Ä assistance from (1 VDC in Upper, is far away from the areas— three outside, the situation and 2 VDCs in days walking distance. will further deteriorate Lower Dolpa) Employment opportunities are till the next harvest in non-existent. Yarsagumba sales August. were not so good last year— people had to sell on credit and at a lower price (<60%income compared to previous year). Some 20,700 people are Main winter crops, barley and Food stock is highly food insecure with wheat, decreased by 50-70% due depleting gradually, household food stocks to the drought. Food stocks in the limited employment sufficient for less than a market are sufficient; prices are opportunities will not month. People are coping by stable as well; however, people do be sufficient for the borrowing money and not have enough resources to families to earn their MalikaBota consuming less preferred food. purchase food to mee their needs; livelihoods. In some BumraMadichaur In some areas in MalikaBota, UNICEF and WFP food for work areas, WFP support Jumla Sanigaun BumraMadichaur, and activities are providing limited will help keep the MahabePatarkhola  GhodeMahadev Sanigaun VDCs, WFP food employment in south-western situation from further Malikathanta assistance has buffered the VDCs, but it is not sufficient to deterioration; however Tamti situation from further meet growing needs; hence significant assistance deterioration; remaining VDCs households, in these areas are will be needed to are located in most remote requesting WFP activities to start bring the situation parts of the district and sooner. back to normal during depend on very limited wage the lean period in opportunities not sufficient to June-August. feed the family. Some 31,400 people are The main winter crop, wheat, Household food stock Shreekot highly food insecure in these decreased by 50-70% in the is very low; and the VDCs with household food western and north-western VDCs, next harvest will come stock sufficient for less than a and by 30-50% in remaining 5 sometime in August- month despite WFP food VDCs3 in the north-east. Most of September only. NFC Bhie support. People are borrowing these VDCs have limited agricultural food is not sufficient Jima cash or food from neighboring land with little or no access to and mostly limited to Mugu Kalain VDCs, and or depending on irrigation facilities; besides this a DHQs. It's early to less preferred food. WFP good irrigation canal in Sukhadhik Ä predict income from Hyanglu support has been instrumental was damaged by a landslide last herbs collection; Ruga in protecting the livelihoods of year; this affected all the lowlands in however, preliminary Sukhadhik people in such a critical time, those areas. Normally 5 VDCs in the indication from Kimri Pulu otherwise the situation would north-east depend on market in neighboring district have deteriorated to severe Tibet; however, due to the closure Dolpa is not Mugu food insecure level. of Tibetan border, these people encouraging. could not access food in these markets.

3 Dolphu, Mugu, Kimri, Pulu, and Mangri VDCs (Mugu) -6-

Food Security Bulletin

About 42,700 people are Main winter crops wheat and Since WFP’s food for highly food insecure in these barley decreased by 50-70% in work programme is areas with less than one Maila, Madana, Kalika, ongoing in many Syada month of food stock at Shreenagar, and Jaira VDCs; VDCs, the current Dandaphaya Thehe household level despite WFP likewise the crop decreased by 30- level of food stock is Kharpunath food support. Also food stocks 50% in most of the remaining expected to continue Chhipra available in the market are for VDCs. The summer crop was not further. There is no Lali less than a month. People are good as well, it decreased by 30- indication that the Raya coping with heavy borrowing, 50%. Limi and Muchu VDCs were NFC supply quota Sarkideu selling of livestock, and disconnected from the regular would be increased; Humla Barain depending on less preferred market due the closure of Tibetan and, it's early to Saya  Gothi food. NFC is not able to border. Wage employment estimate level of Rodikot supplying the required amount opportunities are down by 30-50% income from herb Melchham of subsidizedfood. WFP's food because of fewer development collection. ShreeMashta for work activities have helped activities in the district. There was Darma to maintain minimum levels of no income from NTFP. Mimi household food stocks. Jaira Shreenagar Madana The remaining four VDCs are Kalika moderately food insecure with Maila negative outlook.

The main winter crop, wheat, Food stock is Some 38,700 people are at decreased by 30-50% due to depleting; no high level of food insecurity. drought; summer crops, maize and immediate income Household food stock is paddy, were 10-30% below opportunities are sufficient for less than a normal last year. The area is less expected. The next Dhoulagoha Khina month; however, market fertile with poor access to harvest will be ready stocks are sufficient for more irrigation facilities. Income in August. Market Kalikot than 2 months. People have opportunities are limited or not prices will go up Ramnakot started borrowing money and available in most of the areas; and Ä during the rainy food from neighbors. Some of markets are far away from most of season. If no external Malkot the households have sold these VDCs. assistance is provided Lalu livestock to buy food. to the area, the situation will 15 VDCs in the south, central deteriorate further. and western belts are moderately food insecure with a negative outlook. Rapti-Bheri Districts More than 50% of households People do not have have depleted food stocks, Wheat production decreased by income opportunities and are now practicing more than 70%; summer crop to purchase needed RakamKarnali livestock selling, and heavy production was not good either. food. Hence if external borrowing of money or food. Employment opportunities are not support is not LayatiBindrasaini Malnourished children are available in the area. Market price provided, the situation Padukasthan seen in the area. Out- (of rice) has increased by 20-40%. will remain similar till Dailekh Malika migration has increased by the next harvest in Khadkabada  Toli more than 40%. About 27,500 August. Bindhyabasini people are highly food insecure However most of Awalparajul these VDCs are located nearby markets, and can somehow access food, provided they have money to buy it.

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Food Security Bulletin

13,000 people are highly food Wheat crop decreased by 50-70%, There is no prospect insecure with household food and main summer crop maize was of employment stock sufficient for about a not good as well (loss of 10-30%) opportunities; market month for more than 30% of last year. Employment price will go up during households. Likewise the opportunities were not available; the monsoon season. market food stock is sufficient market prices were not high The next harvest will for less than a month as well. compared to last year; however come in August- People have started borrowing the stock is not sufficient as per September only. money and food, and are demand and people do not have Jajarkot Daha depending on less preferred resources to access to food as Ä Garkhakot food. Some households have well. sold livestock, and other assets. About 1,200 people have out-migrated to DHQ or other places in search of work.

Other 10 VDCs in the northern belts are moderately food insecure with negative outlook. Some 15,100 people in 6 VDCs No employment opportunities Limited income from in the northwestern part of available. Wheat crop decreased remittances, and the district are highly food by more than 70%; main summer development activities insecure with food stocks crop, maize, decreased by 50-70% of DDC/VDC. There Pachhawang sufficient for a month; food last year. Market price not high are limited Rank stock at the market is compared to last year, however opportunities to Rolpa Bhawang sufficient for more than 2 people do not have resources to  recover household Rangkot months. People are coping by access to food. food stocks until the Bhirul / Mirul borrowing money and food, next harvest in Whama selling livestock, and August-September. depending on less preferred food.

About 13,000 people are Located far from the market Limited income from Hukam highly food insecure with centers; wheat crop decreased by remittance, and herb RanmaMaikot limited food stock at the 50-70%; main summer crop, collection. No Rukum Jang household level. maize, declined by 30-50% last immediate prospects Gotamkot  Syalakhadi year; employment opportunities of food availability in Sisne not available. near future. Next harvest will come in August-September. Far-Western districts 78,600 people are highly food Main winter crop wheat lost by Food stock is Lekgaun insecure in 20 VDCs of the more than 70%; the main summer depleting, potential district. Food stock at crops paddy and maize had income opportunities household level is sufficient declined by 10-30% last year. No are unlikely. Situation Surma for a month only. People are employment and or income will deteriorate further coping by borrowing money opportunities are available. until the harvest in Kaphalseri and/or purchasing food on August-September credit. unless external Bajhang Ä support is provided. Kailash The other four VDCs in the Melbisauna north, central, and southern belts are moderately food Deulikot insecure with negative Pipalkot outlook. Mashta

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Food Security Bulletin

Some 41,700 people are Wheat crop decreased by 50-70% With the beginning of Rapla highly food insecure in in most of the areas, market price Yarsagumba collection Ghunsa northern, central, and affected due to price increase in in June, the situation Khandeshwori southern parts of the district. Terai (price has gone up by about is expected to improve

Sunsera People are coping by 20%). Income opportunities were à in Rapla, Ghunsa, Sitola borrowing money and food, limited. Kahandeshwori, and Guljar and depending on less Sitola VDCs. Darchula Huti preferred food. Food stock at Limited employment markets is sufficient for about opportunities, market Eyarikot two months; however people price likely to go up in have no resources to access it. the monsoon season, RaniShikhar food stock is in Most of the remaining VDCs, Ä decreasing trend. Dandakot except the DHQ, are moderately food insecure with negative outlook. 23,000 people are highly food Wheat crop lost by 50-70%; main Market prices are not insecure with household food summer crops maize and paddy too high, but no stock sufficient for less than a were not good as well (less by 10- potential opportunities Bandhu month. People are depending 50%) last year. exist for employment. Bajura on borrowing money and  Next harvest will come Kanda selling livestock to purchase in August-September food items. Malnutrition cases only. are seen in the area.

Nawathana 23,800 people are highly food Wheat crop yields are down by Market price likely to Marku insecure. Household food more than 70%; no significant increase further in Timelsen stock is sufficient for little presence of development activities rainy season; Janalikot more than two weeks; people in the area; market prices employment Achham Chandika are coping by heavy borrowing increased by 10-20%, and out- opportunities are Ridikot of money for accessing food, migration increased by 20-40% as  limited. The situation Pullatola Kalikasthan and depending on less well. likely to remain similar Ghodasain preferred food. till the next harvest in Birpath August-September. Janalibandali 56,300 people (80% of the Wheat crop loss of 30-70%; these No immediate population in these VDCs) are VDCs are far away from the prospects of income highly food insecure with very market centers; no employment opportunities; market Warpata low level of food stock at opportunities are available. price will be higher in Lanakedareshwor household level. People are the rainy season; the Ghangel mostly depending on might remain similar Simchour borrowing money to access to till the next harvest in food. August-September. Doti Pokhari Gairagaun  Kedarakhada Wagalek Daud Kalikasthan Tejali Dhirkamandau 15,500 people are highly food Main winter crop wheat and barley Stock level is insecure with household food decreased by 10-50%; market decreasing, and stock sufficient for less than a prices rose up to 40% compared people have to depend Shivanath month. Food stock at markets to last year due to high on limited income Baitadi Udayadev is low as well. People are transportation cost. Limited from remittance, and Pancheshwor coping by borrowing money, income from remittances, no  borrowing of money. Mahakali buying food on credit, and employment opportunities selling of livestock. Many available at local level. households are consuming less preferred food.

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Food Security Bulletin

20,000 people are highly food Winter crop wheat decreased by No prospect of income Gangkhet insecure with nominal food 50-70%; production of soybean opportunities in the stock left at the household (the main income source) was near future. Income DewalDibyapur level. Mostly people are coping down by 30-40% last year due to from remittance is not Dadeldhura by borrowing money and food, excessive rainfall. The purchasing sufficient to purchase and selling of livestock to capacity of people has gone down, Â required food. The Belapur purchase food. whereas market prices have situation is likely to Kailpalmandu increased about 40%. Income remain similar till the Ganeshpur from remittance is limited. next harvest in Bhadrapur August.

Moderately Food Insecure VDCs/areas with deteriorating outlook

Currently there are many VDCs/areas in moderately food insecure phase due to losses of main winter crops, high food prices, and limited income opportunities. Traditional coping strategies are being used, and overall food security situation indicates deteriorating outlook till the next harvest. In case, if any further shocks occur, these areas eventually could enter high and/or severe food security phases putting people’s lives and livelihoods in critical situations. VDCs of concern are listed below

Humla Four VDCs in around DHQ areas—Khagalgaun, Hepka, Simkot, and Bargaun.

Seven VDCs in the west-Birat, Kanakasundari, Pandawgufa, Narakot, Dhapa, Badki, and Kalika; and five VDCs in the eastern Jumla half of the district—Patmara, Dillichaur, Chumchaur, Patarasi, and Guthichaur.

Seven VDCs in the western belt and eight VDCs in the south and east— , Mehelmudi, , , Syuna, Kalikot , Ranku, Daha, , , PhoiMahadev, , , Gela, and Odanaku.

One VDC in the north, and seven VDCs scattered in southern and central belts—Kanda, , , Kandel, , Bajhang , , .

11 VDCs in the central and three VDCs in southern areas—, Brahmadev, Dhari, Chhapari, Kante, Khar, , Seri, Darchula , , , Gwani, Boharigaun, and Gokuleshwor.

Baitadi Five VDCs in the southern belt—, , Sakar, Kaipal, and Bilashpur.

10 VDCs in the north—Kortang, , Talegaun, , , Ramidanda, Rokayagaun, Nayakbada, Ragda, and Jajarkot Bhagawati.

Some 27 VDCs in the south, east, and west—Aathbishkot, Aathbishdanadgaun, Ghetma, Magma, Duli, Garayala, Purtimkanda, Rukum Simli, Jhula, Arma, Chhiwang, Baphikot, Muru, Khara, Bhalakcha, Chokhabang, Pipal, Pokhara, Pwang, Sobha, Kanda, Rangsi, Kol, Taksera, Kankri, Morawang, and Kanda.

Baglung Seven VDCs in the western area—Bowang, Nisi, Boharagaun, Bongadovan, Sunkhani, Khunga, and RanaSinkiteni.

Eight VDCs in the central area—Mathurapati, Shyampati, Methinkot, KanpurKalapani, Khanalthok, DaraunePokhari, Kavre Chhetrebanjh, and Puranogaun.

Okhaldhunga Four VDCs in the northern belt—Rawadolu, Bhusinga, Patle, and Jantarkhani.

Udayapur Six VDCs in the north—Bansbote, Thanagaun, Baraha, Tamlichha, and Balamta.

16 VDCs in the north—Badaharmal, Karjanha, RampurBirta, RamnagarMirchaiya, Fulbariya, Chandrodayapur, Jamadaha, Siraha ChandraLalpur, Lalpur, Muksar, Bishnupurkatti, GobindapurMalhaniya, Dhodhana, GobindapurTergana, Bhadiya, and Bastipur.

16 VDCs in the north, east, west, central area, and in the south—Lelep, Tapathok, Papung, Liwang, Lingtep, Thinglabu, Taplejung Santhakra, Phawakhola, Tiringe, Dumrise, Chaksibote, Sawalakhu, Ankhop, Sadewa, Kalikhola, and Pedang.

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Food Security Bulletin

Food Security Phase Classification: Reference Indicators Reference Indicators phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 4 phase 5 Observations Highly food severely food insecure insecure (acute Humanitarian Generally Food Moderately (starting food and emergency/fam secure food insecure affecting livelihood ine livelihood crisis) assets) T: up to 10-20% T: 20-40 % less T: 40-60% less T: 60-80 % less T: >80 % less than Normal yield is based on 5 crop less than normal than normal than normal than normal normal years average in the district a production / M+H: up to 10% M+H: 10-30% less M+H: 30-50% less M+H: 50-70% less M+H: >70% less (M=mountains, H=hills, situation less than normal than normal than normal than normal than normal T=Terai) T: > 50% HHs with T: > 30% HHs with T: 30-50% HHs with 1-3 months food < 1 month food > 50% HHs with depleted food 1. Food availability HHs food stocks stocks b more than 3 months stocks M+H: 30- stocks M+H: > 50% HHs M+H: > 30% HHs >50% HHs have food stocks 50% HHs with < 1 with 2-3 months with 1-2 months depleted food month food stocks food stocks food stocks stocks stock of main less than 1 month c staples in key 2- 3 months stocks 1-2 months stocks stocks depleted stock markets stocks depleted wage 10-30 % fewer 30 - 50 % fewer Opportunities normal employment employment as per normal opportunities opportunities decreased by > 50 a condition is based on opportunities situation compared to normal compared to normal % or no people's perception within district situation situation opportunities no opportunities sale of NTFP, income decreased income decreased Normal income earnings are cash crops income as per by up to 30 % by 30 - 60 % income decreased 2. Food access b based on people's and other agr. normal situation compared to normal compared to normal by > 60 % perception products situation situation no sales decreased, constant increased by more market price of increased by 10- increased by 20- increased by more compared to average price c or up to 10% of than 40-80% of rice 20% of normal price 40% of normal price than 80-100% of during same period last year normal price normal price normal price

occurrence of large occurrence of occurrence of scale devastating No natural disasters occurrence of natural disaster natural disaster natural disasters or occurrence natural disaster assets include land, natural causing 30-50 % causing >50% loss (i.e. earthquake) 3. Hazards a causing <20 % loss causing 20-30 % agricultural tools, cattle, disasters loss of food of stocks and causing complete of food stocks and loss of food stocks houses stocks/assets and assets and human destruction, assets and assets human casualties casualties significant human casualties, displacement up to 10% increase up to 20-40% 10-20% increase of >40% increase of Traditional seasonal out- of traditional increase of 4. Out-migration a Out-migration traditional seasonal traditional seasonal migration is based on seasonal out- traditional seasonal large scale out- out-migration out-migration people's perception migration out-migration migration change in regular HHs adopt a high Traditional coping HHs adopt food habits (reduce level of irreversible mechanisms that irreversible coping quantity food, less coping strategies are part of livelihood strategies (selling of preferred food), including, increased 5. Coping a Coping strategy (migration, productive assets - borrowing sale of productive wage labour, sell livestock, land, no more coping food/money, selling assets, looting, and NTFP, consumption seed) and skipping mechanisms, of non-productive high dependence of wild food) meals starvation and assets on wild foods death to measure and consider only if the other indicators acute child (<5 give evidence of being in a years) 10-15% > 15% phase 3, 4 or 5 (random malnutrition measurement of MUAC by >30% FMs) 6. Food utilization

significant cases of no significant cases epidemic outbreak; b disease diseases under pandemic outbreak pandemic outbreak of disease increasing control

security situation movement movement deteriorating restricted (bandhs restricted (bandhs general peaceful (bandhs and 7. Civil security a Civil security and roadblocks 15- and roadblocks > situation roadblocks 7-15 high intensity 30 consecutive 30 consecutive consecutive days / conflict situation, days / 3 months) days / 3 months) 3 months) displacement