DOCSLIB.ORG

Medical Terminology Course

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Medical Terminology Course Manual for Cancer Registry Personnel Edited by D. Esteban, S. Whelan, A. Laudico and D.M. Parkin In collaboration with D. Badger, S. Gravestock and A.L. Maya IARC Technical Report No. 10 Lyon, 1995 Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon cédex 08, France © international Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995 Distributed by IARCPress (Fax: +33 72 73 83 02; E-mail: [email protected]) and by the World Health Organization Distribution and Sales, CH-1211 Geneva 27 (Fax: +41 22 791 4857) Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations used and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Editorial & Publications Service, International Agency for Research on Cancer, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 92 832 1424 2 Manual for Cancer Registry Personnel (1995: Lyon, France) editors, D. Esteban ... [et. al.] (IARC Technical Reports; 10) 1. Data Collection - handbooks 2. Data Collection - methods 3. Registries - handbooks 4. Registries - methods I. Esteban, D. Il. Series ISBN 92 832 1424 2 (NLM Classification: QZ 39) Produced in France EDITORS' AND COLLABORATORS' ADDRESSES Dr Divina Esteban Ms Diane Badger Rizal Cancer Registry Statistics Canada Department of Health Rizal Medical Centre R.H. Coats Building Pasig Boulevard, Pasig Tunney's Pasture Metro Manila 1600 Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6 Philippines Canada Ms Sharon L. Whelan and Dr D.M. Parkin Ms Sandra Gravestock International Agency for Research on Cancer Mersey & Cheshire Cancer Registry 150 cours Albert Thomas 2nd Floor, Muspratt Building 69372 Lyon Cedex 08 University of Liverpool France P0 Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX Dr A. Laudico United Kingdom Manila Cancer Registry Philippine Cancer Society Ms Alba Lucia Maya 310 San Rafael Florida Tumor Registrars Association P0 Box 3066 North Shore Medical Center Inc. Manila 1005 1100 N.W. 95 Street Philippines Miami, Florida 33150 USA The editors and their collaborators gratefully acknowledge the permission of the following to draw upon or to reproduce their published material: American Joint Committee on Cancer, 55 East Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA, for the Manual for Staging of Cancer (Third Edition) Margaret Boyd, formerly of the Provincial Cancer Hospitals Board, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and the Misericordia Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, for the Medical Terminology Course Evelyn Shambaugh of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, Executive Plaza North, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, for the chapter on Data Presentation Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, R.H. Coats Building, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OT6, Canada, for the Manual for Cancer Records Officers Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, Executive Plaza North, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA, for the SEER Self Instructional Manual for Tumor Registrars 11 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................... 1.1 Chapter 2 The diagnosis and treatment of cancer ............................... 2.1 Appendix 2.1 Acronyms and abbreviations...................................... 2.28 Appendix 2.2 Symbols...................................................... 2.47 Appendix 2.3 Cancer chemotherapeutic agents................................... 2.48 Chapter 3 Data Collection ................................................. 3.1 Appendix 3.1 Reportable list ................................................. 3.52 Chapter 4 Coding........................................................ 4.1 Appendix 4.1 Summary staging guide .......................................... 4.32 Appendix 4.2 Instructions for abstracting extent of disease and diagnostic procedures .... 4.67 Appendix 4.3 Definitions of anatomical sites according to the manual for Staging of cancer of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging.............. 4.76 Chapter 5 In-put procedures ............................................... 5.1 Chapter 6 Quality control .................................................. 6.1 Chapter 7 Data presentation ............................................... 7.1 Chapter 8 Confidentiality of medical records .................................. 8.1 Chapter 9 Medical Terminology Course....................................... 9.1 Chapter 10 Bibliography .................................................. 10.1 Index............................................................... 11.1 1 Introduction The need for data on cancer lation, in order to understand and so control the impact of cancer in that population. Analysis of the data collected will show how It has been estimated that in 1985 there many cancers there are, and which types are were 7.6 million new cancer cases in the the most frequent. This will permit studies world, 52% of which occurred in the to identify the causes of cancer, and at the developing countries (Parkin et al., 1993). same time the registry data can be used to The burden of cancer will increase very evaluate the effect of screening programmes rapidly in the next few years, largely due to or other activities designed to reduce cancer an increasing proportion of elderly people in incidence in the population, as well as to most countries. In the year 2000, there will study the effect of early diagnosis and of be some 10.5 million new cases, and nearly treatment. The cancer registry data can also six million of these will occur in the be used to plan requirements for the per- developing world. Cancer, which has long sonnel, medical facilities and equipment been a major problem in the more needed for the diagnosis and treatment of developed countries, is now a major public the cancer patient. health problem in all countries. In order to undertake any programme of cancer control, it is necessary to understand the burden of cancer in a community. Can- The cancer registry cer is not a single disease, it is a term which describes many different diseases. It is not A registry is simply a place where registers or sufficient to know the total number of can- records of, for example, births, marnages cers in a population, because patterns of and deaths are kept. There are many dif- occurrence vary widely between geographical ferent types of registry or register, there are areas, between ethnic groups, by socio- registries which record information on ill- economic categories, by occupation and by a nesses other than cancer, and there are wide variety of cultural factors. So data on several types of cancer registry. cancer have to show the distribution of the The hospital cancer registry is concerned with different types of cancer in a population. cancer patients from the hospital in which it Once the baseline data are established it is operates, or the group of hospitals for which it possible to search for the aetiological or has responsibility. It has a primarily clinical causative agents, and establish appropriate function, and the data produced are used to interventions to prevent the cancers from assess the medical care given to the cancer developing. Examples of activities to pre- patient, to improve treatment regimes, and to vent cancer are screening programmes, follow the patient to ensure that check-up notably for cancer of the cervix (this is visits are made regularly. The data recorded called secondary prevention, because it pre- will include extensive clinical information vents cancer from developing by removing which would not normally be collected by a it at an early stage), and education about the population-based cancer registry, for example ill-effects of tobacco or the benefits of heal- on diagnostic procedures and courses of thy eating (primary prevention to stop the therapy. The hospital registry does not dis- cancer occurring at all). tinguish between residents and non-residents The role of the population-based cancer in an area, but collects information on all registry is to collect the data which will give patients in the hospital irrespective of where an accurate picture of cancer in a popu- they come from. 1 2 Manual for Cancer Registry Personnel The pathology registry collects all patho- data in the cancer registry. The quality of logical or histological diagnoses made in a the data, with some indicators to show how laboratory, and data from such registries it can be monitored, is discussed in Chapter have been
Load more

Recommended publications
  • E Pleura and Lungs
    Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · EssentialChapter Clinical4 Anatomy e pleura and lungs • The pleura ............................................................................63 • MCQs .....................................................................................75 • The lungs .............................................................................64 • USMLE MCQs ....................................................................77 • Lymphatic drainage of the thorax ..............................70 • EMQs ......................................................................................77 • Autonomic nervous system ...........................................71 • Applied questions .............................................................78 THE PLEURA reections pass laterally behind the costal margin to reach the 8th rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the The pleura is a broelastic serous membrane lined by squa- midaxillary line, and along the 12th rib and the paravertebral mous epithelium forming a sac on each side of the chest. Each line (lying over the tips of the transverse processes, about 3 pleural sac is a closed cavity invaginated by a lung. Parietal cm from the midline). pleura lines the chest wall, and visceral (pulmonary) pleura Visceral pleura has no pain bres, but the parietal pleura covers
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 22 *Lecture Powerpoint
    Chapter 22 *Lecture PowerPoint The Respiratory System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • Breathing represents life! – First breath of a newborn baby – Last gasp of a dying person • All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP – ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide – Drives the need to breathe to take in oxygen, and eliminate carbon dioxide 22-2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System • Expected Learning Outcomes – State the functions of the respiratory system – Name and describe the organs of this system – Trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli – Relate the function of any portion of the respiratory tract to its gross and microscopic anatomy 22-3 Anatomy of the Respiratory System • The respiratory system consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to the lung – Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out • Respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide – Considered jointly as cardiopulmonary system – Disorders of lungs directly effect the heart and vice versa • Respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body’s acid–base balance 22-4 Anatomy of the Respiratory System • Respiration has three meanings – Ventilation of the lungs (breathing) – The exchange of gases between the air and blood, and between blood and the tissue fluid – The use of oxygen in cellular metabolism 22-5 Anatomy of the Respiratory System • Functions – Provides O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air – Serves for speech and other vocalizations – Provides the sense of smell – Affects pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2 22-6 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Language and Medical Terminology
    ODESSA NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department of foreign languages Latin Language and medical terminology TextbookONMedU for 1st year students of medicine and dentistry Odessa 2018 Authors: Liubov Netrebchuk, Tamara Skuratova, Liubov Morar, Anastasiya Tsiba, Yelena Chaika ONMedU This manual is meant for foreign students studying the course “Latin and Medical Terminology” at Medical Faculty and Dentistry Faculty (the language of instruction: English). 3 Preface Textbook “Latin and Medical Terminology” is designed to be a comprehensive textbook covering the entire curriculum for medical students in this subject. The course “Latin and Medical Terminology” is a two-semester course that introduces students to the Latin and Greek medical terms that are commonly used in Medicine. The aim of the two-semester course is to achieve an active command of basic grammatical phenomena and rules with a special stress on the system of the language and on the specific character of medical terminology and promote further work with it. The textbook consists of three basic parts: 1. Anatomical Terminology: The primary rank is for anatomical nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. Anatomical nomenclature is produced on base of the Latin language. Latin as a dead language does not develop and does not belong to any country or nation. It has a number of advantages that classical languages offer, its constancy, international character and neutrality. 2. Clinical Terminology: Clinical terminology represents a very interesting part of the Latin language. Many clinical terms came to English from Latin and people are used to their meanings and do not consider about their origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and Main Principals Of
    Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and main principals of anatomical, pharmaceutical and clinical terminology (Student's book) Simferopol, 2017 Contents No. Topics Page 1. UNIT I. Latin language history. Phonetics. Alphabet. Vowels and consonants classification. Diphthongs. Digraphs. Letter combinations. 4-13 Syllable shortness and longitude. Stress rules. 2. UNIT II. Grammatical noun categories, declension characteristics, noun 14-25 dictionary forms, determination of the noun stems, nominative and genitive cases and their significance in terms formation. I-st noun declension. 3. UNIT III. Adjectives and its grammatical categories. Classes of adjectives. Adjective entries in dictionaries. Adjectives of the I-st group. Gender 26-36 endings, stem-determining. 4. UNIT IV. Adjectives of the 2-nd group. Morphological characteristics of two- and multi-word anatomical terms. Syntax of two- and multi-word 37-49 anatomical terms. Nouns of the 2nd declension 5. UNIT V. General characteristic of the nouns of the 3rd declension. Parisyllabic and imparisyllabic nouns. Types of stems of the nouns of the 50-58 3rd declension and their peculiarities. 3rd declension nouns in combination with agreed and non-agreed attributes 6. UNIT VI. Peculiarities of 3rd declension nouns of masculine, feminine and neuter genders. Muscle names referring to their functions. Exceptions to the 59-71 gender rule of 3rd declension nouns for all three genders 7. UNIT VII. 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension nouns in combination with II class adjectives. Present Participle and its declension. Anatomical terms 72-81 consisting of nouns and participles 8. UNIT VIII. Nouns of the 4th and 5th declensions and their combination with 82-89 adjectives 9.
    [Show full text]
  • GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008
    GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008 ANAT 6010 - Gross Anatomy Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine David A. Morton K. Bo Foreman Kurt H. Albertine Andrew S. Weyrich Kimberly Moyle 1 GROSS ANATOMY (ANAT 6010) ORIENTATION, FALL 2008 Welcome to Human Gross Anatomy! Course Director David A. Morton, Ph.D. Offi ce: 223 Health Professions Education Building; Phone: 581-3385; Email: [email protected] Faculty • Kurt H. Albertine, Ph.D., (Assistant Dean for Faculty Administration) ([email protected]) • K. Bo Foreman, PT, Ph.D, (Gross and Neuro Anatomy Course Director in Dept. of Physical Therapy) (bo. [email protected]) • David A. Morton, Ph.D. (Gross Anatomy Course Director, School of Medicine) ([email protected]. edu) • Andrew S. Weyrich, Ph.D. (Professor of Human Molecular Biology and Genetics) (andrew.weyrich@hmbg. utah.edu) • Kerry D. Peterson, L.F.P. (Body Donor Program Director) Cadaver Laboratory staff Jordan Barker, Blake Dowdle, Christine Eckel, MS (Ph.D.), Nick Gibbons, Richard Homer, Heather Homer, Nick Livdahl, Kim Moyle, Neal Tolley, MS, Rick Webster Course Objectives The study of anatomy is akin to the study of language. Literally thousands of new words will be taught through- out the course. Success in anatomy comes from knowing the terminology, the three-dimensional visualization of the structure(s) and using that knowledge in solving problems. The discipline of anatomy is usually studied in a dual approach: • Regional approach - description of structures regionally
    [Show full text]
  • SJ FILE Explanations, Comments, Pictures (Edited in MARCH 2018)
    SJ FILE explanations, comments, pictures (edited in MARCH 2018) Explanations: - the total number of Qs is different than in the original file, because I don’t like repeated Qs, so I was removing some while editing - the numbering system is different than in the original file, because I wanted to fit some pictures on a certain page and due to that I had to move around some Qs, so Qs #123 in this file might be #150 in the original file: I was regretting that step while studying with other people, but there’s nothing I can do now - usually the Qs in this file compared to the original are within +/- 20 Qs range, so if you are discussing a Qs with someone else look for it on a certain page, page up & page down = you will find it - this file is a combination between two SJ files available on the group (forgot which ones), if there was a difference in an answer I would look it up and post an explanation - I edited a lot of answers while studying with others, I believe these answers are correct and have minor mistakes - I passed studying from this file - questions with “????” → I didn’t understand the qs and I am not sure of the answer MC = most common Epi = epinephrine NEpi = norepinephrine LN = lymp node 1 1. Papilla of the tongue, no taste: FILIFORM 2. Tracheostomy: PHYSIOLOGICAL DEAD SPACE Physiological dead space = anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space Anatomical dead space doesn’t contribute to gas exchange. Anatomical dead space is decreased by: I.
    [Show full text]
  • Azygos Lobe: Prevalence of an Anatomical Variant and Its Recognition Among Postgraduate Physicians
    diagnostics Article Azygos Lobe: Prevalence of an Anatomical Variant and Its Recognition among Postgraduate Physicians Asma’a Al-Mnayyis 1,* , Zina Al-Alami 2, Neveen Altamimi 3, Khaled Z. Alawneh 4 and Abdelwahab Aleshawi 3 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; [email protected] 3 King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid 22110, Jordan; [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (A.A.) 4 Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +962-2-7211111; Fax: +962-2-7211162 Received: 5 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: The right azygos lobe is a rare anatomical variant of the upper lung lobe that can be misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, a lung abscess, or a bulla. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of right azygos lobe and to evaluate the ability of postgraduate doctors to correctly identify right azygos lobe. We analyzed a total of 1709 axial thoracic multi-detector computed tomography (CT) images for the presence of an azygos lobe. Additionally, a paper-based survey was distributed among a sample of intern doctors and radiology and surgery residents, asking them to identify the right azygos lobe in a CT image and in an anatomy figure. Results showed that the prevalence of the right azygos lobe in the study sample was 0.88%.
    [Show full text]
  • Acikders Icin LUNGS and PLEURA Pdf Için
    LUNGS AND PLEURA Tülin SEN ESMER, MD Professor of Anatomy Ankara University http://clinical-laboratory.blogspot.com/2013/11/anatomic-sand-sculpture.html SENESMER In this presentation; • Anatomy of the lung • Anatomy of the pleura will be summarized. SENESMER References • Gray’s Anatomy For Students, Drake R.L,Vogl A.W,Mitchell AWM, 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 2014 • Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Moore K.L, Dalley A.F, Agur A.M.R, 8th Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2018 • Atlas of Human Anatomy, Netter F.H., 6th Edition, Elsevier, 2014 • Atlas of Anatomy, Gilroy AM., MacPherson B.R, 3rd Edition, Thime, 2016 • Sobotta Human Anatomy, Paulsen F, and Waschke J, 15th Edition, Urban & Fischer, 2011 THORACIC CAVITY and LUNG Transversely sectioned thoracic cavity is divided into three parts ✓Two lateral pulmonary cavities ✓Centrally located mediastinum Each pleural cavity is completely lined by a mesothelial membrane called the pleura. During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum by a root formed by the airway, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic tissues, and nerves. SENESMER LUNG The lungs are the organs of respiration. Air enters and leaves the lungs via main bronchi, which are branches of the trachea. Their main function is to oxygenate the blood by bringing the inspired air into close relation with the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries The pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Variations of the Egyptian Human Lungs and Its
    International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2020, Vol 8(3.2):7674-79. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.187 MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF THE EGYPTIAN HUMAN LUNGS AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Mohammed Ahmed Shehata Amin Lecturer of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. ABSTRACT Background:Lung is a vital organ of respiration, Knowledge of the variations in the position and number of fissures and lobes of the lungs is necessary for the appreciation of lobar anatomy and correlate these findings with clinical applications. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on random lung specimens available at the museum of Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. A total of 40 lungs (21 right and 19 left) were studied for variations in the fissures, lobes and hilar pattern. Results: Among the right-sided lungs, 24% presented with incomplete horizontal fissure, 10% with absence of the horizontal fissure, 19% with incomplete oblique fissure and 14% with accessory fissures.29% presented with 2 pulmonary arteries, 38% with 3 pulmonary veins and 24% with 3 bronchi in the hilum of right lungs. Among the left-sided lungs, 47% presented with incomplete oblique fissures, 5% with absence of the oblique fissure and 16% with accessory fissures. 16% of the left lungs showed 2 pulmonary arteries, 37% had 3 pulmonary veins in the hilum and 21% had 2 bronchi in the hilum. Conclusion: The field of lung surgery is now highly advanced, with well developed radiological and endoscopic techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Lungs 6
    ANATOMYANATOMY OFOF LUNGSLUNGS - 1. Gross Anatomy of Lungs 6. Histopathology of Alveoli 2. Surfaces and Borders of Lungs 7. Surfactant 3. Hilum and Root of Lungs 8. Blood supply of lungs 4. Fissures and Lobes of 9. Lymphatics of Lungs Lungs 10. Nerve supply of Lungs 5. Bronchopulmonary 11. Pleura segments 12. Mediastinum GROSSGROSS ANATOMYANATOMY OFOF LUNGSLUNGS Lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in a thoracic cavity. Right and left lung are separated by the mediastinum. Texture -- Spongy Color – Young – brown Adults -- mottled black due to deposition of carbon particles Weight- Right lung - 600 gms Left lung - 550 gms THORACICTHORACIC CAVITYCAVITY SHAPE - Conical Apex (apex pulmonis) Base (basis pulmonis) 3 Borders -anterior (margo anterior) -posterior (margo posterior) - Inferior (margo inferior) 2 Surfaces -costal (facies costalis) - medial (facies mediastinus) - anterior (mediastinal) - posterior (vertebral) APEXAPEX Blunt Grooved byb - Lies above the level of Subclavian artery anterior end of 1st Rib. Subclavian vein Reaches 1-2 cm above medial 1/3rd of clavicle. Coverings – cervical pleura. suprapleural membane BASEBASE SemilunarSemilunar andand concave.concave. RestsRests onon domedome ofof Diaphragm.Diaphragm. RightRight sidedsided domedome isis higherhigher thanthan left.left. BORDERSBORDERS ANTERIORANTERIOR BORDERBORDER –– 1.1. CorrespondsCorresponds toto thethe anterioranterior ((CostomediastinalCostomediastinal)) lineline ofof pleuralpleural reflection.reflection. 2.2. ItIt isis deeplydeeply notchednotched inin
    [Show full text]
  • • None of the Above - the Bronchial Arteries Supply Blood to the Bronchi Each Lung Is Shaped Like a Cone
    • none of the above - the bronchial arteries supply blood to the bronchi Each lung is shaped like a cone. It has a blunt apex, a concave base (that sits on the diaphragm), a convex costal surface, and a concave mediastinal surface. At the middle of the mediastinal surface, the hilum is located, which is a depression in which the bronchi, vessels, and nerves that form the root enter and leave the lung. The root of the lung contains the following structures: • Primary bronchus: the right and left bronchi arise from the trachea and carry air to the hilum of the lung during inspiration and carry air from the lung during expiration • A pulmonary artery: enters the hilum of each lung carrying oxygen-poor blood • Pulmonary vein(s): a superior and inferior pair for each lung leave the hilum carrying oxygen-rich blood 1. The small bronchial arteries (which are branches of the thoracic portion of the descending Notes aorta) also enter the hilum of each lung and deliver oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. The bronchial arteries tend to follow the bronchial tree to the respiratory bronchioles where the bronchial arteries anastomose with the pulmonary vessels. 2. Branches of the vagus nerve pass behind the root of each lung to form the posterior pul - monary plexus . Innervation of the lung: The lung is innervated by parasympathetic nerves via the vagus and sympathetic nerves derived from the second to fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglia. These nerves form plexuses around the hilus of the lung and give rise to intrapulmonary nerves accompanying the bronchial tree and blood vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL
    Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Chapter 24 Adapted form Tortora 10th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Introduction (p.731) 1. The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system cooperate in order to: i. supply oxygen which is required by cells to produce ATP ii. eliminate carbon dioxide which produces acidity that is toxic to cells 2. The respiratory system provides for gas exchange, intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide, whereas the cardiovascular system transports these gases in the blood between the lungs and the body’s cells. 3. Failure of either system results in rapid death due to oxygen starvation and accumulation of waste molecules. 4. In addition to functioning in gas exchange, the respiratory system also: i. regulates blood pH ii. contains receptors for smell iii. filters inspired air iv. produces sound v. eliminates some water vapor and heat in exhaled air 5. Otorhinolaryngology is the medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat; a pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases. B. Respiratory System Anatomy (p. 732) 1. The upper respiratory system includes: i. nose ii. pharynx iii. structures associated with the above two 2. The lower respiratory system includes: i. larynx ii. trachea iii. bronchi iv. lungs 3. Functionally, the respiratory system consists of two portions: i. conducting portion, which includes the structures that filter, warm, and moisten air, and conduct air into the lungs (total volume in an adult is about 150mL): a. nose b. pharynx c. larynx d. trachea e. bronchi f.
    [Show full text]