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Cation in Yugoslavia UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF et THE INTERIOR Harold L..Ickes,Secretary OFFICE OF EDUCATION-J. W. Studebaker,Commissioner , ; CATION INYUGOSLAVIA By VERIN K.TUROSIENSKI , Spcialist In ComparativeEducation Bulletin 1939, No. 6 e r UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTINGOFFICE WASHINGTON:IOU a alt Perak lorC4itSupostoinedesst of lOsuments, Waddemptea,D. C--..-...-Price 21I seats / IC CONTENTS Page .._ _ __ __ _ _ FOREWORD_ _ VII CHAPTER I. THE COUNTRYAND ITSEDUCATION SYSTEM,_ 1 History__ ___ . _ _. _ _ _ _ _ 1 __ ___ _ Languages and minorities_ _ _ __ __ __ _ 2 Religion _..,..____ _, 4 A _ _ _ __ _ Government __ _ _ _ _ -___ 4 Education.._ _ _ _ 5- _ _ _ _ The schoolsystem__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 Statisticalsurvey_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 6 Cbaracteristics of the educationsystem__ _ . __ _ __ _ 8 _ _ _ _ Illiteracy_ ..... _ __ _ _ _ 11 , National expendituresoneducation_ _ _ 13 _ Bibliography _-_._ _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ 14 CHAPTER II. INFANTAND ELEMENTARY EDUCATION_ 17 _ _ _ _ Preschool education_ _ __ _ _ _ '17 Elementary education__ _ _ _ _ _ _ 17 . Schoolyear___ _ ...... 18 _ _ Organization of instruction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 Sparselysettledareas____ _ ! 19 Advancedelementary schools__ 19 _. Outlines of thecourses__ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 20 Experimental elementary schools__ _ _ 24 _ _ _ Special schools fordefective children_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 24 Bibliography 25 CHAPTER III. GENERALSECONDARY EDUCATION -. _ _ 26 Organization _ ._ _ _.... _ _ __ _ _ ... 26 Historicalsurvey m a. Ms ma 26 _ .. Kinds of schools _ _ _ _ _ , _ _.1fla mm, a. ma dab 27 Curricula ma, . ,m AIM ma. bm mm, 27 Schoolyear 29 Grading system.. 0 29 Curriculum: _ Classical gymnasia,_ _ IM dIMI 29 Real gymnasia:..._ __ __ 38 _ _ . _ ._ _ _ _ _ . Real schools__ _ _ _ _ _ 41 *-. The maturityexamination_ _ _ _ __ _ _Mo . 43 Thematurity certificate__ __ _ __ _ _ _ 46 Secondary schoolsfor minorities_ 46 Bibliography - 47 Tri 411, , . -:r:ftt:Zi.r;';M* 1V CONTENTS Pao CHAPTERIV.SPECIALIZED SEcONDARYSCHOOLS___ _. Civicschools: --,..... Outlinesof thecourses _ . 5! Graduation__ _ _._ _ 4.... 51 Technicalandindustrial__ _ _ _ .)_r., Commercial_ _ _ , eli Agricultural_ _ _ _ 1 _ _ (') Forestry___ _ _ _ _ _ Music, _ _ _ 73 drama,appliedarts _ 73 Theological__. _ 7:, Bibliography_ _ _.. _ _ _ _ 7t; CHAPTERV.EDUCATIONAND STATUS OF TEACHERS_ _ Infant,primary,and _ _ _ _ _ 79 advancedelementaryschools__ _ Schools _ _ 79 ofdomesticscience__ _ 82 Civic _ _ _ schools_ _ _ _ 83 .. Schoolsfordefectives_ 'Inspectorsof _ _ s3 elementaryschools__ _ _ _ _ Secondaryand normal _ MID S 3 schools__ _ _ Institutionsof _ _ _ _ R3 highereducation____ _ _ _ Generalstatus ofteachers___ _ _ M OM eM m fiti Discipline_ . _ . -. _ _ _ _ _ _ 87 Remuneration___ _ _ _ _ ... go _ o . - OW - . 87 Teachers'associations__ _ Bibliography.._ _ __ 88 CHAPTERVI.INSTITUTIONSOF HIGHER EDUCATION__ __ _ _ 94) _ Generaldata__ _ _ . ._ _ __ _ ...........___ _ _ Admission 90 requirements____ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ 90 Studentbody__ ... _ ___ .. _ 91 Tuitionfees__ _ ....._ _ _ _ _ __ 91 Credentialsgranted__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gradingscale _ 92 _ _ _ _ _ ... _ ..... _ 92 Academicyear_ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ 93 Administration_ _ _ . .. .. ._ _ __ _ 93 Teachingstaff__ ___ _. _ _ . _ _ 94 Universitiesandautonomousfaculties andschools _ 95 university '4 ofBelgrade _ 4M MD _ _ 95 FacultyofPhilosophyatSkoiAje Ìb MIM 1;5 Facultyof Lawat Subotica__ _ _ Universityof the ._ _ 95 KingdomofYugoslaviaat Zagreb 95 KingAlexanderIUniversity at Ljubljana___ _ 94i Curriculaandfaculties _ ..._ _ _ 96 Philosophy . 96 LAW__ _ _ _ __ . ..... _ _ ___ _ _ _____ _ _____ 101 Medicine____ 102 Schoolof PublicHealth at Zagreb_ _ _ _ _ 103 Dentistry..._ V V 103 Pharmacy___ _ _ . 104 Theology______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ .......... 410 Mi *ma _ 104 HigherIslamicSchoolat Sarajevo.. IMIIND _ 106 ( %ow .44.3i7 I, . t 4,-, . t. 4, j*, f.--e -6-..bstaf;;%; i't .* -1-4-- - CONTENTS CHAPTERVI. INSTITUTIONSOFHIGHER EDUCATIONContinued. Universities and autonomous facultiesand schoolsContinued. Curricula and facultiesContinued. rage Agriculture-silviculture 106 ___ Technicalscience____ _ _ 107 Veterinarymedicine . 110 University librariesarid institutes_. _ 111 Higher special schools__ _ 112 Economics andcommerce_ 112 Pedagogics__ . _ 114 _ Fine arts and music_ _ _ _ lls Schools for nationaldefense__ _ _ _ _ 121 Bibliography___ _ _ __ 123 CHAPTER VII. GENERAL CULTURALANDWELFAREAGENCIES_ 126 Adult education___ _ _ _ _ _ __ 126 Physical training,social and medicalcare__ _ _ 127 Other cultural andscientific institutes___ 131 _ Bibliography__ _ _ 134 _ _ _ _ _ APPENDIX _ _ 137 Organization ofthe Ministry of ./..ducatiorr__ _ _ Ob dID 137 __ _ Chief Council of Education.. _ ID 141 Inspection of schools__ _ _ _ __ _ , _ _ 141 _ _ Banovina School Board_ . MM 142 Incomplete statistics ofeducat ion for 193637 143 Iv 411 6 AII FOREWORD Theearnestness,even eagerness,with whichthe nations newly createdorrecreatedat the close of the WorldWar, went to work to build efficient schoolsystemswasand isone of the strongest expressions inmodern timesof fine faith in education.flaving longhoped and insome cases%fought for their rights and the rightsof their childrento adequate general and professionaltraining, whentheywere,finally free to doso,they lostnotime in bringingtogether whatever educational institutionsthey inheritedfrom -theprevious governments, organizing them intoonesystem of schools, improving themasmuchas meanswould permit,and adapting them to thenewpolitical and socialconditions. From timetotiniethe Office ofEducation has reporteaon thesenewschoolsystems.Accounts have beenpublished of education in Estonia,Free City ofDanzig, IrishFree State, Czechoslovakia, Poland,and Germany.This bulletinadds anotherto the series, whichwebelieve willbe ofgeneral interestto educators in thiscountryaswellasof specific helpto school officials who deal withstudenttransfers.Not agreat deal has been written inthe UnitedStates about educationamongthe Southern Slaysand thisaccount of education in Yugoslaviawilltosome extentovercamethat lack.The reader willfind that theYugoslavians alsomade provisioilfor educationto beamajorpart of theirprogram for national unity anddevelopment. To gatherthe data for thisreport, the authorspent 2 months iii Yugoslaviavisiting theschools, conferringwith the Ministry ofEducation andother official organizations, and acquaintinghimself generallywith educationconditions in The Kingdom.To themany personsboth in Yugoslavia and the United Stateswho helped him inhis work,the Office of Education isdeeply indebtedand herewithexpressesits gratitude. BESS GOODYKOONTZ, - AgsisttiniCommissionerofEducation. VII - o a R B Ur) a. I. .0 ,* 41.6* R 0 * A 10 e SANAJIVO % /. J tcA , , 4 , o ,_ __ ,, V. \ , ,, ,, , . .1 . 4111. , , I o , ,ea 1 I ,%.. .0r ( DUISROVNIK lb . 1 ,....... % $1110PLJE ---.4 M A P I OF (V R SK A%>0, a 7 I Y UG I e OSLAVI A A v., II 11CALIOf MILES 10127msessod,4P - -.1111111. goe.up es. 14112239(Facep.1) -1.4titia" --13r - =a- - CHAPTER 1: THE COUNTRY AND ITS EDUCATION SYSTEM THE KINGDOM of Yugoslavia(KFaljevina Jugoslavija) 1hasan areaof 95,558squaremiles, slightly less than the landareaof Ohio and Illinois combined. Its population, estimatedonJanuary 1, 1937, at 15,173,608 is about 800,0(X) morethan that ascertained by thecensusof 1030 for the two ,...States, and thedensity of populationpe'rsquaremile ignow t;probably about thesame.Yugoslavia ismorenorthward .>'than Ohioand Illinois.Theylieroughly betweenthe thirtY-seventh and forty-secondparallels bf north latitude while it extends from the fortieth to the forty-sixth,orfor comparativepurposes,from the northern boundary of Maryland (Mason and Dixon's Line) to beyondthe cities of Ottawa andMontreal in Canada. The surface is mountain- ous; morethan 45 percent of it is above 500 meters(1,840 feet) elevation, andslightly less than 30 percent is under 2,00 meters.The plainsarepredominantly in the northern Raft,of the country along theSlava,Drava, Dunav (Danube), and MoravaRivers.Inor nearthemarethe large cities: Belgrade (240,000), Zagreb (186,000),Subotica (100,000), Sarajevo (78,000), Skoplje (69,000), and Ljubljana (60,66(0. Theyarethe places that will bementiitínedmostofteh in the followingpages. History.Before the World War, the territorythat isnow Yugoslaviawasoccupied by the following:Two independent nations whichwerethe Kingdom of Serbia(Kraljevina Srbija), and Montenegro (rnagora-liara-Dagh);the two semiautonomous Provinces of Bosniaand Herzegovina, administered by the Austro-Hungarian Government;the Provinces of Croatia and Slavonia thatwerepartsof Hungary but had autonomy in home affairs, publicinstruction, and justice; Dalmatia,aProvinco of Austria; the southern part of the Province of Carniola in Austria,wiieremost of the Slovenes lived; and Voivodina in the southern sectionof Hungary.In theseareas werethe Southern Slays,called soto distinguish them fromthe Eastern Slays(Russians), and tilt, Northwestern Slays (Polish and Czech). 6) ElnCATWNIN YUGOSLAVIA In thelatterpart of the World.War,Slovenia,Croatin. Dalmatia,and Bosniadeclaredtheirindependenceandwith Serbiaformed theSerb, Croat,and SloveneState(Kraljeyinn Srba, Hrvata,i Slovenaca).Its firstministryactedofficially in December 1°918.Montenegrojoinedin1921.The boundariesweredefinitelydeterminedby thetreatyof Rapallo.By thecensusof January31, 1921, thepopulation was 12,017,323. Under theconstitutionof June28, 1921, theunits of locn1 administrationwereNorth Serbia,SouthSerbia,Montenegro. BosniaandHerzegovina,Dalmatia,CroatiaandSlavonin. Slovenia,and Voivodina,withboundariesessentiallythc same as those they hadwhen theycameinto theunion ThiscontinueduntilJanuary6, 41929,whenthe King abolishedtheconstitutionand tookdieexecutivepowerin hisrownhands. Bylaw ofOctober3, 1929, thename \Vti chitngedto Kingdom ofYugoslavia. Thenonparliamentaryregimecame toanendSeptember 3,1931, withthe adoptionof thepresent constitution. For administrativepurposesthecountry isnowdividedmilli) ninehtinovinas,and theCity ofBelgrade.(See themap oppositep.1.)Roughly,thepresent divisionscorrespond to the formerasfollows: Dravska__ . _ _ Slovenia. Savska_ _ _ __ Croatia andSlavonia. Vrhaska__ _ _ __ _ _ _ Bosniti. Primorska _ __ Dalmatia. Drinska _ __ PartsofBosniaandof Nor* Serbia.
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