UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF et THE INTERIOR Harold L..Ickes,Secretary OFFICE OF EDUCATION-J. W. Studebaker,Commissioner

, ; CATION INYUGOSLAVIA

By VERIN K.TUROSIENSKI

, Spcialist In ComparativeEducation

Bulletin 1939, No. 6

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CONTENTS Page ..______FOREWORD_ _ VII

CHAPTER I. THE COUNTRYAND ITSEDUCATION SYSTEM,_ 1

History__ ___ . . _ _. _ _ _ _ _ 1

______Languages and minorities______2 Religion _..,..____ _, 4 A ______Government ______-___ 4 Education.._ _ _ _ 5-

_ _ _ _ The schoolsystem______5

Statisticalsurvey______6

Cbaracteristics of the educationsystem__ _ . ______8

_ _ _ _ Illiteracy_ ..... ______11 , National expendituresoneducation_ _ _ 13 _ Bibliography _-_._ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ 14 CHAPTER II. INFANTAND ELEMENTARY EDUCATION_ 17

_ _ _ _ Preschool education______'17 Elementary education______17 . Schoolyear___ _ ...... 18

_ _ Organization of instruction ______18

Sparselysettledareas____ _ ! 19 Advancedelementary schools__ 19

_. Outlines of thecourses__ .______20 Experimental elementary schools__ _ _ 24 _ _ _ Special schools fordefective children______24 Bibliography 25 CHAPTER III. GENERALSECONDARY EDUCATION -. _ _ 26

Organization _ ._ _ _.... ______... 26 Historicalsurvey m a. Ms ma 26

_ .. Kinds of schools _ _ _ _ _ , _ _.1fla mm, a. ma dab 27

Curricula ma, . ,m AIM ma. bm mm, 27 Schoolyear 29

Grading system.. 0 29 Curriculum:

_ Classical gymnasia,_ _ IM dIMI 29 Real gymnasia:..._ __ __ 38

_ _ . _ ._ _ _ _ _ . Real schools______41 *-. The maturityexamination______Mo . 43 Thematurity certificate______46 Secondary schoolsfor minorities_ 46 Bibliography - 47 Tri

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Pao CHAPTERIV.SPECIALIZED SEcONDARYSCHOOLS___ _. Civicschools: --,.....

Outlinesof thecourses _ . 5! Graduation__ _ _._ _ 4.... 51 Technicalandindustrial__ _ _ _ .)_r., Commercial_ _ _ , eli Agricultural_ _ _ _ 1 _ _ (') Forestry______Music, _ _ _ 73 drama,appliedarts _ 73 Theological__. _ 7:, Bibliography_ _ _.. _ _ _ _ 7t; CHAPTERV.EDUCATIONAND STATUS OF TEACHERS_ _ Infant,primary,and _ _ _ _ _ 79 advancedelementaryschools__ _ Schools _ _ 79 ofdomesticscience__ _ 82 Civic _ _ _ schools_ _ _ _ 83 .. Schoolsfordefectives_ 'Inspectorsof _ _ s3 elementaryschools______Secondaryand normal _ MID S 3 schools__ _ _ Institutionsof _ _ _ _ R3 highereducation______

Generalstatus ofteachers___ _ _ M OM eM m fiti Discipline_ . _ . -. ______87 Remuneration______... go _ o . - OW - . 87 Teachers'associations__ _

Bibliography.._ _ __ 88 CHAPTERVI.INSTITUTIONSOF HIGHER EDUCATION______94) _ Generaldata__ _ _ . ._ _ __ _ ...... ___ _ _ Admission 90 requirements______90 Studentbody__ ... _ ___ .. _ 91 Tuitionfees__ _ .....______91 Credentialsgranted______Gradingscale _ 92 _ _ _ _ _ ... _ ..... _ 92 Academicyear_ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ 93 Administration_ _ _ ...... _ _ __ _ 93

Teachingstaff______. _ _ . _ _ 94 Universitiesandautonomousfaculties andschools _ 95 university '4 ofBelgrade _ 4M MD _ _ 95 FacultyofPhilosophyatSkoiAje Ìb MIM 1;5 Facultyof Lawat Subotica__ _ _ Universityof the ._ _ 95 KingdomofYugoslaviaat Zagreb 95 KingAlexanderIUniversity at Ljubljana___ _ 94i Curriculaandfaculties _ ..._ _ _ 96 Philosophy . 96 LAW______...... ______101 Medicine____ 102 Schoolof PublicHealth at Zagreb_ _ _ _ _ 103 _ Dentistry... V V 103 Pharmacy___ _ _ . 104 Theology______...... 410 Mi *ma _ 104 HigherIslamicSchoolat Sarajevo.. IMIIND _ 106 (

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CHAPTERVI. INSTITUTIONSOFHIGHER EDUCATIONContinued. Universities and autonomous facultiesand schoolsContinued. Curricula and facultiesContinued. rage Agriculture-silviculture 106

___ Technicalscience______107

Veterinarymedicine . . 110

University librariesarid institutes_. _ 111 Higher special schools__ _ 112 Economics andcommerce_ 112 Pedagogics__ . _ 114 _ Fine arts and music_ _ _ _ lls Schools for nationaldefense______121 Bibliography______123 CHAPTER VII. GENERAL CULTURALANDWELFAREAGENCIES_ 126 Adult education______126

Physical training,social and medicalcare__ _ _ 127 Other cultural andscientific institutes___ 131 _ Bibliography__ _ _ 134 _ _ _ _ _ APPENDIX _ _ 137

Organization ofthe Ministry of ./..ducatiorr__ _ _ Ob dID 137

__ _ Chief Council of Education.. _ ID 141

Inspection of schools______, _ _ 141

_ _ Banovina School Board_ . MM 142 Incomplete statistics ofeducat ion for 193637 143

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6 AII

FOREWORD Theearnestness,even eagerness,with whichthe nations newly createdorrecreatedat the close of the WorldWar, went to work to build efficient schoolsystemswasand isone of the strongest expressions inmodern timesof fine faith in education.flaving longhoped and insome cases%fought for their rights and the rightsof their childrento adequate general and professionaltraining, whentheywere,finally free to doso,they lostnotime in bringingtogether whatever educational institutionsthey inheritedfrom -theprevious governments, organizing them intoonesystem of schools, improving themasmuchas meanswould permit,and adapting them to thenewpolitical and socialconditions. From timetotiniethe Office ofEducation has reporteaon thesenewschoolsystems.Accounts have beenpublished of education in Estonia,Free City ofDanzig, IrishFree State, Czechoslovakia, Poland,and Germany.This bulletinadds anotherto the series, whichwebelieve willbe ofgeneral interestto educators in thiscountryaswellasof specific helpto school officials who deal withstudenttransfers.Not agreat deal has been written inthe UnitedStates about educationamongthe Southern Slaysand thisaccount of education in Yugoslaviawilltosome extentovercamethat lack.The reader willfind that theYugoslavians alsomade provisioilfor educationto beamajorpart of theirprogram for national unity anddevelopment. To gatherthe data for thisreport, the authorspent 2 months iii Yugoslaviavisiting theschools, conferringwith the Ministry ofEducation andother official organizations, and acquaintinghimself generallywith educationconditions in The Kingdom.To themany personsboth in and the United Stateswho helped him inhis work,the Office of Education isdeeply indebtedand herewithexpressesits gratitude. BESS GOODYKOONTZ, - AgsisttiniCommissionerofEducation. VII -

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-1.4titia" --13r - =a- - CHAPTER 1: THE COUNTRY AND ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM THE (KFaljevina Jugoslavija) 1hasan areaof 95,558squaremiles, slightly less than the landareaof Ohio and Illinois combined. Its population, estimatedonJanuary 1, 1937, at 15,173,608 is about 800,0(X) morethan that ascertained by thecensusof 1030 for the two ,...States, and thedensity of populationpe'rsquaremile ignow t;probably about thesame.Yugoslavia ismorenorthward

.>'than Ohioand Illinois.Theylieroughly betweenthe thirtY-seventh and forty-secondparallels bf north latitude while it extends from the fortieth to the forty-sixth,orfor comparativepurposes,from the northern boundary of Maryland (Mason and Dixon's Line) to beyondthe cities of Ottawa andMontreal in Canada. The surface is mountain- ous; morethan 45 percent of it is above 500 meters(1,840 feet) elevation, andslightly less than 30 percent is under 2,00 meters.The plainsarepredominantly in the northern Raft,of the country along theSlava,Drava, Dunav (Danube), and MoravaRivers.Inor nearthemarethe large cities: (240,000), Zagreb (186,000),Subotica (100,000), Sarajevo (78,000), Skoplje (69,000), and (60,66(0. Theyarethe places that will bementiitínedmostofteh in the followingpages. History.Before the World War, the territorythat isnow Yugoslaviawasoccupied by the following:Two independent nations whichwerethe Kingdom of (Kraljevina Srbija), and (rnagora-liara-Dagh);the two semiautonomous Provinces of Bosniaand Herzegovina, administered by the Austro-Hungarian Government;the Provinces of and Slavonia thatwerepartsof Hungary but had autonomy in home affairs, publicinstruction, and justice; Dalmatia,aProvinco of ; the southern part of the Province of Carniola in Austria,wiieremost of the lived; and Voivodina in the southern sectionof Hungary.In theseareas werethe Southern Slays,called soto distinguish them fromthe Eastern Slays(Russians), and tilt, Northwestern Slays (Polish and Czech). 6) ElnCATWNIN YUGOSLAVIA

In thelatterpart of the World.War,,Croatin. Dalmatia,and Bosniadeclaredtheirindependenceandwith Serbiaformed theSerb, Croat,and SloveneState(Kraljeyinn Srba, Hrvata,i Slovenaca).Its firstministryactedofficially in December 1°918.Montenegrojoinedin1921.The boundariesweredefinitelydeterminedby thetreatyof Rapallo.By thecensusof January31, 1921, thepopulation was 12,017,323. Under theconstitutionof June28, 1921, theunits of locn1 administrationwereNorth Serbia,SouthSerbia,Montenegro. BosniaandHerzegovina,Dalmatia,CroatiaandSlavonin. Slovenia,and Voivodina,withboundariesessentiallythc same as those they hadwhen theycameinto theunion ThiscontinueduntilJanuary6, 41929,whenthe King abolishedtheconstitutionand tookdieexecutivepowerin hisrownhands. Bylaw ofOctober3, 1929, thename \Vti chitngedto Kingdom ofYugoslavia. Thenonparliamentaryregimecame toanendSeptember 3,1931, withthe adoptionof thepresent constitution. For administrativepurposesthecountry isnowdividedmilli) ninehtinovinas,and theCity ofBelgrade.(See themap oppositep.1.)Roughly,thepresent divisionscorrespond to the formerasfollows:

Dravska__ . _ _ Slovenia. Savska_ _ _ __ Croatia andSlavonia. Vrhaska______Bosniti. Primorska _ __ Dalmatia. Drinska _ __ PartsofBosniaandof Nor* Serbia. Zetska______Montenegro. Dunavska______Voivodina. Moravska _ _ North Serbia. Vardarska______South Serbia. LanguageR andminorities.Theofficiallanguagesare Serbo-Croatianand Slovenian.Serbianand Croatianare practicallythesame except that the formerusesthe Cyrillic alphabet,the latter,the Roman.Slovenianhas the Roman alphabetand iscloselyakinto Serbo-Croatian.The dis- tributionof theselanguages issuch *atSlovenianis usedin the northwestsection,mainlyDravska,with itslargest city andculturalcenter atLjubljana.Croatiancenters in Zagreb forSavskaandcontiguousareas.The chiefcity for THE CoUNTRYANDl'Nnagc.TffiN sYsTEM 3

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Serbian isBelgrade but,it is thecommon language inSubotica and Skopljealso andgenerallythroughoutDrinska,Dunav- ska, Moravska,andVardarska.Turkishis usedtosome extent by theoneandone-halfmillionsofMoslemsthat are for themostpart in Drinska,Vardarska,Vrbaska,and Zetska. TheadoptionamongtheSouthernSlaysofapopular written languagemuch likethespokentongue invogue among thecommonpeopleis largelydueto theeffortsof Vuk StefanoviéKaraaié,'whoselinguisticreformswere introduced officially inthe nationalservicein Serbiain1868. He itwaswho createdthepresentSerbo-Croatianliterature andorthographyand byhis literaryworkcontributedgreatly to education andculturalprogressinYugoslavia. The relativenumericalstatus of thepopulation,according lo thecensusof1931,was 9,931,506 ,Croats,and Slo- venes,representing83percent of thetotal; 499,326 Germans (3.59 percent); 468,158 Magyars(3.36percent);and176,482 Czechoslovaks(1.3percent).Inadditionthereweresome 9,000 Italians,46,000 RussiansandRutihenians,15,000 Poles, and5,000 Bulgars. Religion .Religiousaffiliationsforthemost,part,are with the Serbian-OrthodoxChurch(48.7percent),Roman Catholic (37.45percent), andMoslem(11.2percent).The next largest groupis theProtestant(1.66percent).There aresmall percentages of GreekCatholics,Jews,andothers. Government.-2-Thegovernment isoftheconstitutional parliamentary,hereditarymonarchyform.TheParliament, consisting of theSenateandChamberofDeputies,meets annuallyon October20 andmust remaininsessionuntilthe budget ispassed.Membersof theSenateare elected for 6 yearsoneforevery 300,000inhabitantsfrommembers of theChamber of Deputiesand ofbanovinalchambem,and burgomasters.The Kingmay nominateasmany senators as are elected. Members oftheChamberofDeputiesare electedfor4yearsbypopularvote.Suffrageis to all male extended inhabitantsover21yearsofage.Ministers arechosen from theparty inpower and mainlyfrommem- Born November8, 1787, inthe village of Trill.,Serbia.Died in1864 inVienna. his bodyWas exhumed and In1897 taken withgreatceremony to Belgradewhere it yard of thecathedral. lies inthe¡Mayo- THE )1.-NTay AND rN EDLTATIoNsYsTEM 5 ber-sof theParliament.The chief ministriesareforeign affain,interior, transport and communication,warand navy,finance,commerceand industry, education, justice, social welfare andpublic health, mines and forests, agricul- ture,and public works. Plan ofinstruction .Thisnation,youngin itspresent political form,veryold in its traditions and cultures, has arrangedmeansof instructing its youthfrom infancy to early manhoodand womanhood inanorderly series of schools ofgeneral education that form the central column of theeducational structure.They begin with the infant school for children from 4 to 7yearsofage.Compulsory educationcomesinto effect when the child is 7 and continues for 8years.The first 4yearsof that timeareinaprimary school which is theYugoslavian form of thecommon,foun- dation, folk,orpreparatoryschool that is in nearlyevery country.Once out of this 4-year primaryschool, the child has,asfarasgeneral education is concerned,a rangeof three choices. Hemaycontinue elementary education inan advanced elementaryschool and in 4yearscompletecom- pulsory schooling.In thatcasehis formal fulltime attend- anceprobably ends then.Or hemayenteracivic school and study in it for 4yearsand in doingsothe assumption is that at itscompletion he will continueas astudent fora fewyearslonger.His opportunitiesaregreater.Third, hemay gointoany oneof the three types of 8-year secondary schools. Thisthirdchoicepresupposeslater studies in some oneof the university facultiesorother institutions of higher education.The advanced elementary school, the civic school, and the first 4yearsof the secondary schoolare parallel and intended tocoverthe period of early adoles- cence,11 to 15yearsofage,but each hasadifferentpurpose. The final 4yearsof the three types of secondary schools of general educationarenonterminal in thesensethat they arepreparatory tostudies in the traditional university faculties of theology, philosophy, law,,and medicine. For the senior secondary school period, the period of later adolescence when the studentsare15 to 19yearsold, the Yugoslavian people have providedanunusually wide variety eof kinds of schools.Besides the classical gymnasium, real gymnasium, and real school types of _general education,

f". 6 . EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA

therearenormalschoolstoprepare teachers forelementary schools,normalschoolsofdomesticscience,andvocational normal schoolsfor girls;secondarytechnicalschools,some of themgivinghighlyspecializedinstruction;commercial academiesand navalcommercialacademies;secondary schools of agriculture;secondaryschoolsofreligion;and schools fornurses and hospitalattendants.This isnota complete list; thestory is toldsomewhatfully inchapterIV Overlappingthe juniorandseniorsecondaryyears and not of full seniorstandingaretradeschoolsforboysand for girls,armyandnavytradeschools,lowerandspecial agriculturalschools,schoolsofruralhousekeeping,and schools offorestry.Mostlyonthe juniorsecondarystage are vocationalcontinuationschools,railwaycraftschools, and vocationalcoursesformaritimeworkers. The typicaluniversity,suchastheUniversityofBelgrade. has sevenfaculties:Philosophy,theology,law,medicine with aschool ofpharmacy,veterinarymedicine,engineering, andagricultureandforestry.The usualdurationof uni- versitystudies is4yearsfor thefirstdegree butitruns t() 5 in medicineandverterinarymedicine,and6 in Catholic theology. The planof instructionisshown intheaccompanying graph,whichappliesonly4toschoolsadministratedby the MinistryofEducation.Institutionsundertheother ministriesare sovariedthat theycannot hepresentedeasily inagraphicform. Statistical8urvey.Inconnectionwith theorganization of instructionand inorderthat therelativenumericalimpor- tance ofany typeor types of schoolsmaybe graspedquickly, ageneralstatisticalsurveycompiledfrom theStatistAi GodiAnjak1935-36 isnext presented.

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8 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

TABLE i.Generalstatisticalsummaryfor theyear1935-36

Number of

Types of institutions Students I Teachers Insti- tutions Total Girls TotalWorncT

1 2 3 5 6

_ Infant schools_ . . , . 419 33. 385 17, 149 M5 Primary and advancedelementary R,5R1 I. 341. 862 571, 129 30. Mg Civic schools. 212 37, 295 16, 348 2. 422 i Secondary, of generaleducation.. 186 100, 573 Normal school,; 34, 575 4. 961 35 3, 326 1, 853 5R3 Technical secondary . 17 2, 909 549 328 General trade schools. _ . 340 41, 273 5, 535 3. 2RR Special trade,for boys _ . . . 25 1, 323 _ 186 . Trade schools ofonmmunicat ions .. . . 449 97 National Schoolof Railway 1 Communication 158 . _ 30 . National navalacademh.s. . . 3 241 _ . 32 Trade schools andspecial normalschools for girls... . _ 241 14, 571 14, 571 1. 160 Schools of . domesticscience..... 1g 668 668 R8 Schools ofarts . 19 3. 234 1, 613 '248 Commercial,secondary . . . 29 1, 601 2, 508 299 Commercial schoolsof the Associationof tsb CommercialYouth. . 4, 586 It3 284 . Secondary schools .. . 3 of agriculture 414 5 44 ,. Junior and specialschools of agriculture 41 1, 668 316 260 .. Nurse-training schools 4 165 165 ' R1 Schools formidwives _ 4 ..... 135 135 21 . . Theological schools..._. . 33 2,667 212 290 5 Schools for abnormalchildren_ ... 7 576 I nstitutions of higher 208 92 32 education.. 2.5 15, 175 3, 016 1,057 21

Total 10, 297 1, 611, 2M 670, 588 46,954 17,364

Theyear 1935-36 is the latest for whichstatisticaldata for all theschoolsareavailable.Statisticsinsomedetail for 1936-37 for infant,elementary,generalsecondary, civic,and normarschools,and for theuniversity facultiesaregiven in the appendix,page143. CharatIeristisof theeducationsystem. Theterm "na- tional" isstrictlyapplicable, forthe constitutionof Septem- ber3,1931, providesthat All school'smust give moral educationand developthe national spirit in thesenseof nationalunity and religioustoleration.All edu- cational establishmentsareunder the controlof the State. The entireeducationsystem is emphaticallyunder thedirec- tion of theNationalGovernmentthrough itsvariousmin- istries. Theypfescribe thecurriculaand regulatethe require- ments for admissionto and graduationfromanyschool within theirjurisdiction.In thatrespect it is centralized, but it isdecentralizedin thatno one ministry has charge of all phases.It is distributedamongsix ofthe ministries.The THE C( 'UNTRY, AND IT EDUCATioN sYsTEM

Ministryof Education (Ministarstvo Prosvete) administers allschools of general and higher education; agricultural education,elementary and secondary,is directed by the Ministryof Agriculture (Ministarstvo Poljoprivrede). Sim- ilarlevels of commercial and industrial educationarewithin thepurview of the Ministry of Commerce and .Industry (MinistarstvoTrgoine iIndustrije).Nursery and mid- wifery schoolsand schools for abnormal childrenareunder. theMinistry of Social Welfare and Public Health (Mini- starstvoSocijalne Politikei11/4ttrodnogZdravlja).The Ministry of Communication(Ministamtvo Saobraéaja)con- trolsschools of railway communicatiqn;and military and naval education is under the control ofthe Ministry of War and Navy(Ministarstvo vojske i mornarice).Moreover, the Ministry of Finance(Ministarstvo Finansija) maintains schools for tax collectors and landsurveyors;and the Minis- tryof the Interior(Ministarstvo urkutraAnjih poslova), schools for noncommissioned police officers (gendarmes). Administration.The major duties in connection with education fallonthe Ministry of Education' presidedoverby the Minister who is chosen from the political party inpower by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King.The Ministry is organized into five departments, each of which is madeupof several sections. A Chief CouncilonEduca- tion functionsas anadvisory body. Each hanovina hasn school hoard through which the Ministry carrieson someof the direction of education affairs.3The Ministry's authority is almost absolute. Education is predominantly publicly financed andcon- trolled.'Private schoolsmaybe established by permission of the Ministryonthe recommendation of the hanovina school board hut, theyaresubject to the supervision and control of the national authorities.The buildingsmustbe adequate and hygienic and the qualifications of the teaching personnel thesame asthose in public schools of corresponding rank. A private schoolmaybe granted official recognition I Throughout this bulletin the words "Ministry" and "Minister" mean the Ministry and Minister of Education; other ministries and ministersarespecifically designated. sA graph and detailed statement of the organization of the Ministry and its relation to the banovina school boards,aregiven in the appendix, pp. 137-142. 6 Any school mentioned in this publication is public if it is not otherwise designated. 141122' 89-1-2

3t- 1.0 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

(pravo javnosti) and thus be allowedto issue certificatesof thesamevalueasthose granted bypublic schoolsof like

status.If notsorecognizedoraccredited, thestudentshaN () no standing unless theytake andpass anexaminationin II public school. Publicsupport and control extendsevento religion.It i; taughtatiacompulsory subject inall elementary,civic, sefondary, and vocatiolialschools.The curriculaare pre- pared by the various aenominationalauthorities andap- proved by the Ministry.By Law ofJune10, 1935, each classcommencesand closes theday's work withprayers, and all students,in elementaryand secondaryinstructionare requiredto meet the obligations of the faith inwhich they arebeing reared.Children ofGreek-Orthodox faithare encouragedtogoto confession and holy communion a 4. twice year;of Roman Catholicfaith, thrice.Ifmorethan fi() percent of the student body is ofonedenomination,thie entireschoólobserves its holidays;if less than60percent, the students of that faithareexcused fromattendanceon their holidays, butthe school isnot closed.In general, students of various faithsareexcused during theirreligio-w holidays, andalist of suchdays for eachdenomination is approved by the Ministryand published inits journal, Pioimetni Glasnik. The Greek-Orthodox,Catholic, and Moslemfaithsare recognized by the NationalGovernment andreceivesupport, especially for theirtheological schools,from thenational treasury.Their rights andprivilegeswereestablished by agreement betweén the ecclesiasticalauthorities andthe National Government.The smallpercent of Jews Wong mainlyto the Sephardi sect whose mothertongue is Spanish. Multilingualisin.ThesystemismultilingualSerbo- Croatian, Slovenian,Czech, Russian,Ruthenian, German, Magyar, Rumanian,Italian, landFrencharemedia 9f in- struction:IncomplianCewith thetreaty of St. Gefinain, basal instructionis offered inand through theselanguagesto carefor children in thedifferent languagegroups,though Serbo-CroatianorSlovenian is includedin the curriculum as acompulsory subjectof study.The Germans in1933 had 154 elementaryschools with570 classes,1 secondary school, and1 normal school.The Magyars had103 elemen- THE OW!4TRYAND ITs EDUCATMN sYHTEM II too taryschools with 531classes,37infant schools,5 public and 3private advancedelementary, and 3 secondary schools. TheCzechoslovak minority had 40 elementary schools, 11 supplementarylanguage schools, 1 secondary school, and 2 farmers'lower schools. Highereducation is available only through Serbo-Creatian andSlovenian inall.the institutions except the Iliglwr Islamic School atSarajevo where Turkish shares with Serbian. Illiteracy.The percent of illiteracy is high especially in thebanovinas that remainedlongest under Turkish rule, suchasVrbaska (Bosnia), Zetska(Montenegro), Moravska and Vardarska(South* Serbia) where from 27 to 37 percent werereported in 1931asable to read and write.Dravska (Slovenia) had first placeasthe most literate; the percent of illiteracy therewasonly 5.54.For the Kingdomas awhole the percentof literates, definedas persons over10yearsof agewhocanread and write,was54.83.Amongmenitwas 67.31;women,42.9.The data by banovinasaregiven in the followingtable:

TABLE2. -Percent .of literacyand illiteracy bycensusof March 193 1

--r Percent of persons who

Can read only An illiterate Banovina Canread and write

Wo- Wo- Aver- Wo- Aver- Men Aver-Men Men men age men age trim age

e 4 5 s 7 8 le

I5. rJ Dravska______94. 1392. 41 93. 23 ael 1. 80 1. 23 5. 28 5. 79 Havska 80. 0663. 78 71. 60 .37 1.07 .73 19. 57 35. 15 27.67

Vrbaska __ _ 39. 73 13. 96 27. 09 .38 .24 .31 59. 89 85.81 72. 60 Irimorska_ M. 48 29. 73 42.08 .41 .51 .48 44. 11 69. 76 57. 46 Drinska 58. 37 18. 56 37. 49 .39 .42 .40 43. 24 81. 02 62. 11 . . Zetaka_____ 50. 89 18. 09 33. 50 .51 41 48 48, 80 82. 90 66.04 1)urlavska__ ....r. 82. 03 59. 67 70. 52 .45 .77 .61 17. 52 39. 56 28.87 Moravska. 00.76 16. 01 37. 70 .41 .27 .34 38. 83 83. 72 61. 96 Vardarska 43.89 14. 32 28. 84 .41 .18 .30 55. 70 85. 50 70. 86 .Belgrade 92. 6684. 0088. 69 .24 .68 .44 7. 10 15. 32 10. 87 -40 . All Yugoslavia._ 67. 31 42.90 54. 83 .42 .70 56 32. 27 56. 40 44. 61

Progress.Progress in 18years wasOotableasshown by the statistics for elementary,generalstSeondary,and civic schools, and universities.. Elemeibtary schools(primary and advanced elementary) numbered 5,610in 1918-19 anden- rolled 658 876 pupils taught by 11,064 teachers.Corre-

7.% 12 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA sponding figures for1936-37were 8,585 schools with1,404,0:i.) pupils and30,345 teachers.Herewas an increase ofrump than53 percent in schools,almost114percentin'pupils,and 174 in teachers.In theearlieryearsof thisperiodgain.: o were irr?gular.Theywere rapiduntil1921-22 when :1 temporary peakwasreachedandadeclineset in thatlasted until 1925-26 but didnotgobackto the levelsof1918-19. Since 1925-26 theuptrendhasbeenrapidandfairly consistent.Data forsignificantyears are:

e Num berof Year Schools Teacherst Pupils

191W-19. _ 5, 610 11, 064 658, 876 1921-22 6, 660 16, 225 988, 880 1925-26__ ..... _ 7, 316 18, 201 768, 166 1929-30_ _ _ . _ _. - 7, Kl2 22, 068 1, 087, 930 .1936-37_ _ 8, 585 30, 345 1, 404, 032

Percents ofincreasewere even greater in alegeneralsecond- ary schools(gymnasia,realgymnasia,realschools).They A amountedto 54 in numberofschools, nearly142 inteachers, and 158 instudents.Theseschoolswere 120 in1918-19 with 2,053 teachersand42,675 students.For1936-37,they werereportedas185, with4,958 teachersandan enrollment, of 110,142.Gainswereregularuntil1926-27 whensome- thing ofaset-hackoccurredthat lasteduntil1929-30.Since then progresshas beengood.Theimportantfiguresfor theseschoolsare:

A N umber of Year Schools Teachers Students . ._

1918-19 _ 120 2, OM 42, 675 1919-20_. 134 2,656 55, 482 1926-27 ._ _ _ . 206 4, 341 86, 506 1929-30_ _ 169 4, 120 73,092 1936-37_ _ ...... 185 4, 958 110, 142

The civicschoolsincreasedinnumberbyafeweachyea; from115 in1918-19to 219 in1936-37,or90percent.Tbi numberofteachersemployedin themjumpedfrom 989 in1918-19,to, 1,125 in1919-20 andstayedat about thatfigure until1923-24.In the'following5yearsthis staff was strengthenedrapidlyandcame toatotal of1,823 in THE COUNTRY AND ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM 13

1928-29though enrollmentwasdeclining.The staffwas reducedin 2yearsto .1,604in 1930-31, since when it has been broughtupto 2,440in 1936-37,again in the entire period of MOPercent.The numbei of studentsrosefrom 17,594 in 1918-19 to26,635 in 1924-25, declined to 19,985 in 1929-30, and hassince risen to 38,839 in 1936-37,a,total increase of about 64 p!%rcent.The data marking these fluctuationsare:

N umber of Year

St. Ito(1s Teachers ! Students

Lr) 1918-19. 1 939 17,)1:i4

191W-20. 13SS 1, 12ft 19, 427

1923-24... I M. 1, 209 4, 101 I 1924-25. 1, 423 2f1,113ti

192S-29_ . 18(1 1, X23 21, 100 1930-31 . 198 1, 604 21, 308 1938-37 _ 219 2, 440 38. 839

The figuresseemtoindicate that therellas been considerable difficulty in .adjusting thestaff to the enrollment. By 1936-37,the three universities, consisting of 21 facui- ties, hadteaching sfaffs and studentsasfollows: Belgrade, with its two autonomousfaculties-452 and 8,464; Zagreb-- 392 and 5,116;and Ljubljana-164 and 1,788; atotal of 1,408 faculty members and 15,368students.The Ministry states that in 1918-19 therewereonly 6 faculties, 230 staff members, and 2,095 students;that is, the number of faculty members has increasedby 375 percent and of students by 430 percent. National expenditure8oneducation.The budget of the Ministry of Education fortheyear1937=t-38amounts. to 1,054,988,278dinars,5 which, represents about 10 percent of the budgetfdr the entireagdom.This isanincrease of 3.9percentoverthattortheyear1936-37. Inaddition, 400,000,000dinarsweresetaside fór the erection ofnew school buildings.In national educationexpenditure, first place is given to elementary andadult education, including normal schools.They receive 537,169,671 dinars,or61.6 percent,Secondary and civicschoolsareallotted 159,030,- 755dinars,or18 percent;univemity and higher schools, including research institutes, 90,394,070dinars,or10.4per- cent; Governmentprinting offices at Belgrade andSarajevo,

'rho lugoalav dinar is 2.3080 cents inooinageof the United States.

, 14 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA

27,904,372,or3.2percent; schoolsofarts, includinginstitute-, of arts, 21,345,145dinars,or2.4percent; theologicalschools. 16,853,138,or1.9 percent; andthe centraladministration(if the MinistryofEducation,16,772,347,or2percent. M. details ofthe nationalbudgetof theMinistryofEducatimi for theyear 1937-38areshown inthefollowingtable:

TABLE3. Budget nfthe Ministryof Educationin 19.17-3N

Expenditure.; Item

Regular Special ! Total

1 2 3 4

M in istry Dinars Dinars DiIt u rA Academiesof science 14, 65K 879 2, 113, 468 16, 772. 347 sss,602 Libraries MVO 1. 285.h Archives 1. ta, 508 1, 133, .`1004 Museums 713, 769 713. 769 ...... Special 4. 647, 470 37, 000 4. 684.47(1 researchinstitutes...... 2. 347, 801 Universities . 94. 000 2, 441, 801 67, 774, 154 8,078. 576 Higherschools ofeconomy andcommerce_ 75, 85272n Schools of 2.468, 232 35, 000 Z 503.232 arts ...... Higherpedagogical 5, 392, 374 711. 350 6, 103, 374 schools ..... 2, 060, 518 Greek-Orthodoxtheologicalschools.. 2, 060,51R Catholic 7. 600, 000 7. 60n.000 theologicalschools 5, 676, 906 Islamictheological - _ ..... 5, 676, We schools_ _ .. _ . Old Catholic 3, 536, 232 3, 536,232 Seminaryat Zagreb:..... 40, 000 Secondaryeducation _ _ 40, OM ...... 116. 936, 400 4, 230, 000 Normal schools _ 121, 166,400 18. 914. 348 Civic schools 597, 500 19, 511,g4i1 37, 864, 365 Elementaryeducation andadulteducation, in- ..... 37, 864, 355 cluding housekeepingschools . . 514. 524, 823 Provincial 3, 133, 000 517, 657,P23 nationaltheaters.... . National 776, 508 1, 992. 000 2. 268, 50A Theaterat Belgrade.._ .. 5, 999, 413 NationalTheater atZagreb__ -...... 5, 999, 411 NationalTheater at 3, 994, 150 3, 994, 150 Ljubljana. _ 2, 974. 350 State PrintingOffice 2 974. 350 at Belgrade __ 17, 796, 400 State PrintingOffice atSarajevo. 4. 916,060 n, 712,400 Others 5, 191, 972 5, 191.972 ___.... 060.,ono 1, 000, Otle Pension ofteachingpersonnel... 184. 242,000 184, 242,000

Total._ . . . 077, 120,164 27, 868,114 1, 054. 988.778

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BAERLEIN,HENRY. ThebirthofYugoslavia.London,Leonard Parsons,1922.2 vols. BEARD, CHARLESA. andRADIN,GEORGE.TheBalkanPivot: slavia. Yugo- A studyinGovernmentandAdministration. York, New TheMacmillanCompany, 19296.325p. CHMELAk,JOSEPH. Nationalminoritiesin CentralEurope.'Prague, "Orhis"PrintingandPublishingCo.,1987.105p. CHURCH, Lulus F.Thestory ofSerbia.London,CharlesH. Kelly, 1914.186p. ELISON,GRACEM.Yugoslavia.Anew countryand its London, people. John Lanethe BodleyHead,Ltd.,1933.304p.

0D, THE CoUNTRY AND ITsEDUCATION SYSTEM I 3

Ekspozei DobrivojaSto40k4a,Ministra Prosvete,odrianiuNarodnoj SkupAtiniiSenatuprilikompretresa budietaMinistarstva Prosveteza1937-38 godinu.Beograd, 1937. 78p. GRBI6, MIODRAG.The culturalbackground ofthe formation ofthe Yugoslav people.The Anglo-YugoslavReview, Belgrade,July--- October, 1936,pp.95-99. In derMauer, Gilbert.Die JugoslawenEinst mid .Ietzt. Leipzig und Wien, Johannes GUnther Verlag,1936. 2 vok. KraljevinaJugoslavija.Statisti6kiGodi;iijak1935-36.Beograd, Atamparija"Radenkovi6", 1937.473p. kingdom of Yugoslavia 1919 1929.Beograd, The CentralPress Bureau of thc Presidency of the MinisterialCouncil, 1930.48p. LaYougoslavie d'aujourd'hui. Belgrade, Pub lit '.pvrla section de la Press()auMinistere des ArrairesEtrangères, 1935.439p. MARCOVITC11) I). Serbia and Europe1914-1920.London, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1920.355p. MLIATOVICS, ELODIE LAWTON. The history of modernSerbia.Lon- don, William Tweedie, 1872.272p. MinistarstvoFinansija.BudietrashodaMinistarstvaProsvete, Kraljevine Jugoslavijeza1937-ES godinu.Sarajevo, Driavn'a Atamparija,1937. 127p. Ministarstvo Prosvete.Vredbaouredjenju Ministarstva Prosvete. AtampaDriavne Atamparije KraljevineJugoslavije.Beograd, 1937.51p. /0. Statistika Akola pod MinistarstvomProsvetenadan 15 maja 1932g.Beograd, 1933. 184p. MOSICOVLJEV16, MIL0A M. VukKaradii, Father andreformer of Serbian literature.The Anglo-Yugoslav Review,Belgrade, July December 1937,pp.70-73. PATroN, KENNETH S.Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes(Yugo- . slavia).A commercial and industrialhandbook.Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,Department of Commerce, Trade Promotion SeriesNo.61. Washington, United States Government Printing Office,1928.261p. PETROVITCH, WOISLAV M.Serbia, her people, history, andaspirations. New York, Frederick A. StokesCompany, 1915.280p.

STANOTiVITCH, STANOTt.. Ilistoire de Yougoslavie.Belgrade, Bu- reauCentraldePresse, 1936;135p. STEAD, ALFRED.Servia by the Servians.London, William Heine- mann,1909.377p. TUROSIENSKI, SIMCRINK.Education in Yugoslavia.SchoolLife, 23: 89-90, November 1937. Ustav KraljevineJugoslavije., Izdanje Knjilare "Slavije," 1931.62p. Vsumutovte,Rev. Father NICHOLAS.Serbia in light and darkness. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1916.147p. 16 EDUCATIONI NTUOOSLAVI A

WENDEL, HERMANN.DerKampfderSüdslawenum Freiheit Einheit.Frankfurt Ind am Main,FrankfurterSocietits-Druckerel G. M.B. H.,1925.798p. Zakono Glavnom ProsvetnomSavetuod 20jula1931g. GlasnikMinistarstva Prosvetiti Prosvete,broj7, Juli1931g., Beograd, DriavnaAtamparija,1931.pp. 569-574 Zakono Nazivu ipodeli Kraljevinenaupravna podru6a.Beograd, IzdavanaknjiAarnicaGeceKona,1933.NSp. Periodicals: ProsvetniGlasnik, sluibeniorgan MinistarstvaProsveteKralje ineJugoslavije,Beograd. (Officialmonthlyperiodicalofth.. Ministry ofEducationofYugoslavia). TheAnglo-Yugoslav Review,TheFirstEnglishPeriodical Yugoslavia,published ill quarterlyby theSocietyforPromoting Anglo-SaxonCulture inYugoslavia,Belgrade,Yugoslavia.

v CHAPTER I I:INFANTANDELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Preschooledwation.Infantschools (zahaviAta)arein all larger cities and importantruralcenters.Theyaremain- tained by the nation,municipalities,communities,orprivate bodies.The curriculaincludeprayers,exercises inspeech, and numbers. Much emphasisis placedonpersonalhygiene, medical examination,diet, gynmasticsand open-airgames, and modeling.An infantschoolaccepts children fromthe ageof 4upto the time of admissiontoaprimaryschool. Attendance isnot compulsory.Anewschoolmaybe opened with theconsent of the Ministryat thereqtiestofparentsor community councilswhere there isa groupof 30 infants. Elementary education ismainly public,commonlycoeduca- tional, lay, free of tuitionfees, andcompulsory, andaims , to educate pupils in thespirit of State andNationalunity and religious tolerance; make ofthem moral,faithful, andactivemem- bers of the Nation andsociety; and disseminateeducation broadly amongthe people both directlyand indirectlythrough collabora- tion with the culturalinstitutions forpopular instruction.' It is compulsory inthesensethat all children,whether of richor poor parents,citizensoraliens,must begin attendance after thesummervacation of theyearin whichthey attain the seventhyearofageand continuefor 8years.Severe penaltiesareimposed for violationof the law.Freedom from tuition fees isrecognizedasthe right of allchildren whocome within the provisionsof the compulsoryregulations. It is public andcoeducationalto the extent that ofthe 8,585 ichools in operation in1936-37, only111wereprivate, and therewerehut114 separate schools forboys and103 for girls. The general principleis that theexpenseof maintaininga school fallsonthose who organizeit, but inboth publicand private schoolsthe nationaltreasurypaysthe teachersthe salaries fixedby law.Itmayalso helpto erectnewbuild- ings and insomebanovinas, suchasZetska and Vardarska, assumesthe entirecost of the schools.

I Quoted from Law ofDecember 5, 1929, which withamendments of July 7,1930, December 29, 1930, March 31,1931, and March 31,1933,governs elementary education in Yucoslavia. 17 18 EnucynoNINYr(14*ILAvIA

School year.Theschoolyearbeginsonthe firstofSep- temberand closesfor thesummer vacationonthe lastday of June.The vacationsare: Christmas,4 days,Easter,6 (fromHolyThursday to WednesdayafterEaster);and summer, from July1 toAugust31. Theschoolholidays (a) are: NationalTheProclamationofYugoslavUnity(Decem- ber1), andthe birthdayof KingPeterII(September61: (b)Generalschool holidaysAllSundays,Saint , Strosmajer's Sava Day(February4),SaintseyrillandMethodius (May24), Saint Vita'sDay,andZrinskiandFrankoptus's Day(April 30);and(e)Religiousholidaysforpupilsof eachdenomination,amountingtoatotal. ofabout per 10 days annum. The actualworkingsch-ooldaysarenear 230 annually. Classesareinsession6 daysaweek,thesessions usuallyat 8 in the beginning morningandcontinuingto 2:30 inthe afternoon.Each classperiodis50 minutes.Thetimetable isso arranged that theafternoonlessonsaremainlyinphysical training, handicrafts,andsinging.Homeworkisintended complete to andrepeat classworkandmust be ofsucha nature that thepupilscando itwithouthelpfromothers. Organizationof instruction.The8-yearterm ofcom- pulsoryeducationis arranged intwo periodsof4 classes I. (years)each.Thefirst oftheseconstitutesthe schools primary (oAnovneAkole);thesecond,theadvancedelementary schools(vise narodneAkole).Eachnumbersitsclassesfrom I, thelowest, to IV, thehighest.Thecurriculumorprogram fortheprimary school(oftnovnaAkola)isfixed byMinisterial Decreeof July15, 1933,and isasfollows: TAMA4. Programof ' studiesfor the4-yearprimaryschools

Requiredsubjects Hoursa week bychose' I II III ! I" ;Total

; 6 5 $ Religionwith moraleducation Nationallanguage(Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian) , 1 2 2 6 Geography loi 9 6 5 30 History i. 2 3 5 Naturalhistory andh 1 3 4 Arithmeticwith amentiJj4 .. 3 3 6 geometry 5 1 Drawing 8 4 4 16 ...... - - .... 11 1 1 3 =relate(agricultureor trade for boys, 1 1 3 science for domestic: girls\ andmanualwork 1 ...... 3 Sing* 1 3 6 .... . , Gymnastics(Sokol) .... 1 1 1 4 12 2 2 1 7 TOLL 4.- 10 2t) 26 27[ 92 INFANT ANDELEMENTARYEIWcAT1IN 19 The outlines for teachingthe subjectsan(Nhe objectives that it is hopedmaybe attained,donotdiffer materially from those in other countries. Anexceptionmaybe that arithmetic is begun early andis considerablystressed in the first 2years. Sparsely settledareas.Inremote villages with few people, especiallyinthe mountainregions, ambulatoryschools (ambulantne Akole)movefromonevillagetoanother staying 5 months in each.The curriculum isabout thesame as that of the 4-year primary school.The schoolyearatany one village is usually fromSeptemberi to February 1,orFebru- ary7 to July 1.Assoon asthe number ofpupils justifies it, apermanent school rephwes the ambulatory. Some small villages withatlért10 children aged7 to 14 that forone reason oranothercannot attend the nearest primary school, haveschool statians(Akolske stanice) with the sessions regularly conductedthree timesaweek, making in each classatleast10 hours weekly, byteachers from the neighboring primary schoolg'.Usually they offerthe work of the first2yearsof the primaryschool andpreparethe pupils for the thirdclass.The schoolyearin them is from September1 to June 28. Advancedelemeniary schools.Nowconiesmoreserious work in theadvanced elementaryschools (vik narodne Akole).Theprogramof 28 hoursaweek for4yearsis well-unifiedand arranged forboys and girlsbetween the agesof about11 and 1 5, theyearsof early adolescence.No fewer than13 of the 28 hoursaregivento practical science and skill, hygiene,manual work, drawing,penmanship, singing, and physicaltraining.The national lanOiage, arithmetic, andnatural sciencecomenext withatotal of8 hours; religion, history,and geography have7. The balance between the practicaland the theoretical,if thosetermsmay be used, is maintainedatsome13 to 15, respectively.The two curricula,onefor boys theother for girls,were pre- scribed by MinisterialDecree of August26, 1932.That for the boys is givenin thenext table. To have theprogramfor the girls, strikefrom the table the subject"Practical scienceand skill" with3 hours weekly andenter in ita place "Domestic science"for 2 hoursw y; add 1 hourweeklyto each of the first three classes inthe Nationallanguage; and1 hour in class IVto arithmetic. 20 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLANIA TABLE5.Programof studiesfor advancedelementaryschoolsforboys

Hoursa week by classes RequirediuMeets

I i II IIIIvTotal - I 31 4 li 4 . , Religion . , 2 : 2 : 9 Nationallanguage... 2 %. t 3 :i: History____ . . . :i 4 13

. 3 3 1 Geography IL 3 ! 1 2 .) ! A rithmetic 2t 1 withelementsofgeometry ' % 3 3 3 j Naturalscience . . . 3 2 2 S Practicalscienceand skill S 4 1 1 3 3 Hygiene__. . . 3 3 1 2 '2 2 Manualwork.. _ 2 ; 2 I% 2 2 Drawing . _ 2 ! 2 * 2 S 2 Penmanship . . 2 1 2 % _ I I Singing_ _ . .... I. . , I I r Physicaltrainng . I ¡ '2 . ; 2 2 2 1 '2 x Total _ 1 7)4 2S' 28 1 28 i i.2 1

Outlines of thecour8e8.Whatto do withchildrenin yearsof early the adolescence,thekindorkindsofeducation givethem,the to extremeimportanceoftheseyearsintheir effe;ctsonlaterlifeand development,are generallymuchin theforefront ofeducationalthoughtanddiscussionin countries. most. Togive insome detail theoutlinesof the jectsthatare sub- taughtintheadvancedelementaryschools seemsbothpertinent andtimely.Accordinglythat, isdone.

NATIONALLANGUAGE(NARODN1JEZIK) CLASSI Clearlogicalreadingin Cyrillicand Romanalphabets;grammar of allparts ofspeechexcept verbtenses; lar subjects,predicates,andregu- subordinateparts ofspeech.Writingfrom composition. dictation,andeasy II ReadingsfromYugoslav prose andpoetry;grammar includingverb tenses;compositionandpunctuationof ficult sentences;spellingmore dif- words.Aneasy compositioneachmonth.

111 Moreadvancedreading; repetitionofspecialparts ofthegrammar; an easy compositionmonthly. IV Appropriateselectionsfromthenational grammar. literature;reviewof Classcompositions,letters,andnarration. INFANTAND ELEMENTARYEDUCATION 21 HISTORY(ISTORIJA)

Prehistory; Greecebefore thePersian Wars;Sparta,Lycurgus, Solon; Persian Wars,Marathon,Thermopylae,Salamis;Pericles; Alexander the Great;Romanoccupation of ;Creek philosophy and architecture. Rom9nEmpire;Christianity;Constantinethe Great;fall of the empire. Serbs, Croats,and Slovenes,their religion,Cyrill andMethodius, Serbian regents and Croatiankings.Charles IVand PopeGregory VII. II Detailed historyof Croatia,Slovenia andSerbiaand theirrelations with Austro-Hungary,Germany,Russia,and Turkey.Reformation, Martin Luther;new calendar; Copernicus;United Statesof America, George Washington;French revolution. III National strugglefor independence;Napoleonand thewestern Yugoslav lands;Vuk Karadii6;AlexanderKaragjorgievi6,Prince Mihailo; Strosmajerand Yugoslavia;Berlin Congress;Napoleon III; Peter the Great ofRussia; Peter IKaragjorgjevid; WorldWar; Treaty of Versailles;union of theYugoslavnation, kingAlexander I,regency, and king Peter II. GEOGRAPHY(ZEMUOPIS)

Descriptivegeograph oft he Balkancountries, theircharacteristicA and relationsto Yugoslavia.Brief reviewof the Balkanpeninsula. Geography ofItaly,Austria, Hungary,Rumania,Czechoslovakia, Russia, and Poland. 11 Descriptivegeography ofFrance, England,Belgium, , Germany, Holland,, Portugal,Sweden, ,and . America andits geographicand politicaldivisions: UnitedStates, British WestIndies,, Brazil,, Ch6,and Argentina. III Descriptivegeography of Asia,Africa, andAustralia; briefstudies of the polarcontinents.Astronomicalgeography;the earth, celestial bodies andtheir dimensionsand rotations. 22 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA

IV Summaryofdescriptivegeography.Reviewof theoceans and continents. Characteristicelements ofthe earth'ssurface;motions and changes of theearth'scrust, earthquakes,etc.; climate;topography. Inhabitantsof the eaith,races, languages,religions,and cultures. Yugoslaviaitsphysicalandmathematicalgeography. ARITHMETICWITHELEMENTSOFGEOMETRY (RA6UNSOSNOVIMAGEOMETRIJE)

Arithmetic:Thefourfundamentaloperations inwholenumbersand in decimal andcommon fractions;study oflinear,space, weight,and timemeasurements. Geometry: Themost importantplane figuresstudiedanddrawn, perimeters andareas computed; studyofcongruence, similarity,and symmetry infigures. II Arithmetic: Direct andinverseproportion inmathematics;simple proportion;ratio andproportion;percentagecomputations.' Geometry:Hexahedron,prism, andpyramidconsideredanddrawn; their surfaces andcubiccontentscomputed;lesscomplicatedsimilar forms studied. HI Arithmetic:Review ofpreviouswork;square and cuberoot; arithmeticaland geometricalformulaeapplied. Geometry:Cylinder,cone,andspherestudied anddrawn;their surfaces andcubiccontentscomputed.

IV

Arithmetic:Interest;commercialpaper; bills ofexchangedis- counted; mathematicalrelations shownand giaphicalrepresentation taken advantageof in thesolution ofsimplerproblems. Geometry:Survey ofplanimetry;coincidenceoftriangles;circle; geometricalposition;propertiesof triangles;quadrilateralsandpoly- gonsand theirgeneralproperties.

NATURALSCIENCE(POZNAVANJEPR1RODE):

Zoology. II Botany;geology;special agriculturalbotany;and botanicgeography HI Humananatomy andphysiology. Physics:Heat,magnetism,steam, andacoustics.

\or. INFANT ANDELEMENTARYEDIV.V1IoN 93 Iv

Physics: Mechanics ofliquids;electricity;light.. 401, Chemistry: Air, oxidation;properties ofthemoreimportantorganic and inorganic substances;chemical symbolsand formulae. PRACTICAL SCIENCEAND SKILL(PRAKTICNA PR1VREDNAZNANJAI UMENJA) (FOR BOYS)

Inthis form ofpracticaltraining, thecurriculummayinclude bookkeeping,accountancy, tradecorrespondence,elementary banking and finance, andpracticalagriculture. The localschool authoritie.s, with theconsent of the Ministryof Education,mayselectanyof the subjects, named.

HYGIENE(HIG1JENA)

General problemsof hygiene;the humanorganism; conditionsof good health; air,its compopition;water and soil;rest and sleep; heat and its effects. I I Clothing, shoes, andbed;careof health.

I I I Infectious diseases;bacteriology;the home andits relationto provision forsanitation. IV Personal hygiene; childhygiene; hygieneofpopulation;first aid.

DOMESTIC SCIENCE(DOMAdINSTVO) (FORG I RLS)

The home, ventilation,heating, andcleaning; clothing, washing. dyeing, ironing,sewing; foods, selectionand preparation. !I Health, sanitarytraining in the family;nursing; diet. III Nutrition;preservation of foods; baking. 24 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA

I Householdbookkeeping;homeeconomics;work,rest, and child game.: care and training;diseases ofchildren;first aid,andcare of tilt sick.

MANUALWORK(RU6N11RAD) Manualwork is offeredin allclasses.Forboys, itincludesdecora- tive claymodelling,wood and metalwork,bookbinding,carpentry,and basketmaking. Thegirlsare taught sewing,hemming,, ,lacemaking,claymodellirtg,and basketplatting. DRAWING(CRTANJE) Drawingwith pencil, coloredcrayon, charcoal,andwater colorsis taught inall classes.Pupilsdraw frombothmemory and nature. SINGING(PEVANJE) The course includesexercises inbreathing,voice,hearing, intonation, and rhythm, elementarytheory ofmusic.Specialattentionis paid to chorussinging.

Experimentalelementaryschools(OglednenarodneVcole).-- Of thefew elementaryschools oftheexperimentaltype,a strong oneis theExperimentalElementarySchoolnamed for King AlexanderI(OglednaNarodna Akola"KraljAlek- sandar -I"u Beogradu),at Belgrade.ItwasfoundedSep- tember1, 1935, has14 classes,including2 for infants4 to 7 yearsof age.'It isintendedto be theembryoofaYugoslav new school(novaAkola)whichwillapplymethodsthought, most appropriatefor thepupil'sgrowthandnationaldevel- opment. A childin it isaparticipantin theprocessoflearn- ing, not only intheacquisitionofknowledgeandinformation from booksorfrom theteacher,hut inhisown activities in exercisinghismindand body amidevelopinghisnational emotions.Thecurriculumis thesame as that of theregular elementaryschools. Specialwhoa,8for defectivechildren.-7-Compulsoryattend- ance atspecialschools isrequiredof allchildrenwhoare unable to profit bythe workof theregularschools.These institutionsarepublicand theirteachers,besidesholdingthe regularteachers'diploma,must haveaspecial certificateof fitness forteachingin schoolsfor defectivechildren,which is grantedonthecompletionof specialcoursesinpsychology andpedagogics,andpassingtheprescribedexamination. I NIP.% NTA ND ELEM ENTARYEDUCATION 2r)

Seven such schools withateaching personnelof92 enrolled 576children in 1935-36.For physicallydefectivechildren see page64. BIBLIOGRAPHY

BRA NKOVI&DRAnourB.OpAta pedagogikaWenjasapsihopatologi- jom.Beograd, 1932. 115p. ILILIé, TODOR. Ogledna narodna;kola "KraljAleksandar I". Beograd, NaiianovaAkola, 1937.206p. MN1STA RATVOPROSVETE. Nastavni plan iprogram za osnovne Akole 11Kraljevini Jugoslaviji.Prosvetni Glasnik, Broj8, avgust 1933 g., pp.703-719. Nastavni planovi i programisapravilnicima i obrascimasza zavode i Molezanedovoljiio razvijenu, gluhonemui slepu decu. Beograd, Driavna Atamparija, 1932. 165p. Privremeni nastavni planiprogram za viAu narodnu Akoluu uKraljevini Jugoslaviji.Prosvetni Glasnik,avgust 1932g., pp. 798-845. Pomen pomoinega13o1s6ain njegov razvoivJugoslaviji ob25 letnici pomoine holevLjubljani.Izdala Pomoina AolavLjubljani, 1936.44p. PROTI6, LJUROMIR.Serbia,Croatia, and Slovenia.Educational Yearbook of the International Instituteof Teachers College, Colum- bia University, 1927.New York, Bureauof Publications, Teach- ersCollege, 1928.pp.341-335. SKALA, ArrroN A.Zarodizavaspitanje dece i mladjih maloletnikasa glediAtasavremenekriminalne pedagogike.Beograd, 1934.99p. Zakononarodnim bkolamasaMImauredhama, pravilima i pravilnicima zanjegovo izvrienje.Beograd, Zbirka zakona1588V.,1935 327p.

415

s

dr.

141122°39----3

1d

. CHAPTERIII:GENERALSECONDARY EDUCATION

Organization.Thetypicalcomplete(potpune)secóndar. schoolofgeneraleducationis organizedin8 classesof1year eachnumberedfrom I,the lowest,to VIII,thehighest. 11 maybe coeducationaland ofthe185operatingin1936-37, 123were so, while 39wereforboysonlyand23 forgirk. Admissionto class Iison completion ofa 4-year primary schoolplus an entranceexaminationandtheentrantsare normally10or11 yearsold.Thework ofthe fipt4 classe; istermed thejuniorcourse(nilte6aj)ofthe last senior 4, the (vAitehj).Passingtbefinalexaminationat the completionof the juniorcourseearns a "certificateofhaving passedthe junior course examination"(svedo6anstvoomeni tedajnomispitu)whichiscommonlycalled"little andadmits matura" to the seniorcourse. The holdermay enter als() a normalor any vocational secondaryschool.Graduation fromthesenior cotirse is Markedby the"certificateofhavipg passedthesenior courseexaminationmaturityexamina- tion"(svedo6anstvoovitkmte6ajnom generally zrelosti) knownas"greatmatura."It isthesine for quanmi admigsionto institutionsof.highereducation,the hiiher pedagogicalschoolsexcepted. Schoolsthat offeronlythe juniorcoursearespokenofas incomplete(nepotpune). Hi4orical.Generalsecondaryeducationdevelopedat quitedifferent rates in thevarioussectionsof thepresent Yugoslavia. Thefirstschoolfor thispurposewas founded in1418 at Ljubljana,Slovenia,withLatinasthe medium. teaching In thesixteenthcenturySloveniahadafew schools other usingbothSlovenianandLatin.Former both Serbia, beforeandaftertiltOttomaninvasion,kept education seCondary to themonastictype ofpreparingboysfor priesthood. the Notuntil1791wasalayschoolopenedfor boys,anduntil 1863 forgirls,bothat Beigiade,Conditions were betterin Croatiaandregularlayschoolsappeared earlier.Thefirstinstitutionwitha 6-year curriculum foundednear was the eloseof thefifteenthcentury andbythe 26 GENERALSECONDARYEDUCATiON 27

end of the seventeenththerewerefive suchschools.In Montenegro, the RussianGovernmentopenedasecondary school for boys andanEmpress MariaInstitutefor girls in 1869. In 1882 Montenegroestablishedajuniorsecondary school whichgrewintoafull8-year school in1902.Dal- matia foundedanll locatedat Ragusa,nowDubrovnik,its first secondary school in1658.In Bosniathe firstjunior typeschoolwasopened in1878. Kinds of schools.Howevervariedhistoricaldevelopmen mayQhave been indifferentparts of theKingdom,second education in Yugoslaviafollows closelytilt centralEuro'!!')!I., pattern.Austriaand Hungaryinfluenceditstron Turkish ideal-i.em to have had littleeffect.Classifieda . to curricula offered, theschoolsareof the usualthreekinchts:`. Classical gymnasia,real gymnasia,and realschools. The .4117A..4# classical gymnasium(k1asi6nagimnazija), likesuch institu- .9 tions in other countries,where theyexist,stresses theancie4 Greek andRoman classics. Latin isbegun in classI; Greeke. in class III.The realgymnasium(realnagimnazija)pays I :

moreattentionto modern languages P and history.French is . begun in classI; German inclass III;and Latin inclass V. Greek is omittedThe realschool(realka)emphasizes matheiriaticsand scienceandnoclassicallanguagesare taught. The Law of SecondarySchools(ZakonosrednjiniAkolama) Ar4 of August31, 1929, and itsamendments ofJuly 20,1931, states that thepurposeof the schoolsisto-- develop harmoniouslythe ability ofthe student,give himageneral and nationaleducation, cultivatehis morals andcharacter, instill discipline andconscienceIasregards his problemsin life andhis social and civicduties, aid himto makeprogress easily andsuccess- fully in his chosenprofession, andfit him to studyindependently inanytechnicalorscientificbranch of higherschools anduniver- sities. Curricula.Thecurriculum foreach kind ofschoolwas fixed bythe Ministryin1936, ancLpresumablywasarranged to attain the endsexpressed inthe law.The curriculawill be discussedinturn, but before takingthemup,the reader will be helpedin hisappreciation ofthem if he leanissome- thing ofthe timeallotments andthe gradingsystem. I An&coma of the workof tbe Departmentof the Institutions ofEmpress Maria is in MacedonM Beak byThomas Darlington,volume 23 of SpecialReportson Educational Hubjects, bandby the Board ofEducation of Englandand Wales, inWOO. CLASSROOM. STUDENTS' LIBRARY, CAL GYMNASIUMZAGREB GYMNASTIC HALL. CLASSICAL GYMNASIUM. ZAGREB I .._"0 I -9 .r 4 "47 'lrUr 471 t -- 4:7 . .11 ,-_ P GYMNASIUM. . , CLASSICAL U. 7:j EI [12 ZAGREB. SO... ;," . -477" _ VP: " 1 CLASS! 4s, 3 fip t- . ifirf r. "AP =I I / ,;,--1-ti;* Amott:, v- : 1,...Arli , - ;;-4. '' E . ,,, Pi *CI, %, Is. .:*. "*-21.1 r it.k:.,k _s7 ' ' 4 r 4 t*. D-4 4/4111.4, 4 /A!' .[y . 4)e 4 [[ *-1* . , ' 4 ..c,, _It; _Ight . .'1) .t` .1' á . . abe 3'.1 : - ; - HOSPITAL. & NORMAL 4. NOvl SAD 4' SCHOOL CLASSROOM. NORMALSCHOOL SCHOOL fa FOR GIRLS.NOVISAD. -6 . El - FOR GIRLS.NOV 111 HOSPITAL. R"""-"J-7.7a7.--"J° a r40,7-1 *a 'AY? , tant t ... OS ICT211111 a. trfr4E1 is . ,0 W,---713 Nitt.W17W 10 NORMAL 9 I SAD ( r7 ir;,ittNittgatt, 4.' t ' J :41/441: . I. .44 . L. J. 0. . I. , , 14i22, UW14 .40 wilrl ri . I , . r j' --14, . . 4 r 'gm 411. .1$ ç. . [ ?It ts, . *r '40 0"; [-4 7 .. As, ,- -';--$6 .; '". Ay-t 6 11.414' vt. ,-,TiTef slaps GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION 0 9

Schoolyear.Normally theschoolsarein session 230 days ayear.The vacationsand holidaysarepractically thesame a.;thosefor the elementaryschools.(Seep.18.)Theyear is in.2semesters(polugodi§ta): September 10 to December 92;andDecember 23 toJune 30.Schoolsare open6 (lays aweek from 8a. nl.to 12noon,and 1p. m.to 2:30p. ClaLperiodsare50minutes each.Studentsareexpected totake from2 to 4hours each day topreparetheir lessons. Crrading system.---The general scale of marks forachieve- ment(uspjeli) in t lie separatesubjects of study is: Excellent (odlil'an), 5; verygood (vrlodolmr), 4; good (dobzr), 3; poor(slab), 2; worthless(rdjav), 1. The gradesfor conduct (viadanje) are-:Excellent (odlicno), ; verygood (vrlo (lobro), 4;good (dobro), 3; and bad (lose), 1. Thecurricula follow.' I. TABLE 6.Curriculumfor the classical gymnasia

Hoursaweek riy classes (years) Compulsory subjects V I II III t IV VI VIIVIII Total _

2 3 4 S 1 7 14 I.

;) ;) 2 2 , 1 , - . 2 2 _ 16 Religion ._ ..... _. _... . . ' or 4 4 4 4 4 33 Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian. . 4 4 . ; 3 3 3 24 _ . 3 3 3 3 3 French...... 1 r r .1 1 r ; I 1 1 34; : o .1 4 4 4 4 Latin 1 .. ; ... . !. 1 4 4 4 I I 24 greet .. 6 History '2 3 3 3 :1 3 3 2o Geography .. '2 2 2 2 2 ' 2 1 2 15

, 11 Natural history... 2 3 . I. 2 2 . 2 : i 3 3 3 I) Physics._. _ I '2 . i Chemistry. ... 2 . . : __ 1 4 Hygiene. . . 2 Mathematics 3 3 3 1 3 ; 3 21 I tistory of arts 1 2 .) 34. I 3 Hements of philosophy... ..

2 j 2 . t Drawing _ _ fi Penmanship 2 I .

a..4 1 Singing . 2 2

. ; *1 Gymnastics_: 2 2 ! 2 i 2 2 ll . ______30 30 '30 31 . 30 ---30 : 31 1 31 ! 243 Total ,

! I _ NOTE..In schools with Slovenian themedium of instruction. SerboCroatianis taught ad- ditionally 2 hoursaweek in the first 4 years. I Persons who wish to compare thesecurricula with those of the secondaryschools in four other European countries, will finddetailed accounts in the followinglisted publications of the Office of Education: Bulletin 1930,No. 17.Secondary education in Norway: Bulletin 1932, No. 5.Education in Belgium; Bullet-in 1935,No. 11.Education in Crechoslovakia, and Bulletin 1938, No. 15.Education In (lemony.

I r 30 EDUCATION INYUOOSLAVIA

Outlines of thecour8e8.Table6 lists thesubjectsaltered and tells howoften weeklythe studentsmust recite then). It is valuablebutat best gives onlyslightknowledgeof the breadth and depth ofthe teachingand thestage to which;1 graduate ofoneof theseschools isadvanced.It needsto ht. supplementedby theoutlines ofwhat istaught. (Seepi, 30-38.)So that theywouldnot be muchtoo longand tiring, theyarelimitedto the final fourclasses, Vto VII I and summarizedasmuchaspossiblewithoutdefeatingtilt. purposefor whichtheyareoffered. RELIGION(VERONAUKA)

Instruction inall classesis givenin accordancewithpro- gramsmadeupby therespectivedenominationsandap- proved bythe Ministryof Education. . SERBO-CROATIAN(SRPSKOHRVATSKIJEZIK) AS THELANGUAGEOFINSTRUCTION Aims: Thoroughknowledgeandsecurecommand of the language inits literaryversion,grammar,lexicography,and style, freeexpression inspeech andwriting;aliterary culture basedonanalysis ofcontent and form,andon astudy of theory andhistory ofliterature.

CLASSV-4 PERIODS3 Theory.Review ofgrammar; phonetics andmorphologyof the ancient Slavoniclanguage withapplicationto the Serbo-Croatian; briefsurveyof the nationalliterature;epic poetry anddidacticsongs. Class readings.Selectionsfrom epicanthology, folklore, pedagogi- cal periodicals,etc. . Home readings.Thefollowing authors;J. Subotid,Vojislav, 1116, V. Nazor, F.Prefiern (Kra!pri Sarin),Homer, Tenison,Mickiewicz. Composition.Descriptionand narration,memorizing selectedeN- eerpts, letters.Classcomposition eachsemester, and biweeklyhonie compositions in Latinand Cyrillicalphabets. VI-4 Theory.Briefsurveyof the historicaldevelopment ofthe Serbo- Croatianlanguage;poetry,romance, and novels; drama; historyof the ancient Serbo-Croatianand Slovenianliterature. Classreadings.Selectionsfrom bestknown authors,including Shakespeareand Mahe.

IFrom hereon the words "ohms"and "periods"will be omitted. Or

- (IENERAL SECONDA In'EDUCATION 3 i

Homereadings.Pera Segedinac, Teuta, Novela odStanca, Suze sina razmetrwga,and selections fromDante, Ariosto, and Tasso. Compogiiion. As in V. VII 4 Theory.Literature of the XVII Ith century. Classreading.-- As inVI. Homereading.---Dositej(tivot,Basno, M. Re1jkovi6 (Satir), Karad- 1i6(Gorski Pijenac),J. St. Popovi6(Turdica, Pokondirenatikra Lj. Nenadovié(Putopiti),IlakAiéOJelisapeta,Stan* GiapaA), and F. Markovi6 (Kohan i riasta). Ora/ and writtencomposition.As in V and V I. VIII- 4 Theory.Historyof modern andSerbo-Croatian literature, histor- icaldevelopment ofSerbo-Croatian andSlovenian languages. 'Readings.Selections fromJagitc, Novakovid, T.Smiãiklas,i:itros- majer,Raky, B.Knetevié, S.Joyanovi6, and others. Literaiure.Biweeklyseminars of 1%hours each. Composition.Oral andwrittenasin V, VI, andVII. SLOVENIANLANGUAGE(SLOVENAKIJEZIK)'' Theoutlines forinstruction inSlovenianareabout the same asthose forSerbo-Croatian.

FARENCHLANGUAGE(FRANCUSKIJEZIK) Aims:Ability to readand write Frenchand understand mode5French literature;thorough knowledgeof thegram- mar;practice in theuseof thelanguage.The teaching medium inall classes isFrench. V-3 Theory.Review of grammar,idiomatic forms, syntax,sentence structure,orthography. Readings.Selections fromMalot (Sans famine),Le Sage (Gil Bias), Cervantes-Florian (DonQuichotte),Souvestre (Au coindu feu), J. Sandeau (La Rocheauxmouettes), Töpffer(Nouvelies genevoises),Stahl (Maroussia), Auguste,Dorchain (Les Centmeilleurs poèmeslyriques de la longuefranaise). Composition.Description,narration,con versat i on, memorizing excerpts frompoetry,class compositioneach month. VI-3 Theory.Grammar: regularverbs, compoundforms; the subjunc- tive clauses; passive,impersonal andirregularvertit4. 39 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

1?eadings.B. de Saint-Pierre(PauletVirginie), A.Daudet(14. Petit chose),J. Verne,J. Sand (LaMareaudiable, Lapetite Fadette), Merimée (Co Zomba),Halévy (L'MU Constantin),Voltaire(Histoire(it Charles XII). Composition.Asin V. VII-3

Theory.Grammar,synonyms, proverbs, andgallieisms; historyflf French literatureof the XIXthcentury. Reading andanalysis.V.Hugo (llernani),Augier.(Le Gcndrede 11 Poirier), Sandeau(Mlle de laSeig1i4ire), A.Daudet( Tartarin de Tunis- ron,Lettres demonmoulin), P.Loti (Neheur(I' Mande),A. Franec (I,e (-rime deSylvestreBonnard), Sareey(Le Siege deParis), Maupassant (Conies rhoisispourla jeunexse),Seignobos (Iibtloirede larieilisatim r(ll poraine). Composition.Ciamand homecompositions twiceeachsemester. Conversationand memorizingty4in V and VI. VIIT-3 Theory.History ofFrench literatureof the XVIIthand XVIIIth centuries, generalreview ofrhetoric. Reading andanalysis.As in VII,including Molière(Le Bourgeois ('rentilhomme,Les Pricieusesridicules), Cbrneille(Le Cid),Racine (Britannicus),LaFontaine, selectionsfrom Rousseau. Composition.Compositionand conversationasin VII. LATIN(LATINSKIJEZIK) Aims: Abilityto understand andtranslateLatinwriters, familiarity withthe ancientRoman cultureand itsspirit. V 5 Theory.Grammar,reviewregular andirregularmorphology; systematic study ofsyntax ofagreements &lad theuseofcases; prosody and versification,scansion. Reading.Selectedchapters from Sallust,Cicero(Orations).Oral and writtentranslations from Latinto the languageof instruction. Composition.Home andclasscompositions eachmonth.

VI5 Theory.Grammar,review ofsyntax; carefulstudy of moodsand tenses; otherwiseasin V. Reading andtranslation.Selections fromOvid and Cicero,well- knownpoems memorisedr-ancient life withimportantmovements in literature taught inconnection with reading.Translationasirk.V. Comprition.As in V. a

thp (;FNEItAL sE(*()Nn.kcYFWD'VrIoN

V I I

Theory.Short reviewofsyntax;essentialsofstyle;prosody scansion. Reading.Selectionsfrom Roman letters(Cicero, Plinius); drama andcomedy(Terentius Plautus);Virgil( and eneid): onebook OfLivy. Surveyof historyand literatu'rebasedonthe reading.Well-known poemsmemorizedand declaimed.Translationasin V andVI. Compwaion.As in Vand VI.

VIII-4

Theory.---Shortreview of grammar,syntax, and ',Wit; i tory of classicalRowan literature. Beading--Selections friqnHorace, Seneca, Tacit us,Mutts., Teren- tins,and others.TranslationUSinprevious classes. Composition. As in previotisclasses. GREEK (GRCKIJEZIK)

Aims:Ability totranslate andunderstand Greekwriters; study ofGreekclassical cultureand itsproblems.

V 4 114i. Theory.Grammar, regularforms, irregulardeclensions, syntax. Reading.Legends, myths,history;chapters fromXenophon, Herodotus,and others;Ionic dialect.Translations from Greek to the languageof instructionand translation atsight. Composition.Hoarea4ndclass three times asemester.

VI 4 Theory.Grammar,review offorms, tenses, andmoods. Reading.The epicperiod, Plutarchand Homer; Atticdialect, difference betweenAttic andIonic.Translationasin V. Composition.As inV. VII---4

Theory.More advancedstudy of grammarand syntax, including prosody.. Reading. Plato,Demosthenes, andothers.Translationsasin V and VI. Composition.As inV and VI. 'VIII 4 Theory.General summaryofgrammerand syntax;history of Greek literature. Reading.Selections fromPlato, Aristotle,Sophocles, Euripides, and others.Translationasin previousclasses. Composition.As in previousclasses.

oA 34 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA HISTORY(ISTORIJA) Aim: Togiveageneralsurveyof thepoliticaland tural cul- developmentofmankind,withaspecialstudyofthe historyofYugoslavia. ( V3 Genera/ancient history.TheOrient andOrientalcivilizations;rise and fall ofGreece;rise andfall ofRome;rise andspread of triumph Christianity; of thebarbariansand endof theancientworld. Yugoslavia underthe RomanEmpire,Germanicinvasionsand RomanEmpire, the migration ofthe Serbs,Croats,andSlovenes. VI-3 Medieval history.Fallof theRomanEmpire,Charlemagne,rise the Papacy;Eastern of and WesternSlays,Bohemia,Poland,Russia; Frenchfeudalism;the Hungarianstate;strugglesbetweenthepopes and theemperors; thefirst Slavstates;settlementof theMagyarson the Danubeandtheirinfluenceonthe Slays;the states; southernSlaysand history andculture ofthe XIVthandXVthcenturies. VII-3 R anceandreformation.Renaissanceandhumanismin Italy, Germany,France,andEngland;religiouswars; Thirty Years . Poland and War; Russia;thçreformationin Slovenia and atom; ismin the absolut- XVIIthan oiXVIIIthcenturies;Austriaandthe Southern Slays;TurkishWar of 683 to1699, andindependenceof Sloveniaand Croatia;Serbian WarunderArsenji I;cultureof theXVIIthand XVIIIthcenturies; Frenchrevolution;Napoleon,theSouthernSlays andNapoleon; Congressof ;first Serbianrevolution;Montene- grounder PeterI. VIII3 Modern history.Europeafterthe CongressofVienna;revolutions of 1830and1848;liberation ofSerbiaand Greece;Russia East; and theNear. UnitedStates inthe XIXthcentury andthe firstquarter of XXthcentury; the remote andimmediatecauses of the WorldWar itz; results. and Detailed history ofthe Serbs,CroatsandSlovenes;Strosmajerand Yugoslavia;nationalismof theSouthernSlays;Yugoslavia present time. of the Historyof modernculture. GEOGRAPHY(ZEMUOPIS) Aims:Thoroughknowledgeof thephysicalstructure of the earthand ofthe lifeonit;geographical,historical,and economicsituationofmankind,andespeciallyofYugo- slaviaand theBalkanpeninsula. GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION 3,5 V 2 Physical,bio-, andanthropo-geographyof the earth.Survey of the climateof Yugoslavia. VI 2 Cosmography.Celestial bodies,their dimensions, rotations, and time; solarsystem; elements of cosmogony(Kant, Laplace). VII Ethnology.Prehistoric times; distribution of mankind by races and peoples; greatfactors in economic, political, and cultural life; survey of theYugoslav nation from its earlyerato the present. - VIII 2 Yugoslavia.Its physical geography indetail; contact in trade with other countries.The national Yugoslav Government in detail; political economic, financial,cultural, and social questions.International aspects ofYugoslavia. NATURAL HISTORY(PRIRODOPIS)

Aims:To giveaknowledge of the construction and origin of organic andinorganic bodies; to develop theability to observe exactlynatural phenomena.

V 2 Botany.Sporophyta plants from the pointof view of morphology; review of the mostimportantgroupsof plants basedonmorphologic, anatomic, and biologic facts;plants tbat playanimportant role in life; plant anatomy andphysiology. Yugoslav floraand their importance. VI-2 Zoology.I. Human anatomyand physiology, includingbiology. II. Variousgeneraand species of animals based on astudy of typical forms; zoogeography, extentand influence of geographicalfactors. Excursions, collections, and exercises. VII-2 Mineralogy with petrography.Morphology,chemistry, and physics of the most important minerals, theirorigin and formation.Elements of crystallography. 'physics; mountain structure;history of the earth's formation; fossils; tectonics; historicgeology.Geologicalsurveyof Yugoslavia.

li 36 EDUCATIONIN ASO. YUOOSLAVIA PHYSICS(FIZIKA) Aim8: To impartaknowledgeofimportantphysical phenomena,theirorderlinessandimportanceinnature and in practicalapplication;developabilitytoconauctexperi- ments and reason therefrom;acquirethe mainprinciplesof physics. VII-3 Forms and properties ofmatter;force,itsmeasurement,composition, andresolution; motion,Newton'slaws;potentialandkineticenergy; mechanics. Propertiesofliquids;liquidsat restand inmotion. Properties ofgases; gases at rest andin motion;the air,atmospheric pressure; laws ofgases; aviation. Wavemotion, itsoriginandnature,principlesgoverningit. Sound; sources, propagationandvelocity;tone,intensity,pitchand timbre;music;reflection,refraction,andinterferenceof sound; ear and hearing. the VIII3 Basicprinciples andfundamentalphenomenaof heat,light,mag- netism, andelectricity,eachstudiedseparatelyand in detail. considerable

CHEMISTRY(HEMIJA) Aim8: To giveaknowledgeof thephysicalandchemical propertiesof themost importantelementsandcompounds, teach the hypothesesof theoriginsof organicandinorganic substances, illustratebyexperimentthe lawsofchemistry, and give thechemistrythat isneeded inhouseholdeconomics. VII-2 Inorgenic chemistry.Molecularandatomictheories,kinetictheory ofgases; laws of Avogadro,Mitseherlich,Gay-Lussac,andBerthollet; valence,chemical formulae;elements ofthermo-chemistry,electrolysis; chemicalaffinity. Themetalstheirgroups and egommercialuses. Organicchemistry.Compositionof organic fication; substancestheirclassi- analyses ofethylene,acetylene,etc.;distributionofcarbon in nature;organic analysis,methods ofdetermination.Organicpro- cesses in nature andin thehumanbody. HYGIENE(HIGIJENA) Aim8:Topresent physiologyin sucha way that the students imay haveascientificknowledgeof thehuman bolly and thethingsthatendanger itsgrowth,development, andefficiency. GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION 37

VI 1 The humanbodyneed of hygiene, conditions of good health,proper diet, restand sleep; diseases--their causes and prevention aswellas cure;accidents and firstaid; poisoning by alcohol and tobacco; physical training;hygienesocial, community, home, school, personal;physical examinations;insurance and protection of workers.Emphasis is placedonthe applications of physiology tothe life of the student.

VIII I Public health; movements ofpopulation;careof mothers and chil- dren; social diseases,their prevention andcure;public institutions for handicapped elements of thepopulation; administration of sanitation; brief history of medicineand hygiene. Survey of health laws and ordi- nancesin Yugoslavia. MATHEMATICS(MPATEMATIKA) Aim8:To giveaccuracyand skill in computation and in understandiug of numercial relatignships, tolearn the correct functions of mathematicalexpressions and how to adapt them. 3 Algebra.Square roots, irrational numbers; equations of the second degree; second degree functionsgraphed; decimal numericalsys- tem; generalproperties of fractional and irrational exponents.

- Geometry.Planimetry.Similar figures; themeanproportional; triangle; properties of quadrilaterals and polygons. Trigonometry.Trigonometricalfunctions;circleandpolygons; segments,arcs;trigonometric computatione- and measurements. VI-3 Algebra.Infinite series; infinite geometrical progressions; problem,. producing quadratic equations; decimal fractions; logarithms and logarithmic operations. Geometry.Syrnmetry; polyhedrons, their angles, surfaces and vol- umes;surfaces of cylinders,conesand frustra; the sphere, its surface and volume; plane intersectingasphere.

VII3

Algebra.Exponentialequations;arithmeticaland geometrical progressions; compound interest; rent and amortization. Trigonometry.Review; unusual formulae for the triangle; solving trigonometric equationsorsystems of equation, solving triangles; application to the geometry ofspace;application of trigonometry to planimetry and sterometry. "IN

38 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA Analytical geometry.Cartesiancoordinates;distancebetweentwy points;division ofalinesegment intotwo partsina given ratio; bisector; circle;conicsection;standardforms ofequationsfor the parabola,ellipse, hyperbola,tangents,normals,etc.Briefhistoric review ofgeometry. .%

ELEMENTSOFPHILOSOPHY(OSNOV1FILOZO- .FIJE)

Aims:A knowledge ofthe chiefphenomenaofmental lifeand oftheintellectualdevelopmentofhumanity.

VIII-3- Generalproblemsof philosophyandits divisions. Psychology.Subjectmatter andmethods; bodyandmind;thinking; emotions andbodilychangesaccompanying0them;will, and involuntary voluntary action;character;sleep anddreams;abnormalmental life;psychologyand religion. LogicSubjectmatter andmethods;elementalforms ofthought; fundamental principles oflogic;methodicalformsof thought,ob- servationandexperiment,induction,deduction,hypothesis theory; and descriptionandexposition;fictionsandutopias; thecientitic concept; thesystem ofsciences;relationbetweenthe b ches of science andphilosophy.

HISTORYOFARTS(UMETNOST)

Aim: Todevelopthetestheticsense throughstt of masterpieces,includingtheirhistory,andahistoricalsurvey ofcreativearts.

to vIII-2 A brief historicalsurveyof thecreativearts from.Grecianand Assyrianto moderntimes.

Curriculumof therealgymnasia.Turnbackto table6 on page 29. Notethat thetotalnumberofyear-hoursis 243.Strikeout Greek,taught4 hoursaweekeachyear for6years,atotal of24 year-hours.Strikeout alsothe first4 yearsof Latinand inthe last4yearsreduce itfrom 5, 5, 4,4, to 4,4, 3, 3, makingareductionof22 year-hoiirs. Omit the historyofarts, 2 year-hours,andreducephilosophy by 1 year-hour.That iéti49year-hourswhich inthe real gymnasiaare app to othersubjects.Theyare taken mainlybyGermanw'eh isbegunin IIIand carried onfor6 yearswithanallotmentof 3hoursaweek---18year- hours;itadditionalyear-hours inmathematics;7 additional GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION 39 indrawing; and 6in manual training,atotal of 39.There- maining 10aredistributed here and thereamongother sub- jects,suchas2additional in natural history, 1 in geovaphy, ip physics, 1in chemistry, etc. The final total is2411instead 3asin the gymnasium.This altered curriculuin isas shownin the next table.

TABLE 7 Currtculum forthereal gymnasia

Hoursaweek by classes (years) Compulsory subjects - I II 111 IV V VI VIIVIIITotal

31 4 s 7 6 9 le _

Religion 2 1 2 I 2 , 2 2 1 2 2 2 16 Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian SI SS I 4 4 4, 4 4 4 34 French 3 I 3 ; 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 German -1 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 1$4 Latin 4 4 3 3 14 IIistory i 2 1 3 i 3 , 3 3 3 3 20 hy. 2 ¡ 2 2 t 2 4 2 ' 2 2 2 16 Nat history 3 3 . . 2 3 2 13

_ 10 Physics I - - 2 1 2 .. 3 3 Chemistry i ... 3 I 2 5 Hygiene : 1 1 _ 1 1 4 I a Mathematics__ ...... 4 4 I 4 . 3 3 3 4 4 29 Elements of philosophy. _ - 2 -2 Drawing 2 2 I 2 1 2 2 1 11 Penmanship 2 1 i ...... 3 Singing 2 2 __. 4 franastles__ 2 1 2 21 2j 2 1 12 l o._ Manualwork 2 I 2 1 2 ... 6 ! 0....1/111111.,

Total_ 29 30 ; 30 30 1 30 30 31 , 31 241 1 I Noirs.In schools withSlovenian the mediumofinstruction, Serho-eroatian is taught additionally 2 hours a weekin the first 4years.

(hatinem f,1 the courses.-111religion, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian,French, history, geography, naturalhistory, physics, chemistry, hygiene, andphilosophy, the outlines arepractically thesame astheyarefor the gymnasia.in German, Latin,mathematics, and drawing, theyare so differentastoneed sununarizing and explanation.

GERMAN(NEMA6KIJEZIK) CLAIMV 3 periods Theory.--Review ofgrammar,idiomatic forms,,irregiilar verbs,com- pound and complex sentences. Reading.Easyselections on the history, geography, customs,and social oon4itions in GermanY; pomsmemorized. Composition.Oral and written;dictation;translsilions. The medium of instruction in all classes isGerman. 40 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

VI 3

\q'heory.,Further studyofgrammar; elements of Germanvursc; characteristics of Germannot found inSerbo-CroatianorSlovenian. Reading.Prosenarrative,songs, ballads andromances,poem,' memorized. Composition.Classcomposition eachmonth; homework biweekly; dictation and transltitignsfrom Germanto the languageof instructlipn and viceversa. VII 3 Theory. Advancedgrammar; syntaxvarious forms ofsubordinate clauses and indirectspeech; rhetoric. Reading.--Selectionsfrom literatureof the XVIIIthcentury; them- orizing classicalexcerpts; emphasisoncónversationin German. Composition.. Asin VI.

Theory.Briefsurveyof rhetoric;history of Germanliterature; critical analysis ofaselected literarywork. Reading.Selectfonsfrom XIXthand XXthcentury literature. Composition.As in VIand VII. LATIN(LATINSKIJEZIK)

Latin is begunin V.The finalattainmentin VIIIis about equalto that of VI in theclassicalgymnasia. MATHEMATICS(NrEMATIKA) In V, VI, andVII, thesubjectmatteris' slightlymlitex- tensive than inthe correspondingclasses of thegymnasia. VIII-4 Cakulus.Infinitesimal:Fundamentaltheorems of limits;limiting values ofalgebraic functions;continuity offunctions;derivativeof the functions ofonevariable;geometric andmechantcalinterpretationof the derivapve;maximum andminimum valuesofafunction.Inte- gral: Intettralfunctionsin XandCO8X;equationsinvolving frac- tions.Differential: Generalformula forthe differentiationof frac- tions; differentiation ofX* whennisanegativeintegral;function ofa function; differentials.Briefhistoricalsurveyofarithmetic,algebra, and infinitesimalcalculus. Analyticgeometry.Equationsystems forthe ellipse,hyperbola, parabola; equatioosof tangentsby differentialcomputationand the conduct oftangents.Brief historicalsketch ofgeometry., GENERAL SECONDARY EDUcATION 41. DRAWING (CRTANJE) V-2 Projection drawing; ornamental design, regular forms, artistic fields decorated inYugoslav motives,orstudies basedonelementary plant forms;simple cdlor combinations; drawing frommemory. VI-1 Three-Anensionforms with special emphasisonperspective and shadow and light effects; industrial and physical objects (human and animal forms, live plants, flowers, groups);drawing frommemory. Currie litum of the real schools.The real Seimurriculum isnotsosharply different from that of the,_al gymnasium. Latin and philosophyareomittedwitith free16 year-hours tobe used for other subject,;--the natignal language isre- duced in time by 4year4ibiírs;history, 2; geography,I;aud gymnastics, 1;totia24.One-third of this time is given to descriptive geometry which istaught.2 hours weekly for 4years,8 year4hours.Five additional year-hoursgoto chemistry; 3 each to-mathematics and drawing; 2 to physics; and 1 to natural history.The history of arts is bmtight in for 2 year-hours. The following table gives the curriculum in detail. T. S..-----Curriculum for the real schooll

Hoursaweek by dimes (years) Compulsory subjects tir I I I I Iv V VI VIIVIII Total

3 4 6 6 7 le

Religion 2 2 2 '2 2 2 2 '2 16 :4 Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian__ 5 4 4 1 341

French_ ___ _ .. . :1 3 3 3 :8 :1 :t '24

German _ _ _ 3 3 :1 :1 18 2 :1 3 2 '2 3 IM History 2 Geography... . '2 2 2 2 '2 1 2 1.5

Natural history . . . 3 :1 2 :4 14 Physics_ . .. 2 4 12 10 Chemistry_ ... _ .. . 3 2 2 411,

_ _ 1 1 1 1 4 Hygiene_ . _ . . Mathematics. ______4 4: 4 3 4 4 4 5 :12

Descriptive geometry _ 2 2 2 2 /4 History of arts - '2 2 621, Drawing 2 2 1 1 14 Penmanship 2 1 . 3 2 4 Singing 2 gymNigki6 2 2 2 2 1 11 anual work 2 2 2- . . - . . .. 6 Total 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 1 241 Nots.--In schools with Slovenian the mediumofinstruction, Serbo-Croatian is taught additionally 2 hoursaweek in the 4 junior years. 141122*-419-4 411

42 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA

Outlines ofthe courses.Theoutlines inreligion,Serbo- Croatian andSlovenian,French,German,history,geog- raphy, naturalhistory,physics,and hygieneare sosimilart4. those forthe gymnasiaand realgymnasiathat°furthercom- ment.onthem isunnecessary.The outlinesinchemistry. mathematics,deseriptivegeometry, and drawingrequirt additionalexplanation. CHEMISTRY(HEM IJA)

V 3 -

Inorganic.Molecularandatomic theori;formulae;valence: equations andproblems;oxygen and hydrogen;kinetictheoryof gases;laws ofAvogadro,Misterlich, Gay-Lusitc,and Barthollet. theory ofions; elementsofthermochemistry.Nonmetals,their application andpracticaluses.Metals,the alkalimetals,calciun group;zinc, aluminium,iron,copper, lead, silver(photography),gold platinum. VI2

Organic:Derivatives ofmethane andbeuzine andtheirusesii industry;halogenderivatives; alcohols;carbohydrates;organic acid-. soaps; coal-tar compounds;petroleum;explosives;aromaticCOM pounds; ciderand vinegar;aspirin; tannin;phenol.

VII2 Technology ofchemistry;physicalchemistry;eiectro-chemistr. Briefhistory ofchemistry. MATHEMATICS(MATEMATIKA) In thereal schools,mathematicshas3 year-houNmore thaninthe realgymnasia.That increaseof timepermita coursesomewhatbroaderand, inVIII,somewhatmore advanced.Analyticalgeometry is completedin VII,and all the workof VIII(5 hours) isin calculus. DESCRIPTIVEGEOMETRY(NACRTNAGEOME- TRIJA) V-2 Orthographicprojection;projection ofthe point,of thestraight line; representation ofthe plane;coordinateplanes;projections ofline- intersecting,parallel toor peipendicular to planes;problems ofcon- nection andintersection;construction ofshadows ofsolidson planes; prisms and thepyramid insimplestpositions.Regularsystematic drawing ofgeometricalfigures.Classgraphiccompositionthrice eachsemester. r

O

GINERALSECONDARY EDUCATION 43

VI2 Application of dew planes for thedetermination of distances and angles of surface; axonometry; generation and clasificationof surface; the pyramid in common positions; intersecting surfacesof planes, their shadows and shades; prisms and pyramids andtheir shadows. Drawing and class graphic compositionasin V. VII-2 Normal projection and shadow ofcircle; circle projectedasellipses; relation of the images of two surfaces ofaprism; generation of planes aroundavertical axis.Drawing and classcompositionasin VI. VIII-2 The sphere; horizontalconeand cylinder;con4ruction of mutual points of surfaces and straight lines; elements ofperspective and its application; projection ofastraight sphericalcone,straight and leaning spherical cylinder intoaplane; shadows and shades ofsphere, cone,and cylinder.Class graphic work thriceeach semester. A DRAWING (CRTANJE)

VANDVI2EACH As in the real gymnasia.

VIIANDVIII 2EACH Water colors; drawingmasterpieces of Yugoslav art;geometric planes;useof India OA; copying architecturalplans; applications of descriptive geometry The maturity examination .Oncompletion ofany oneof thesetypes of curricula, students must takeaseniorcourse examination (vig te6ajni ispit),or,maturity examination (ispit zrelosti).4Itspurposeisto test whether the know- ledge and ability of thestudent fit himto study inahigher institution.It is held usually in May-June(exceptionally in SeptemberorJanuary);is both writtenand oral; varies incontent and character accordingto the curriculum; and is conductedbyaspecial examinationcommission (Ispitni odbor) the chairman of which isaministerial deputy(Mini- starski izaslanik)1especially appointed forthe school by the Minister. The directorof the school is vicechairman.

4 This Isone and the same examination and is commonly designated in Yugoslaviaby using both Agoras unitd witbabypben,asseniorcourse examination-maturity examination (viii WNW 144t,as¡spit zrelosti). I amen from tbemime= ofauniversityor a higher pedagogical scbooL

e Vxkzei--&' 44 EDUC.1110N INYUG0SLAVIA

Writtengeniorcourse examination(Pismeniraj tek'n; ispii).--- Thiswrittenpart of thematurityexaminationis in the followinglistedsevensubjects:(1)Compositionin Serbo-CroatianorSlovenian(2)CompositioninFrenchor German;(3) Translationfrom LatinorGreekintoSerbo- CroatianorSlovenian;(4) Solutionofproblemsin(a) algebra, (b)planimetryor stereometry, and(c)trigonometry or analyticalgeometry; (5)Compositionin thelanguageof instruction;(6) Sameas"4" withthe additionof (d)physics: (7) Solutionoftwo problems indescriptivegeometry. pym- nasiastudentsareexaminedin1, 2, and3; realgymnasia, in 1, 2, flq4; and real schoolstudents in1, 2, 6, and7. In real gymnasiawithaminoritylanguageastheteaching medium,the studentswriteon1, 4, and5. As to the conductof theexaminationtheteacher ofa subject makesoutalist of10 topicsin hissubjectand hamk itto the directorwhokeeps it inasealedenvelope.On examinationday, inthepresenceof theclass,thecom- missionopensthe envelope,choosesoneof the10 topics, andannouncesitastheone on which the elmsisto write. Four hoursis allowedfor eachsubject.The resultisjudged first bythe teacherof thesubject,.thecommissiongives the finalgrade. If itis excellentor verygood, thestudentmayhe excused fromthe oralexaminationinthat subject.Failure intwoor more subjects of thewrittenexaminationcompels the candidateto waita year before makinganotherattempt. Hemay trythree times:. Oral 8enior course emmination ((Jsineniraj tejajniispit). Onlythose whopassthe wittenmay try the oralpart of the examination.It is inthefollowinglisted eightsubjects: (1) Serbo-CroatianorSlovenianlanguageandliterature; (2) FrenchorGermanlanguageand literature;(3) Latin orGreek;(4) Generaland nationalhistory,includingthe geography ofYugoslavia;(5)Mathematics;(6) Thelanguage of instruction,inchiding itsliterature;(7) FrenchorGerman language;(8) Physicsandchemistry.Gymnasiastudents must take1, 2, 3, and.4, realgymnasia,1, 2, 4, and5; real schoolstudents,1, 7, 8, 4, and5.Studentsin realgymnasia withaminoritylanguageasthe teachingmediummust take 1, 6, 4, and5. 4- AlIVONOAAS NoLLV.)1(1A C.:1 o 7 CRKVA. BELA tr. GIRLS. FOR 1 - 41: 9,1 44 \IS 49 .. INSTITUTE k - o r 4i 1 is 114' RUSSIAN A Jo '.. i .1 L. 8 t, r- 11 r: te , _. 0 i 1 .1 i 5- CI 71_1`i-N - ) , i'.. e :ii ...... It. iir -d.4 . ON. i .1' - j EXAMINATION. ,,,' b. , '1.1; . , AU 4 ' '' I .. '''' : . :" 1 , 1 eiatTZET-x,_:;. __.,.. r ..-: 1116 _ , S...... ,.....-..; 4 :' r irla% .,tt.,!, 1 g -- " se" - MATURITY it7: '''''Sk r ; :'. II. : 1!2 -""r' r , , { . . n WRITTEN br,11" -,-;-:: . k 1 42' it,:1, . L L 46 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA

Candidateswho failinonesubject ofthematurityexami- nationmaybe permittedby thecommissionto takea sup- plementaryexaminationthe followingSeptember.The scale ofmarks usedin makingupthegrades is:Excellent (Odlièan)-5;very good (vrlodobar)-4;good (dobar)3; poor(slab)-2.,andvery poor (rdjav)-1. Thematuritycertificate.Thematuritycertificate,granted forsuccessin theexamination,has thelongnameof "certi- ficate ofhavingpassed theseniorcourse examination maturityexamination"(svedo6anstvoovikmtetajnomispitu ispituzrelosti).If it isfromagymnasiumorrealgymna- sium,the holdermay enteranyfacultyofauniversity except the facultyofengineeringfor whichhemust in additionpass an entrance examinationindescriptivegeom- etry.If it isfromareal school,he isadmittedatonce toa faculty ofengineering,butmustpass a supplementary examinationin classicallanguageinorderto beastudent in anyother faculty. Secondary schoolsforminoritie8.In thesecondaryschools for nationalminorities,which in1936-37 enrolled1,615 students,the childrenaretaughtthroughtheirmother tongue and eitherSerbo-CroatianorSlovenianisastudy subjectasthe secondlangua0.Generallythe curricula in theseminorityschoolsarethesame as those of the regular secondaryschools but4 institutions6 forRussianchildren offeracurriculumwhich isacombinationof thoseof the present Yugoslavrealgymnasiumand thepre-revolutionary Russiangymnasium. The mediumof instructionis Russian; Serbian istaughtasthe secondlanguage.Thiscombina- tioncurriculumisasfollows: s First Russian-SerbianGymnasium forBoys (1rusko-erpakamikegimnaslia), Belgrade; Russian-Serbian Gymnasium forGirls(Rusko-erpskaWoke gininagija),Belgrade;First Rumian Cadet Corps (I ruskikadetski korpus),Bela Crkva;Russian Iastitutefor Girls (Ruski devolgkiInstitut), BelaCrkva. GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION 47

TABLE 9.-Curriculum for the Russian minority schools

flours a week by climes (years) Compulsory subjects

I j III! iniv svi VIIVIII 1Total

1 2 3 4 6 7 A I. _ _

.11 - .) Religion 2 '2 1 1 14 Russian. - ro 5 .1 6 4 5 42 2.ro :1 Serbian. . . 3 3 3 :1 4 0)r French._ :1 4 4 4 4 3 .1 (ierman :4 4 4 4 4 :t Latin.... 4 1 3 I I -.2 2 11 istory 2 1 4 4 .1 4 Yugoslav historN :1 '2 ) 2 2 2 2 a. 12 (ie)graphy 2 Yugoslav geography 2 a. -1 Ethnology 1 1 Cosmography _ 2 2 Natural history . 3 .I '2 2 12 l'hysies. _ 2 I2 7 4 3 In 'twmistry _ . . 2 4 5 f) mathematics . 4i 4 4- 4 4 4 34 Hygiene. . 1 i 1 1 Elements of philosop v .. _ ...... 2 Drawing_ _ . '2 2 2' 2 I '2 1 ..... 11 Penmanship 1 1 ..... 2 singing. 2 1 1 4

'2 ' 1 1 1I aymnssties . 2 2 2 _ .) Manual work - 2 2 . .

; : 31; 311 :47 Total . 2!) 35 37 38 39 29ii

Note that the total of 290 year-hoorsis 49niore thaninI h V ogoslavrealgymnasia. BIBLIOGRAPHY KNEiEvI(', RADOMI,Kroz srethijii Akolis iiiaAkolski sistemgim- nazije i nezaposieniprosvetnestatistike.BibliotekaPolitika i .druAtvo.Beograd, 1938.102p. MINISTARSTVO PROSVETEKRALJE VINEJUGOSLAVIJE. Pravilaoniiem i vikm te6ajnomispituurealnim ik1asH:nim gimnazijamai realkama.DriavnaAtamparija,Beograd, 1930.20p. MUSULIN, S. Prva Zagrebana gimnazija, 1607-1932.Zagreb. 1932. 15p. NtIoué, MILEN M.kragujevaka gimnazija, 1833-1933.Kragu- jevac, 1934.309p. Programi i metodska uputstva zaradusrednjim Akolama. Izdanje i Atampa DriavneAtamparijeKraljevine Jugoslavije.Beograd, 1936.398p. Zakonosrednjim Akolama od 31 avgusta,1929.-1 god.saizmenama i dopunama od 20jula, 1931,g. Izdava6ka knjilarnica Gece Kona, Beograd, 1932.63p. CHAPTERIV:SPECIALIZEDSECONDARY EDUCATION Sevenmain classesofschoolswithnofewerthan35 differ- ent kindsgive specializedinstructionon secondarylevels, usingtheword "secondary"tomean the 8years following theprimaryschool andparallelingtheperiodofgeneral secondaryeducation. Generalsecondaryeducation,aswe haveseen,is dividedintoa 4-year lowercourse anda 4-year highercourse.For convenience,thecorrespondingyearsin specializedsecondary educationwillbetermedjuniorand seniorsecondary. Theclassesandkindsofschoolsarelisted belowand willbe takenupintheordernamed.Those markedwithan asteriskareof fullseniorsecondarystanding and insome instances carrytheinstructionevenintofirst- year universitywork. The civicschoolsare entirelyjunior secondary;theotherscommonlyoverlapthe junior lateryears of workandtheearlyyearsofsenior. Thecivic schools,'schoolsofmusicanddramatic appliedarts, and and theologicalschoolsarewithinthejprisdie- tion oftheMinistryof Education.TheMinistriesofCom- merce andIndustry, WarandNavy,Communications, Finance,. Forestryand Mines,SocialWelfareandPublic Ikaki), andAgricultureadministertheothers. LISTOF SPECIALSECONDARYSCHOOLS Civicschools Technicalandindustrial: *Secondarytechnicalschools. Tradeschoolsforboys: Masters'craftschools. Vocationaltradeschools. Specialschoolsofartsand crafts. Tradeschoolsforgirls. *Vocationalnormalschoolsforgirls. Vocationalcontinuationschools: Geperalcontinuationschools. Specialcraftcontinuationschools. Specialcommercialcontinuationschools. 48 SPECIALIZED SECONDARYEDUCATION 49 Technical and industrialContinued. Schools for noncommissioned officers: Army trade schools. Naval trade schools. Schools of aeronautics. Army schools of music. *National Railway Communication School. Railway craft schools. Vocationalcoursesfor maritime service. *National School for Tax-collectors. *Land surveying schools. National schools of mines. *Schools fornurses. Schools for hospital attendants. Schools for midwives. *Schools for health assistants. Schools for abnormal children. Conunercial: *Commercial academies. *Naval commercial academies. Two-year commercial schools. *One-year commercialcourse. Commercial schools of the Commercial League of Youth. Agriculture: *Secondary agricultural schools. Lower agricultural schools. Special agricultural schools. Rural housekeeping schools. Shortcoursesin agriculture. Forestry: Schools of forestry. Schools for foresters. Music, dramatic and applied arts: *Secondary School of Music at Belgrade. *School of Dramatic Arts at Belgrade. *School of Applied Arts at Belgrade. Theology: *Serbian Greek-Orthodox Theological Schools. *Islamic religious schools. *Jewish Secondary Theological Institute. 50 FM WATIONIN y-t-rtH*LA VI A

CIVIC SCHOOLS Furtherprovisionforeducationin earlyadolescenceis in the civicschools(gradjanskeAkole), whichparalleladvanced elementaryinstructionontheonehand,andontheother hand overlapand parallelthe first4yearsof thecomplete, 8-year secondaryschools.These civicschoolsareakinto the civicschools ofHunga7,themellemskolenofDenmark, and middleschools ofGermany.Indeed,somethingsimilni is foundinmost Europeancountries.Theyareintended e for youngpeoplewhocandomorethan theordinaryele- mentary work butare notable forsomereason or otherto benefit byfullsecondaryschoolinstruction.TheYugoslav Law of CivicSchools(ZakonogradjanskimAkolama)was enactedDecember5, 1931,and declaresit isthe aimof these schoolsto (a) Offer , students, inadditionto therequired civic triiininga- wellas an education inthe spiritof Stateand Nationalunity and religioustolerance,ageneraleducationmore extended thanthat given inadvancedelementaryschools; (b)prepare candidate- for commercial,trade-industrial,or agriculturalprofessionsb giving themthenecessary practicaltraining; and(e)prepart. candidates forvocationalsecondaryschools. Theymaybe publicorprivate,coeducationalor separate for thesexes.Of the219 reportedfor1636-37,only31were private;16 werefor boys,42 for girls,and theremaining161 were coeducational.Tuitionisfree.Anapplicantfor admissionmust havecompletedthe4-year primaryschool and benotover 14yearsofage.Inthe first2yearsthe curriculum isthesamefor allstudents.Specializationbegins in the thirdyearand forthe final2years studentsmaychoose oneofthree options:Trade-industrial(Zanatsko-industriski pravac); commercial(trgovinskipravac);andagricultural (poljoprivredni).MinisterialDecree ofMay12,1936, fixes the curriculumasgiven inthe followingtable: SPECIALIZEDSECONDARY FDITCATION orki

TABLE 10.Curriculum of thecivic school with its 3options

Hoursaweek by classes (years)

Com- Trade- Compulsory subjects mon CommerceAgriculture coursos industry

I II InIvIII IV III I IV

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Religion with moral education . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian language I 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 FrenchorGerman language_.... 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 General and national history 2 2 '2 2 2 2 General and national geography . '2 2 2 2 2 2 2 '2 Arithmetic__ . 3 3 3 3 '3(2) 3(2) 3 3 Geometry with geometrical and te-chnieal _ drawing . 2 2 3 3(2) 1 1 1 1 Bookkeeping andcorrespondence__ . _ 2 2 2 2 Physks______._ _ 2 2 2 2 2 2 '2 M ineralogy:chemistrywith technology_ _ 2 2 2 2 2 2 Botany and zoology 2 2 o -- II ygiene 1 1 1 1 i Theory and exercises in agriculture, trade- industry,or commerce with elementary 0 political and nationaleconomy 2 2 2 4 4)2)

Civic duties and elements oflegislation 1 1 1 1

Freehand drawing__ _ _ 2 2 - - -. - _ Penmanship _ _ _ _ .... _ _ 1 1 Stenography and typewriting. 2 - Domestic science____ _ . _. (2) (i) (1) (1) (2) (2) Vocal and instrumenta) music...... 1 -1 Manual work .__ _. _ '2 2 2(1) 1 ( 1 ) (1 ) 2(1, 1 Physical training 2 '2 2(1) 1 2( 1) 21 ) 2(1) 1

Total__ . . 26 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

In Dravska banovina (Slovenia) where the medium of instructionis Slovenian,Serl+o- croatian is taughtanadditional 2 hours weals. in all climes. In parenthesesarethe number of lessons for girls.

Outlines of thecourses.The outlines of thecourses are similar inmost respects to those for the advanced elementtlry schools givenon page19, but it should be remembered that civic school pupils take either FrenchorGerman, and civic duties with elements of legislation; andthat their natural science and practical studiesare moreextensive than those given in the elementary schools. Graduation.Thestudent who completes the civicschool curriculum andpassesthe final examination (zdvrAni ispit) is givenacertificate (svedo6ansto). With ithemayenter avocational secondary school,and is eligible for appoint- ment to lower positions in the civil service. Hemayalso enter the seniorcourseinasecondaryscbooLof general edu- cation providedhepassesexaminations in those subjects that he didnot have in the civic schools. to

52 EDUCATIONINYU008LAVIA TECHNICALANDINDUSTRIAL The Ministryof CommerceandIndustry(Ministarstvo Trgovinei Industrije)haschargeofsecondarytechnical schools,trade schoolsforboys,and forgirls,vocational normalschools for girls,andvocationalcontinuationschools. Secondary technicalschools(Tehni6cesrednjeilcole)aimto trainartisans whocanworkindependently.Theyrequire foradmission thecompletionofeithera 4-year juniorcourse ofgeneraleducation, acivicschool,or a 4-yearcourseina lowertrade schoolpluspassingan entranceexamination. Thecurricula are arranged in9 options(odseci),each4 yearsin duration:'Architecture,buildingconstruction, architectureand buildingconstruction,geodeticengineering, ship-construc tionengineering,mech anicalengineering,electro- technics,lumberindustry,andchemicalindustry. Curriculuminarchitecture.Asto thenature, details extent, and of thecurriculafortheseveraloptions,the must be reader content withone sample,architecture,unless wishesto look he themupintheofficialpublication.2The architecture optioncallsfor thefollowingwiththetime allotmentsgiven. Thecurricula intheotheroptionsare similar but,of course,each offers extensivetrainingincertainmajorsubjects essential to it. Thesubstanceof eachis theshopandlabora- torrorkdpp intheschoolandthepracticalexperience (fesrijalnáforaksa)thestudentsare requiredto haveduring thesummer vacationsby a attachingthemselvestosome industrialenterprise..

I The geodeticengineeringoption is2years but it requires foradmissionthecompletionof 6 years ina secondary schoolof generaleducation. 2Theyare given inOkiknik MruilneNuforr.Onrequest, theOffice of furnishsummaries. Education will SPECIALIZE» SECONDARYEDUCATIoN ;13

TABLE 11. Curriculum of the architectureoption iiisecondary technIcal schools

imrs a%%eek byyears Compulsory subjects Total

I 2 3 I 4 5 6

Language ofinstruction and literature_... .) 2 German or French language. , 2 Geography .) 9 General history...... _ ; I Physics .3 s

Organic and inorganic chemistry. . . .-1 Planimetry, stereometry, and trigonometry 3 3 2 Descriptive geometry_ . . :t :i 4 to Arithmetic, algebra, and higher mathematics 4 3 2 _ _ _ _ . Mechanics, statics 2 3 3 ! 4 13 Building construction and exercises.... fi 5 5 !_

Knowledge of styles__ _ ...... 4 i 3 7 Freehand drawing___ _ ...... fi t; Ornamental drawing and water colors 3 3

Mineralogy and geology. . . 2

_ Project work and composition . I; 1 13 lit

Technology and knowledge of materials . 3I_ . Modeling 3 History of architecture and arts _ 41. City construction. _ 1 Projects of agricultural constructions . Building machinery 1 1

Bookkeeping, legistaLlon, and administration 1 Hygiene...... 1 Geodesy and exercises _. . :t _ _ workshops_ h !

Estimates ofconstruction. _ :t

_ ; House decoration 3 , :t

Total_ 44 1 45 1 4") I 42 176

Graduation. The certificate ofhaving passed thegradua- tion examination(Svedo6anstvoozavrAnom ispitu)is granted the student who satisfiesanexamination commission it all thesubjects prescribed in hisoption.The work is gradedas:Excellent (od1i6an),5;verygood (vrlo dobar),4; good (dobar),3; satisfactory(dovoljan),2; and unsatis- favApry (nedovoljan),1. The subjects in which the students must be examined for the different optionsare: Architecture(Arhitektura) WrittenLanguage ofinstruction,mathematics,statics, de- scriptive geometry, projects ofprivate and agriculturalcon- struction. OralMunicipalconstruction, technology, agriculturalbuildings, estimates of construction. Building construction(Gradjevina): WrittenLanguage ofinstruction, mathewitics, statics andiron construction, bridge construction, untlersurface construction. OralMunicipal and civilengineering, transportation and rail- roads, geodesy,hydrodynamics, estimates. 54 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA Architecture and buildingconstruction(Arhitektura-gradjetyina): WrittenAsin thepreviousoption. OralStaticsand ironconstruction,municipalconstructionand technologY, buildingconstruction,architecture,hydraulic engineering,geodesy. Geodetic engineering(Zemijomjerstvo): 1 WrittenLanguageofinstruction,mathematicsincludinghigher mathematics,geodesy,knowledgeof soils,water-usetecnnic, Oral--GeodesyIncludinglowerand highergeodesy,estimate. geodetic calculus,proximateanalysis,surveyingregulatioiì. anddecrees. Shipconstrudionengineering(Brodarskestrojarsivo): WrittenLanguageofinstruction,mathematics,mechanic,, thermo-dynamics,constructionof marineengines. OralTechnology,construction ofmarineengines,electrotechnic,, shipconstruction. , Mechanicalengineering(Mekanika): WrittenLanguageofinstructiou,mathematics,mechanic-, . thermo-dynamics,elementsofmachines,hydraulicandsteam engines andtheir construction.' OralTechnology,hydraulicengines,steamengines andsteam boilers with theirconstructionandestimation,internalconi- bustionmotors. glectrotechnics(Elektro-tehnika): Written-7Languageofinstruction,mathematics,mechanics,hy- draulics,generalelectrotechnics. OralMechanicaltechnology,generalelectrotechnics, tions of applica- electrotechnicselectricalmeasurements,electro- chemistry,hydraulics. , Lumberindustry(Industrijskedrvarstvo): WrittenLanguageofinstruction,mathematics,a project ofan industrialconcern. OralChemistry,forestaltechnology,mechanicaltechnology, machineconstruction. Chemicalindustry(Industrijskahemija) WrittenAsin thepreviousoption. OralOrganicandinorganicchemistry,analyticalchemistry, chemicaltechnology,microscopictechnology. Trade schoolsfur toys(MakezanatskeOde)arejunior secondary institutionsfordomesticindustry.Theytrain skilledcraftsmen,developadomesticindustryalready ing in exist- a community,or starta newoneinaplacewhere conditions favorableto it exist.Theyareof threekinds: Masters' craftschools,vocationaltradeschools,andspecial schoolsofarts andcrafts. The masters'craftschools(majstorskedelovodskeAkole) not onlytrainskilled craftsminbutproducemasters in

. .._-4;e; 4

SPECIALIZED SECONDARYEDUCATION t)e)r r

organizing and carryingonthe work in varioustypes of crafts.Usually theyareheld in thesamebuildings and with thesameteaching personnelasthe secondary technical schools.Candidates for admissionmust be at least 17years ofagewith 6yearsof regular sch6oling,andmust have completedanapprenticeship andpassed the assistantfore- man's examination (pomo6ni6ki-ka1fenski ispit).Thecur- riculum Ls 3yearsof theoretical and practicalwork. Instruc- tionis provided in various ty0es of craftsand trades. Yugoslavia is known for its handicrafts.The Chamber of Crafts (Zanatska Komora)at Belgrade, with branches in all parts of the country,promotes them, protects the legal and trade interests of its members and looksafter their social needs and working conditionsaswell.Among these handicraftsmenare weaversand dyers ofpeasantcostuines, carpetweavers,filigree workers, makers ofpeasant sajidals (opapke),peasant potters, etc.Nationalcostumesaremuch invogue.Theyareused fitir everydaywearand alwayson national feasts and holidays,so alarge number of craftsmen findemploymentin creating and makingthem. Vocational trade schools (stru6no-zanatskeAkole) offer curricula from 2to 4yearsin duration and admitstudents who have at least6yearsof organized school training. Their curriculum-tails for about40 hoursaweek of which from 18 to 24arepractical training in workshops.The theoretical subjects include: Serbo-Croatian language,mathematics, physics, chemistry, scienceof materials and technology, descriptivegeometry, mechanics, tools and machinery, tech- nical drawinft, trade calculus,bookkeeping, trade legislation, . "etc. The practical instruction has such optionsas:Building fonstruction, mechanics,olocksmithin'g,electrotechnics,auto- mobile-mecbanics, blacksmithing,carpentry, basket making, cabinetmaking,chemicalindustry,,hotel work, tailoring, printing, mining,bookbinding,etc. Special sch6ols cliartsand crafts (specijalne umetni6ko- zanatske Akole)arefor artistic industries.The requirements for admissiónand the theoretical subjects of studyareabout thesame asthose of the vocationaltrade schools.They provide instruction indecorative drawing, applied graphic arts, designing, decorative plasticarts, woodcarving, metal work,ceramics, andcarpet weaving. 56 EDUCATIoNINYUGoSLAVIA

Studentaccidentinmira ne (08;guranfrit& nikapro;, nesre6nih slue;ajera).Lawof March31,1912,governink.. secondarytechnicalandtradeschoolsfor boys(Zakon srednjim tehninim imakimzanatskimAkolamaod31mart:i 1932 godine)requires allstudents intheseschoolsto he insuredagainst lossbyaccidentalpersonalinjurywhichmay occurin theschoolworkshopsorlaboratoriesof theinstitu- tion,aswellasinpracticewhileonvacationor excursion. The policyis madeout annuallyfor eachinstitutionaccordin(r to the numberofstudentsonthe schoolregisters.Each studentpays asmallannualpremium.Thescale ofinsur- ance is:25,000 dinarsincaseof deathplus2,500 forburial expenditures:25,000 forpermanentdisability;forpartial permanent disabilityaproportionof thetotalamount correspondingto the degreeofdisability;and inCaseof temporary disability,up to 3,000 dinars. Tradeschools .for ffir1R (2enskezanatxkt "A-01(').IAm-of March31, 1932,concerningtradeschoolsfor girls(Zakon o ienskimzanatskimkolamaod31marta 1932godine) providescrafttrainingfor girls.Under itsterms, these schoolsoffera5-year curriculum,the first2yearsof which areknownas preparatory classes(pripravtfirazred)and the last 3, professionalclasses(stru6nerazredi).Eachschool usuallyhastwo sectionsdraftingpatterns andsewing underwear(krojenje iMvenjeruhlja) °iinddraftingpatterns and makingdresses(krojenje iAivenjeodela).Incaseof localneed thefollowingoptionsmayheestablished:Artistic work(umetne radove);millinery(pravljenjeJenskihWira); nationalembroidery(narodnizev); textileknitting(tek- stilnopletenje);artificialflowers(pravljenjeumetnog cve6a); and makingcarpets (Iiilimarstvo). ... Oultiodum.---Acurriculum,prescribedby theMinistry for the schoolyear 1935-36, isasfollows. 4 Prior to March31, 1932, there were four types of girls'trade schoolsas follows: (a)(Amer trade schools(nits fenske ianMske ikole)witha 3-year curriculum,whichrequiredcompletion ofa 4-year primary school; (b) continuationtrade schools(produineienske sanatskeikolei witha 2-year course, which admittedgraduates ofthe lowertrade schools;(c) highertrade schools (vibetenske sanatske Role)witha 2-yearoourse, which requiredfor admissionthe completion of4 junior years of a secondary schoolof generaleducation,or oompletion ofthe lower andcontinuation tradeschools listedabove; and (d)iyear normal te6aj) which course .(nZiteljski was opened forgraduates of thehigher tradegifts' schools.Its aimwas to train professionalteachers for tbe lowerand girls'continuationtrade schools(stru6neutitel)ice nitib I froduinihtenskIli ranatskih*kola).

ale SPEC I MAL ED SECONDARYEDUCATION 57

TABLE 12.Curriculumof trade schools .forgirls

HoursAwtkek by ClaSS41,

ReqUirellStitqcd. Prc Professional

I II I II III

1 3 4 5 e d

. . . . . Religion 1 1 1 1 I

I'rofessional practic-il work . . l% '241 :1 21 ; 10 12* , . Dress designing... . t ) erho-Croatian (Slovenian) lancuage . 1 .1 Trade arithmetic and calculation .) 2 ), Knowledge of materials and homeVrt !moili I 2 ) History and geography . . i 6 I)eenratie drawing . 4 - 1 9 H ygienv ) (lymnasties. I 1 .) Singing ., ... . a.

Total 2* 31 3 40 12 17') . e . ,

l'ocati(;nalnormal sehoolOur girls(2(Fishystruene ujihl ¡ski ao/e).----Teachers for girls' tradeschoolsare' educatedIll vocational normal schools for girls.These institutionsare of full secondary status andholdmuch thesameplace in vocational education thatthe normal schools described on page79 have in general education.Girls who wish to enterthefirst,.yearmusthave completeda4-year juniorcoursecif general education,or acivic school, andpass acompetitiveentranceexamination.The curriculum is 5 y-earsand reachesatotal of 209 'ear.-bours.The vocational side isheaviVweighted;only 45 year-hoursareset apart, for general subjects and theyareTill in the first4years. The fifthyearis knownas"atelier"(atelje),is wholly vocational, and is givenovertoadvanced dress-designinif and practice teaching.The curriculum follows:

141122°--40---5*

- 58 EDUCATION IN YUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 13.Curriculum for vocational normal schoolsfor girls

Hoursaweek by classes Required subjects

! I II III IV V! ToNl

i 2 3 4 s 7

i Professional pract i cal work_ ...... _ _ __ _. 20 22 24 24 42 1:4: __ _ 4 Teaching practice 4 4 Dress designing______-_ _ . __ ..... 2 2 2' 2

_ . . __ _ Decorative drawing__ 4 4 4 4 1 1...

Technology and mercliandizing 2 2 ; . 4

. _ _ Bookkeeping and correspondence. 2 2 1 School legislation and administration... 2 AN.

Nationaleconomy and finance . . _ _ _ _ 2

. ! Serbo-Croatian language and literature 2 2 2 2 1 French language 2 2 2 2 Pedagogics and methodology. ._ _ _ _ ._ 2 2L._

Mathematics and trade calculation 2 ' 2 1 2 2 ! Economic geography. _ _ 3

H ygiene 1 1 _

Cborus singing 1 1 i 1 I

Total 39 40 ! 41 43 46

Graduation and certification.Regulations for theteachers' diploma examination(Pravilnikopolaganju u6ite1jskog diplomskog ispitauienskim stranim aiteljskimgkolama), which isagraduation examination,wereadopted by the Ministry of Commerceand IndustryonMarcht,1936. Two examinationsareto be takengeneral (op§ti ispit), and professional (straniispit).The generalcomesat the end of the fourthyearand is writtenand oral.The written partis given in Serbo-Croatian,and mathematics including trade calculation, and eachisto be prepared within4 hours. The oralpart isonthe Serbo-Croatian languageand liter- ature, mathematics and trade calculation,pedagogics and methodology, and merchandizing. Students who have passedthis generalexaminationand completed the fifth (atelier)class, take theprofessional examination (strani ispit).It also is intwo parts: Dress- pattern making, and cuttingpatterns and making under- weararo ladies'dresses.The examinationcommission grants successful candidates diplomas ofhaving passedthe teachers' diploma examinationand certifies themasteachers for girls' trade schoolsand professional normalschools for girls (Polohlesuu6iteljski diplomski ispiti osposobljenesii u6iteljice ienskihzanatskih i lenskihstru6nih u6iteljskih 6kola). SPECI A LI Z ED S FA '0N DAR YEDUCATION 59

Vocationalcontinuation schools(Stru6ne produinegkok). Prior to 1934,thesewereknownofficiallyasgeneral craft andcommercial craftschools (opke zanatskeAkole i zanatske trgova6ke§kole).With their presentdesignation theyare maintainedin accordancewith Law ofNovember 14, 1934 (Uredbaoorganizaciji, nastavnomplanu, stru6nojspremi nastavnikaiupotrebiudihenikaustruhim produ6nim §kolama odnovembra 1934godine, I broj39880/11).They supplement andcomplete thevocational traininggiven boys andgirls intheirapprenticeships.Attendance is compulsory forapprentices.Instruction isfor 10 hours weekly,usually from 3 to 5o'clock in theafternoons.They areof threetypesgeneral,special craft, andspecialcom- mercial.gpplicants foradmis.sionmusthave had atleast the 4yearsof theprimary school orhave completedthe preparatoryclass (pripremnirazred) ofacontinuation school. The curriculacover3years. The generalcontinuationschools(opAteusavrAavapj( Akole)carry oninstruction inaccordancewith the following curriculum: TABLE I LCurriculum forgeneral continuationschools

Hours a Week by yvars Required suhjects

II I IllTad

2 3 4 3

1 1 Religion _ _ _ 9 Serbo-Croatian orSlovenian language 2 2 1 4 Trade arithmetic andgeometry . . '2 2 4 Trade bookkeepingand correspondence a, and civics. I I e. Trade regulations 2 Technology. . . . I II 2 Elements of physicsand chemistry . Freehand andgeometrical drawing.. 2 I 1 2 Professional drawing... . 2 I 3 National geographyand history . 1 ygiene =111 Total.... , 10 loi 10 30 Inaddition, allstudentsarerequired to devote 2hoursa week topracticaltraining inworkshops. Specialcraftcontinuationschools (Lanatskestruhe produine.&sale)providespecialinstruction, withworkshop practice, inparticularcrafts.Their curriculumis about the same asthat ofthe generalschools, exceptthat professional 60 EDUCATION INYUG0SLAVIA

drawing isallotted2 hoursaweek inthe secondand third years. Special commercialcontinuationschoolsargovaèkestria'ne produine §kole)are, astheirnameimplies,schoolsto provide continuationwork forapprenticesincommerceandassuch they offer curriculaof whichtheonein thefollowingtable is typical. out TA BLi;15.- Currielthonfor %specialcommercialcontinuation school.:

I lotusa Week hyyear Requiredsubjects

I I II III:"ohl

3 t. 4

1

Rlic ion. I i I scrbo-t 'ro:stinrior Slovenian langliao. 1 2 L I I 'mil mercial billetie commercialbookkeeping and 2r 2 2 vorro.sp.ondoquv, 2 2 commerve, conimerctalIry isialion,and civics Men. handizitIc 2 1 2 1 1 '2 Nat limn!Vol/raptly andhistory II II ygiety, 2 i 1 Total Ill I I o I o 311

Schools.forii orleoln missioned officers.TheMinistryof War and Nitvy(MinistarstvoVojske iMornarice)maintains fornoncommissionedofficers,armytrade schools(vojno- zanatlijske Akole),naval tradeschools(mornar,i6kezanatlijske) ole), schoolsofaeronautics(vazduhoplovneAkole),and armyschools ofmusic(vojno-muzi6keMole).Thearmy and navaltrade schoolsoffervariouscurriculafrom2 to 6 yearsin durationand admitboys withabout6yearsof ele- mentary school training.Theyaimto train skilledcrafts- menfor militaryand navaltradeconcerns, The MinistryofCommunications(Ministarstvosnobra- éaja) looksafter theNationalRailwayCommunication 1'Schoolat Belgrade, fourrailwaycraft schools,andvarious professionalcourses totraintechnicalpersonnelformaritime service. The NationalRailwayCommunicationSchoolat Belgrade (Driarnasaobrat,ajnaielezniëlca golauBeogradu)is taught hy- officialsof the Ministryas anhonoraryservice;only the director andthesecretaryhre permanentlyappointedand have regularsalaries.Everystudenthasanationalscholar- ship .andlives inastudents'homebelongingto theschool.

I. SPECIALIZED SECONDARY EDUCATION 6 1

Admission is by examinationopentoyoung menwho have completed the seventhyearofasecondary school of general education.The curriculumcovers2yearsof study with about 40 hoursaweek eachyearand is madeupof technical and practical telegraph and telephone service, signal- ization, communication service, management of raihvay stations, railway engineering and construction, railway hygiene and first aid, general and railway legislation, transport regulation, com- mercial service, agriculture, tariff regulations, bookkeeping, rail- waygeography, account4ncy, trade correspondence, French and German languages, and practical work in all these subjects. The graduation diploma (diplomaospremnosti) does not admit to university studies. Therailway craft schools (ielezniae zanatlijske gkole)train artisans for the railway service, giving preference toorphans and to children of railway employees and ofarmyandnavy veterans.The curriculum of 4yearsof 8 hours (3 theoreti- , cal, and 5 practical) of daily work is basedonabout 6years of previous schooling.Success in the final examinationearns the railway craft school graduation certificate(uverenjeo svrAenoj ielezniaoj zanatlijskoj§koli). Various vocationalcoursestotrain technical personnel .for maritime (rirer av(i Rea) Rerrice (Riruhikurxerizakandidate re6noin i pomor4om brodarRtru)along both theoretical and practical linesareconducted for 9 to 1 2 months to aid those who have had 6yearsof previous schooling and completed anapprenticeship.Success in tjo, final examination brings aqualifying (za spremenje) c04,j1iate. The Ministry of Finance(Mintarstvo finansife)main- tainsanaVona/ school fortaxcollectors, at Be/grade(Drialma porezniaapkolauBeogradu)to trainemployees for its de- partment(if internalrevenue.Applicants must havecom- pleted at least the seventhyearofasecondary school ofgen- erareducation.The curriculum is 2yearsand is highly specialized. Landsurveying schools (Geometarskiodsbeci)arealso under this Ministry and they tooareof advanced secondary rank. Admissionmaybe hadonthe completion of at least 6years ofgeneral secondary instruction.The 2-year curricula include 62 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA # a geodesy withexercises, topographicdrawing, mathematics',de- scriptivegeometry, elementsof legislation,geology,bookkeeping, and lettering. The -finalqualifyingexaminationearns adiploma. The Ministryof Forestryand Mines(MinistarstvoAumn i rudnika)maintains thenationalschools ofmineR(Pria rudarRkeAkole)to train skilledartisans andforemen inminintr and foundrywork.It admitsbyexaminationYugoslav citizensbetween theagesof 10 and30 who havehadat least 4yearsof practicalexperience inminesorfoundries,and have completed.'anadvancedelementaryschoolcourse of study.The trainingin eachdepartment(minesorfoundry) is boththeoreticaland practicaland3yearsin duration. It leadstoacertificate(svedocliha). The Ministryof SocialWelfareand PublicHealth(Mini- tarstvo socijalnepolitike inarodnogzdravlja)has chargeof the Schoolof PublicHealthat Zagreb (seep.103);fourschools fornurses;certainschools forhospitalattendants; four schoolsfor midwives;schools forhealthassistants;and six for abnormalchildren,abnormal inthesenseof beingblind, ordeaf anddumb. The .Rehoolg_fornurseR(nudiljNkeAkole)areseniorsecondary institutionsthat admitwomen notless than i8nor over 28yearsofagewho havecompletedthe junior4yearsin asecondaryschool ofgeneraleducationand passeda com- 'petitiveentrance examination.They offera preparatory courseofone semester and at its close,select byexamination those bestfittedto take thesubsequentsix-semestercur- riculum ofintenselyspecializedcourses amounting to from 40to 44 hoursaweek ofrequiredwork. Thepreparatorycourse(pripravni te6aj)is in thenational language,chemistry,anatomy and physiology,ethics ofthe profession,personalhygiene,and bedsidenursing.The sub- sequentsemesters4reeach about534 monthslong.Theo- reticaland practicaltraininggoalongtogether andinclude:

41. Theoretical.Internaland surgicaldiseases; firstaid,nervous and mentaldiseases,materiamedics, childdevelopmentand diseases ofchildren,obstetrics anddiseases ofwomen, hygiene, contagiousdiseases,bacteriology,dietetics, skinandvenereal diseases,neurologyand psychiatry,eyediseases,socialmedicine, epidemiology,general andsanitarylegislation,organization of publichealthservice inYugoslavia,elements ofpedagogics (and psychology,and historyof nursing; SPECIALIZFD SECONDARY EDUCATION 63

Practical.Operating-room technique,public-healthnursing and nursing in private homes; treatmentof tuberculosis and alco- holism, work in public health centersand hospitals, laboratories for contagious diseases, administrationof hospitals, and general nursing in various hospitaLsand clinics. The diploma examination,conducted byaspecialcom- mission under thechairmanship ofadeputy from the Minis- try,consists ofawritten test in social medicine, oral tests in thetheoretical §ubjects, andapractical examination in techniques of nursing.The diploma is in effectalicense topractice throughoutthe Kingdom. Schools for hospitalatte4dantg(Akolezabolnieare i bolni- Jarke)areconducted by the nationalhospitals to train the lower grades ofnuming personnel.Theyarecoeducational, with 18 to 28years astheagesof admission, and require the completion of the advancedelementary school andan en- tranceexamination.The subjects taught during the18 months of trainingare: Biology, anatomy, physiology, general and sanitarylegislation, hygiene, disinfection, nursing techniques,nursing inhospitals for contagious diseases, elementsof pathology, elements of materia medics, dietetics, first aid, andmedical apparatus and instru- ments. The credential granted isacertificate. Schools for midwives(Alcolazababice) have thesameadmis- sion requirementsasthose for hospital-attendants, except that candidates must be atleast 24yearsofage.Theyare public schools in whichthe students reside duringthe 18 months of training.The subjectsare: Theoretical.Anatomy, physiology, obstetrics,careand nursing ofinfants, nursing techniques,hygiene, social protectionof mothers and children, and sanitarylegislation. Pradical.At least 16 months in maternityhospitals, 1 month inachildren'shospiial,and 1 month of general bedsidenursing. The credentialconfers thetitleof diplomamidwife (diplomirana babica). .1 Schools for Imalth assistants, atBelgrade and Zagreb(Alcole zazdramtvene pomoenikeuBeogradu i Agrelyu)aremain- tained by the public health centersin the two cities to train laboratory workers, disinfectors, andsanitarians.Theyare coeducational with admissionrequirements about the same 64 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

asthose of theschools fornurses.The subjectsof the19- month curriculumare: Theoretical andpractical traininginbiology,anatomy,and physiology,chemistry, physics,hygiene,bacteriology,epidemiol- ogy, disinfection, general and sanitaryadministration,andsani- tary techniques. The finalexamination leadstoadiploma. Schools .forabnormal childrer ()N-oiezaabnormainudecn) under thisMinistry,aresix innumber, threefor theblind and threefor the deafand dumb.Theyare government institutions andtheir teachersmust holdaspecialteacher's diploma.(Seepp.83 and 114.) COMMERCIAL

Commercial,and navalcommercialacademies,2-year commercialschools,1-year commercialcoursesforgraduates of secondary schools, andthe commercial.schools ofthe CommercialLeague of Youth,areall activein thisfield. The commercialacademies(trgovaaeakademije),19 in number, andthe 3 navalcommercialamdemies(pomorsko trgovaeiceakademije)Iareallsecondary schoolsthat base their workonthe completion.ofthe4 junioryearsofgeneral secondaryeducation,orits equivalent,plusan entranceexam- ination.The formerpreparestudents forcommercialcareers oradmissiofito higher commercialeducationthe lattertrain workers forthe navalmercantileandport services.They areconducted underthe Lawof SecondaryCommercial Schools ofMarch18, 1932 (Zakonosrednjimtrgovaaim Akolama od18 marta 1932godine).The usualgraduation eiamination,writtenand oral, is heldfor eachandsuccessin itearns.the certificateof havingpassed thegraduationexam- ination(svedo6anstvoozavrAnom ispitu). Ourricul .Thecurricula,prescribedMay27, 1936, and August26, 1932, respectively,are sodifferentthat forpur- posesofmoremarkedcontrast theyarereproducedhere with no comments introduced betweenthem. 4 The naval commercialacademieswere formerly nautical schools(nautitkeiko4)that had beenestablished by theAustria-Hungarian Empire.The oldest isat Bakar and dates to 1849. In theYugoslavian regimeprior to 1926theywere controlled by the Ministryof Education butsince then havebeen within theadministration ofthe Ministry ofCommerce and Industry. SPECIALIZEDSECONDARYEDUCATION fir)

TABLE 16. CurriculumforColnmerrUzl academies

loursaN%-ock byyears 1{rquIl IASI Itij. ct

11 I III IV Total

4 S 6

Serbo-Croatian languageand literature. 3 :t 3 3 , 12 French language andcorrespondence. . 4 4 4 ; i t, German language andcorrespondence_ . 4 I 4 4 .) 1 Science ofcommerce__ _ _ ..._. _ _ . . 2 0- . . t -, Bookkeeping and officework__ _._ ...... 3 3 3 11 Commercial correspondenw _ . .) 2 2 - 1 h Commercial arithmetic .) 3 2 3 I Id 1

, Mathematics S 3 2 ,) 1 s.) , _ _ . Political arithmetic. _ ...... 2 .. 1 Commercial exchange. bankruptcy. ., , , and mark ime law o ; 3 _ .1 . 9 r Nationaleconomy, finance. and custom house regulat ions . _ _ . . .. , 3 " .)

_ . .. Chemistry and merchandising 3 3 I 2 ' 3 tI I

!, ,) . Economic and national geography i 2 2 _ 2 s: 1 .) 1 ) . History ofcommerce and nat al history.. . 2 2 % . _ _ . _ q I Stenography ..... 2 1 .. i i 1 . c i

Total 30 I 31 33 33 I 27

TIMF1 7.Curriculum for navalcommercial academics

MID }blursa weekbyyears ( .4 Required subjects

, 4 411111..._ 1 ! II 111 1V ot:il 1111,-.1.1....

1 3 4 3 6

Serbo-Croatian language and literature 3 3 3 1 12

English language 4 4 4 1 1 ei , Italianlanguage _ 4 4 3 :t 14 Nautics and astronomy :t ii or , 14 I r Meteorology and oceanography_ . '2 3 . ) I

Ship construction andpreparn tion.. 2 1 2 4 Maneuvering_ . __._ . 2 2

1 2 1 Rowing and nautical work.. 2 . , - 4 _ _ _ Steam engines_ ...... L. I 2 3 5 Mathematics and geometry..... 6 4' 3 13 Descriptive geometry__ 4 ...... 4 Physial 4 I 4 . S I _. Radiotelegraph ._ _.. . . 2 '2 4 r Maritime, commercial, and exchange law . 2 3 .) Commercial and steamboatbookkeeping withcorres- spondence _ _ -.- 4 2 11 Science ofcommerce._ _ . ._...... 2 2

International Code and signalizat ion. _ . 2 1 , 1 Merchandising' 2 '2 Geography _ 2 2 'Z :; !; General and national history_ 2 2 2 . 6 Naval hygiene . _ . 2 -2 Pract ice in naval service... _

Total . ... . 35 , 35 35 3.5 1411

The 2-year commercial schools (drorazredne trgovaaeOde) have thesameadmission.'requirementsasthe commercial academies and give instruction about equalto that of the first 2yearsof the academies. The exceptionsarethat

I 66 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

Frenchand mathematicsareomittedand the1 5 year-hour%: thus releasedareappliedto lettering andtypewritingand in- creasesof time forGerman,bookkeeping,commercialarith- metic,find otherimportantsubjects.The certificateearned ongraduationadmits to the thirdyearofacommercinI academy providedthe holderpasses a supplementaryexam- illation inlanguages. Thei-year commercialcourse.for grad-ualesof secondat7i schools(jednogodikni zviitrgovaekiabiturijenskikurs) usually offeredby thecommercialacademiesand theCham- ber ofCommerce ofBelgradeand is givento graduatesof the seniorcourseinsecondary schools. The32 hoursn week ofinstructionarein purelycommercialsubjectsand includecommercialand politicalarithmetic,commerce and exchange,commercial law,correspondence,accountancy and bookkeeping,economics,commercialandeconomicgeog- raphy,and statistics. Thecommercialschools ofthe CommercialLeague ofYouth (Trgovcakekole trgovaHrihomladina)werefounded in1912 by merchantsin the cityofBelgrade.Theyarepart-time institutionsoffering5 to 9 hoursaweek ofworkonlower secondary levels,with classesheld inthe eveningsonwork iays andthe morningsonholidays.Theyareoftwo types: 4-year lower, and2-year higher.Graduatesof thead- vancedelementaryschoolareadmittedto the lower,and from itgoto the higher.The curricula,prescribedby the Ministryin DecreeofSeptember3, 1936,are asfollows: TABLE 18.Curriculum for4-year éommercialschools ofthe Commercial League of Youth

Hoursa week byyears Subject . I II IIIIV Total

1 2 1 4 5 e

Serbo-Croatianlanguage I 1 Commercial 1 1 4 arithmetic 1 1 2 2 6 Commercialbookkeeping Commercial I 1 1 3 correspondence __ _ ._ _ _ 1 1 1 3 Elements ofcommerce,commerCial law and civics I * 1 1 3 Lettering 1 _ _.... 1 Merchandising i 1 National 2 geography 1 I _ _ _ _.... _ _ _ National and 2 general history 1 1 i 3 Hygiene andsokol gymnastics 1 ...... _ _ _ _ _ 1 Total 5 7 8 s 28 1 i . SPECIALIZED SWONDAHY BELGRADE. BANK, STUDENTS' ACADEMY COMMERCIAL OF STAFF 68 EDUCATION1 N YUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 1 9. Curriculum.for highercommercialschoolsof theCommercial

League ofYouth ;

Hoursa week by years euhject Total

2 f3 4

German language_ i ..... 3 3 fir Merchandizing.. oMov work i i 1 2 Civil law 1 1 2 ...... 1 1 2 Nationaleconomy .. 1 1 2 Economic geographyanti transportation. 1 4 1 2 ustom House regulations ...... 1 i

Total _ ...... _1, s i 9 17 1.

AGRICULTURAL

Nearly80 percent of theYugoslaysareengaged inagri- culture.Though thesurface ismountainous,morethan .55percent of the totalareais cultivated.The national and banovinal authoritiesand cooperativeinstitutionscon- tinually workto improve vocationaltraining inagriculture. A considerable numberof schoolsof 'agriculture,usually boarding institutions,with freetuitionhas beenfounded hand the nationalgovernment freelydistributesscholarships to apt students.Ail theagriculturalschools,except those of universityrank,areunder thecontrol ofthe Ministryof Agric4ture(Ministarstvo poljoprivrede)whichprescribed the curricula and appointsand certifiesthe teachinkpersonnel. Many associationspromote agriculturaltrainingand protect the legal and social interestsof thefarmers. The_ oldest of these is theSlovenianAgriculturalAssociationat Ljubljana (KmetijskaDruiibazaSlovenijuuLjubljani) with its beginnings in1767.It has363 branches,enrolls 18,500 members, and publishesamonthlymagazineKmeto- ralec.The Serbian AgriculturalAssociation(SrpskoPoljo- privredno DniiitvouBeogradu)withheadquartersat Bel- grade,wasfounded in1869 andnowhas153 branches with some10,000 members.Its monthlyorganis Tekk.There areat least 10 other activeorganizations. . Kindig ofschoo18.Agriculturaleducationof .lowerthan college gradeis given insecondary, lower,and special 'schoolsof agriculture,rur0housekeepingschools,and . r SPIXIALIZED` SECONDARYEDUCATIO 694r

shortagriculturalcourses.Of these, only thefirstmen- tionedmayhe consideredasoffullsecondary rank whose graduatesarebroughtuptoorbeyond thedevelopment _required to attain the certificate of maturity fromasecond- aryschool of generid instruction. Secondaryagriculturalschools(Srednjepoljopri rredn( Thole).Thesewereonly three in numberin1934-35 and wereinstituted by Law of Novem4r27,1920 (Zakono srednjim)oljoprivrednim Aliolamaod, 28 novembra1924 godine),totrain futw()WIWI*,of farms of moderatesize. Admission isoncompletion of the lowercourseofageneral secondary school,orits equivalent, plusacompetitiveen- tranceexamination inthe Serho-rroatianorSlovenian language, mathematics andgeometry, physics, andgeog- raphy.Each school has itsOwnmodel farm andanexperi- went, 51I111011.The cuniculum is4years iNduration but, the last,yearis givento pnictical workon afarm. A 1)70(111 curriculumasprescribed by the Nlinistry of Agriculture.in Decree of November 26, 1922, is for the first sixsemesters asshown in thenexttable.

TABLE20. Cu rriculum for the first 1;.4t7neslers ofascrondary(lyricrillural school

hoursItwek hy svinester Requirei; subject _ IV V VI Tutal ....11 1..

3 4 3 a 7 11. General

Serbo-CroatianorSlovenian language '2 2 2 '2 8.

FrenchorGerman language 2 1 2 I 1 1 8 Geography '2t: 2 4 National history 2 2 Hygiene _ _--_---- ir 2 Elements of pedagogics and methodology_ 1 2 Scientific Mathematics _ 3 3 2 I. 4.1 Physics and meteorology__. . 4 2 6

Chemistry with agrochemistry...... _ 4 4 '2 1 2 12 Mineralogy, geology with pedology. 2 2 4 Botany 3 2 5 Zoology 3 1 4 Anatomy and physiology of domestic animals_ 2 3 AnatomyjhysIo1ogy, and pathology of plants 3 3 N st ionVe«nomy...... 2 4 6 Survepg 2 '2 Professional

Agriculture and horticulture_ . 4 4 1 lo Cattle breeding, includingveterinary rhedi-

CAMapiculture, fisheries, sericulture.__ _. 4 , 4 1 1 10 Pomology 4 2 6 Viticulture 4 3 7

Act - 70 . EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 20.Curriculum for thefirst 8semesters ofasecondaryagriculturi school Cont in ued

Hoursaweek hysemesters

-V Required subjects

1

I 1 II 1H IV V VI 1

1 3 1 t 4 6 7

Profestional-- Continued

_ __ . _ Culture of meadows. . 1

Agricultural machinery'and implements . _ A gricultural melioration 2 2 ..... 2 2 -Management 4 Agriculturalbookkeeping 4 Dairying 1 1 - ..... 1 1 Agriculturaltechnology: Sugarrefinery.

brewing of beer,alcohol, etc _ _ . 3 1 3

Elements offorestry._ __ . _ Agricultural construction 2 2 . Animal medicaments _ A grisultural legislation 1 1 I. and associations.._ 2 2 Agritulturalstatistics_ _ _ _ ""N 1 1 Total hoursof theory 25 25 28 26 dI.2,5 Pradical and laboratorywork ..0

(loodetic . . . . exeNes ...... 2 Analytical cimistry,laboratory__... 2 '2 A natomy 3piftatory _ 1 4. Microscop-exercises. _ _. . _ Agriculturalmachinery. exercises_ '2 2 Exercises in meteorology_

Agriculturalaccountancy, exercises. . Agricultural chemicaltechnology, laboratory 2 Drawing ._ . Practical workin agriculture, horticulture, 1 pomology, Niticulturc,management, etc_ . 6 9 2 6 4 6

Total hours ofpnwtical work.... . _ 91P1 11 s 13 7 9 ar - Grand total s. 34 36 36 34)7E4) ,Electives Stenography

Music 1

Graduation.Theexamination,oral andwritten, givenat the close of thesixsemesters, is conductedbyaspecialcom- missiontinder thechairmanship ofadeputy frvmthe Minis- try of 'Agriculture (Izaslanikministtápoljoprivrede).Ifa student satisfiesthe e4aminers,he issejit toa government, farmto complete the1yearof prficticaltraining.There he must specialize in hischosenpptionhusbandry,agricul- ttre,viticulture,Tanagement,orpbmolou,etc.The.prac- tical trainingcortipleted,eagain takesanexamination,this timeaspecial practicaleiamination(specijalniprakti6ni ispit), conductedby the schoolhe Attended.If succesiful, he is grantedthe graduationcertificate,officiallyknownas s the "certificateof havingpassed the finaland specialprac- tical .examination'(sve46anstvozavrthog i speciajalnog

4 SPECIALIZED SECONDARYEDUCATION 71 prar4nog ispita).The holder is eligible forappointment, tocivil-service positionsas managerof farms of moderate size,orinstructor in lower and special schools of agriculture; orhe niay enter the faculty of agriculture ofaYugoslav university. Lower agricultural schmils (Xi& poljoprirr(dne gkolf). These schoolstrain farmers'sonsfrom14 to 18yearsofage who have completedanadvanced elementary school ofgen- eral education.Theyareunder the Law of August 28, 1920 (ZakononifinOkolamazapoljoprivredu od28 augusta 1920 godine),butsiAethe Law of October 3, 1929, provid- ing for the government. -of the banovinas tikyareunder the specialcareand supervision of the hnnovina authorities andareusually knownashanovina lower agricultural schools (banovinske nie poljoprivredne Akole). The curriculum is generally 3years,the firstyearbeinga preparatorycourse(pripremnite6iij)thatstresses theSerbo- Croatian language, mathematics, geography, and history and totals 18 .hoursaweek.In the last 2yearsthe training is theoretical and practical and includes both general and agri- cultural subjects.HI the wintersemesteritamounts to 23 hours weekly; thesummersemesteremphasizes practical applications and only 7 hours weeklyaregivento theory jn sciences. Special agricultural schools (Specijalne poljoprivrednegkokj have thesameadmission requirementsasthe lower schools. They specialize inonebranch of 'agriculture, suchasdairy- ing, .viticulture,órhusbandry.The curriculaare 1 to 2 yearsin duration.Instruction 'in academic subjects,to which from 8 to 10 hours weeklyaredevoted, supplemented by special agricultural subjects withapractical bias, is given in the weer semester between November and April.In summerpractical work is doneonthe school farm.The schoolsareatithorizedand maintained by Law of Noveni- ber 30, 1921 (Zakonospeciajalnim poljdpriveednim Akolama od 30 novembra 1921 godine). Rural housekeeping schools (11cole%za seoske damatice) aim to train farm girlsfor their responsibilitiesasfarmers' wives_aildmothers and afford themabackground for facing moreintellige-ntry thi) problems of modern life.Candidates . for admissionategenerally 15yearsofage,having completed ;$ 72 EDUCATION IN YUGOSLAVIA

compulsory school attendance.The curricula, whichlast from 1to 3years, aremadeupof dairying, horticulture. animal and poultry breeding,hopsekeepingtagricultural economics, and subjectsof general education, includingthe Serbo-CroatianorSlovenian language, historyandgeogra- phy, pedagogics, hygiene, andnursing. In addition, thereareitinerant rural housekeepingschook which holdcourseswherever invited, teach villagegirl-, cooking, the rationaluseof food,anaPgeneral housewifery. Theyaremanaged byexpert teachers, who give theoretical and practical instruction in subjectsnecessaryfor village housekeeping. ShortCoursesin agriculture (Kra6 poljoprirrednekurs(r;) arearranged for farmers, usually by the lower agricultural schools.In addition, the agricultural departmentsof the hanovinas organize extension work.This is directed bya specialist, from the Ministryof Agriculture with theassist- anceof technical advisors.This staff, the teachingper- sonnel of wricultural schools,and the itinerant instructors, give shortcoursesand lecturestoadult farmers. Teaching staff in schools Qfagrieuiture.In the lower and special schools,the staff consists of teachers (u6ite1je)and professors (profesore).A teachermust holdadiploma of graduation fromasecondary agricultural school,haveat least. 2yearsof practical experience in hischosen branch of agriculture, andmusthave passed the oral and written teacher's examination.Profevorsmust be graduthes of the faculty of agriculture ofauniversity.Theymusthave had atleast 2yearsof probational teaching experience ina i'wer agricultural school, andmust tiavre passed thepro- fessors' examination (profesorski ipit)4'whichis rather rigid and includesaclass thesis (klauzura) andatrial lmson iii the field chosen by 61 candidate. . In the secondary agricultural schoolsarethesametwo categoriesorranks, but hereateachermustholdauniversity diploma andpassthe prescribed teKtièr's qualifying examina- tion. A professor 'is requiredto have the qualifications .* given in the previous paragraph, plusiyearof practical farm work.The examination ismore severein that it includesahome thesis, oraltitsts in major and minoesub- jects, and trial lessons. * sn SPECIALIZED SECI)N DAlly EDUCATION 73 FORESTRY e Forestal educationis administered by the Ministry of Forestry andNlines (N1inistarstvo 1111111Îrudniko).Itis ilnparted in schools of forestry Gumarske1;01e)and schools for forestersOLLgarske 4olel.Their aim i;totrain technical employeesfor'' `fore!4,,,. service, andforestwardens.The schoolsareofalower grfilie (niegt(q;aja) andan uppergrade (viAeg te6aja). The former requires for admissionabout6 yearsof elementary school trainin!). 2111(1 offers usuallya2- yearcurriculum withapracticalbias, embracing both theoretical and vocational subjects including forestal bot- any,protection andestin.lationofforests, geodesy, and forest. legislation. Anupperschool of forestry (via, ;:umar- ska §kola)or aschool for foresters ofan uppergrade(lugar'ska Akola viAeg te6aja) admits graduates ofalower grade school . who have had at least 3yearsof forest service.The curric- ulum is- "12 monthsin duration and is muchmorepractical than theoretical.Three-month wintercourses(zimske tro- meseènelOajevi)offer practical and theoretical instruction

for forestservice employees. se- The teaching personnelis recruited from graduatesofa faculty of silviculture ofauniversity, who have passed the qualifying teacher'sexamination, andarecertified by the Ministry of Forestryand Mines. MU8IC, DRAMA, APPLIED ARTS The SecondarySchool(-!f Music atBagrade (Srednja Afuziaa AkolavBeograd*), founded atthesametimeatInd under the termsof thesamelawasthe National Academy of Music at Belgrade,is in realityaschool preparatory to the Academy.It has four- departments:Theoretical subjects, solo-singing, instrumentalmusic, and ballet,The depart- mentof theoreticalsubjects (otsekzateorijske prednwte) offersa3-yearcurriculum, stressing harmony, counterpoint, and piano topersonsthat havetraining at least,equal to that of the juniorcourseofasecondaryschool.In the depart- mentof solo singing(otsekzasolo-pevanje)'thecourseis 4 4* yearsandopento persons 16 _to 25 yearsofagewithan education equal tothat requiredin the &pall mentof theo- of instrumentalmusic 14 retical subjects.In the department 141 1422°-311---6 74 EDUCATION IN YUGOSLAVIA

(instrumente) the regularcourses areusually(iyeaN

duration andarein the stringed, wind, and percussionThsri-i ments.Applicants for admissionmusthave completedat, elementa7 school.Graduation fromanyof these Vutet departmentsearns acertificate, and with it the holder enterthe National Academy of Musicat Belgrade. (Set p.120.)

Children about 7 andnotolder than13yearsattendt department. of ballet (otsekzabillet) andmaythere takea 7-yearcourse.

The School Qf Dramatic Arts qf the National Theater.(11 Belgrade (Glumaaa §kola Narodnog pozoriNauBeogradu) of advanced secondary rank andoperates underastatute of December 30,1933, to train professionalactorsfor the natiorial theaters of Yugoslavia.Theentranceexamination includesa song,recitation frommemoryofa proseselection, and readingadramatictext.Candidatesmust be not,over 25yearsofageandmusthave completed the juniorcoursein asecondary school.The3-yetarcurriculum is theoretical in its first 2-years and stresses: Diction, history of dramatic literature, history of the theater, history ofopera,theory of acting, theatrical management, drama- turgy,modern theatricaltechniques,theatricalapplied art, analysis of dramatic and operatic texts, rhythmic dancing and plasticgames,singing, and theatrical make-up.

The finalyear,.is entirely practical and under the direction of theschool.'The credential earned isagraduation certificate (zavr§no svedohnstvo). The School of Applied Arts ai Bdgrade(Alcolazaprimenj(n u umetnostuBeogradu) is of secondary rank,wasfounded by thesamelaw and at thesametimeasthe National Academy of Fine ArtsatBelgrade (seep.119) and annexedto it, and has two sections, decorative drawing (otsek.za dekorativno crtanje), and decorative sculpture (otsekzadekorativno vajarstvo).The curriculum is 4years,divided intoageneral (opAti te6aj) andaspecialcourse(specijalni te6aj).Stu- dents between 15 and 20yearsofage areadmitted by exami- nation if they have completed the juniorcourseofageneral secondary school.

' SPECIALIZED SECONDARY EDUCATD N 75 THEOLOGICAL Serbian Greek-Orthodox Theological Schools (Srpskepr(lro- siarnebogoslorije).These institutions, five in number,are advanced secondaryboarding institutions.They select their students bygivinganoral and written examination in the Serbianlanguage, classical languages,aforeign language, and religion, to graduates of the junior secondarycourseof general education,orof civic schools.The 6-year curricu- lum, prescribed by theMinistry in Decree of September 5, 1930, isgiven in table21.

TABLE 21. Curriculum of the Serbian Greek-Orthodor Theological schools

Hoursa weekbyyears Compulsory subjects

I III IN V V I Total

2 3 4 i s s 7 iM

I Holy Scripture _ 3 3 3 4 5 1 Dogmatic and comparative theology. - _ 3 4

Moral theolog) I 2 2 Apologetics - _ 3 3 6 Patrology 2 1 4 History of Christian Church 2 3 3 4 History of Serbian Church ___ '2 2 4 Canon law, including marriage law. 2 Liturgies and churcharchaeology...... 3 2 2 , 3 .1 Pastoral theology and administration _ Homiletics 2 2 1 1 Psychology and logic 5 History of philosophy '2 Met hods iff religious instruction . 3 General and national hrstory.. 3 3 1 3 11 .) Church-Slavonic language _ . 3 2 '2 Serbian language andliterature . ., 3 3 3 1 2 ..) q Russian language 3 2 4. ..) 4 ) German language . :i :-2 2 .. n 2 Greet language..... 3 3 . 2 Latin language 3 3 1 2 2 '2 Hygiene and practicalmedicine 2 .1 2 1 1 Agriculture . .... _ _ _ . Theory of music, etioral singing,and instru- .) '2 1 1 1 1 mental music_ _...... Church singing___ : 2 ' 3 '2 2 1 Gymnast les 1 I I I pin Total.. 32 , 3:1 3.3 33 31 33 Graduation .--The final testis known officiallyasthe professional theologicalexamination (bogoslovski ispitzre- lostistru6ni bogoslovski ispit).The written part isaclass compositiononHoly Scripture which mustbe prepared within 4 hours.The oral sectionisonHoly Scripture, dogmatic and moraltheology, history ofChristian and Serbian churches,canonlaw, liturgicswith church archaeoi. 76 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA

ogy,Greek language, andchurch singing.The credential earned is the"certificate of having.passedtheprofessional theologicalmaturitytheologicalexamination"(svedo6an- stvoostru?'nom bogoslovskomispitubogoslovskomispitu zrelosti).In it theexaminationconunissionstates that the holder "iscertified for thepriesthood,to teach religion,and tocontinue higherreligiouseducationat any'faculty of Greek Orthodoxtheology"(IspitniOdbor priznajeim spremnostzasveAteni6ku sluThu,zavrknje verou6ite1jske (1uinosti izavi,e duhovnoobrazovanjeimPravoslavnom BogoslovskomFakultetu). Islamic religiousschools(Mushmanskeverskeglcole). The four schoolsolisecondaryrank in thisc1as4jficationare oftwo kinds". Sheriatgymnasium (*erijatskaginmazija)and great medresa (velikamedresa).Therequirementsfor admissionto and graduation fromtheir8-year curriculaare practically thesame asthose ofareal gymnasium.(See p.38).The curriculaaremuat likethose ofthe real gymnasiaexcept that the Arabicand Turkishlanguagesare added andthere isanextensivecoursein the Koran. Jewish religiousschool(Jerrejska verska§kola).The Jewish SecondaryTheological Instituteat Sarajevo (Jevrej- ski srednjiteoloAki zavoduSarajevu) i&the only Jewish religious secondaryschool in Yugoslavia.A privateschool maintained byJewish religiousassociations,it educates rabbis, andinstructorsof religionin Jewishparochialschools. Students that havecompleteda4-year juniorcourseof general educationareadmitted iftheypass an entrance examination in religion.The4-year curriculumis intended togiveathorough knowledgeof Jewishand religioussub- jects, the rudimentsof pedagogicsand psychology,and includes other subjectsdeeded for thepurposeindicated. BIBLIOGRAPHY FANTONI, R. Gospodarskestrojarstvo. Zagreb,1929.336p. 6 KATANV, MILORAD S. Zbirkazakona, uredaba,pravila, pravilnikai uputstava, kojiseodnosenogradjanske Akole.Subotica, Gradska Atamparija,1934.96p. EmetijskabolanaGrmu.Petdeset letkmetijske holenoGrmu 1886- 1936.Novi)Mesto, 1936.175p. hON STANTINOVI61 BOOOLJUB. Akòla zanudilje. uouguriu,1927p 15p. I. f SPECIALIZED SECONDARY EDUCATION 7 7

7°A MIN ISTARSTVO PROSVETE. Nastavni plan i programizaSrpskt. Pravoslavne BogoslovijeuKraljevni Jugoslaviji.Beograd, 1930. 140p. Uredbasazakonomsnagom o§erijatskoj gimnazijiuSarajevu. Beograd, 1937. 8p.

MINISTARSTVOPOLJOPRIVREDE.Nastavniprogram i nastavni plan zanile poljoprivredneAkole. Driavila."tamparija,Beograd, 1921. 25p. Pravilnikzanie poljoprivredne ;;kole.Beograd, 1923. 34p.

Pravilaopolaganju ispitaza1)6t41je poljoprivredeniiiiii i specijalnim poljoprivrednim ;ikolama.Beograd, 1923.7p. Pravilnikopolaganju profesoNkog ispita/aprAesontIiIItI poljoprivrednih koIa.Beograd, 1923. Sp. MINISTARSTVO SAOHILA( Pravilnikzadriavnu saobra("ainti;kolu Beograd, 1922.10p. MIN ISTA ItSTVO SOCIJALNEPOLITIKEI NA RODNOG Z DRAVLJ A. Zakono stru6nim ;kolarnazapomo6no osobljeusocijalnoj i zdravstvenoj sluibi.SluibeneNovine od 28-X-1929, Broj 271.Beograd,

1929- Zakonostruènom Akolovanjuza pomonoosobljeusoci- jalnoji zdravstvenoj Mufti.Sluibene Novine od25-XL-19.30, Broj 2'.'1.Beograd, 1930. MI NISTARSTVO UMA I RUDNIK A. Uredba0rudarskim Akolama od januara 1931.Jugoslavenski Glasnik, Beograd, od 7--II -1931, godine. Mi N ISTA R8TVO TSGOVINEIIsDt'STRIJ E. Pray ilnikoosiguranju ultenika protiv nesrehih sluéajeva od 13 oktobra 1933.Glasnik strufte nastave, decembar 1933g.,broj 12,pp.13-15. Zakonosrednijim trgovaaim Akolama od 18 marta 1932 godine. Glasnik stru6ne nastave, maj 1932g.,broj 6, 22p. Zakonopornorsko trgovaékim akadernijama od 18 marta 1932godineGlasnik strubenastave, em..1932g.,broj9, pp.23-43. Zakonoienskim zanatAirn i Lenskim stru6nim uéiteljskirn Akolama od 31 marta 1932g. Glasuik stniéne nastave, maj 1932 g.,broj 6,pp.44-59. Zakonosrednjin tehniékini i inuAkirn zanatskirn Akolama od 31 marta 1932g.Glasnik stru6ne nastave, maj 1932g.,broj 6, pp.60-79. PravilnikozavrAnom ispituutrgovakim akademijama. Glasnik strudne nastave, decembar 1933g.,broj 12,pp.1-13. Pravilnikoza*'vrlinomispituudvorazrednim trgovOkim Akolanut.Glasnik strudne nastave, deoembar 1933g.,broj 12, pp.15-26.

4t a 7,14.

78 EDUCATIOXIN YUGOSLAVIA

MINISTARSTVO TRGOVINEIINDUSTRIJE. Pravilnik0zavrAnomjspitu upomorsko trgovanimakademijama.Giaspikstruhenastavc, decembar 1933g.,broj 12,pp.34-45. Uredbeo organizaciji, nastavnomplan% stru6nojspreini nastavnika i upotrehiudibenikaustranim produAnimAkoiama. Glasnik stru6nenastave, decembar1936g.,broj 21 i22,pp.57 76. Praviiniko obayljanju svih ispitausrednjimtehninini. muAkimzanatskim Akolama.Glasnikstru6nenastave, aprii juli 1935g.,broj 16,pp.16 30. Nastavni planzapomorskotrgovaneakademije;nat.aviìi programi metodskauputstva.GlasnikstrOnenastave,juni juil 1933g.,broj 10 i11,pp.5--51. PraviinikopolaganjuOiteljskogdiplomskogispitaulensk strOnim OiteljskimAkolama.Clasnikstru6nenastave, april juni 1936g.,broj 20,pp.7-21. . Nastavniplan iprogram za ienske struèneOite1jskeAkok. Glasnik strOnenastave, mart1933g.,broj 9,,pp.1-21. Nastavni planiprogram zaI, II, IIIi IV razredGradjanskihkolau Kraljevini JtIgoslaviji.lzdanje i§tampa Driavne Atampariji. Kraljevine Jugoslavije,Beograd1936. 136p. ThsT16, MILOVAN.Izborzanimanja iiikuda 6emonaAudecu-djake? Kroz stru6neAkoleulivot.Beograd, Atamparija"Jovanovi6", 1931.351p. Vocationaleducatifmir agriculture.Geneva,InternationalLabour Office.Studies andkeports---SeriesK (Agriculture)No.9. 1929.244p. Periodicals: Glasnikstrane nastave,organ Ministarstva TrgovineIndustrije KraljevineJugoslavije.(Monthlyofficial journalof the

4. Ministry ofCommerceand Industryat Belgrade). Ekonomist,mjese&ikzasavremeniekonomska isocijalnapitanja. (Monthlyjournal publishedat Zagreb).

71)

4.

OD

- - CHAPTER V: EDUCATION AND STATUS OF TEACHERS

Classified by the types of institutions in which theyare employed,the staff for general education under the Ministry of,Education falls inseven groups:(1) Infant, primary, and advanced elementary schools;(2) schools of domestic science; (3) civic schools; (4) schoolsfor defectives; (5) inspectors of elementary schools;(6) secondaiy and normal schools; (7) institutionsof higher education.Naturally the extent and kind of education, methods ofcertification, and condi- tions for permaneint appointment inany groupdiffers from those foranyother.Eachi11 he discussed in itsturnin the order named. (I) Infant, primary, and advanced elementaryschools. Teachers for these schoolsareeducated in normal schools (diteljske Akole) authorized and maintained under thepro- visions of Normal School Lawof September 27, 1929 (Zakon outiteljskim §kohuna od 27 septembra 1929 godirre)which declares that their task is to (a) give studentsasound general and pedagogical training, (h) educate them in the spirit of State and National unity and religious tolerance, and (e)preparethem for the national,educational,and cultural mission they mustcarrythrough, especially in the villages. Applicants for admission to normal schools must have completed the 4-year juniorcourseof secondary education (seep.26)orgraduated fromacivic school (seep.51) and mustpass aspecialentranceexamination (posebni prijemni ispit).The curriculum is prescribed by Ministerial Decree of uly 27, 1931, and isasfollows: 79

't

o

wit SO EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 22.Curriculum ofthe normalschools

Alp Hoursa week by classes (years) Compulsory subjects

II I HI TV V Tot 11

1 I 2 3 4 I 6 7

. _ . Psychology andlogic_ ...... 4 Educiltional and childpsychelogy ( lemend podagogie »2 1 4 II istory of pedagogics 2 Methodology.. . .p .)

Teachingpractkv.. . . Sehool organitationand administration 4 1, i(1 1 Nationalec.onomy and elements of sociolovy 9 Religion. , . . I) 9 2 2 2 i National language . 1 I/ 1 :I :1 3 17 (ierinanorFrench language :1 :1 :1 9 1I H istory, generaland national I) I) 9 2 :1 II ;eography 9 9 .) li Naturalhistory. _ _ *i 9 Chemistry with 2 2 Is technology i 2 -4 Physics.... _ . '2 2 2 t, Mathematics . 3 I 2 11 Hygiene.__ ... .. 2 ) Agricultureor domestic science _ .) 1 1 4 . 9 9 Drawing.. - i 9 i t i Singing _ _ _ I ! 1 ..... ! i I 1 .1 Music . 9 9 A. 1 I r; Manualtraininv c, 2 i 2 I; Oymnasties. q , : ..... 1 72 2 2 , 2 10 Seminar2 6 ' fi 12 Total 32 32 . 32 37 , 3t3 164

I In Dravska hanovina(Slovenia) wherethe medium ofinstruction isSlovenian,Serho- Croatianis taught in all clawsfor 2 hoursweekly. 2In classfts IVand V-2 hourseach in pedagogics.natinnal languageAnd literatureinehid. ing nationalhistory awl geography,anda foreign language,a total of 6 hours weekly. Compare thiscurriculumwith that.of the lastfour classes of thereal gymnasia.(See table7,p.39.)Thetwoare oil approximatelythesamelevels inthe Yugoslayschemeaf instruction,but ClassesIV and Vof .thenormalschool includeconsideruhlestrictly praessionalwork basedonand carriedalong with goodgeneraheducation.Thiscurriculum omits theLatin andeitker theFrenchorGerrvanthatare in thereal gymnasia,Nationaleconomyand elementsof sociologytake the placeofelewents ofphilosophy.Agricul- tureordomesticscience isintroduced,and the timeallot- ments to draw*,singing,music,manualtraining,and gymnastiçsmuch increased.The strictlyprofessionalsub- jects amountingto 39 year-hours,whichaccounts for the yearaddedto the curriculum,donotappearinthe real gymnasia.Except forthese, theoutlines ofthecourses .for thetwo types ofschoolsaresimilarenoughsothat only those for theprofessionalsubjectsneed be given. r4L' '0 EDUCATION ANDSTATUS oF TEACHERs S

OUTLINES OF THE PROFESSIONALCOURSES EDUCATIONAL PSVEHOLOGY(PEDAGOlKA PSIHOLOG1JA)

CLASS V-2PERIODS Educational psychology, its relationto philosophy and natural science, methods, problems; physiological basis of mental life; childpsychology, general development of children(senses, feelings, instincts and theii importance);eonscionsi!tbssandaftention,association,men itwy, i magi nation, thinking, speech, illusions, dreams; freedom of the win; problems ofvolition.;suggestion and hypnittisni; chicpr,di,_ positionS.

GENERAL PEDAGOGICS (OP8°TAPEDAGOG I KA)

IV 4 3 Subject matter and general divisions; methods andpurposesof various typesof education; home education;physical education, relation between physical and mental development; experimental education; intellectual education (imposed and spontaneous activity and individual instruction); education of exceptional children;moral educationschool discipline, development of will and character in children; aesthetic education; coeducation;useof boots and didactic material; fatigue and overload, the lazy child.The teacher, edu- cation, duties, rights, and personality; in school, at home, and in society.History of education in Yugoslavia. HISTORY OF PEDAGOGICS (ISTORIJA PEDAGOGIKE)

The history and ;ts problems;surveyof history of pedagogicsin ancient times; Christian education; educationin the middleages; humanism and its effectOnthe*schools,influence of the reformation; Comenius, Rousseau, aNd others; history of pedagogics in Yugoslavia inthe eighteenth, nineWenth, and twentieth centuries.Reading and analysis ofsomegood workonthe pedagogical science of today. METHODOLOGY (METODIKA) IV2 General and special methodology; importance of method, funda- mental principles and generalprocesses;forms ofnstructionex- positive and interrogative; didactic material and excursions; individual, direct, and occasional instruction; principles ofconcentrittionmethods of teaching language, religion, history, drawing, singing, gymnastics; the lesson and its application; reviews.

la

--a. I 1 I I I MI 82 EDUCATION IN YUGOSLAVIA * V 2 Methods of teachingarithmetic,geometry, natural history,geog- raphy; typicalprogram as abasis givingatheoretical andpractical exposé of method in thedifferent branches of theelementary schools; model and didactic lessons. SCHOOL ORGANIZATIONAND ADM INISTRATION (lKOLSKAORGAN IZACIJAI ADM INISTRACIJA) v---1 Organization ofinstruction in Yugoslavia;generalsurveyof schuols; adm;nistration; organizationof the Ministryof Education; school legislation; schoolinspection; educationaland culturalinstitutions; school buildings,furniture, books,registers, archives, andlibraries; program and time table; lessons and class journal. Graduation andcertificationAt completion ofthecur- riculum,studentsmust take the teachers' diplomaexami- nation "(u6ite1jskidiplomski ispit).Itcoveisall the subjects and is theoretical(written and oral)and practical.Suc- cessful candidatesaregranted the certificateof having passed theteachers' dipromaexaminationteachers'matu- rityexaminaton(svedo6anstvodiplomskogu6iteljskog ispitaOiteljskogispitazrelosti) andmaythen be certified fortemporal.; appointmentastemporary teacher (privre- meni Futstatusas a permanent teacher (stalni uèitel)comes afterat last. 2yewsof teachingexperience andsuccessin the practicalteachers' examipation(prakti6niOiteljski

ispit).This examinationalso is theoretical . (written and oral) andpractical.The writtenpartis in pedagogical science andthe national language,5 hours for each.The oraltestsarein the nationallanguage and literature,history andgeographlyof Yugoslavia,and school orgailizationand administration.In the practicaltest, the candidatemust conductatrial lessonand defend it publiclyagainstany .adverse critieism.The credèhtial granted isthediplomaof having passedthe teachers'practical examination (diplomao 41' poloienomprakti6nomu6iteljskom ispitu.). Atemporary teacher who failsthree times is subjectto dismissal. (2) Schools of domesticscience.These teachersareedu- cated in normal schoolsof domestic iacience(Oiteliske doma:- di6ke Akole).The reqiiirementsfor admission afe thesame

Ivo EDUCATION AND STATUS OF TEACHERS 83

ILSthose for normal schools of general education.Their 4--yearcurriculumincludes: Religion,Serbo-Crotianor Slovenian language, GermanorFrench language, general and national history, geography of Yugoslavia, mathematics and geometry,physics, chemistry with mineralogy and gtlo logy, zoology, botany, elements of farming and cattle breeding, (t?lairying, veterinary medicine, apiculture and sericulture, hor- ticulture, culture of fruit, housekeeping and knowledge of materials, hygiene, elements of tiationni,economyandtour- ism, civics, ,psychology with ethics and logic, pedagogics and itshistjty,methodology and teaching practice, needle- work, drawing, music, gymnastics, and administration of schools for domesticscience. Graduath?n and certification.On complet ion of the curric-

, ulum students take thediOoma examination (diplomski ispit), conducted byanexamination commission underthe i chairmanship ofadeputy of the Minister of Education (izaslanik Ministra prosvete)..'Itis theoretical (written and oral) and practical.Successful candidatesarecertified fo temporaryappointmeilt.After 2yearsof teachingexpe- rince and passing the practical teachers' examination, the candidate is entitledtoapermanentappointmentas a teacher for schools of domestic science (nastavnica Akoleza

(Iomaéice). . (3) Civic schools; (4) Schools.for defective&;and (5) Inspec- s tors ofelementary schools.The education for these three groupsof theteadiing personnel is given inthe higher pedagogical schools (vik pe(1agoke Akole).It is explained on pages 114-118of chapter VI. (6) Secondary and normalschools.Teachers in secondary and*normalschoolsarerankedasinstructors,aspirant- professors, andprotessors.TheinstructoTship is offered only in gymnastics, manual work, penmanship,and other skill- subjects (vjeAtina).To becomeaninstructor (nastavnik) the candidate must beagraduate ofasecondary school, musthave completed at least four semestersof highlyspe- cializedcoursesin his special field of teachinginaninstitu- . tion of higher education, and musthave passed thepre- scribed teachers' examination. , AnasPirant-ftofessor(suplent) isonewho completed in the faculty of philosophy at any*Yugoslav universityan 84 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA eight-semester curriculumwhichmust have includedpeda- gogics and itshistory, generaland experimentalpsychology, and methods ofteaching secondaryschool subjects,and who hagpassed the universitydiploma examination.The aspi- rant-professorshipisa temporary appointment ofnot longer than 5years.If within thattime he didnot attainperma- nent status, the suplent is subjectto dismissal. A professor (profesor)attains hisstatus through thepro- fessors' examination(profesorskiispit)which hemay attempt affer2yearsof teachingas anplent.It is bothgeneral aml professional.The generalexamination(op§ti ispit) isoral, lasts 2 hoursor more,and includesnationallanguage and literature, Yugoslavhistory,aforeignlanguage,pedagogics and itshistory,generaland experimentalpsychology, methodology, schoollegislation,and administrationof secondary schools.If the candidatepasses,he is allowedto take the professionalexamination(strutini ispit).Itis divided into threeparts: (1) Practical,which includestrial lessonsatasecondary school inthepresenceof the exami- nation commissiononthemes fixed byit; (2)a°writtenclass thesis, whichmust be prepared within5 hours,onthe method- ology of thesubjects in whichthe candidateis specializing; and (A)anoral examinationof about3 hours. A candidate forasecondary schoolprofessorshipmayselect accordingto his specialty,any1 of 12groupsof subjectsasfollows: 1. Serbo-Croatian and Slovenianlanguage andliteratureas a major, and nationalhistory andaforeign languageas minors. 2. National andgeneral historyas amajor, andSerbo-Croatian and Slovenianlanguageas aminor. 3 Geography andgeology withmineralogyasmajors, and chemistryas aminor. 4. Mineralogywith geologyand zoologyasmajors, andbotany as aminor. 5. Zoology andbotanyasmajors, andmineralogy withgeology as aminor. 6. Chemistry andphysicsasmajors andmathematicsas aminor. 7. Mathematicsand physicsmmajors. g. Mathematicsand descriptivegeometryasmajors, andastron- omy as a minor. D. FrenchorGermanlanguage andliteratureas amajor, and Serbo-Croatianand- Slovenianas aminors. 10. LatinorGreek languageand literatureas amajor and Serbo- Croatianand Slovenianas a minOrs, EDUcATION AND sTATUs or '11,A(IIE1 ts S5

11. Logic,psychology, and history of philosophya::majors and pedagogics, methodology, and ethicsasminors. 12. Pedagogicswith methodology,psychology, andlogicas majors, and history of philosophy and ethicsasminors. The subjectgroupsfrom which candidates for normal schoolprofessorshipsmayselect, differ consideraNy from thosefor the secondaryschools.Theypro-

1.Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian langusge and literatureas major and either national historyor aforeign language and Alt literature (French, German,orRussian)asminors. 2. National andgeneral historyasmajors, and either geography with ethnology, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian language,or history of Yugoslav literatureasminors. 3.Geogritphy,zoology, and botanyEtsmajors, and mineralogy with geologyorchemistryasminors. 4. Geography and mineralogywith geologyasmajors and chem- istryas aminor. 5. Zoology andbotanyasmajors, and mineralogy with geology and chemistryasminors. 6. Mathematics and physics asmajors and either cosmography and descriptive geometry,orcosmography and chemistry asminors. 7. FrenchorGerman language and literatureas amajor, and Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian language and literatureas a minor. 8. Pedagogics withmethodology, ethics and history of philoso- phyasmajors, and psychology (general and experimental) and logicasminors. 9. Pedagogics withmethodology and psychology (general and experimental) and either national language and literature, national and general history, zoology, botany, geography, mathematics,orphysicsasmajors, and logic and ethicsas minors. 10. General and experimentalpsychology and logicasmajors, and pedagogics with methodology, ethics and histOryof philosophya 8minors. 11-. General and experimental psychology andhistory of philo- sophyasmajors and pedagogics with methodology, ethics and logicasminors. The examination commission, which conducts thepro- fessors' examination, is appointed by theMinistry fora3- 'year period and holds its session from October 1 toMay I. A candidate who satisfies thecommission is granted by the Minister of Educationadiploma of having passed thepro- fessors' examination (diplomaopoloienom profesorskom ispitu) which confers the title of professor andpermitsper- 86 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

manent appointment insecondaryornormalschools,respec- tively. Appointments.Permanentteaching positionsin either type of schoolaregiven bycompetition.The choice made byacommission whichproposes two candidatesfor eachvacancy; oneis appointedby the Minister.Appoint- ment ofasecondaryornormal schooldirector(direktor srednjoj AkoliIIi u6ite1jskojAkoli) is alsobycompetition, andacandidate forsuchmust have hadat least15yearsof regular teachingexperience inthetype of schoolhe aspires to direct.' (7) Institiaionsof highereducation.Themethodof recruitingteachingpersonnelfor theinstitutionsof higher education isdescribedon page 94of chapterVI. Teachers forspecialtypes of schools.Thevocationalnor- malschools for girlsaredescribedon page 57.In them teachersareeducatedfor the girls'vocationalschools. theteaching staffin schoolsof agricultureis outlinedon page72.In thesectiononfinearts and music inChapter VI, Institutionsof HigherEducation, provisionfor educating teachers ofmusic sand ártsis described. Generalslaty. s.All membersof theadministrativeand teachingpersonnel inpublic andaccredited privateinstitu- tionshave civilservicestatus.Appointmentstaremade throughcompetitionby theMinistryconcerned inaccor- dance withthe provisionsof the law,and ifpermanent,are fof lifeoruntil theageof retirementis reached.Every teacher, withoutregardto rank,must take andsubscribeto the followingoath: ,swearbefore AlmightyGod that Iwill be faithfulto the ruling KingPeter IIand the Fatherland,that I will willingly complywith all thenational laws,and I willexecutemy dutiesconscientiously.So helpmeGod!' Teichersareforbiddentoengageinanyotimirprofession. Theirconduct andworkarerated, and themarksentered in theirpersonalrecords, byinspectorsorespeciallyassigned officialsof theMinistry ofEducation.The marksare:

I The original InSerbo-Croatian is: J. ,zaklin)emse *Haim Bowan da ea vladattgemKralju 1. II i Otadibini131t1versa. da ea teu radu pridriavati seasaljskil3sakona I da duart ay*aavesao vrilti. Tako mi Bogpomoiraol

t ". 7 I ,11 i . J - e 2. -N t ,,f)V.: g ...bi-... ' _,'je`l, 6,.-2E: ttU.7. ..k,ta-AVA '.a4A.r_. , -,s%4.Y". ..-AG.41- t7AL. ? EDUCATION AND STATUSOF TEACHERS 87

Excellent,verygood, good, andpoor.Those rated "poor" aresubject to demotionordismissal.Promotionsareearned by passing the prescribed examinations conducted by uni- versitycenters under the supervision of the Ministry of Education. Discipline.Violations of regulationsorbreachesof professional conductaresubjecttoordinary (kaznaza neurednost)ordisciplinary punishments (disciplinskakazna). Ordinary punishments,notmentioned intheteacher's personal record (slulbenióki list),maybe either written warningsorreproofsorfines ofnotmorethan 10percent of the monthly salary, imposed by the executive officerof the institution.Disciplinary punishmentsmaybe: De- creasein salarynot to exceed 20 percent in 1year;depri- vation of teaching fornot to exceed 3years;demotion of onestepin grade and transferto another place without paying transportation; retirement with decreased pension; and dismissal.Theyaregiven by the disciplinarycourts (disciplinski sudovi).The accused has the right of appeal tothe National Council(Driavnisavet).The retired persnel is also subjecttodisciplinqry regulations. Re neration.---Salariesandpensionsfor the profes- sional\personnelin both public and acsredited private schoolgarefixed by Civil Service Law of *larch31, 1931 (Zakono6novnicima od31 marta, 1931, god.).The salary consists of: (a) The basal salary (plata) for each class of the staff inanyphase of education plus periodical increases; (b) professional allowance (polotajni dodatak), (e) personal allowance for the highercostC)fliving (1i6ni dodatakna skupoéu) basedonthe locality; and (d) family allowance for the higher cost of living (porodi6ni dodataknaskupoéu) whichamounts to 150dinarsamonth for the wife andone child.Regular increasesaregiven those whowererated "excellent" for the previous 2years. Pensionsmaybe personal(1i6na penzija) and family (porodi6na penzija), and the rightsareconsiderable.After Wyears ofactive service,atkachqmayretire witha per- sonal pension equalto 50 percent ofhis basal salary plus professional allowance.For each additionalyearof service the pension increases gradually and35yearsof service entitleonetoapension equalto 95 percentof the basal 88 EDUCATIoN INYUGOSLAVIA

salary Pluspr)fessional..a110Wance il tthe timeof retirement. Widowsand orphansofteachersareentitledtoafamily peTIS1011. Teachers'associations.-- Thetwo hugest inmembership aretheYugoslavTeachers'Association(Jugoslovensko IT?'iteljskoUdr0.enj()and theYugoslavAssociationof Professors(JugoslovenskoProfesorskoDrtOvo).The formilrenrollsabout35,000 teachersof infant,elementary, and civicschools andpublishesThe Teacher(U6telj),and NationalEducat;on(NarodnaProsveta).The latterhas some 5,500 membeN fromthe ranksofprofessorsand teachers insecondaryand normalschools.Its monthly organis the Journalof the YugoslarAssociation ofProfessors (GlasnikJugoslovenskogProfesorskogDru'ava). BIBLIOGRAPHY IT RE A U INTERN ATIONA L D'gDiteANION. Laformationprofession- nelle dupersonnelenseignantprimaire.Crenève, BureauInter- national d'nducation,1935.402p. Laformationprofessionnelledu personnelenseignantsecon- AllWre.Gera.ve, BureauInternational d'rdueittion,1935.206p. L'Organisationde l'Instructionpuhliquedans 53pays. Genève,BureauInternational d'Êducation,1932. 370p. 4MA MATOROVI6, Mii«R."U?'iteljeva"bibliografijazapedesetgodina njegovog izlaienja.Beograd,IzdanjeJugoslovenskog1T6itc1j- skogUdruienja,1936. 128p. M1 NISTARSTVOPRORVETE. Privremeninastavniplan iprogramiza u6ite1jskeAkoleuKraljeviniJugoslaviji.Beograd,Driavna A.tamparija,1931.114p. Pravilao polaganju prakti6nogOiteljskogispita.Beograd, Driavna §tainparijaKraljevineJugoslavije,1932. 14p. Pravilao polaganju profesorskogispita.Beograd,Driavna Atamparija,1931. 15p. Pravila o ocenjivanju nastavnika°srednjih,Oiteljskih i gradjanskih ko1a.ProsvetniGlasnik,April1936,Beograd, DriavnaAtamparija,1936,pp. 286-291. Pravilnikovir3ojpedagoAkojAkoli. ProsvetniGlasnik, Decembar1936.Beograd,DriavnaAtamparija,1936,pp. 965-982.

Uredbao domaei&im §kolama.Beograd,DriavnaAtam- parija,1937. 56p. vredba o vikoj pedagoAkojAka od 11avgusta 1936godine. ProsvetniGlasnik,september1936,pp. 114-619.

z EDucATIoNAND sTATusOFTEACHERS

Reforinapraktiemogti6te1jskogispita li Jugoslaviji.Beograd, Izdanje-JugoslovenskogI itc1jkg 1-druienja,1935.27p. SKALA, A' i I Iii.Amovu', T.Novi ProsvetniZhornik,uredhao vrAenju nadzortakesluibe,pravilaopolaganju ispitazakolsgog nadzornika,opMipravilnikoohdani;tinia.Beograd,1935. 121p. ZaRonodavstvooeiinovnicima.Knjigaprva.Zakono od 3f*marta,1931g.Drugo izdanje.Beograd, Izdavana knjiiarnica. Oece Kona,1932.282p. Periodicals: GlasnikJugoslovenskog profesorskog dru:stva.Beograd. (Monthly periodicalof the SecondarySchool Teachers'Asso- ciation of Yugoslavia).

l'è.itelj(The Teacher). Beograd.( Mont layperiodical oft he Yugoslav Teachers'Association).

Narodna Prosveta(National Education).Beograd. (Weekly periodical of theYugoslav Teachers'Association.)

AMP e-

141122 39-7 or

4 CHAPTERVI:INSTITUTIONSOFHIGHER EDUCATION This chaptertells ofsome 30 institutionsof hiheredu- cationarrangedforconveniencein fourgroups.The first consistsof the3universitiesat Belgrade,Zagreb,and Ljubljana;the2autonomous. facultiesat, Skopljeand Subotica the Schoolof PublicHealthat Zagreb,toldof inconnectionwiththefacultyofmedicine;and9 Catholic theological seminaries,and the'HigherIslamicSchoolat Sarajevo,mentionedwiththefacultiesoftheology.In the secondgroup, designatedas"Higherspecialschools" are2 higherschoolsof ecònomicsandcommerce, 1 eachat Zagreb andBelgrade,and2higherpedagogicalschools in thesame cities.In thethirdarethe2 nationalacademies of fin.e arts at ZagrebandBelgrade;2 nationalacademies of music in thesamecities;and theNationalConservatory of Music at Ljubljana.Theinstitutionsinthesegroups areunder theMinistryofEducation,withtheexceptionof the School of PublicHealthwhich isconnectedwiththe Ministry ofPublicHealth. Thefourth isaseries ofinstitutionsmaintainedby the Ministry ofWarand Navyto trainofficers. GENERALDATA Thegeneraldatathat followapplymainlyto the uni- versities, autonomousfaculties,and higher 'specialschools. Admission requirements.NotincludingthehigherPeda- gogicalschools theadmissionrequirementsof whichare given on page 114, applicantsforadmissionto diplomaor degree courses must hold ticertificateof havingpassed senior the course examiiation aturityexamination(svedo- anstvoo vikmte6ajnomispituispituzrelosti)froman 8-class(year) secondaryschoolofgeneraleducationin Yugoslavia.'Ifafacultyhasmore qualified than it applicants can accommodate,the selection ismade bycompetitive examination.

I The educationon which thiscertifiCate is [21 based isexplainedin ch.III. 90

, - - INSTITUTIONSoF HIGHER EDUt'd11IoN 9 [111111.11".--- Exceptionstothisregulation,validto and including 1940-41,are(1)that graduatesfrom Greek-Orthodox theological schools (seep.75) with exceptionallyfine records, maybecome regular students inthe Faculty of Theology of the University of Belgrade, hutwithout the rightto transfer toanyother faculty;and (2) graduatesof normal schoolsorholders ofateacher's diploma(seepp.79 and 82) maybe regular students in the facultyof philosophy ofany Yugoslav university but withoutright of transferto another faculty.In both exceptions, theconsent of the council of the faculty isnecessary. Student body. .The student body is,intwo categories: 4 Regular students (redovni sluglaoci)whomeet the require- mentsfor admission andareduly matriculated;andex- .traordinary students (vanrednislu§aoci)who donot meet the requirements andmay nottakeanyexaminationor testleadingtoadiplomaordegree.Regular studentsare subject to immatriculation(imatrikulacija) whichmeans that theirnames areproperly inserted inthe students' chief register (glavna knjiga slugalaca).At the registration, everystudent, whether regularornot,is givenalecture book (upisnica prtAavanjaindex lectionum) inwhich all thecourseshe istopursueand the laboratory workto he

. done islistedand certified by the professors.The index lectionum is comparableto,but usuallymorecomplete than, the student'sprogramof studies issued byacollege registrar in the United States.Attendanceonall listed lecturesand laboratory work is compulsory. Foreignersmaybe admittedasNgtilar students if their education is recognized by tht 'Ministryasbeing equalto that required for citizens of Yugoslavia. Tuition fees (Skokrina).Thition fees foranyfaculty dependonthe amount oftaxespaid by the student'sparents orguardians, andarearranged accordingto the following scale: 92 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA.

Annual Income laz .4nnual [dinars) tuition trey ina LessthanSOO______26_ __ None

S(X)- 1,000 . ______100 1,000-3,000 _ . 150 3,000-5,0N) 200 5,000 6,000_ _ _ 350

6,(X)() _ _ _ _ 7,000 ______400 7,000S,000 500

. 8,000-9,00 ______fi50 9,0(X) -10,000 _ __ _ SOO Over10,000 ______(1) I10 percentof tax. Iftwo Or more students fromonefamilyareinattendance at thesame tint:full feeis paidforthe'first,halffeesfor others. the Allstudentson payment of:30 dinarsa semester aregiven medicalcare.It isfree,includinghospitalization, to those whoare exempt fromtuitionfees. Credevtials granted.Thefirstcredentialgrantedisin nearlyall cases a diplomaand theexaminationonwhich isbased is it knownasthe"diploma"examination.The minimum periodof studyfor itisusually8semesters,but in medicineand veterinarymedicineitis10, inCatholic theology 12,6 and inpedagogy4.Thediplomaisthepro- fessionaldegree; it confersthe rightto practiceand isin effecta nationallicense.Tbesecondcredentialisthe ofdoctor, degree attainableonlybythosewhoholdthefirst,and requires.at least2semesters (inengineering,4) of study, advanced thepresentationand publicdefenseofa dissertation based onoriginalresearch,andsuccessinapublic tionfor the examina- doctorate.It isascientificdegree,not'essential forpracticingtheprofession. Diplomasordegreesearnedabroadhaveno academic valueinYugoslavia unless tfieyhavebeenrecognizedbya Yugoslairinstitutionofhighereducation.This known recognition, as nostrification,isgrantedonlyaftera thorough investigationhasshownthattheforeigncredential stantially issub- equivalenttoone granted forasimilarpurpose in Yugoslavia. Grading scale.Thescaleofmarksused intheexamination is:10, excellent;8 to 9, good;6 to7,satisfactory;3to 5, failure;1 to 2, completefailure.Thepailmark is6. INSTITUTIONSoFI I ICHER}:Dp4-ATIoN 93

Academicyea The academicyearis dividedintoawinter semester (zimski semestar)from September25 to February 1 5, and a summer semester (letnji semestnr)from NI arch 1 toJune 30. Administraf ion .Theunit ofadministrationinaYugoslav university is thefaculty whichis governedbyafaculty council (Fakultetskisavet) underthe chairmanshipof the d(an (Dekan) who iselact4dannually by theordiney and extraordinaryprofessorsofthefaculty. Thecouncil's functionsare:Preparation oftheprogramsof studies; nostrification of foreigndiplomasand degrees;election of ordinary andextraordinaryprofessors andother teaching personnel;appointment ofexaminationcommissions;grant- ing of diplomasand degrees;preparation ofthe annualbud- get supervision of studentsenrolled withthe faculty;and giving opinionsonallnatters connected with thefaculty. Next isthe UniversitySenate(Univerzitetskisenat) composed of therector, prorector, deans,and prodeans.It approvesthe annualreports of therector and the deans; discusses all questionsrelatingto the university thatare presented by therectororthe Ministerof Education;distrib- utes scholarshipsto apt, hutpoorstudents; electsmembers for the students'disciplinarycourt;confirmsorrejects the election ofdocents, lectors, universityteachers, and technical assistants; confirmsorrejects nominationsofafaculty 'councilfor thehonorary degreeof doctor;and elects the universitysecretary and the librarian'. 'TheUniversityAdministrativeBoard (Univerzitetska uprava) madeupof.therector and the deans isa morestrictly business body.It confirmsthe annual budgetssubmitted by theseparate faculties; administersthe wholebudget; accepts and administersendowments; andto itaresubor- dinated the universitytechnical andadministrativeper- sonnel. The UniveisityAssembly (Univekitetskove6e) isalarger body composed Qf therector and all the ordinary professors. Itelectstherector and, incaseof need,theprorector; confirmsorrejects the selection ofordina7 andextraordi- naryprofessors, submittedbkanyfaculty council; submits to the Minister of Education resolutions forthe removal of aprofesson;namesthe members ofthe lower disciplinary 94 EDUCATION I N TI-00sL1/4 .1

court for professors; andactsas a courtin allquestionsrelat- ingto the university laws and regulations.Therector is chosen foratermof 2yearsby the Assembly'.He ishead of the university and chairmanof the assembly,thesenate, and the administrativehoard. Teathing staffThe severaltypes of professionalworker: areordinary and extraordinaryprofessors, universityand private docents,honorary professorsand instructors,lectors, and universityteachers' of skill.Orciinary(redovnipro- fesori) and extraordinary(vanredni profesori)professorsare chosen by the faculty councilfrompersonswho havepassed acompetitive public examination(objavijeniste6aj).To be admittedto the examination, the candidatemust hold the degree of doctor (foratechnical facultyand facultyof agri- culture and forestry,auniversity diplomamaybeaccepted in lieu of the 'doctorate)andmustsubrilitaprintedwork covering his individualresearch.In exceptionalcases a well-known scientistmaybe offeredaposition withouttaking -4 the examination.1 the election ofaprofessor isapproved by the universityassembly,onrecommendationof the Minister of Educationthe appointment ismade for lifeby the King. -17 University docents (univerritetskidocenti)arechosen in thesame mannerasordinaryprofessors but theappointment is made bythe Minister ofEducationand istemporary. Privatedocents (privatni docenti)must have practicallythe sametrainingasuniversity docentsbut theyneednot takea competitive examination.Theyareelected bythe faculty councilat theirownrequest, and approved by.the university senate.AppointmentsforbOthuniversityand private docentsarefor 5years.Ifnot reappointedat the end of that time, they losethe rightto teach. Honorary professors andhonorary instructors(honorarni profesori i honorarninastavnici),onrecommendationof the universitysenate,maybe appointedby the Ministerfora term of notmorethan 3yearsto attendtodutiesof regular staff memberswhoareill.Lectors (lektori)arespecial instructors in foreignlanguagesaritláreselected bycompeti- . tive examination.Ifrom universitygraduates.University teachers of skill(univerzitetakiuiteljivjelitina)arealso Nhosen throughcompetitiveexamination.

lb/ INSTITUTIONS OFHIGHER EDUCATION 95 UNIVERSITIESANDAUTONOMOUSFACULTIES AND SCHOOLS o Theuniversities, by Law ofDecember 11. 1931(Op Ma uredbauniverziteta od 11decembra 1931godine),governing them,arethe "highesteducationalinstitutions forprofes- sional training,for thedevelopment ofsciences, andfor the fostering ofthe NationalYugoslavculture." TheUnirersityofBelgrade(UnirerzitetuBeograilii) beganonJune 19, 183S, atKragujevacwith theopening ofo lyceum (licej)whichwasmoved toBelgrade 3yearslater. TheMinistry ofFAucation of theformerKingdom ofSerbia by decreeof Septembfr 24,1863,reorganizedthelyceum, named itthe HighSchool(Velikakola), andaddeda technical faculty.By law ofFebruary 27,1905,the High School becamethe firstSerbianuniversity andfaculties of theology andmedicinewerecreatedwithin it. Itnoi- hassevenfaculties(colleges):Greek-Orthodox theology,philosophy,law, medicinewithaschool ofphar- macy,technical science,agriculture-silviculture,andveteri- narymedicine.Each facultyhas connectedwith itvarious siientific researchinstitutes,laboratories,seminars, and libraries. The FacultyofPhilosophy atSkoplje, formerlyrskiih (FilozofskiFakultetuSkoplju), andthr .Faculty ofLaw al Subotiea (PrarniFakultetuSubotiri)werefoundedinMN asconstituentcolleges of theUniversity ofBelgrade.Ser- bian is thelanguage ofinstruction intheUniversityand thesefaculties. TheUniversity ofthe Kingdomof Yugoslaria,atZagreb, formiorly Agram(SveuctiliNeKraljerineJugoslarijeuZagrebu), dates backin itshistory to anold Jesuitschool whichin 1776 wastrAnsformedby EmpressMaria TheresaiiltoaRoyal Academy ofSciences(RegiaScientiarumAcademia)with faculties ofphilosphy andlaw.Out ofthe Academy grew the Universitywhichwasf9rmally openedin 1874.Facul- ties oftheology,mathematia-physics, forestry, andmedicine weregradually added.Prior to theWorld Waritwas knownasthe RoyalFrancisJosephUniversity (inCroatian, Kralj.Sveu6ilikeFranjeJosipa I;orin German,Königliche Franz4osephs-Universit44).When theProvinceof Croatia became partofYugoslavia in 1919,thename waschanged. a

.

ler1.22. .s AL.k .44. 96 EDUCATIONI N11.00q,A T A

It. hassevenfacultiesasin thecaseof theUniversityof Belgrade,except that its Collegeof TheologyisCatholic. not Greek-Orthodox, withtheirattendant institutes,labora- tories, seminars,and libraries.Its facultyof technical sciencewasformed in1928 by takingoverthe RoyalTech- nical HighSchoolat Zagreb (Kr. Techni/bkaVisoka ;kolau Zagrehu) thatwasestablished in1918 andwas astandard institution offeringdiplomaand degreecurricula similarto those of the prestInt-dayfaculties oftechnical scienceinthe YugoslavuniveNities.The languageofinstructionis Croatian. K;ng /111.1-antlerIUnirervityatLjubljana(Unirerzw Kralja AleksandraPrvegavLjubljani)originatedinaJesuit collegefounded about1596atLjubljana.The College offered instructiononelenlentaryand higherlevels(studia inferiora insuperiora)fromgrammar to theology, inclusive, accordingto the Jesuit. schoolcode of 1599,"Ratioatque institutiostudiorumSocietatisJesu."Between1810 and 1914itwasreorganized andother linesof studywereadded. By RoyalDecree ofJuly 25,1919, itwasmadeastandard publicuniversityand given itspresentname. The five facultiesareCatholictheology,philosopV, law, medicine,and technicalscience.The Slovenianlanguage is the mediumof instruction. Ourrieuk.Eightdifferentgeneral fieldsof instruction arerepresented bythe facultiesin thefive institutions, the historiesand generalcharacteristics ofwhich havebeen so verybrieflysketched.The curriculaof each ofthose faculties,the credentialsto which they lead,and therequire- ments thatmust he met beforeacredential isgranted,are our nextconcern. PHILOSOPHY(FILOZOFSKIFAKULTET) The facilityof philosophycorrespondsto the college of arts and sciences inthe UnitedStates, andin Yugoslavia justashere,attractsahighpercent of theuniversity-going youngpeople.Thecredentialsarethe diploma,and the degree of doctorof philosophy,andmaybe attainedinany1 of 27groupsof subjectsasfields ofspecialization.The requirementsfor thediplomaare:Completion of8 semesters of studyof thesubjects prescribedfor thegroupchosen, and IIMMIP..4-4ery

Oh. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. (¡ tt. , KOCEVJE ;o "11"-.2

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passing the oraland written diplomaexamination(diplomski ispit) in the chiefmajor subjects(A), the secondmajor(M. and the minor subjects(C).The studentmay not attempt this diplomaexamination untilhe hasAudiedthe chief major subjectsat least 8 semesters, thesecond major,5: and the minor subjects,2. The degree of doctor ofphilosophy(Doktor filozofije'l mayhe conferredonthe holder ofadiploma whosubmit:- and defends publiclyanoriginalscientificdissertation (originalnanauèna disertacija) basedonhis researchwork in the field of hisspecialization, andpassesthe doctoral gi examination (doktorskiispit).Theact of granting thj degree is knownas"promotion" (promocija)and isasolemn ceremonyconducted by theuniversityrector, the dean, and the members ofthe faculty. Subject-mattergroup8.Of the27 subject-mattergroups fromwhich the Yugoslavstudentmaychoose,onethat he believes will fit himbest for his life'swork, 12arein the mathematics and sciencefields of physics,chemistry, biology, and geography,8arein the languages;4 in history; and3 in philosophy,psychology, and pedagogy.Within eachgroup the subjects in whichthe student isrequiredto take and passthe diploma examination,areclassifiedas:Achief majorcourse,Bsecond major;and Cminorcourse. The subjectgroups aremadeupof A, B,and Ccourses as follows: 1. Theoretical mathematics(teoriska matematika):A theoretical mathematics;Brational mechanics,and eithertheoretical physicsorcelestial mechanics;Ceither physics,theoretical astronomy,orcalculus of probability. 2. Applied mathematics(primerVena matematika):Arational tvechanics, theoreticalphysics, and'celestial mechanics;B tfieoreticalmathematics; Cphysicsand practicalastronomy. 3. Astronomy(astronomija):Atheoreticalandpractical astronomy, and celestialmechanics; Btheoreticalmathematics; Crational mechanics,physics, andmeteorology. 4. Physics (fitika):Aphysics; Brationalmechanics and theoretical physics; Celementsof highermathematics, chemistry, and eithermeteorologyorpractical astronomy. 5. Physici-chemistry(fizika-hemija):Aphysics; Bphysical chemistry; Celementsof highermathematics, elementsof rational mechanics,theoretical physicsand chemistry. INSTITUTIONS OFHIGHER EDIwCATIuN 99

6.Chemistry-physics(hemijn-firika): Aphysicalchemistry; Bphysics and chem tkments of highermathematics, mineralogy, andmeteorology.

7.Chemistry (hemija):Achemistry; 13physics;Cphysical chemistry,elements of highermathematics, mineralogy,andone branch of naturalhistory. 8. Practicalchemistry (praktil-nahemija): Achemistry includ- ingveryadvanced laboratoryexperiments;Bphysics;Cphys- ical chemistry,elements of highermathematics,mineralogy, and either chemicaltechnologyor onebranch ofnatural history. 9.Mineralogy-geology(mineralogija-geologija):Amineralogy with petrography,and geology withpaleontology; Bzoology; Cbotany withchemistry andphysics,orbotany withchemistry and physicalgeography. 10. Biology(biologija):A botanyand zoology;B physiology and geologywithpaleontology;Cchemistry withmineralogy and physics. 11.Physics-geography(fizika-geografija): A geography ;B geology withpetrography;Cphysics andmeteorology. 12.Anthropogeography(antropogeografija):Ageography;B ethnology withethnography;CNational historywith sociology. 13. Nationallanguage (narodnijezik): ASerbian language with the ancientSlavonic language;Bhistory ofYugoslav literature andtheory ofliterature;CNational history, oneof the Slavoniclanguages, andeitheraclassical, modern, ororiental language withliterature. 4. Nationallanguage andliterature (narodnijezik i knjiievnoRt): Ahistory ofYugoslav literature;BSerbian langrgewith ancientSlavonic language;CNational history, oneSlavonic language, and either aclassical, modern, ororiental languagewith literature. 15. Nationalliterature(narodniknfilernost):Ahistory of Yugoslav literature;BFrench,oreitherGerman, Russianwith literature, or aclassicallanguage withliterature,and theory of literature;CSerbian languagewith ancientSlovenian language, National literature, oneof theSlavonic languages,and either a classicalormodern languagewith literature,orcomparative history ofmodern literature. 16. Slavonicphilology(Slovenskafilologija): ARussian lan- guageand literature;BeitherCzech, Polish, orSerbinlanguage and literature;CSerbian with theancientSlavonic languagefor those who didnot studyit in"B,"orcomparative grammarof Slavonic languagesand historyof Yugoslavliterature, ifthe stu- dent did nottake theCzechorPolish languagesin "B." 17. Classicalphilology(kksiènafilologija):Aelassicallan- guageswith literature;Bhistory ofancient timesand either classicalarchaeology orBysantology;Ceither Nationalhistory, I 00 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA

history ofYugoslavliterature,amodernlanguagewith literature, orethnologywithethnography. f8.Romancephilology(Romanskafilologija):AFrenchlan- guage and literaturewithancient FrenchorItalianlanguageand literature;Bhistoryof Yugoslavliterature withtheoryof litera- tureor comparativegrammer of Romancelanguages;CLatin language, andeitherhistory ofYugoslavliterature,ifnot taken in "B,"amodernlanguage(German,English,Italian,orRussian) withliterature,or comparative historyof modernliterature. 19. Germanicphilology(Germanskafilologija):AGermanwith the ancientGermanlanguageandliterature,orEnglishwith ancient Englishlanguageandliterature;Bhistoryof Yugoslav literatui-ewith theoryof literature,or comparativegrammar of Indo-Europeanlanguages;Ctwocourses from thefollowing: Serbian language,Nationalhistory,Germanlanguage(forthose who have Englishin "A"),English(for thosewho haveGerman in "A"), French,a classical language,or comparativegrammar of Indo-Europeanlanguages,if itwas not takenin B. 20. Orientalphilology(orientalnafilologija.):AOrientalphilol- ogy; BNational history;CSerbianlanguageandliterature. 21. Nationalhistory(narodniistorija):ANationalhistory; Bgeneralhistory, andeither historyof theByzantineEra,or Oriental philology;CSupplementaryhistoricalsciences,history of Yugoslavliterature, andeither historyofarts, Serbianlanguage, a Slavoniclanguage,a classical language,a modern languageet h- nology withethnography,or classical . 22. Generalhistory(opAtaistorija):Ageneralhistory;B-- National historyand historyiefthe ByzantineEra;Cethnology with ethnography,and eithergeography,a classicallanguage, history of Yugoslavliterature,history ofarts,or history ofmusic. 23. Historyof arts(istorija umetnosti):Ahistoryofarts; BgeneralhistoryorNationalhistory;Cgeneralhistory,if it is not taken in "B,"orNationalhistory, ifit isnot takenin "B," andamodernlanguage. 24. Ethnology(etnologija):Aethnologywithethnography; BSerbianlanguage,and eitherhistoryof Serbianliterature, general history,classicallanguageswithliterature,National history,orgeography;CgeographyorSerbianlanguage,if not taken in "B,"and eitherhistory ofYugoslavliterature,classical languages withliterature, ifnot taken in"B,"classicalarchaeology, and Byzantology. 25. Philosophy(filozofija):Atheoryof knowledge,logic,psy- chology, and historyof philosophy;Bethicsandaesthetics;C. elements of highermathematics,and eitherelements ofastronomy, physics withchemistry,orgeneralliology. 26.Psychology(psihologija):Aexperimentalpsychology;B physiology,historyof philosophy,sand logic;Cphysicswith

A INSTITUTIONS OF MAIER EDUCATION 101

chemistry, and either botany and general biology,orzoology and general biology. 27. Pedagogics (pedagog ka):Apedagogics; Bpsychology and logic with ethicsorhistory of philosophy; Cgeneral biology, and either National history,or oneof the modern languages (English, French,orGerman).

. LAW (PRAVNI FAKULTET) The credentials granted by the law facultyarethe diploma and the degree of doctor of law.The diploma curriculum is arranged for eight semesters (4 years) of study.At the close of each academicyear,students must take exanlina- tions in the following listed subjects: Firstyear:Encyclopaedia of law, Roman law, history of Slavonic laws, diplomatic and political history of Yugoslavia, theoretical nationaleconomy, canonlaw. Secondyear:Practial nationaleconomy,civil law (pt. I.gen- eral part and basic law), generalState law and constitutional law in Yugoslavia, criminal law, sociology, statistics. Thirdyear:Civil law (pt. H.laworclaims),finance, adililii- istrative law, criminal lawprocedure, forensic medicine, inter- national public law. Fourthyear:Civil law (pt. III.family, inheritance, and part- nership law), commercial law and foreign exchange law, private international law, civil law procedure, bankruptcy law, sheriat law, ethnopolitics, and tripartite law. Having passed these four examinations,the studentmay trythe written and oraldiploma examination (diplomski ispit) which embraces all the subjects of thecurriculum. If successful he is granted thediploma andmaypractice law in Yugoslavia. The degree of doctor oflaw (Doktor pray) is conferredon the holder ofadiploma who'has had at least two semesters of training in hisspecial field whichmaybe either private jurisprudence(priyatno-prayna),criminaljurisprudence (kriyibo-pravna), public jurisprudence(javno-pravna),or eConomics-filiance (ekonomsko-financijska), whose semiriar work represents twocompo,ions in his field; has presented anapproved dissertationfend has passed the doctorate examination. 4

102 EDUCATIOÑIN YUGOSLAVIA MEDICINE(MEDICINSKIFAKULTET) Thepresent curriculum in medicine isfixed by Ministerial Decree of June12, 1937, and requiresaminimumof10 semesters of study each representingfrom30 to 38 hoursa week of regularwork.The compulsorysubjects, including prescribed laboratorywork, byyears are: Firstyear:Physics and biologyfor students,inmedicine, chem- istry (physical, organic,.inorganic),descriptivieand topographic anatomy. Secondyear:Descriptive andtopographicanatomy, general physiology andphysiological chemistry,human physiology,includ- ing physiology of thesenses,histology, andembryology. Thirdyear:Introduction tointernal medicine,general pathology, pathological anatomyand histology,bacteriologywith serology and immunology,pharmacology andtoxicology, introductionto surgery,generalsuirry,specialsurgery,general radiology,and roentgenology. Fourthyear:Internal medicine,dermatalenerologv,specialsur- gery,contagious diseases,psychiatry andneurology, orthopedics, introduction to gynecology,and obstetrics. Fifthyear:Internal medicine,ophthalmology,gynecology and obstetrics,pediatrics,otorhinolaryngology,forensicmedicine, hygiene and socialmedicine, scienceof poisongasesused inwar, odontostomatology, balneologywith climatology. Other subjects,not compulsory, butrecommendedare: Science of inheritance,theoreticalradiology,experimental pathology, medicineofsports, child hygiene,childsurgery, surgical techniques,science ofprescriptions,physicaltherapy, clinical radiologyand roentgenology,racehygiene, urology, militarysurgery,aeronauticalmedicine,parasitology, epi- demiology, andcriminology. This curriculumleadsto the degree of doctoi ofgeneral medicine (Doktorcelokupnog lekarstvaorDoctor medicinae universalis).All studentsmustpassthe regularsemestral and annual examinations.Moreover,there is thephysi- cian's examinationwhich is boththeoretical andpractical, is distributedthroughout the5years,and includes5groups of subjects: First: Biologi,physics, andchemistry. Second: Anatomy,histology withembryology, physiologywith physiological chemistryand physiologyof thesenses. Third:Pathologicalanatomywitlihistology,bacteriology, pharmacology with,toxicology.

1

P xi - t-Zr Z INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 1 03

Fourth:Internalmodicine,contagiousdiseases,&matt,- venerology, neurology, and psychiatry. Fifth:Pediatrics,surgery,gynecology with obstetric, ophthal- mology, otorhinolaryngology, hygiene withsocinmedicine, and forensic medicine. Thesetestsaretimedw)that the firstconiesat theclose of

the second semester; the second, fourthsemester;third,. iieventhsemester;fourth, ninthsemester; and the fifth, when the curriculum has been completeti.Passing these andpre- senting proof of having undergone the prescribed clinical trainingearnthe deree.It confers the righttopractice medicine.Before receiving it, thcandidatemust take the physician's oath. The degreeof doctor qf medical scilinces(Doktor inedi- einskih naukaorDòcior scientiarum indicarum) is evidence of scientific activity conferredon adoctor of general medicine who has completedatleasttwo semesters of graduate study, presented and publicly defendedadissertation basedonhis ownresearch, and passed the doctorate examination.Asa rule itcannotbe attained until 1 yearafter receiving the first degree. The School of Public Healthat Agreb(x4ola narodlu)(J zdradjauZagrebu)wasfounded by the Rockefeller Founda- tion in 1925 andwasfirst attachedto theHygienic Institute of Zagreb.Since 1930 it has beenanindependent institu- tion maintained by the nationaltreasury atacost ofsome9 million dinars annually.It gives physicians postgraduate training topreparethem for the public health service,and conductsaseries of popularcoursesdealing with hygieneand social medicine. DENTISTRY Thereare noseparateschoolsorfaculties of dentistry. Dentistsarerecruited from the regular physicians. ByLaw of July 4, 1933,2 the Ministry of Social Welfareand Publie Health is authorizedtocertifyasspecialists for mouthand teeth diseases (specijalistezabolestiustai zuba),physicians who have had 1%yearsof practical training inastomatolo- gical department ofaState hospital and havepasseda prescribed examination which is conducted byacommission

ITalonoamusing 1 dopunama zakonaolekarima specljallatimavabolesti usta I 'tuba iv =balm tehnIcarima od 4 jula 1933 god.

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under the chairmanshipofarepresentative ofthe Ministry and threephysician-dentistsappointedasexaminers bythe chambers of*medicine(lekarskekomore)at Belgrade, Ljubljana andZagreb.

PHARMACY(FARMACEUTSK1OTSEK) Successful studyof pharmacyearnsthe titles,diploma- pharmacistand doctor ofpharmacy.The curriculumfor the diploma is4yearsin dorationarrangedasin the follow- ing plan:

Firstyear:Experimentalphysics, generalbotany withmicro- scopic exercises,phytoanatomy,inorganic chemistry,qualitative exercises- in analyticalchemistry,systematic botany,medical herbalisni. Secondyear:Organicchemistrywithexercises,analytical chemistry, physicalchemistry,qualitativeexercises in analytical chemistry,pharmacognosy withexercises, elementsof zoology withanatomy and humanphysiology,first aid inemergencies. Thirdyear': Pharmaceuticalchemistry withexercises, medical biochemistrywithexercises,microbiology withbacteriological exercises, pharmacology. Fourthyear:Galenicpharmacy,exercises inpharmaceutical technology, foodanalysis withlaboratory,toxicology withexer- cises, scienceof poisongases, elements of hygiene. The degreeofdiploma-pharmacist(Riplomiranogfarma- ceuta) isconferredonthose whohave completedthe curri- culumand passed thefour diplomaexaminations(diplomski ispit) whichcorrespondto the regulartheoreticalandprac- tical annualexaminations. The degreeof doctor ofpharmacy(DoktorFarmacije)isopen toadiploma-pharmacistwho hassubmittedand publicly defendedadissertationbasedonresearchcoveringat least 1 yearof intensivestudy, andpassed thedoctorateexami- -nation. G REEK-ORTHODOXTH EOLOGY(PRAVOSLAVNI BOGOSLOVSIICI FAKULTET) The4-year curriculuminGreek-OrthodoxTheology embraces:

HolyScripturesof the Oldand NewTestaments,apologetics and historyof religion,philosophy,dogmatics,comparative theology,moral theology,pastoral theology,patrology,church INSTITUTioNs oF HIGHER EntrAili 05

history,(-MIMIlaw, liturgics, pedavgics, met hOdIdOgy 4tfreligious education, Christian archaeology and arts,languages (Church Slavonic, Hebrew, Greek, Russian), and church music. Completion of the curriculum andpassing the diploma examinationearnfor the studentadiploma. A diploma holdermayattain the degree of doctor of theological science (Doktor bogoslovskihnauka) by sub- mitting and defendingadissertation basedonresearch, and passing the doctor'sexamination.

CATHOLIC THEOLQGY(KATOLICK BOGOSLOV- SKI FAKULTET)

1.1inisterialDecree of May 17,1935,prescribesa12- ,6 semestercurriculum in Catholic theologyleadingtoaNiiplo- ma,and two additional semestersfor candidates for the doctorate.The required subjectsare: Exegetics of the Old andNew Testaments, apologet ics, Christ ian philosophy and sociology,comparativet heology,patrology, theology,dogmatics (moral pastoral, and fundamental), historyof religion, canonlaw, church history, homiletics, liturgics, syste- matic philosophy of education,ascetic theology and mysticism, pastoral medicine, introduction totheology, religious psychology, history of philosophy, logic andpsychology, pedagogics, method- ology of religiout4 education,ancient and Christian archaeology, supplementary historic sciences, languages (Latin, ( ;reek,Church Slavonic, Hebrew,l'Ambic,,Nss rian, and .k mink.), church arts, and church music.Lvery st 'Idea must haveabout I%%osemesters of seminar work in theology,11111141Si canonI1i11 and church history. Complotion of the I 2-5emestercurriculum and passing the diploma examinationearnthe diploma. To beadoctor of sacred thelogyWiiefor SS. Thodogi(Il ),a diplonla holder must complete two semestersof graduate studies, present and defendadissertation, andpassthe doctor's examination. CatholicTheological Seminaries(Kaioliaebogoslorije- j Sjemeniita).NineCatholic TheologicalSeminariesare institutions of highereducation in thesensethat they require for admissiongraduation fromasecondary school of & general education withaclassical bias and offercurricula 8 to 10 semestersin duration, thatarepractically thesame as 141122

41 106 EDUCATIONI N G4 )sLA V I A

those ofthe facultiesof Catholictheology inthe Universitie of Zagreband Ljubljana.They donot, however,grant academicdegrees; graduationis markedbyadiploma. HIGHERISLAMICSCHOOLOFSHER1ATLAW ANDTHEOLOGYATSARAJEVO(VIAISLAM- SKAERIJATSKO-TEOLOKAii

The HigherIslamic Schoolwasfounded byLaw of March 31, 1937, andopened forthe schoolyear 1937-38.It is designedtoservethe Islamiccommunity inthesame way thatp- thefaculties ofGreekOrthodoxand Catholictheology servethe Christianelements ofthe community.Its purOose is.to educate sheriat-judges,religiousworkers, andteachers for Islamicsecondary schools.An applicantfor admission must holdagraduationdiplomafromanIslamicsecondary schoolor anyother accreditedsecondary schoolof general education, andpass acoinpetitiveentrance. examination. Is The curriculumis4yearsin lengthand thesubjects ofstudy are

Islamic ritualism(ibadat),sheriat lawand philosophyof law (fikh, usul,tehri), internationallaw, dogmatics(akaid, Bud- kelam),Islamic morals,history of Islamismwith historyof religion and sociologyof theIslamic people,Islamicphilosoph:, interpretation of theKoran (tefsir),tradition (hadis),preaching (az), psychology, logicwith methodologyof religiousinstruction, and Orientallanguages (Arabic,Turkish, Persian). An annualexamination(godiAnji ispit)closeseach school year.Success in the finalordiplomaexaminationbringsa diploma whichis of thesamevalueasthat givenbyanyother Yugoslav institutionof universityrank. AGRICULTURE-SILVICULTURE(POUOPRIV- REDNO-gUMARSK1FAKULTET) This facultyhastwo departments:Agriculture'.(Poljop- rivredniotsek) andsilviculture (gumarskiotsek).Eaai offersaneight-semestercurriculum.The requiredsubjects common tobothare: Physics,geology andmineralogy withpetrography,zoology, general and specialbotany,inorganicchrmistry, organicchemistry,

a INSTITUTIONS oF HIGHER EDUcATIoN 1 07

geodesy, pedology, meteorology with climat ()logy, phyt opal holop, control of stream flow, flat ionaleconomy,and pisciculture. In addition tothesecommon courses,the department of

agriculture requires: 4 Anatomy and ph siologyof .domestic animals,analytical chemistry,entomology,agricult uraichemistry,agricult ural bacteriology, general farming and selection of plants, general cattle breeding, agricultural machinery and implements, special farming including the_ culture of meadows andpa.sture, zoohy giene, dairy industry, viticulture, viniculture, veterinary medicine, agricultural engineering including techniques of cultivation,agri- culturaltools and construction work, agrioilt uraleconomy, agricultural bookkeeping and taxation, agriculturalstatistics, agrarian policy, agricultural- corporations and rural sociology, agricultural chemical technology, and agricultural architecture. The department of silviculture requires: Elements of technical mechanics, descriptivegeometry, silvi- culture, forestal chemical technology, dendrometry, planting of forests, construction of transportationsystems, forestal'archi- tecture,exploit-ationof forests and trade in forestryproducts, protection of forests with entomology,deNology,value of forests, & forestal statistics, administration -of forests andforestal book- keeping, general and forestal legislation, forestalpolicy, forestal engineeringincludingtéchniques of cultivation, forestal tools,(bon- struction work and construction of transportways,forestal trade and industry, hunting, and history of silviculture. The degree of diploma-engineer ofagriculture (Midi i- ranoginiinjera poljoprivrede)ordiploma-engineer of silvi- culture (Mplomiranog iniinjerakurnarstva),asthecaso maybe, is grantedtoastudent who completes eithercur- riculum, including the prescribedlaboratory work,and passesthe diploma examination in the requir'edsubject& In ordertoearnthe degree of doctor ofagricultureorsilvi- culture (Doktor poljoprivred, ii§-margin)the diploma- engineermust submitalddefendadissertation andpassthe public examination for thedoctorate.

TECHNICAL SCIENCE (TENN16KIFACULTET) The technical facultyofaYugoslav university corresponds toacollege of engineering inthe United States. Byatatute of April17, 1935 (Uredba tehniOdh fakulteta univerziteta ulieogradu, Zagrebu i Ljubljaniod 17 aprila1935 godine), 1 Os mt-c.vrioN IN TUGoSLAVIA itis organized into sixdepartments (otseke): Architectonic (arhitektonski); civil engineering(gradjevinski) with section- of railway, construction.and hydraulic engineering;irricra- tion techniquesand geodetic engineerint: Oullturmotehnic;ki igoedeteki);machine-electrotechnics(ma;insko-eletroteli- rii6ki with sections ofmechanics, electrotechnics,techni- quesoftelecommunication. and aeronauticengineerin$:: chemical engineerino.(hemijski);and mining engineerini: (rudaNki). The regular curriculaareeightsemestersin duration. each calling for about42 to 50 hoursaweek of regular work. including laboratory andpractical training.Therearetwo examinations: Preliminary (priprenmi ispit)atthe close of the fourthsemester;and profesiional (stru6ni ispit)orgradu- ation examination, which is boththeoretical and practical. A student whQpas;esthe final examination is requiredto prepare adiploma thesis (diplomskirad) which usually coversabout 3 months of intensive work.If it is accepted, the candidate is granted the degreeof engineer (iniinjer) with the indication of his specialfield of study.asforex- ample,ascivil engineer (zradjevinski iniinjer),chemical engineer(intinjerhemi61r),mi.ningengineer(rudarski inlinjerl,etc. The engineer who would beadoctor offichnical gritno- (Doktor teliniekihnauka) submits and publiclydefendsadis- sertadoncovering about 2yeamof individual researchwork. andpassesthe doctor's examination.If he majored in mining engineering. the candidate becomesadoctor of mining science (Doktor montanisti&I nauka). Aprogramof studies for the constructior engineering (Iction.as atypical curriculum of the facultyof technical science, isasfollows:

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111. Technical drawing . . Prelinur.ury tiniw ... t Topographic drawing.. 1 e ri Total.... 24 1 2.1 econdpecr

1 4 Adranced mathernatics II. . 1 1 Mechanics I. . _ . _ . Mechanic.% II tIlynamiN 3 Mt.chanics III kkinemath-s snitLInt-t 4 1 Ilydrornechanics . 1 Science of resist and elA.%1 tot e G-eotitt:yIII... 3 Estimation.... ) Geology ...... at 1 Selene( t1 matenaly. a 1 1 Engineerine cork:t ruct ion a. 4 $ 3 .1 Bull iiniz construction.. . Photocrammetrv .1 ) 3 TestingrmIteriais_. . Total .16 1; 24 :1 =Air Thirdpear

Statics of engineering constrUct 4 4 4 3 Bridge construction 3 1 -1 3 9 ) . _ Reinforced mnstruct ion.. , Untlerirruund work. 4 _ .-) , _ _I Highways___ .... _ _ .. . 2 . 4 4 4 4 Railways.... . ) 1 3 1 _ Hydraulics..... _ . . . .9 -) Encyclopedia of machinery. 1 Iron cortstruct ion . 1 Construction ofwater-mills. . Regulations of riversand construct ion of IA atensays _) Private and State building% ., .1 the theory ltr eimtivit y _ Selected chapter from 1 Estimation of enfineering curtstruetion _

4 . 24 19 at 19 Total ...... ; .

110 EDUCATIONINYUGOSLAVIA TABLE23.Program of studiesfor thesection ofconstructionengineer- ingContinued

Number ofhours eachweek

Winter Requiredsubjects Bummer semester semester

TheoryLebo- Labo- ratoryTheoryratory

e

Fourthyear Iron bridges iron roofs 3 3 4 4 Reinforcedconstruction 1 1 Tunnels. 4 2 Construction ofrailways inmountains 2 4 2 4 Ex ploitationof railways '2 2 Watersystems and 2 2 canalisation .._ ...... Regulation ofrivers and 3 3 3 construction ofwaterways__ Constructionof navigablechannels 3 2 Application ofreinforced 2 3 1 2 construction .... 1 Management ofwork 1 1 1 Administration ofrailways. Railways 1 station andsignalization...... _ 4 4 River andsea stations ...... Technicalirrigation ofland 2 2 3 Total 24 22 24 24

VETERINARYMEDICINE(VETERINARSKI FAKULTET) Accordingto thestatute forthefacultyofveterinary medicine, approvedby theMinistryofEducation,July22, 1936 (UredbaveterinarskogfakultetauniversitetauBeo- gradu i Zagrebuod 22jula1936 godine),theCurriculumis lo semesters (5years) indurationwithannualexaminations aslistedunder: First: Physics,biology,zoology,chemistry,botany. Second:Anatomy,histologywithembryology,physiology. Third:Parasitology,microbiology,pharmacologywith toxi- cology, materia medica,internalclinicalpropedeutics,pathological anatomy. Fourth:Pathologicalphysiology,pathologyapdtherapy of internaldiseases,onychology,milk hygiene,biologyand pathology ofbees andsilkworms, contagiousdiseases. Fifth:Pathologyandtherapy ofinternaldiseases,surgery with opthalmology,obstetrics,specialzootechnics,forensicveterinary medicine,veterinaryhygiene,hygieneofmeat andanimal prod- ucts used for humanfood,epizootiology,publicveterinaryservice, roentgenology,veterinarypoly* andcourt procedure. INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER FDUCATION i i I

All theseexaminationsinclude laboratory tests.The fifth is thegraduationdiploma examination and the studentwho satisfies theexamination commissionis granted the degree of veterinaryphysician (Veterinar)which entitles him to practice theprofession. A veterinarwho would beadoctor of veterinarymedicine (Dociorme(/irinaeveterinariae) must do atleast,two semesteN of graduatework, write anddefendadissertation, andpak;s the doctor'sexamination. UniversitylibrarieR.Thelibrary of the Universityof Belgradewasbuilt with theaid of theCarnegie Foundation. It,witsformally openedNlay 24, 1926,though collecting had begun earlier.It hasmorethan 250,000volumes, 219 in- cunabula, andagreatnumber ofold manuscripts, letters, maps,and pictures.It strefsesall branches ofscience, but, particularly thosestudied inuniversities. The libraryof theUniversity of Zagrebwasfounded in 1874andservesalsoas apublic library.It has about 400,000 books andmagazines, 310incunabula, 1,800rareissues, and several thousandmanuscripts andletters. The Universityof Ljubljanadependsonthe National Library in thatcity forits major libraryservice.The National Library wasfounded in 1774under thenameof the LyceumLibrary.It becamepublic in 1794.It hassome 150,000volumes, 600incunabula, and 650manuscripts. Universityinstitutes.Tonameand describe themany institutes forresearch thatareconnected with theuniversi- ties isunnecessaryhere.They functionin much thesame way assuchorganizations doin other countries.A good example is theRadiologicalInstitute at Belgrade,connected with theFaculty ofMedicine of theUniversity. ICisor- ganized insix departments:Investigation ofradio-active watersand mineralsthroughout the country;investigation ofgasesfromradio-activesprings, suchashelium,neon, argon,krypton, andxenon;determination of thecondition and quantityof radio-activeforces;investigation ofcorpus- cular radiationswith the help ofamagnetic field; X-ray,with thenecessary vacuumspectrograph andhighvacuum pumps; andcalorimetry withspec* apparatusfor measuring the intensity of allkinds ofradilince. 112 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA HIGHERSPECIALSCHOOLS Besidesthe threeuniversities,thetwo independentfacul- ties,the Schoolof PublicHealth,theseminaries,and the High IslamicSchool toldof in theprevioussection,four other institutionsof highereducationthatmaybe classed ashigherspecialschoolsareat work inYugoslavia.Two of themarehigher schoolsof economicsandcommerce,one at Zagreb with Croatianasthe languageof instruction;the otherat Belgrade withSerbian forthe medium.Though limitedto their specialfields, bothareuniversitiesin the sensethat theyoffera 4-yearcurriculumterminatingina diploma anda yearof additionalstudy lendingtoadoctorate. The othertwoarehigherpedagogical schools,one atZagreb (Croatian), theotherat Belgrade(Serbian).Theypresent awiderrangeof studiesbut of only2 years'duration,and donot grant doctorates. HIGHERSCHOOLOFECONOMICSAND COM- MERCE ATZAGREB(EKONOMSKO-KOMERCI- JALNA VISOKAgKOLAUZAGREBU) First foundedin1920, this higherschoolwasreorganized and givenuniversityrank byLaw ofDecember23, 1925. Its governingbody isthe CouncilofProfessorsmadeupof all the ordinaryandextraordinaryprofessorsonitsstaff. The council ispresidedoverby theRector,whom itnominates fora2-yearterm and who isappointedby theKingonthe recommendationof theMinisterof Education. The requirementsfor admissionasregularstudentsare thesame asthose of theuniversities,except thatgraduates of commercialacademiesand navalcommercialacademies (seepp.64-65)maybe admittediftheypass an entrance examination. Theprogramof studiesisasfollows: INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHEREDUCATION 11 3

TABLE 24 Program of studies .for theHigher School Qf Economicsand Commerce at Zagreb

floursaweek in eachyear

il I II IV Required subjects Lab- Lab- Lab- Lab- The-ora-The-ora-The-ora-The-or3- cry toryorytory ory tory or tory

-=111.

1 3 4 3 S 7 s 9

Privateeconomy !t Technology. , 4 Politicaleconomy '1 2 2 '? 'ontmereialaril h metlc 4

ottunercial geograph 1

Bookkeeping . . . ' 3

Economic geography. . Commercial correspondence Encyclopedia of law.. Political arithmetic _ 2

First foreign language... 2 I 2 ; 2 Second foreign language I 2 2 2 History of politics...... ) Journalism and thepress.. . 1 1 Foreign exchange law _. 2 Sociology . _ ...... - 3 . -- Insurance 2 Lumber trade ..... _ 2 -1 Statistics, general and special.. . , 2 Agrarianandindustrialeconomic policy 2 Techniques of international law with seminar 3 History of economics 2 General politics.. 2 Seminar in political and diplomatic

history '2 11 2 Diplomatic history._ . _ 3. Banking law_ _ _ _ _ ..... 2 Seminar in commercial law._ _ 2 2 Finance____. . _._. . 2 Trade and customhouse policy.. _ 2

Consular law... . . 2 Social politics and cooperative organi- zations__ __ _ 3 1 Economic polities. _ 1 International law. 4 Commercial law. _ 2 Railways and tariffs_._- 2 Maritime law 3 Financial policy 1

Tota...... _ 31 2f 3j 27 11 24 7 Elective subjects

Croatian stenography._ _ 2

German stenography__ _ 1 Esperanto 2 2 '2 Selected chapterson commerce 1 1 1 Survey of commercial history.._ 2 2 .

I The languages from which the student selects 2are:English, German, French, Humian, talian, and Czech. The diplomamayhe attained by passing the four annual andthe finalordiplonla examinations.The diploma examination is in nationaleconomy,economic and social 114 EDUCATION INTCOOSLAVIA

policy,finance, commercialtechniques,and appliedmathe- matics.It is both oraland written,the writtenpart includingafiomewoad( andaclass composition. A diploma holdermaybecomeadoctor ofeconomicand commercial sciences(Doktorekonfomsko-komercijainihznannsti, orDoctorrertimeconomicarumet commercialium)by doing anotheryearof study,presenting anddefendingadisserta- tion, and passingthe doctor'sexamination. HIGHER SCHOOLOFECONOMICSAND COM- MERCE ATBELGRADE(EKOMSKO-KOMERCI- JALNA VISOKAKOLA UBEOGRADU) This schoolwasestablished byLaw of March31, 1937, and openedto students for the schoolyear1937-38.Its status andprogram aresubstantiallythesame asthose of the Higher Schoolat Zagreb. HIGHERPEDAGOGICALSCHOOL ATZAGREB (VILAPEDAGCAKAgKOLAU ZAGREBU) AND HIGHERPEDAGOGICALSCHOOL ATBELGRADE (VgAPEDAGO6KAKOLA UBEOGRADU) Thesetwo institutionswerefounded in1919 to educate Croatian and Serbianteachers, respectitely.By their statutes of August11, 1936, theyareto educate teachersfor (a) civic schools, (b)schools fordefectives,and (c) inspectors of elementaryschools.Each is organizedin threedepart- ments correspondingto these threepurposes. (a) Thedepartment for civicschool teachersoffers six options: (1) Nationalsubjects; (2) foreignlanguages;(3) naturalhistory;(4)mathematics-physics,(5)technical science, and(6) applied science. (b) Thedepartment forteachers of defectivechildren has three options:(1) Mental defectives; (/)blind; (3)deaf and dumb. (c) The department forinspectors ofelementaryschools has butonecurriculum. Admissionto (a) and (b) isopenby competitionto teachers who holdacertificate of havingpassed thetoachers' practical INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHEREDUCATION 115 examination (prakti6ni Witeljski ispit),and have hadat least 3yearsof experienceas afullstatusteacher.Admis- sion to (c) calls for10yearsof teaching experienee anda competitiveentrance examination. All the curriculaare4 semesters in duration.Thepro- gramsof the various optionsasprescribed by Ministerial Decree of November 30,1936,aregiven in the three following tables:

TABLE 25. Department for educating civic school teachers (OtRek:a spremanje nastavnika gradjanskih ;ktila)

floorsnweek by semester; Required subjects

I II 1 III 1!-Total

1 '2 3 1 4 S 6

.ww _ anusescomma* toall options

Pedagogics with seminar 4 4 . , 8 Methodology and teaching practice 2 2 I 2 2 8 General experimental psychology with exercises...... _ ._ . 2 2 4

Educational psychology 2 1 2 4

2 2 .. . .. 4 School k«Islation and administration of civic schoob._ ._ 1 ; 1 I_ ... 2 FrenchorGerman '2 2 2 I 2 8

Total_ 13 I 13 6 i 6 1 :114 1. Notions' subjects (Nocionalni mot) ..

National language with -seminar ...... 4 4 4i 4 16 National literature with seminar_. 4 4 4 1 4 16

National and general history _ 4 1 4 4 16 Geography with seminar 4 ; 4 44 4 I 16

Total 16 16 16 16 64 2. Foreign languor*

French or GermanIV.01:64M _ _ _ ...... 4 4 4 4 16 Convenation andex inFrenchorGerman language_. 6 6 6 6 24 National language with seminar 4 4 4 4 16 National literature with seminar 4 4 4 4 16

Total 18 Is 18 18 72 L Natural history

Zoology with laboratory 4 4 5 5 18 . Botany with laboratory 4 4 4 4 16 Mineralogy and petrography with geology and laboratory 3* 3 3 3 12

Chemistry with technology oir ..... alba. ND ...... a. 2 2 3 3 10 Chemical laboratory , 2 2 3 3 10 Geography with seminar . .... _ _ _ ...... 4 4 4 4 16 Total 19 19 22 ZI R2 4. MetAnsetkt-phraks Arithmetic and algebra withexercises 6 6 6 a 24 Geometry with ezerebes 4 4 4 4 16 Physics 4 4 4 4 16 Males, laboratory 2 2 3 3 10

Total 16 16 17 17 116 ====e=1111.=.1.111111111611.1:1111.11111.6....-- 116 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 25. Department foreducatingcivic school teachers(Otsekza spremanje nastavnikagradjanskih Akola)Continued

floursaweek hysemesters Required subiorts II III IN' TotAl

1 3 4 3

r.Technical Brien..r

Freehand drawing _ 4 4 4 4 16 Ornamental . . drawing ...... '2 2 3 3 ii) Modeling ...... 2 2 3 3 10 Lettering...... ) History otarts 1 1 . l)escriptivegeometry 2 2 4 2 ! 1 2 , 2 2 : x Geometric drawing.. _. 2 2 i Technical drawing . Applied matheniaties.... 22- 2 4 3 .i- 3 , 3 12 Manual work___ . 2 ; '2 3 3 10

Total i 17 1 7 23 I 23 so J 6. Applied nitric( Farming 1 3 3 Viticulture, pomologyand horticulturo 2 2 4 Husbandry 2 Apiculture and sericulture_ _ _ 2 4 2 2. _- - 4 Forestry _ _ ...... Alb40 Trade and II 2 2 economy 2 2- . - - 4 Industry andtrade technology_ 3 3 6 Chemistry 2 2 3 3 10 Chemical laboratory ... 2 2 3 3 Iii Commercialarithmetic_.___ . 2 2 Bookkeeping and 4 awrespondence . . 72- 2 4 Geography withseminar 4j 4 4 16 Stenography 4 and typewriting 1 1 2 2 6 Total 18 1 II 24 24 I x4 INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 117

TABLE Departmentfor educating teachersQt. defectives (Otsekza spremanje nastarnika §kolazadefek(nudenu) - flours a week hy semesters Subjects lil 11 III IV :Total .....-- .

1 2 3 4 6 6

1.Formentallydefrdirt (Ya zapAtuirl dun,

Pedagogics with pedomor 4 s Experimental psychology 3 3 2 2 10 ) ., Psychophysiology of the speech. inclufI phone;WS .. . .. 4 Anatomy andphysiology, including hology of (Actlitionai children 3 3 , 6

! . 2. Psychopathology.. _ . .. . 2 4 :) . . d. :... m Logopedics._ . 2 4 .) .) ional chi Liren ...... 4 History of education of except ¡- exceptional children... 3 3 i 6 Pedagogy of treatment npphed to 1 Education ixsychology applied to except ionalchildIren 1 2 4 Methods of teaching exceptional children... 4 4 8 Teaching practice 4 4 : t4

; Manual work_._ . . . . 3 3 3 3 12 .) , Organization of Yugoslav State . 2 4 School legislation andadministration of primary amal . vanced elementary schools 2 4

German or French language. _ ...... 2 2 2 2 8

Total '25 1 25 22 22 94 2. Forthe blind

i! Pedagogics with pedometry 4 4 . Experimental psychology 3 3 , 2 ! 2 lo Anatomy,physiology, and pathology of the eye.... 2 2 _ 4 2 2 4 Psychopathology- _ _ - ...... istory of education ofthe blind.. . 2 / 2 . . 4 Methods of teaching t heblind.. _ . . . . 4 4 P4 Pedagogics of treatment applied to theblind. 2 2 4 (Education psychology of the blind...... 2 2 4 Teaching practice 4 4 8 Manual work 3 3 ; 3 3 12 Modeling 4 4 I 4 4 16 Singing _ _ ...... _ _ _ 2 1 2 2 2 8

. . 4 Organization of Yugoslav State . . 2 2 School legislation andadministration of elementary schools 2 2 1 4 German or French Janguage ...... 2 2 1 2 2 s . _ Total -26 I-28 27 27 106 3.For the deaf and dumb

Pedagogics with pedometry_ . 4 4 8 -Experimental psychology 3 3 2 It1 Psychophysiology and pathologyof thesi;eech _ _ 2 2 4 Logopedics 2 2 4

_ . __ . 1 1 1 1 4 Experimental phonetics. ______...... Anatomy, physiology,and pathology of ear, throat, and nervous system 2 2 4 Psychopathology 2 2 4 History of education ofthe deaf and dumb 2 2 4 Pedagogics of treatment applied tothe deaf and dumb 2 2 4 Methods of teaching the deaf anddumb . 4 4 8 Education psychology of the deaf anddumb_ . 2 2 4 4 4 Teaching practice. 3 3 12 Manual work _ . 3 3 Modeling 4 4 4 4 16 Freehand drawing 2 2 2 2 8 _ 4 Organization of Yugoslav State . . . . 2 2 School legislation and administrationof elementary schools "2 2 4 Total 27 27 28 28 110 118 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA

TABLE 27-Departmentfor educatinginApettors ofelementary (O(sek school$ za spremanje ikolskihnadzornikanarodnihhkola)

Hoursaweek bysemesters Subjects I I II ! IV!Total- 2 4 II

. ..z Pedagogics with seminar 4 Contemporary 4 14 pedagogicalproblems andaims . . . History of elementaryschools in 2 1 2 4 Yugoslaviaand abroad. 2 ! 2 Methods of teachingin elementaryschools . 4 4 , -4. ... fi Teaching practicein elementaryschools _ . Experimentalpsychology withlaboratory 4 4 5 .. 3 31 2 2 Io Child psyphology _ Loc 3 3 , Ethks 1 r 1 2 1 1 2 School hygiene _ . Manual work 2, 2 4 2 Ethnology andYugoslav folklore 2 . 4 Basic subjectsof instruction...... 2i.**2- 4 14 14 2:41 Organization ofthe Yugoslavstate . Schoollegislatjunand administrationof elementary 2 I. -2 4 schools 5 , 5i 1(1 Germanor French language 2 2 2 ! 2 8 Total 30 30 27 27 114

Graduationandcertification.Examinationsin allthe sub- jects studiedaregivenat the closeof eachsemester.On completionof theentirecurriculumthegraduationorthe diplomaexaminationisconductedbyaneducationcommis- sion especiallyappointedforeachdepartment.Itis in threeparts: Practicaltests in teaching;written classcom- position inamajor; andanoralexaminationin allthesub- jects of theoption. Successfulcandidatesaregrantedthediploma ofhaving passed thediplomaexaminationof thehigherpedagogical school (DiplomaopoloienomdiplomskomispituuviAoj pedagoAkojAkoli) andareeligibleforpermanentappoint- mentasafullstatus teaCherorinspectoraccording to the line ofstudiespursued.Thisdiplomaexamination has thesamevalueasthenationalprofessionalexamination for teachersin similarschools. Academic year.ThesemestersarefromOctober1to February28, and March1 to June30. FINEARTS ,O ANDMUSIC TheyationalAcademyof FineArt8caZagreb'(Driarna UmetniNcaAkademijauZagrebu)iscoeducational,usesCroa- tianasthe languagemedium,trainsworkersin thecreative INSTITUTIoNs OF HIGHEREDUcATIoN 1 1 9 arts,andpreparesteachers ofdrawing for secondaryschools. It hasfour schools:Painting(Slikarska Akola), scalpture (kiparskaAkola); architecture(kolazaarhitektura); and the schoolfor teachersof drawing.The regular curricuhun in eachis 8 semestersin duration andleads toadiploma. Graduatesof secondary schoolsareadmitted if theypass an entranceexamination in the special fields inwhich they wish tostudy. The NationalAcademy of Fine Arts atBelgrade (Driftilia UrnetniaaAkademijauReogr(uu), with Serbianasthe lan- guageof instruction,wasfounded by Law ofMarch 31, 1937, and openedfor studentsfor -1937-38.It is organized ina departmentofpurefinearts(Odeljenjeza6istu umetnost) andadepartment forpreparing teachers(odeljenjezamista v- nike).The formerhas threesections: Painting(Otsekza slikarstvo),sculpture (otsekzavajarstvo); andgraphic arts (otsekzaumetni6kugrafiku), eachwithacurriculum 6years in durationwith th6 first 4yearsdevoted toageneralcourse, and the last 2, tohighly specialized,individual instruction. Graduatesofasecondary schoolof fine artsareadmitted by examination.. The seconddepartmentpreparesteachers of drawing and sculpture(nastavnikecrtanja ivajanja) througha5-year curriculumopenregularly to graduatesofasecondary school of generaleducationorofanormal school, andexceptionally tograduatesof secondaryschools of fine artswhose previous ed ucationwasequal to thecompletion of atleast the 4 juilior yearsofageneral secondaryschool. Success inanycurriculum ofthe Academyand the final examinationearns adiploma. TheNational Academyof Altaic atZagreb (Driarna AfluzidraAkademijduZagrebu)wasfounded in 1829 by the Music Associationof Zagreb andmaintained byitus n privateinstitution.In 1923itcameunder thecontrol of theMinistry ofEducationas apublic school.Though it ranksas ahigherinstitution,someof its workisonseconda-ry andevenelementarylevels.The languageof instructionis Croatian.It hasfour schools.The firstof these isa preparatory purse(pripravnite6aj).of 1yearin the #iéory of musicthat requiresfor admissionthe completionofat least 4yearsinaprimary school.Second in Oescale is ttle 120 EDUCATIoNIN YUG0SLAVIA

lower school (niiaAkola)that offers3-year curricula inthe piano, orchestralinstruments,ami solo-singing.Thestu- dents that take thesecoursesareusuallyat thesametime attending elementaryorsecondaryschools.The thirdor secondary school(srednja §kola)offers6-year curriculain various optionsandacceptsyoungpeoplethat havehad about 8yearsof previousschooling. The higher school(visokaAkola) givesinstructionof universitygrade through 4-year7curricula,except incorn- :position where it is5, and admits byexaminationgraduates of secondaryschools of eithermusicorgeneraleducation, and of normalschools.It hasdepartments ofpiano,violin, violoncello, vocalmusic,composition,orchestracogiducting, and pedagogy.The credentialgranted isadiplodraand, if from the pedagogicaldepartment, entitlesthe holderto teach music insecondary andnormal schools,includinglowerand secondary schools ofmusic. The NationalAcademyof Musicat Belgrade(Driarna Muziaa AkademijauBeogradu) alsowasestablished,byLaw of March31, 1937, andopened withSerbianasthe language medium, for1937-38.It confinesitselfto instructionof universitygrade and dependsfor thelowercourses ontho Secondary School ofMusic(see P. 73)established,by the samelaw and annexedto it.The Academyis beginningits work with-an arrangementof eightsections:Composition and orchestraconducting(Otsekzakompozicijui dirigo- vanje); solo-singing(solo-pevanje);piano(kinvir);violon- cello (violon6e1o);violin (violina);organ(orgulje);theatrical arts (pozoriAnaumetnost);and teachersof music(nastavnike muzike).The curriculaareregularly4yearsin length, excepting thefirst which is5. Applicants foradmissionto the lasttwo departmentsmust, pass an entrance examination andmust also hegraduates of asecondary schoolof generaleducation,orshowequivalent training.Graduates ofèpecondaryschoolsof musicare admitted 6the first sixdepartmentsaccordingto the majors in theirfields ofstudy.The diplomascarrythesame privilegesasthose of theAcademyat Zagreb. The NationalConservatoryof Mimicat Ljubljana(Drkumi KonservatoriumyLjubljani)wasopenedas amusicschool in 1882 by theLjubljanaPhilharmonicSocietyand in1919 INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 121 changeti itsnameto theYugoslav Conservatory of Music. Itwasgiven thenameat thehead of this paragraph when it becameapublic institutionin1926;Slovenian isthe languagemedium.Like the Nationid AcademylitZagreb, it does much work of elementary and secondarygrade. The Conservatoryadmits by examination graduates of the junior secondarycourse,andAersthem curricula of varying length leading toacertificate.The lower school (Iankola) ' has 4-yearcurricula in piano, violin, violoncello, and theoret- ical musical subjects.The secondary school of thecon- servatory(srednja Akola konservatorija) has optionsin sol singing, piano,organ,composition, wind andperms.. instruments, and the bazdc subjects oftraLng,including;):: Serho-CroatianFrench, and Italian languages.Studen areclassifiedWtheir musical ability. The higher school of the conservatory(visoka §kola konV servatorija) has thesameoptionsasthe secondary school 1. I but the instruction isonmuchmoreadvanced levels.It has alsoapedagogical curriculum of eight semesters topre pareteachers of vocal andinstrumental fnusic for secondary 4. and vocationalschools.Admission to this calls for the certificate of maturity fromasecondaryor anormal school, v. ... proof of preparatorytraining in music, andsuccessinan -; entranceexaminatioR in harmony,counterpoint, history of music, and pianoorviolin.The final credentialgranted isa , diploma that confers therighttoteach music in secondary and vocationalschools. Finally, there is theoperaschOol (operska Akola)which e trains professional staffs for theoperas. SCHOOLS FORNATIONALDEFENSE TheMinistiyof War'andNavy (MinistarstvoVojske i Mornarice) controlsanumber ofschools, mostly internats, totrain officers.At least. fourof themmaybe classedas higher institutions.They-are the. WarAcademy and the Academy ofIntendanceatBelgrade;Naval War Academy at Dubrovnik; and HigherSchool ofAeronautics. WarAcademyatBelgrade (VojnaAkademijauBeogradu) is organized inalower andahigher school.The lower school (nib' Akola) isof secondary rank withsomeworkonjûnior 141122 *---39-9

. i 22 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA college levelsandpreparesofficers ofinfantry,cavalry,ar- tillery, andengineering.Candidatesforadmissionmust have completeklat least the sixthyearofan 8-year general secondav school,andmustpass an entrance examination. Graduates ofsecondaryschoolsareadmittedwithoutfurther examination.Instructionbegins witha2-year generalcourse (opAti kurs)which ispracticallythesamefor allthe students, and emphasizesmathematics,physics,chemistry,foreign languages, andmilitarysciences.Eachyearis9 months of theorywhen thestudentsareheldto 42 hours ofworka week, and24 monthsof practicaltraining.Then follows -year professionalcoursein whichthestudentmayselect oneof fouroptions:Infantry(Struhipaadiskikurs),ar- tillery (ttru6niartileriski);cavalry(stru6nikonjiki);and engineering(struhiinlinjerski).In thisyear,8 months aretheoretical.and .4months, practical.Success inthe3 years means promotionto the rank ofsub-lieutenant(6in potporu6nika). The higherschool (viAaAkola) trainsmenfor thehighcom- mand byselectingofficers withat least 5yearsof military service,graduates ofthe lowerschool, andgivingthem 'highly specializedinstruction inmilitarysciences. TheAcademy ofIntendanceatBelgrade(Intendant8ka AlcademijauBeogradu) issimilarto te arAcademy in orgdnization,purpose,and lengthofunieula--Its,lower schoolis also ofsecondary rankwithsoestudiesronjunior coll!i.e..;levels, but itselects itsstudents fròmthose whohave pletedat least the sixthyearofageneralsecondary school by givingthem oraland writtenexaminationsin mathematics,naturalhistory,Serbo-Croatian,and either FrenchorGilman.The3-year curriculumincludes: Army organization,war administration,science ofrations, science ofclothing,accountancy andbookkeeping,chemical technology, Warservice andsupply ofprovisions,elements of strategy, Yugoslavwar history, economicgeography,techniques of trade,commerce, jurisprudence,communicationservice,foreign languages,topography withdrawing,militarydrill,hygiene, gymnastics, andvocal andinstrumentalmusic. Success in itearnspromotionto the rank ofsub-lieutenant of intendance. The higherschool givesinstructionin thetechnical,eco- nomic. andjuridicalsciencesasappliedtoarmyandnavy

a INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHEREDUCATION 123

1M I 1." NI service,to officers of thearmyandnavywithatleast3years of military service whopass acompetitiveentrance examina- tion. The Nava/ War Academyat Dmibornik (Poinorska Vojnii AkademijauDubrorniku) is,asitsnameimplies,to train naval officers.The instructionisonunivemity levels and toitareAdmitted graduates ofthe seniorcourseofageneral secondary school whopass acompetitiveentrance examina- tion in mathematics,geometry, physics with mechanics, chemistry, geography,andaforeign language.Eachyear of the3-year curriculum is9 months of theoryand 2 of practice.Success in it bringsthe rank of lieutenant. The Higher Schoolof Aeronautics (VikVazduhoplorna Akola) trains officersin aeronauticsfor the highcommand, and teachers for specialschools of aeronautics. Other sch,00ls.---These include schoolsfor officers(oficerske kole), thearmyandnavy(vojne i monutriaegkole),re- serve armyofficers and professionalsta.(gkoleza rezervne oficere r6(Iov1 vojskei struka),andaseries of schoolsfor noncommissionedofficers (podoficeNke.;kole).This series is discussed inthe chapteronsecondary education.(See p60.) BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ekonomska-Komereijalna Visoka ,4kolauZagrebu.Vredba, propisi, akaderninc oblasti,osoblje,ustanove ired predavanja.kolska godina 1932/33.Zagreb, Zak lade TiskareXa(1()rrsiIl Novinau Zagrebu, 1932.60p. FANCEVI FRANJO.hr. S knij hintuZagrebu.Zagreb, Tiak zaklade tiskare Naroduih Novina,1925. 36p. MINIBTARSTVO PROSVETE. OpMa uredbauniversiteta. Beograd, Driavna .gtamparija,1932.82p. Uredba filozofskog fakiltetai farmaceutskogodjela SveuCi- liAta kraljevine Srba,II4gsrSlovenacauZagrebu.Zagreb, Tiskare Narodnih NoVina,1928. 35p. Uredba pravoslavnogbogoslovskog fakultetauBeograd', od 17 maja 1935godine. Ova uredbaobnarodovana jeuSluibenim Novinama od 11 juna1935g. Uredba 14ito1nogbogoslovskog fakultelauniverzitetau Zagrebu i Ljubijaniof 17 maja 1935godine.Prosvetni Glasnik, jun 1935g., pp.'7\12-724. 124 EDUCATIONIN ITOOSLAYIA

MINISTARSTVOPROSVETE. Uredbaoizmenama idopunamaU ureklbi medicinskih fakultetauniverzitetauBeogradu,Zagrebu i 14ubt5;ini od 26 decembra1936 godinep.hr. 52404ohnarodavana 12junu 1937 godine.Prosvetni G1asnik,jun 1937,pp.646-654. Uredba veterinarskogfakultetauniverzitetauBeogradu i Zagrebu od22 jula 1936godine.Prosvetni Glasnik,avgust 1936, br. 8,pp.522-538. d Uredbatehniaih fakultetauniverzitetauBeogradu, Zagretni iLjubljani od17 aprila 1935godine.Prosvetni G1asnik,may 1935g.,br. 5,pp.553-584. UredhapravnogfakultetauniverzitetauBeograduod 5 avgusta 1928 godine.Prosvetni Glasnik,avgust 1928g.,hr. s, pp.701-708. Pravilnikoupisu i overisemestra kao ioevidenciji slualara u Ekonomsko-Komercijalnoj VisokojSkoliuBeogradu od19 septembra 1937godinet Prosvetni Glasnik,oktobar 1937g., br. 10,pp.1025-1028. Uredbasazakonskomsnagom o asnivanju Ekonomsko- Komercijalne Visoke koleuBeogradu. Beograd, A)riavna gtamparijaKraljevine Jugoslavije,1937.24p. Naredbaoodriavanjudisplomskogispituulikonoinsko- Komerciajalnoj Visokojko1iuZagrebu od29 februara1936,g. Prosvetni Glasnik,mart 1936g. PravilnikoViAoj Pedago§kojkoli od 30novembra1936 godine.Prosvetni Glasnik,decemar 1936g., pp. 965-982. UrebdaoNiviAoj PedagoAkoj .;ko1iod 11avgusta 1936godine. Prosvetni Glasnik,septembar 1936g., pp. 614-619. Statut Statisti6kogSeminarana Ekonomsko-Komercijalnoj Visokoj ko1iuBeogradu.Provsetni Glasnik,januar 1938g., broj 1,pp.14-15. UredbaoudruienjimaslukalacaEkonomsko-Komercijalne Visoke ko1euBeogradu.Prosvetni Glasnik,januar 1938g., broj 1,pp.1-10.

Uredbaovihoj islamskojAerijatsko-teo1o4koj§koliuSarajevu. Beograd, 1937. 21p.

Uredbaoosnivanju srednjihiviAihumetninihAkolau Beogradu. Beograd, tampa DriavnetamparijeKraljevine Jugoslavije, 1937.50p.

Pravilnikoupisivanjuu6enikausrednjumuzinu Akolui muzi6kuakademijuuBeograduzaAkolsku1937-38godinu. Beograd, Driavna Atamparije,1937.8p. Pravilnikoosnivanjui radiiglumaneAkole Beogradskog narodnogpozoriiita.Prosvetni Glasnik,januar1934g.Beograd. Driavnatamparija,1934.pp. 1-15. INSTITUTIONS OF !MITER EDUCATION

MINISTARSTVO VOJSKEIMORNARICE. Nastavni plan iprogram za Nitukolu Vojne Akademije, poéev od 1934 godine.Odohien r(tAenjem Gospodina Ministra Vojske i Mornarice od 31 maja 1934 godine.Beograd, 1935.348p. Nastavni plan iprogram zaNiu;koluIntendantske Aka- demije od 22 jula_1931 godine.Prilog Sl. Vojnorn Listu Br. 34. za1931g.25p. UredbaoPomorskoj Vojnoj Akademiji. Sluihene Vojm. Listy.Br. 19 od 1929g. UredbaoVojnoj Akademiji od 30 jula 1927g .".4t4tmpanaii Slab.VOL Listu, Br. 33,za1927. Spomenicaootvaranju univerziteta, Beograd,A'tampanouDriavnoj tampariji Kraljevine Srbije, 1906. 162p. Sveu6i1it4e Kraljevine Srha, Hrvata i SlovenacauZagrebu 1874-1924. Spomenica Akademiékoga Senata.Zagreb, Tisak zaklade tiskare Narodnih Novina, 1925.280p. Universitas Alexandrina Labacensis.Zgodovina Slovenske Univerze vLjubljani do leta 1929.Izdal Rektorat Univerze Kralja Alek- sandra PrvegavLjublni-,-T1)29.533p. CHAPTERVI I:GENERALCULTURALAND WELFAREAGENCIES

In thiscategoryareincludedadulteducation;physical training, socialandmedicigcare;andotherculturaland scientificinstitutionssuchasacademiesofscienceandart, libraries,museums, etc.Thefirsttwoarecloselyconnected with ifnot integralparts of theeducationsystem. ADULTEDUCATION TheDepartmentofNationalCulture,a new department, wasorganized in theMinistryofEducationin1937.It, supervises adulteducation,assistsprivateassociationsin organizinglecturesandcourses,opensvillagelibraries,and generally directs andaidsawiderangeofactivitieslooking toward theeliminationofilliteracyand theuphuildingof spiritualand culturalstrength ofthe people. Special coursesareheld foradultsindistrictswhereeduca- tion Waspreviouslyneglectedand soldiersfromthoseareas are taughtin specialschoolsduringtheirterm ofmilitary service. Coursesindomesticscienceforgirlsandwomen are conductedunder theauspicesof theWomen'sNational Orgnaizationsin allvillages.In1936-37 theMinistryheld 600 special schoolsandcoursesforadultsinwhich29,507 were taughtto read andwrite,andcivicorganizationshad 36 schoolsand taught1,057persons. People'suniversitiesmaintainedbyendowmentfunds under the controlof theMinistryhavebeenestablishedat Zagreb, I* 'grade,Osijek,Vukovar,Dubrovnik,Skoplje, Bitolj, Smederevo,Valjevo,andSubotica.One ofthemost important ofthese istheKolarchevPeople'sUniversityat Belgrade' (Kolar&wNarodniUniverzitetuBeogradu)founded in1878 by aSerbianpatriotIlija M.Kolaracwhoendowed it with alargesumofmoney. By its lateststatutes,Janu- ary 11, 1933, itoffersseries ofcoursesiiinaturalscience, agriculture,law'frithsociology,philology,history,and philosophy.Anypérson ofmatureage may be adniitted IIllustrationof tbe Kolarebev People'sUniversityof Belgrtcleison ooverpage of this bulletin. 126 ft a d- GENERAL CULTUREADWELFARE AGENCIES 127 toany coursefor which he has adequate preparation. Coursesareusually foursemestersin duration.In 1935-36 the University had 9,247 students. Among the private organizations thatarehelpingto spread general and vocational education by settingupspecial schools andcoursesin farming, hygiene, home economics, trade, andcommerce;providing books and periodicals; and organizing public lectures, circulating libraries, and readingrooms, arethe following:' Dale of Central Name of organization founding office Mohorjeva druiba_ 1850 Celje.

Prosvetnazveza____ Ljubljana. Zveza kulturnih druAtava__ _ Ljubljana. Prosvetna zadruga___ Vrela. Beogradska Trgovinska Ornladina 1880 Belgrade. Privrednik___ 1897 Zagreb. Radnika zadruga 1929 Belgrade.

Prosvjeta__ _ ._ MOMPM Sarajevo. The Yugoslav Moslems have theirownorganizations, the mostimportant of which is the Gajret,aneducational and philanthropic associationthat enrollsmorethan 27,000 members.It maintains 9 student houses formorethan 600 secondary school students of bothsexes,and about 200 craft apprentices.Itgiyes scholarshipstoMcAemstudents either in Yugoslav schoolsorMoslem universities abroad. The Gajret also providescoursesfor illiterates and main- tains craft workshops for Moslemwomenwhere theycan learn and workonweaving, carpet-making, and embroidery. Its branch at Belgrade maintainsastudent house in which about 200 Moslem studentslive and attend the University of Belgrade. PHYSICAL TRAINING, SOCIAL AND MEDICAL CARE Sokols.The word "sokol"meansfalcon and is symbolic of speed,grace,and bravery.The Yugoslavian sokolsare patriotic physical cultureorganizations for improving and developing the physicalhealth and general well-bekng of the communities in which theyarelocated.Theyusethesys- temof physicalexercise worked out by Dr. Miroslav TirA and Jindrich Ffigner,the founders of the sokol movement, ,, 12g EDUCATIONINYU(OSLAVIA inaugurated in1862at Prague,Czechoslovakia.Thehistory of itsextensionto Yugoslaviaisinteresting. In Serbiaa gymnasticorganizationwasfoundedin1857 underthename of"sokol."Itmet withconsiderablesuc- cessandothers sprangup.Allwere organized in1909 ina Unionof Serbian Sokolswiththenameof"DuganSilni." DuAnn Silni,or Dushan theMighty,was a great medieval Serbian eniperor. By1912 theUnionhad122 societieswith 7,940members.AmongtheSlovenes,the first was organization the "JuiniSokol"foundedin1862at Ljubljana. program Its was at firstapprovedby theAustro-Hungarian Governmenthut in1867 theJuinisokolwasforced band. to dis- Neverthelessthemovementsoon started againand spreadrapidly and by1913 Sloveniahad115 sokolorganiza- tions with7,650 members.Stirredby theSlovenianex- ample,aCroatian "'MiniSokol"openedin1866.Success inCroatia was extraordinary.WhentheWorldW4r there began, were172organizationswith15,000members. Afte. a èwar, sokolorganizationswerestillpopularand by La'I December5,1929, allof themwereunitedinthe . rnionof S-okolsof theKingdomofYugoslavia_SavezSokola , Kraljevine Jugoslavije),anationalorganizadionsupported : by the government andundertheauspicesof theMinistry i ofPhysical CultureofthePeople(MinistarstvoFizi6kog VaspitanjaNaroda). \Theyare fullyasimportantsociallyastheyareinphysical %Ware. Demociaticprinciplesofjustice,discipline,and patriotismanimatethem.Eachmemberwearsabadge they and greet eachotherasbrother(brate)orsister The (sestro). regularsalutationis"Zdravo"whichmeans "Be healthy."Theactivitiesare generallyheld in air but theopen every town andalmostevery villagehas itssokol home(SokolskiDom) whereconcerts, lectures,dances,and otherformsof recreationareprovidedon Sundays andholi- days.The traditionalspiritof thenation iskeptaliveby folk-songsand folk-dances.Educationalcoursesareheld throughoutthecountry.Librariesandreading been rooms have establishedwhereverthere isasokolbranchand in manyplaces theatersandmusicassociations-havebein founded. Thesokolpurposeisto "developmen spiritually, mentally,and physicallyandto makethemmoreprogres- OFNERALCULTUREAND WELFAREACENCIP 129 sive,stronger, and better."Itmust he understoodthat the activitiesare not confinedtomenand boys;they include womenand children.By1935 therewere940 sokol clubs and 1,585sokolcompanies,atotal of2,525 units with 417,725 members. Partlythrough thesokols, theMinistryof PhysicalCul- ture carrieson aform ofcompulsoryphysicaltrainingfor all malecitizens f.rom11 to 20yearsofagein Sundayschools provided forthepurposeand taughtbycertifiedinstructors of physicaleducation.The youtharedividedintothreegroups 11 to 14yearsofage;15 to 17; and18 to 20.The1% hours of instructioneverySunday isarranged-sothat,50percent, of thetime is givento gymnastics,10 to orientationandex- planation ofmaps,10 toopengames,10to moral andcivic education,5 to nationalhistoryandgeography,and 15to general andpersonalhygiene. Physicaleducation intheschools.Physicaleducationwas introducidin theschools ofSerbia,Croatia,andSlovenia in theeighteenthcentury and thechildrenweregiven the opportunityto have systematicphysicaltrainingandto eve osteir athletic inclinations. mcetheestablishment ofte ngdom,physicaltraining hasbeenconsideredcom- pulsoryv,bothboys andgirls inalltypes of publicand 'privatesci ls.Thissituationwasfurtheremphasizedby Law of Marc26,1935, whichmade itcompulsoryboth within and,asnotedabove,withouttheschools.Exemp- tioncanbe hadonlyonthe adviceofamedicalexamina- tion commission.In theschoolcurricula2 hoursaweek areusually givento it and theclassesareheld intheopen unless theweatherforbids. Intercollegiatesportsare not carriedoninYugoslaviato .*anything liketheextent theyarein theUnitedStates.The umversitiesneitherencouragenordiscouragethem.If they existat all, the studentsonlyareresponsibleforthem. Healthsuperrision.Protectionof thechildbeginsbefore its birth.Hygienicassistance isofferedinspecialhygienic institutionsforpregnantwomen,and thematernityservice insuresmedicalcareand aidat theconfinement.Children thatmust havefostermothersuntilthemothers'health is reestablishedarekept in specialchildren'scoloniesfrom1 to 2 years.Thesecoloniesbeganto develop in1929.They 130 !MUTATION INYUGOSLAVIA

aremaintained bythe nationandareunder strictcontrol of the medicalauthorities.Orphansunder schoolage are also entrustedto special homesorcolonies.For childrenof schoolagethereareabout100 school clinics,andalarge number ofsummerhomes andchildren'ssanitoriasubsidized by theNationalGovernment butprivatelyadministered. Infant homesarein all thelargecenters of the differentdis- trictstocarefor childrenbefore andafter school.School kitchens aided bynationalfunds helpprovide foodfor chil- dren of needyparents. Special homesfor universitystudentsaswellasfor students in varioussecondary andspecialschoolshave beenestab- lished.Theyaresupervised bythe educationauthorities, subsidized fromnational funds,and offerfree boardandroom toalarge numberof needystudents.The NationalGovern- ment also provides schoolchildren withfree excursionsdur- ing thesummer sothat theymay seetheir nativeland. The Ministry ofEducation isresponsiblefor healthsuper- vision in allinfant,elementary,andsecondaryschools.In the last fewyearsthe healthprogramof theschools hasbeen considerablystressed. Schoolplantsundergoregular medical inspection.Allentrants to schoolsaregivenacompulsory medicalexamination.Moreover, twicea yeareverystudent is examined,includinganthropometricmeasurements, and the regultsareentered in hisrecord. Theschoolphysician not onlyserves atthe schoolitself butisrequiredto visit ill studentsat their homes.Regulardentaltreatment is given in the schoolsorspecial schoolpolyclinics. Everystudent hasahealthcard (Li 8niopisnilist), in which areentered thedate and placeof hisbirth Msgeneralphysi- cal development;the historyofanyillnesshemayhave had; the conditionof hissensory,nervous, digestive, andother organs atthe time ofeachexamination.Thiscard iskept yearbyyearandgoeswith thepupil fromschoolto school in casehe changesfromone to another. Hygienicinstitutes t has been notedthat theMinistries of PhysicalCulture andEducationhave muchto do withthe physicalcondition ofthe people.There isathird, theMin- istry of SocialWelfareand PublicHealth(Ministarstvo socijalnepolitike inarodnogzdravlja)whichhasorganized hygienicinstitutes(higijenskizavodi) ineachbanovinaand GENERAL CULTUREAND WELFAREAGENCIES 131 the city of Belgrade.Their work isto further the practical application of science of publichealth, direct the preventionof contagious diseasés,support health authorities, andcooperate in training public healthofficers. Much researchand experi- mentation has been assumed bythe institutes.To train moreefficient public healthofficers, the institutes select typical villages where problemsof public healtharestudied directly in thefield. Their laboratory serviceincludes bacteriological-epidemiological,chemical-analytical,para- sitological, and serological analyses. They maintain also sanatoriafor tubercular children, school polyclinics, and special schoolsfor ruralwomen.The latter offer usually 3-month curriculaandstressgeneral and personal hygiene, first aid,careo(pregnancy,elements of nursing, and likematters. OTHER CULTURALAND SCIENTIFIC s INSTITUTIONS These include academies of scienceandarts, libraries, museums,theaters, and archives. Noattempt is madetolist and tell of all of them. A fewaredescribedastypical of the provision of the Yugoslav peopletopreserveandpromote their culture and do theirpartin the generaladvancement of mankind. Acw lernie8ofscience anti arts.The SerbianRoyal Academy at Belgrade (Srpska Kraljevska AkademijauBeogradu), foundedNovember1,1886, aimsto perfect and further science, establish and maint!tinasound basis for scientific judgment, and make scientific researchofnature, popula- tions, andmonuments. It is divided into 4 sections: National sciences, philosophy, social sciences, andfinearts.It has 34 active and 68 correspondingmembers, and publishesaseries of scientific periodicals. YugoslavAcademy of Science and Artsat.Zagreb (Jugo- slavenska Akademija Znanosti iUmjetnostiuZagrebu) wasfounded March4, 1866, by Bishop Yosip Yurije Stros- majer.It aimsto make independent research and develop science andartsinevery way,but especially withregardto the South Slavonic people.Its 4 departmentsarehistory and philology, philosophy and law, mathematicsand natural history, andarts.Its membership is composed of32 active 132 FnueynoNIN YUGOSLAVIA

members;12 extraordinarilyactive;16 honorary;andan unlimited numberof correspondents.TheAcademy issuesa series of publicationsand controlsthe followinglisted insti- tutions: TheStrosniajerPicture Gallery,Library,and Archive, allat Zagreb. Libraries.Besidesthe universitylibrariesmentionedon page111, there is the NationalLibraryat Belgrade, founded in 1g32.Law ofJanuary 2311901,sets for it the ambitious programof havingat handeverySerbianand Crotianbook, magazine, andnewspaper;all books,regardless ofthe lan- guagein whichtheyare,written,relatingto the Serbian nation and Serbiancountries; allbooksonthe literature, history, language, law,geography,etc., of the peopleof Yugoslavia; all importanthooksonthe neighbornations; and themost widely accepted hooksineverybranch of wore literature, especiallySlavonic literature. Museums.Among themost interesting 4nd valuableof these is thenewMuseum ofPrince Paul,at Belgrade.It wasopened inJanuary1936 and containsmany treasures of contemporary art collected bythe PrinceRegent himself, agallery of Yugoslavpainters of allepochs, andremarkable archaeolog'cal exhibitsdiscovered duringrecent excavations in Yugoslavia. The CroatianNational Museumat Zagreb (Iirvatski Narodni MuzejuZagrebu), foundedin1846, is the wealthiest such institutionin thecountry.Itsseven departmentsare prehistory,archaeological-historical,ethnographic,pureand appliedarts, zoology, geology-paleontology,and mineralogy- petrography. The Royal SerbianNational Museum(Kraljevski Srpski Narodni Muzej)at Belgrade dates from1842.Itwasthen abranch of the Ministryof Education,and later ofthe Public Library.Since1881 it has beenanindependent in- stitution.Its sectionsarelapidary, prehistoric,Roman, numismatics andhistorical collections,gallery ofweapons, and gallery ofmodern Yugoslavianart. Theaters.All nationaltheatersarefully maintainedby nationalfunds.*The professionaland administrativeper- sonnel isoncivil-servicestatus.Free ticketsaredistributed regularlyto school children and theirparents. The three nationaltheatersareat Belgrade, founded in1869, Zagreb 1)11.1.1.1.) AND WELFARE , j - 6 ?(34 t ri.,IF4c., j I n. 114 U 1Z3 PAUL . i 7 . RADE. PRINCE BELG OF AT A. I . MUSEUM OA o er. ' h s Lu ille It, Ortadi4 , - -Arid Oa " i..1" I ,2X. 1 .14 " er. 133 60' 080 NE. o .7. to -4 l REB. ZAG AT AcExciEs 11011. 4 p. , :11 THEATER WELFARE im I L 4 AND , ATIONAL N cuurt-RE 4;ENEIZAL i ¿ 134 EDUCATIONINYUGosLAVIA

(1861)9, andLjubljana(1918). Allpresent drama,opera, and ballet. Seminationaltheatersareat Osijek,Sarajevo,Split, Skoplje,andMirabor;banovinaltheatersat Cetinje,Banja- Luka, Nie,and NoviSad.Theypresent onlydrama. Archires.Theoldestandlargestnationalarchivesare at Dubrovnik.Theycontainthe archivesof theRepublicof Dubrovnik,formerlyRagusa(R.ArchirumRagusinum),in which thereare manypublicdecrees,reports andletters,all veryimportant materialinthe politicalandculturalhistory of theBalkan Statesand theirpeoples. The NaiionalArchivesat Zagrebdate fromtheseventeenth century but containmany valuable documentsfromthe MiddleAges. The NationalArchivesat Belgradewerebegun inDecem- berMg. Theirpurposeisto collect,keep,and classifyall documents ofgeneralimportanceandhistoricalvalue. They includeanimportantprivatecollectionforthe period from1815 to 1870,inclusive.The foursectionsarepolitical, historical,adniinistrative,and legaljuridical. Other nationalarchivesareot.Ljubljana,MiniSad, Skoplje,and Sarajevo. BIBLIOGRAPHY CENTRALNIHIGIJENSKI ZAVOD.Uredbao organizacijii delokni CentralnogHigijenskog Zavodau Beogradu.Beograd,§tampill rija CentralnogHigijenskogZavoda, 1933.31p. DoNI& LiRos.The CarnegieInstitutionin Belgrade.The Anglo- Yugoslav Review,Belgrade,July-December1937,pp. 49-53. JOVANOVI6,SLOBODAN P.Cultural,Economicand SocialProgress Achieved inSouth Serbiaduring thelasttwenity-fiveyears.The Anglo-YugoslavReview,Belgrade,July-December1937,pp. 62-65. LAYOUGOSLAVIEPAR LESCHIFFRES, 1937.Beograd,BureauCentral de Presse,1937.179p. MINISTARSTVOFIZItKOGVASPITANJANARODA.Privrynenil'dibenik za specijalnu nastavuohaveznogtelesnogvaspitanja.Beograd, IzdanjeMinistarstvaFizi6kogVaspitanjaNaroda, 1937.230p. Uredhaoosnivanju iraduprazni6nihteUjeva iizyriienju ostalihodredaha zakonao obaveznom telesnomvasiAtanju. SluibeneNovine.GodineXVII-1935--Droj77-XX,\,pp. 343-347.

- GENERAL (MITREANDWELFARE AGENCIES 13 5

M FIZItKOG VASPITANJANARODA. Plan iprogram nas- lave ohaveznog telesnog vaspitanjaupraznikim te6ajevitua, sokolskim iostalim driditvima telesnogvaspitanja.Sluibene Novine.Godina XVII-1935---Broj77-X X.,pp.350-354. Uredhaoizmeni uredbeoosnivanju i radu praznikih te6a- jeva iizrAenju ostalih odredaba zakonaoobaveznom telesnom vaspitanju o426marta 1935 godine.Sluibene Novine.Codina XIX-1937Broj 69-XX,pp.191-196. Plan iprogram nastave za van§kolsku omladinu.Sluibene Novine.Godine XIX-1937Broj 69-XX,pp.198-202. Pravilnikooceni sposohnosti obveznikaobaveznog telesnog vaspitanja.Sluibene Novine.Codina X I X-1937Broj 69 X X, pp.196-198. MINISTARSTVO PROSVETE.ZakonoosnivanjusokolaKraljevine Jugoslavijesauredbomolikvfrfaciji Jugoslovenskog s-okola, Hrvatskog sokola, orla i Srpskog sokolai statutoorganizaciji i poslovanju sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije.Beograd, Driavna Atamparija,1930.27p. PravilnikodjaékimletovaliAtima.ProsvetniGlasnik. Jun 1935 g.,,Broj 6,pp.726-728. Pravilnik ferijalnogsaveza.ProsvetniGlásnik.Mart 1935 g.,Broj 3,pp.324-334. Uredbaonarodnom univerzitetu Ilije M. Kolarea.Pros- vetni Glasnik, januar 1933g.,Broj 1,pp.2-5. STAMPAR, Dr. A.Organization of the Public Health Servicein the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.Geneva, League of Nations, 1925.51p. THE RADIOLOGICAL INSTITUTEINBELGRADE. The Anglo-Yugoslav Review, Belgrade, July-October 1936.pp.50-51. WORLD ASSOCIATIONFORADULT EDUCATION. Adult education in India and Yugoslavia.Bulletin XLVII.London, World Moo- elation for Adult Education, February 1931,24p. O

APPENDIX ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

[This is the statement mentioned in footnote 2on p.91 Thepresentorganization of the Ministry is basedonthe law of March 31, 1937.It is divided into five departments (odeljenja)' and each departnlen tis inturnmadeupof several

sections (otseci). The departnwnb;with their respective dutiesare:

I. General department ((Jpte oildjomje) wit h t1i following nine sect ions: (1) Administrative (Administrativni otsekl has charge of the entire Ministry, including personnel of the provincial school boards, printing office, promotions and retirements of teaching personnel, school legis- lation, official publicat ion "Provetni Glasnik," library of theNtinistry, educational finance, preparation of t he f.dlient ion budget, anddiscipli- naryaffairs. (2) Institutions of higher education and scientific institutes(Otsek zavisbke Akole i nau6ne ustanove) has charge of all universities, special schools of higher education,research institutes,museums,national archives, public libraries.It prescribes the statutes and curricula for higher education, requirements for degrees and diplomas,and nostrifi- cation of diplomas and degrees grantedabroad. (3) Arts and Letters (Otsekzaurnetnost i knjiievnost) has charge of personnel of thenttionaltheaters, schools and academies of arts, and other institutions of arts.It supervises and controls film produc- tion andprogramsof broadcasting affairs and literary and artistic contests; including conservation of national music. (4) Endowments (Zaduibinski otsek)has charge of all the school endowment, audits balance sheetsand reports ofeveryendowment and deals with questions of security inconnection with the management of endowments. (5) Technical (TechniAi otsek) supervises anddirects the erection ofnewschool buildings and preparesprojects fornewbuildings. (6) Auditing and economic section(Ra6unsko-ekonomski otsek) superintends the budget of theMinistry of Education,approvesspecial expenditures for educationalaffairs, and has charge of the household of the Ministry.

I Prior to March 31, 1937, theMinistry of Education was organized into) three departments: General, secondary education,and elementary education.

137 141122 39-10 11 Cor-2 W soLLV3JCA am" IAVISot),II ' 1.11111.11 tad ItAllhea t t4.0.. I A41401 4=a 4.8 fwaarlot C t .4 144- 4 tonws3 1 etas t 0 v41, a at 4&. P4a 54.. a do I 04) PI 414. C 54. Oarrsaell 1 1 1 1 or. 11% %Ada YUGOSLAVIA Veda 15.,4, t 4 it 6 e/b_ I . IN via FPvyo.c.a * CA,. C. 11[454.4... C. 0411.0P1,..1M111 Of- town ...in [ I L: ! I II t ups 4.4414601 4 hell 541 woe. 54 not c . Da AL,rgi a. 44. it. AFFAIRS I I I "I-30 . .... lb di Leta. C. . t . I 11.44, CNN I P Mk. r54_ %ow no! ../ I *A I 54. C 4114.:. C ti...... , 1

(7) Cultural relationswith foreigncountries (Otsekzakulturneveze sinostranstvom) devotesattentionto enhancing its influenceandpres- tige abroad bymeansof culturalinformation.It has charge ofpro- fessors' and students'exchange withforeigncountries, representation at the international educationcongresses, etc. (8) Educationpropagation (Otsekza prosvetnu propagandu) has charge of informingthe nationabout educationbymeansof publishing articles in dailypapers and editing special publicationsoneducation matters. The sectionsuperintends alsomeetings of parents in schools and outside the schoolsin order to submit thefirst-hand dataoneduca- tion affairs. (9) Educationstatistics (Otsekza prosvetnu statistiku) has charge of school statisticsand publishesannuallya surveynamed "Stitt istika Skola pod MinistarstvomProsvete." IL Departmentof Secondary Schools(Odeljenjezasrednje Akole)is organized intothree sections: (1) Personnel ofthe secondary andnormal schools (Personalni otsek zasrednje iu6iteljske Akole)has charge of teachers' appointments, retirements, promotionsand disciplinary affairs,inspection andsuper- vision of schools,preparation of the budgetaryprojects for secondary and normal education. (2) Personnel ofcivic schools (Personalni otsekzagradjanske Akole)

has practicallythesamedutiesasindicated above. . (3) Religions section(Verski otsek) has charge of instructorsin religion

in elementary,civic, secondary, and normal schools,and all Islamic schools, includingthe Higher Islamic School of Jurisprudence and Theology; superintendsChristian theological schools;approvestheir curricula. III. Departmentof Elementary Schools (Odeljenjezanarodne hkole) has three sections: (1) Personnelsection (Personalni otsek) has charge of provincial school superintendents and teaching personnel in elementaryschools, including their appointments,retirements, promotions,etc.The section superintends also schools for minorities and defective children. (2) Administrative section (Administrativni otsek) Superintends the district school superintenden, and the principals of elementary schools asfaraslaw and ministerial frecreesareconcerned;approvesthecom- munity budgets; directs free meals forpoorstudents. (3) Legal section (Pravni otsek) has charge of disciplinary regula- tions relating to eom.pulsory education; determinesthe legal require- ments for school superintendents and teaching personnel inelementary schools and their disciplinary duties. Iv. Department of Instruction .(Odeljenje zanas1avu).11as Rix sections: (1) Scientific institutes section(OtsekzanaOne ustanove) has charge of university research workand publications relating to uni- i 40 EDUCATIONIN YUGOSLAVIA

versity curricula;publications of the Academyof Science mull other scientificinstitutions,museums,archives; conservationofhistoric monuments, etc. (2) Normal schoolinstruction section (OtsekzanastavuuOiterskim Akolama) prescribes andregulates curricula fornormal education; has administrative and instructivecharge of all normalschools; organizes specialcoursesfor teachers;approvesthe textbooks fornormal schools: controls and directs the finalor maturity examiniations. (3) Secondary schoolinstruction section (Otsekza nastavn usrvdli- jimt`kolama) has practically thQsamedutiesasdescribedabove, except t hat they applyto secondary schools. (4 Civic schoolinstruction section (Otsekza nastavu is gradjansk ins

kolama) has thesamedutiesasdescribed abovewith theeN(ept if)11(If the maturity examinationwhich is given insecondary andnormal schools only. (5) Elementary schoolinstruction (Otsekza nastavunnarodnim kolama) prescribes andsupervises curricula andoutlines of studyin elementary schools; regulates therequirements forelementary, infant and schools forabnormal children;superintendsinstructively all the private and public schoolsof preschool andelementary education; approvestextbooks.; organizes specialcoursesfor elementaryteachers to iinprove their qualifications;supervises theorganization ofnew infant and elementaryschools; and has chargeof medical andsanitary inspection of allinstitutions of preschooland elementaryeducation. (6) Physical educationsection (Otsekzatelesno vaspitanje)organ- izes and supervises physicaleducation inejementary, civic,normal, and secondary schools andin other institutionsunder the Ministryof Edu- cation; the subjectmatter is usually outlinedby the Ministryof Social Welfare and PublicHealth.

V. Department ofi\i'tflrrt,zal Culture(OdeljanjezanarodnoprosveH- vanje) hastwo sections: (1) Housekeeping set)ls andcoursessection (OtsekzadQma6i6ke Akole i tOajeve)has chrgeof those schools,prescribes theiroutlines of study;prepares projects of their budget:and superintendsthe train- ing of their teachingpersonnel. (2) Sectionof people's educationoutside the school(Otsekza)ros- veéivanje narodavanAkole)organizescourses for the illiterates; organizes popularlectures; supervisespeoples'universities;issues special publicationsin order to spreadpopular educationwithin the k ingdom; organizesspecial broadcastingprograms and popular theaters; collects dataonilliteracy; and,in general, hascharge of alladult education. The chiefsof thedepartments(ndelnici)areappointed by theKing andareresponsibleto the Minister.Thesec- tion chief(14ef) is appointedby the Ministeronrecommenda- tion ofthe chief ofthe respectivedepartment. A PPENDI X 141

The executive officerof the Ministry is the Ministerof Education (Ministar Prosvete).He is selected by the Prime Minister, of whom he isinvariablyapoliticalsupporter, and appointed by the King,and isamember of the Cabinet inpower.The Minister is assistedbyanAs§istant Minister of Education (Pomoénik MinistraProsvete) and by his Office \knownas"Kabinet, Ministraprosvete."The latter has Jchargeof special appointmentsfor the Minister, handles his official correspondenceand all the complaints addressedto the Minister. Chid' ConnellOnEducation.-There is in the Ministrya Chief CouncilonEducation ((flavni prosvetnisavet) which isanadvisory body.Its aim isto adviseonall questions affectinganyreform in education;toprepareprojects for school legislation,statutes, and curricula;to supervise school textbooks and books for libraries; and, in general,to advise onall literary and artistic works forusein educationor deserving State help.The Council consists ofachairman, assistant chairman, and 35 members, all of whomare ap- pointed for 3yearsby the Kingonrecommendation of the Ministry of EducationThe membership of the council is madeupof specialists in all phases oT education.The Assistant Minister of Education and the chiefs of all five departments of the Ministryaremembersexofficio.More- over,therearerepresentatives from the Ministry of Agri- culture and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry,one from each,asconsultantsonagiicultural,and technical and commercial education, respectively.The regular meeting (stalno ve6e), consisting of the chairman, his assistant, and 15 members,is held usuallyonce amonthor moreoften, dependingonthematterin hand.The plenary meeting (plenarno ve6e), for which thepresenceof all members is required, is heldatleast twicea year.The Council is authorized to invitesomeexpertsoneducationasspecial members toanyof its meetings,asthe need arises. Inspection of schools.The inspection of all public and private schools of primary and elementary general instruc- tion is united ina corpsof ministerial inspector9, andpro- vincial and district school superintendents (baLski i sreski Akolski nadzornici).Each institution must be visitedat leastonce a yearbyan°inspectorwho has authority to 142 EDUCATIONINTrOOSLAVIA

inquireverythoroughlyinto itsorganization,discipline, strength ofteachingstaff,methods ofinstruction,progress, etc. No previousnotice isgiventoanyschoolof thecoming ofaninspector. Areportoneach inspectionismadeto the Ministry. Allsecondary andnormalschools haveaspecialinspection during the lastmonth ofthe schoolyearand especiallyduring the periodof thefinalormaturityexamination.For that purposethe Ministryappointsto each institution,as amin- isterialdeputy(ministarskiizaslanik),aprofessorof the universityorof thehigherpedagogicalschools,who,on behalf ofthe Ministry,superintendsthe school,visitsthe classes and isthechairman ofthe maturityexaminationcom- mission.Areportongeneralstandingof theschool issent to the Ministry. BanorinaSchool Board(Banorinski kolskiOdbor).In orderto direct educationaffairsmoreeffectively,each ofthe ninebanovinashasadepartment ofeducation(prosvetne odeljenje)which isabranch ofthe MinistryofEducation. Thesedepartmentsaredivided intothreesections:(1) General;(2) elementaryand homeeconomiceducation;and (3) civic,secondary,and normaleducation.Eachbanovina inturn is dividedinto severaldistricts(srezi)whereedu- cationaffairsareunder thecontrol ofdistrictschoolsuper- intendents(sreski Akolskinadzornici). Theadministrativeeducationbody ofthe banovinais the BanorinskilikoLskiodbor (bailovinaschoolboard).Itsmem- bersare:Theassistantgovernor,chairman ofthe board;the director ofthe provincialdepartment ofeducation,assistant chairmanof theboard;the provincialschoolinspector;the chief ofthe sectionofsecondaryinstructionof theprovincial departmentofeducation;onerepresentativefromeach of the sanitary,agriculture,technical,and financialprovincial boards;the directorsand principalsofelementary,civic, secondary,and normalschools ofthebanovina;and five citizensappointedby thegovernor.Duties ofthe board are: Superintendence ofall schoolsin thebanovina;finance of schools;preparationof provincialschoolbudget;opening ofnewschools;collectingschoolstatisticsof thebanovina, promotionof adulteducation;andsupervisionof school endowments. A PPENDI 143 In addition, in citieswithatleast30,000 inhabitants, there aremunicipal school boards(mjesni Akolskiodbor) whichare subordinatedto the provincial schoolboard, and theirduties arelimitedtoarespective city.It consists ofthemayor, the municipalschool superintendent,the directors of the school in that city,the schoolphysician, andfive members of the localm al council. - The adminis naive me:chanismof provincial Etnamunicipal sch 1.1: p -with theirinspection persoimelis used bythe istry of Education in its closecontrol anddirection of themost important education activitiesof the nation.

e INCOMPLETESTATISTICS OFEDUCATIONFOR 1936-37

[Thesearethe data mentionedon p.8 of ch. Il Statistics of educationfor thepast 2yearsfor all the dif- ferenttypes of schools in Yugoslaviaare notavailable.The schools of generalinstructionarereportedonfor1936-37 and the dataaresummarized in the following a tables: TABLE 1.kStalisika of infantschools, 1938-37

Number of ""T- BMW vina Students I nstructors

Sch6ois Chimes , Total (Eris Total Women

=111

2 3 4 7

Dravska. 52 i 71 2. 392 1, 235 73 Savska_._.. 31 39 1, 583 764 39 Vrbaska_... 6 1 6 209 110 6 Prtmoraka _.. 33 1 43 1, 962 1, 036 46 . Drinska_ _ . 20 I r 1.oki 550 24 _ _. &Asks_ 25 I 34 1. 253 647 34 Duna vska._ In , 244 i 16, 415 8, 426 222 Moravska. . 18 20 1. 006 409 18 Varlarska 32 i 41 2, 177 1. 057 3S City of Belgrade__ .._._ __.. 23 36 I 1, 764 871 40

The IC . 413 1r-29. 8Q , 154.1a5 i 537 537 144 EDUCATION IN YUGOSLAVIA

TABLE IL-Statisticsof elementary(primary andadvanced elementary) schools,1936-87

Number of-

Banovina Students Inhabitants Teachers toa- cliook C laws

Total Girls %al WomenschoolClass

1 2 2 4 5 7 14

1)ravsk 3. 862 180, 644,r) 89, 714 Savska 4. 6744 2, 489 1, 337 214t 4. 937 271, 265 128, 376 6, 099 2. 914 I, 473 547 Vrbaskit 969 61,711 14, 11t1 1.413 494 2. 137 I.t)711 Primorska 605 1, 420 titt, 482 34, 707 1, 957 778 1, 484 634 1/husk;I 684 1. 941 121, 633 38, 4tit; 2, 54 I5 1, 121 2. Zi8 789 Zetska . _ 794 1, 633 81, 986 29, 417 1, 991 513 1, 165 566 1hula vska 1. 129 4,693 273, 974 132,235 5, 477 2, 590 2, 115 509 Moravska I, (r21 2, 445 161, 915 73, 622 2, 771 1, 080 1. 408 587 Vardarska 1, 130 Z 582 141, 322 54,865 2, 740 886 1, 394 615 City of Belgrade _ 1 46 577 23, 059 11, 006 713 412 6, 342 506

The Kingdom 8, 585 ! 25, 039I, 404, 032. 60R, 544 30, 345 I 13, 277 1, 623 556

Classifiedasto the language usedfor themedium*of instructionthe pupilswere:Serbo-Croatianand Slovenian, 1,319,344 German,39,422; Magyar,27,051; Czechoslovak, 10,168; Rumanian,4,951; Ruthenian,1,525; Russian,493; Italian,476; and French,458.

TALLE III.Statistics of generalsecondaryschnis(gymnasia,real gymnasia, and realschools),1936-47

Number of--

Banovina Students Teachers Inhabitants to SchoolsClasses 8-

Total GirlsTotalWomenSchool Class

1 e 3 4 3 6 7 8 1

Dravska.. . .. _ 16 280 1 1, 711 4, 122 488 92 71, 512 4,086 Savska _ 38 563 22, 369 8, 447 1, 055 338 71, 13 4, 801 Vrhaska 5 .... 58 2, 471 764 108 32 207, 272 17, 868 Primorska 12 142 5, 549 1 534 Drinska 279 58 75, 066 6, 343 14 2S0 10, 694 3 280 449 167109, 348 8, 123 Zetska 20 427 8, 497 1 913 388 7946, 249 4, 074 Dunavska. 27 404 15, 985 5 895 764 29288, 425 5, 909 Moravska 17 221 8, 780 2 611 370 14384, 478 8, 498 Vardarska . . 19 228 8, 992 2 788 388 151 82, 904 8, 908 City ofBelgrade .4 17 346 15, 094 6, 565 693 346 17, 181 843 The Kingdom 185 2. 719110, 14237, 919 4, 9S8 1, 698 75, 302 5, 123

.7 c

c A PPEN DI X 145

Withrespect tolanguage of instruction, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenianwereused with 108,527 students; Russian, Magyar, 289; Czechoslovak, 269; Runlanian, 129; and 841; e German, 87. The 185 schools of this typewere156 National, 10 self- governed, 13 sectarian, and 6 private. TABLE 1V. Statistics of civic schools, 19.*; 3;

Number (f

Inhlitittints !him1 .1111414.tits Frurti,rs 141 a S4111 look .1:1I'`

'Fowl ()iris TotalWomenSch4H1.1 hiss

e 4 5 6 7 9

a?.

Dravska 46 264 9, 632 5,1g5 459 252 24,874 4,334

Savska _.. . . 51 292 9. g49 ; 4, 224 611 331 53,003 9, 257 Vrhaska 14 62 1. 670 tv81 131 57 74,026 16.715 Primorska.... . 23 11 1 3, 066 1, 238 236 96 39,168 8,115 Drinska___ . 16 97 3, 160 1, 142 207 108 95,579 15, 782 Zetska __ 15 53 1, no 374 109 41 61,666 17,453 Dunavska _ _ 32 203 7, 177 3, 007 428 174 74,609 11,711

M oravska__ _ 3 11 313 65 27 747g,710130,557 Vardorska_ . _. 13 47 765 168 101 37121,168 33,515 City ofBelgrá 6 M 1, 987 711 131 54i4g, 623 5,402

The Kingdom.. 219 1, 194 34,g39 16, 695 2,440 1,157 63,611 . 11,667

1 In the entiregroupof 38,839 students, 38,262 (including 16,412 girls),or98.3 percent,wereinstructed through the Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian languages.Germanwasused for 143 (42 girls) andSerbo-Croatianand German for434 (241 girls). TABLE V.---Statisticsof normal schools,1938-37

Number of

Banovina Students Teachers Schools( 'lassos Total his TotalWomen

4 6 7

Dravska _ 4 9 294 113 60 29 Havska 26 632 269 134 43 Vrbaska _____ 1 4 94 41 20 4 Primorska_ 2 6 134 62 27 5 Drinska. . _ - 4 12 331 124 68 24 Zetska _ 2 119 38 25 6 Dunavska.. 5 20 475 265 88 21 Moravska 4 14 449 94 44 1 Q94 Vardarska. 1 7 223 21 7 City of Belgrade . 2 11 306 140 61 23

The Kingdom _ _ ..... 33 115 2,997 1, 240 548 168 - 4 , votsrlit

I!.'AVT"::, a.

146 EDUCATION INYUGOSLAVIA

TABLE VI.Statistics ofenrollment ofuniversity students,1936-37

Number of 1*. University andfaculty Students Professors

ANMEMNI

! Total Women Total women

1 2 3 4

Be ivradi.: 110146001y . 1, 110 668 Law :I, 7-in 472 Arie(Iicirte - m ill) pharmacy 711 177 Technicalscience 1.11.ron 59 Agriculture-y:0%1(1111mi. I. 7'23 64 _ \'eterinary medicine 138 ireek-( )1ihodo. 2 theology _. 253 26

7, 7'25 1, 468 431 22- at Skoplje Philos)phy, 168 7.598) Law, at Subotica 571 54I1 39 _ _ - -- Total 8, 464 I 1, 605 452 22 Zagreb: Philosophy 1 lAw. 1, 237 636I__ 1, 186 o 142I. Medicine 788 159 Technical science 611 34 A griculture-ailviculture. 5001 64 Veterinarymedicine _ .. _ .. ___.____ ....._ ..4KIE 2 Catholic theology i 311

Total_ 5,116 I 1, 037 392 11 Ljubljana: Philosophy 432 2108 4 . AP ..... a.MN. m elpIP Law _ ------654 66 _ Medicine 164 26 eN Technical science 359 14 Catholic theology 179 Total 1, 7R8 314 164 6 Total .-,s 15, 368 2, 956 1,1108 _ 39 a o

. -net.