The Influence of Pauline Breedlove's Inferiority Complex Toward Her Superiority Complex in Toni Morrison's the Bluest Eye

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THE INFLUENCE OF PAULINE BREEDLOVE'S INFERIORITY COMPLEX TOWARD HER SUPERIORITY COMPLEX IN TONI MORRISON'S THE BLUEST EYE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

RIBKA Student Number: 164214040

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE INFLUENCE OF PAULINE BREEDLOVE'S INFERIORITY COMPLEX TOWARD HER SUPERIORITY COMPLEX IN TONI MORRISON'S THE BLUEST EYE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

RIBKA Student Number: 164214040

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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DO WHATEVER YOU

WANT TO DO

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FOR

MY BELOVED PARENTS

MYSELF

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus and Mother Mary for everything during my journey in Sanata Dharma University.

Second, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for my thesis advisor,

Th. Enny Anggraini, Ph. D. for the time, understanding and patience during my journey creating this undergraduate thesis. I would also like to give my gratitude to my co-advisor, Dr. Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji M.Hum. for suggestion and also the correction in this thesis.

To my beloved father, thank you for always supporting me in everything, no one can support me like you did. To my beloved mother, I would like to say thank you so much for helping me during my hard time.

My journey will not complete without my friends. To Siulienda Winata,

GRVR Group, Gaby, Rosita, Vinny, 36’ group, Susianty Lie, Anggie Yosinta, and others, I would like to say thank you for being my friends and part of my journey.

Ribka

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 11 1. Theory of Characterization ...... 11 2. Theory of Inferiority Complex ...... 13 3. Theory of Superiority Complex...... 21 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 23

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 24 A. Object of the Study ...... 24 B. Approach of the Study ...... 25 C. Method of the Study ...... 26

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 28 A. The Characteristics of Pauline Breedlove ...... 28 1. Lonely ...... 28 2. Irresponsible ...... 30 3. Arrogant ...... 33 4. Revengeful ...... 34 B. The Inferiority Complex of Pauline Breedlove...... 35 C. The Influence of Pauline's Inferiority Complex to her Superiority Complex ……………………………………………………………………………41

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 47 REFERENCES ...... 49 APPENDIX ...... 51

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ABSTRACT

RIBKA. (2020). The Influence of Pauline Breedlove’s Inferiority Complex toward Her Superiority Complex in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Inferiority complex and superiority complex could be factors of mental health issue, as both of them are related to each other. To analyse the inferiority complex and superiority complex, literature such as a novel could be one of the ways to analyse those topics, through the character in the story. This research analyses Pauline Breedlove in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. In the story, Pauline is a person who has both inferiority and superiority complex. There are three objectives of this research. First is to describe Pauline’s characteristics. The second is to describe Pauline’s inferiority complex in the story. The last objective is to discuss how Pauline’s inferiority complex influences her superiority complex. The method of this research is library research. The primary source a novel titled The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. The researcher also uses journals, books, and undergraduate theses as secondary data. To support the analysis, the researcher uses the theory of characterization by M.J. Murphy, and also the theory of inferiority complex and superiority complex by Alfred Adler. This research uses psychological approach as the perspective of the analysis. As a result of the analysis, Pauline is described as lonely, arrogant, irresponsible, and also revengeful. Pauline’s inferiority complex could be seen through her overcompensate her defects to be accepted by her society. All of her improvements are unsuccessful. The unsuccessfulness of Pauline’s improvement to be accepted by her society makes her to have less interest in society and begins to look for personal superiority. Pauline wants to put down and control others who are weaker than her, especially her family.

Keywords: Inferiority Complex, Superiority Complex.

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ABSTRAK

RIBKA. (2020). The Influence of Pauline Breedlove’s Inferiority Complex toward Her Superiority Complex in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Kompleks inferioritas dan kompleks superioritas dapat menjadi salah satu faktor masalah kesehatan mental. Keduanya berkaitan satu sama lain. Untuk menganalisis kompleks inferioritas dan kompleks superioritas, sastra seperti novel dapat menjadi salah satu cara menganalisis topik tersebut, melalui tokoh dalam cerita. Penelitian ini menganalisis Pauline Breedlove dalam The Bluest Eye oleh Toni Morrison. Dalam ceritanya, Pauline adalah orang yang memiliki kompleks inferioritas dan kompleks superioritas. Ada tiga tujuan penelitian ini. Pertama adalah menjelaskan karakteristik Pauline. Yang kedua adalah mendeskripsikan kompleks inferioritas Pauline dalam cerita. Tujuan terakhir adalah untuk membahas bagaimana kompleks inferioritas Pauline mempengaruhi kompleks superioritasnya. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian pustaka. Sumber utama yang digunakan adalah novel The Bluest Eye karya Toni Morrison. Peneliti juga menggunakan jurnal, buku, dan skripsi sebagai data sekunder. Untuk mendukung analisis, peneliti menggunakan teori karakterisasi M.J. Murphy dan teori kompleks inferioritas and kompleks superioritas oleh Alfred Adler. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi sebagai perspektif analisisnya. Hasil analisisnya, Pauline digambarkan sebagai seorang yang kesepian, sombong, tidak bertanggung jawab, dan juga pendendam. Kompleks inferioritas Pauline yang terlihat melalui kompensasi yang berlebihan atas kekurangannya untuk diterima oleh masyarakat di sekitarnya. Semua peningkatannya tidak berhasil. Gagalnya usaha Pauline untuk diterima oleh masyarakat membuatnya kurang tertarik pada kehidupan sosial dan mulai mencari keunggulan pribadi. Pauline ingin merendahkan orang lain dan mengendalikan orang-orang yang lebih lemah darinya, terutama keluarganya.

Kata kunci: Inferiority Complex, Superiority Complex.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature, such as the novel, is one of the ways to comprehend human experience through the characters in the story. There are many types of novel, and in this thesis, the researcher chooses to analyze an African-American literature entitled The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. In The Bluest Eye, there are many topics that we can observe; racism, class division, inferiority complex, and also superiority complex.

According to Adler, “to be human means to feel inferior” (Ansbacher &

Ansbacher, 1956, p. 115). It means that nobody, as a human, could avoid the feel to be inferior. Even when we were still a child, we had an inferior feeling. Because we all as human have inferior feelings, we need to manage ourselves so that this feeling does not develop into an inferiority complex, which will lead to a superiority complex, and is labelled as abnormal psychology. Adler also states that “when inferiority feeling complex happens in the beginning or in the past, superiority complex occurs in the progress of life” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 259).

From this statement, we know that the inferiority complex is related to the superiority complex.

According to Adler, “superiority complex is one of the ways a person with an inferiority complex may use as a method of escape from his difficulties” (Ansbacher

& Ansbacher, 1956, p. 260). It means that inferiority complex has the

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influence to superiority complex. A person with inferiority feelings feels that he is superior when he is not. Usually, a person with an inferiority feeling complex avoids social life because he is unable to deal with that society. Because of that, he develops his personal superiority in a small group, for example, in the family.

In this thesis, the researcher would like to analyze character in the novel.

According to Abrams, “characters are the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed in particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inference from what the persons say, the dialogue, and the action” (Abrams, 1999, pp. 32-33). Through the characters in the novel, the readers could deduce what kind of personalities that characters have in the story, and it is seen from a psychological perspective, whether the characters are superior or inferior. Usually, the author gives us the characters’ point of view about every action they do. It gives us more explanation of the reasons behind their action.

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison tells a story about an African-American girl named Pecola Breedlove, who is obsessed with having the bluest eye to fulfill the beauty standard in her environment. The obsession of Pecola for having the bluest eye is influenced by her mother, Pauline Breedlove. Pauline Breedlove has a different personality between her past life and her present life. Since she was a child until she married Cholly, she was a person with an inferiority complex. However, in the present life, she becomes a person with a superiority complex.

From this research about the inferiority-superiority complex of Pauline, people can realize that inferiority complex and superiority complex could be the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

reason for mental health problems. As an example, inferiority complex can make a person depressed because that feeling often forces himself to be accepted by others.

Mental health is a problem that is difficult to be solved in regard to its complexity, and also because our society is not really concerned about its impact on the person experiencing it. Therefore, by talking about this issue, it is hoped that people could become more aware of mental health issues, and as a connection to this paper, it is hoped that people concern more about the importance of how we manage our inferiority feeling so that it will not lead us to inferiority and superiority complexes that could lead to mental health problems.

B. Problem Formulation

The problems in this research are presented as follows:

1. How are Pauline’s characteristics described in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest

Eye?

2. How is Pauline’s inferiority complex described in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest

Eye?

3. How does Pauline’s inferiority complex influence her superiority complex in

Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye?

C. Objectives of the Study

This research has three objectives. The first objective is to describe Pauline's characteristics. The second objective is to describe the inferiority complex of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline. The last objective is to discuss the influence of Pauline's inferiority complex toward her superiority complex.

D. Definition of Terms

In this part, there are several terms that need to be explained in order to avoid misunderstanding about the definition.

First is inferiority complex. According to Alfred Alder, an inferiority complex is “inferiority that arises when someone finds himself in a situation where his abilities and attitudes are denigrated and rejected by other people” (Adler as cited in Wangari, 2019, p.1).

Next is superiority complex. Alfred Adler describes the superiority complex as “one of the ways in which a person with inferiority (feeling) complex may use as a method to escape from his difficulties” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 260).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The Bluest Eye is one of the famous novels from Toni Morrison–the first

African-American woman who received the Nobel Prize in literature. The portrayal of discriminatory acts toward black people by white people are her reflection of her environment, especially the beauty standard of white people that influences black people. Some university students use this novel as their undergraduate theses.

The first study is discussed by Winny (2008) from the English Language

Education of Sanata Dharma University. The title of her undergraduate thesis is

“The Influences of Pecola's Parents on Her Abnormal Behaviors as Reflected in

Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye”. In her thesis, she intends to answer two problems.

First is how Pauline Breedlove and Cholly Breedlove are described in the novel.

Second is how Pauline and Cholly Breedlove influence Pecola's abnormal behaviour. Winny concludes that the main character behaves abnormally because her parents abandon her. To support her research, she uses a psychological approach.

The first part of her analysis talks about Pauline and Cholly’s personalities.

Pauline is a lonely person because, “during her childhood, Pauline is isolated from other family members, and therefore she cultivates her own pleasure” (Winny,

2008, p. 42). Pauline is also unconfident about her appearance. It is shown as she

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tries to make her appearance look like Jean Harlow. It is also seen when Pauline loses her front teeth. It makes her become unconfident about her appearance.

According to Winny, “In her mind, whatever she does to turn into beauty, she will always look ugly. It does not make things better, but make things worse” (Morrison,

2004, p. 45).

Winny also describes Pauline as an irresponsible mother. She states “Pauline is not a good mother because she could not teach Pecola good values as the basis of her personality. She never cares and pays attention to her daughter because she sees

Pecola is unworthy and ugly” (Winny, 2008, p. 46).

On the other hand, Cholly Breedlove is described as an irresponsible person.

He is not able to give love and affection to his family. Winny states that, “Cholly never cares about his children; even he acts as if he hates them, especially toward

Pecola. Ironically, Cholly makes his self-image as an irresponsible father more much more worse by raping her own daughter, Pecola” (Winny, 2008, p.48). Cholly is also high-tempered because he always fights with his wife–he even beats her in front of his children. “He beats his wife, and he uses bad words to show his anger”

(Winny, 2008, p.49).

After describing Pauline and Cholly's characteristics, Winny analyzes how these characteristics of Pauline and Cholly influence Pecola's abnormal behaviour.

Their influences are on Pecola's dream for having the bluest eye, the way Pecola sees the others, and on Pecola's way of avoiding her reality of life. On Pecola’s dream of having the bluest eye, Winny states that Pauline as a mother should be the closest person in Pecola’s life. However, what happens to Pecola is she does PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

not get enough attention from his mother (Winny, 2008, p. 51). On Pecola’s way of seeing the others, her parents lead her to believe that her blackness is her ugliness, and her ugliness which makes her hated by people (Winny, 2008, p. 58). Pecola’s way of avoiding her reality of life is influenced by her parent’s fight. Winny states that “Pecola likes to hallucinate when she is depressed. It happens when she sees her parents fight” (Winny, 2008, p. 60).

The research by Winny is similar to this research in describing Pauline’s characteristics. However, it has difference. In Winny’s research, she focuses on how

Pecola’s parents influence Pecola’s abnormal behaviour, while in this research, the researcher focuses on Pauline’s inferiority and superiority complex.

The second study is written by Bayu Aribowo (2008) from the Department of

English Letters of Sanata Dharma University. The title of his undergraduate thesis is “The Significance of Pauline in Shaping Pecola's Personality in Toni Morrison's

The Bluest Eye”.

In his thesis, he proposes three problems. First is how Pauline characterized in the novel. Second is how Pecola's personality is described in the novel. Third, the significance of Pauline's characteristics in shaping Pecola's personality. To support his research, he uses a psychological approach.

Pauline is described as an egoistic woman who chooses to work in a white family rather than take care of her own family. Aribowo states that “Pauline is proven to be an egoistic woman seen from the way she follows her pursuit of happiness” (Aribowo, 2008, p. 28). Besides an egoistic woman, Ari also describes

Pauline as a violent woman. In her family, Pauline not only uses violence as the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

punishment for Pecola, but also fights her husband. They fight and beat each other using the utensils. They fight in front of their children without thinking about their children’s psychological condition. According to Aribowo, “Pauline is a violent, rude, and harsh woman, different from when she was still a virgin and or had no children yet” (Aribowo, 2008, p.29).

After Aribowo describes Pauline's characteristics, then he describes Pecola's personalities. According to Aribowo, Pecola is obsessed with having the bluest eye, whitest skin, and blonde hair which is the white beauty standard in her environment.

To fulfill the beauty standard, Pecola becomes quite irrational. Pecola is also described as a girl who has faith in god. It is seen by Pecola’s patience to pray every night, asking for the miracle. According to Wibowo, “That’s how she understands the key concept about praying, which is patience” (Aribowo, 2008, p. 35). Pecola also lacks of self-confidence because she is bullied by her friends at school for being ugly. This makes Pecola think that her ugliness is the reason why her parents always fight and ignore her. According to Aribowo, “Pecola always connects her ugliness as the source of how people treat her” (Aribowo, 2008, p. 37).

The last analysis is about the significance of Pauline’s characteristics to

Pecola’s personalities. According to Aribowo, “the mother’s characteristics have enormous impacts in shaping daughter’s personality” (Aribowo, 2008, p. 52).

According to Aribowo, Pauline always leaves Pecola alone at home because she has to go to work. It makes Pecola unable to learn about gender role identity, and as a consequence, Pecola cannot practice the behaviour that she needs for her PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

future life. Aribowo states that “this creates a negative effect on her emotional development. She becomes emotionally unattached with her mother” (Aribowo,

2008, p. 54). The irresponsibility of Pauline makes Pecola does not have anyone beside her in order to imitate the process. Because of that, Pecola just has her perception of something based on how she faces the problem. She does not know whether her perception of something is correct or not.

Both of the researcher’s research and Bayu Aribowo’s research are similar because both are using The Bluest Eye as the object of the study. However,

Aribowo’s research focuses on how Pauline’s characteristics influence Pecola’s personalities, while in this research, the focus is on Pauline only, and how is her inferiority complex influences her superiority complex.

The third study is by Andi Lintang Pertiwi (2016) from English Language

Education Sanata Dharma University. The title of the thesis is “The Impact of

Racism on Pecola Breedlove's Way of Seeing Herself in Toni Morrison's The Bluest

Eye”. In her thesis, she has two problems. First, how racism is portrayed in the novel. Second, what are the impacts of racism on Pecola's way of seeing herself in the novel. To support his research, she uses the socio-cultural historical approach and psychological approach.

According to Pertiwi, the portrayed racism is seen through physical differences between white people and black people. White people are always symbolized by the beautiful thing like the Shirley Temple mug that dull of the sweetness and beauty. The colour of the mug, which is white and blue, represents the symbol of white skin and the bluest eye of white people. Black people are PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

always pictured with ugliness. “The Breedlove family is the way the author described black people” (Pertiwi, 2016, p. 29). Another portrayed racism in the novel is seen through financial differences between white and black people. White people are wealthy because they have a lot of money, while black people are poor.

The Breedlove family in the novel have difficulty in finding a house because they do not have money. As a result, they just live in a small house that has two rooms and a three-bed.

Pertiwi concludes that the racism toward black people in the novel also brings some effects to the character. Pecola blames her ugliness, the black skin and the black eyes because she thinks that it is the reason why she sits alone in a doubled- desk while the others sit with their friend. Because of her black skin, she becomes the victim of bullying from her friends in the school.

The racism impacts Pecola's effort to be like a beautiful white girl. She likes to drink milk from Shirley Temple cup because she adores the beautifulness of

Shirley Temple and wants to be beautiful just like the picture. According to Andy,

Pecola thinks that if she wants to be like Shirley Temple, she must drink milk from that cup.

Even though both researches use The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, the topic of this research is different from Andi’s research. Andi’s topic is about the racism that is portrayed in the novel and how it influences Pecola’s perception in seeing herself, while the researcher’s topic is about the psychological field, which is the influence of Pauline’s inferiority complex toward her superiority complex in her future life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Characterization

According to M. J. Murphy, we get to know about a person through “the eyes and opinion of other people-their wives, friends, employees, acquaintances”

(Murphy, 1972, p. 161). It is because the author does not directly tell about the personalities of the characters. The author needs other characters to explain the personalities of one character. According to Murphy, there are a few of ways how an author attempts to makes his characters understandable to, and come alive for his readers (Murphy, 1972, p. 161), they are: a. Personal Description

The first way to get the clue about the character is personal description. In here, the author describes the character through his/her physical condition, which are “the character's appearances and clothes such as the skin colour, hair, hand, face, and eyes” (pp.161-162). b. Character as Seen by Another

Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him/her through the eyes and opinions of another. The author gives the characteristics of the character through the explanation from another character who has close relation with the character (p.162). c. Speech

The author can give us an insight into the characters through what the person says. Through every speak in his conversation with others, he gives us a clue about himself (p.164). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

d. Past Life

The author can give us a clue about the person through the character's past life. It can be seen through direct comment by the author, through the person's thought, through his conversation, or the medium of another person (p. 166). e. Conversation of Others

The author gives us a clue about a character through the conversation of others and what the others say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give a clue to the character of the person spoken about (p.167). f. Reactions

The reaction of the character is also one of the ways for the author to give us the clue about the character. The author lets us know about the character through how the character reacts to various situations and events. Through his reaction, the readers could know what kind of person the character is (p.168). g. Direct Comment

The direct comment is one of the easy ways to understand the characters. The author can directly give comments and his opinion about the characters in the story.

He directly says how the character looks like so the readers do not have to look at the others clue (p.170). h. Thoughts

The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

He is able to do what the readers cannot do because he can tell us what different people are thinking (p.171). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i. Mannerism

The author can describe a person's mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies, which may tell us about his character (p.173). Habit is one of the strong clues about the character.

2. Theory of Inferiority Complex

According to Adler in Wangari’s article, “inferiority complex arises when someone finds himself in a situation where his abilities denigrated or rejected by other people”. She also mentions that “the inferiority complex could bring negative impacts and harm” (Adler as cited in Wangari, 2019, p. 1). A person with inferiority feelings has some characteristics: lacking in social interest, feeling that she is unable to compete with other, looking for personal superiority, and it results in her inferiority feeling becomes stronger. She then will try to find personal superiority, which can be defined as a particular group where he can be superior without admixture from society.

Adler, in his An Individual Psychology Theory of Personality, mentions the central concept of individual psychology. According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1981),

Adler makes seven theories about theory of personality, they are: (1) inferiority feeling and compensation, (2) striving for superiority, (3) style of life, (4) social interest, (5) creative self, (6) birth order, and (7) fictional finalism (Hjelle & Ziegler,

1981, p. 76). a. Inferiority Feeling and Compentation

In the first concept, which is inferiority feeling and compensation, Adler states that inferior organ is one of the factors of inferiority feeling. “Every person PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

succumbs to disease in that region of the body which has been less well- developed, less successfully functioning, and generally inferior from birth” (Hjelle & Ziegler,

1981, p. 76). People with organ inferior usually are people who often try to compensate their defects by training and exercise. “The result from their effort usually great and make them can overcome their difficulties” (Hjelle & Ziegler,

1981, p. 78). Adler also mentions about psychological sphere. Psychological sphere is “a situation when the purpose of compensation is not only for organ inferiorities but also for subjective feeling of inferiority that arise from psychological or social disabilities that felt uniquely stem from actual bodily weakness or impairment”

(Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 78)

However, it cannot be denied that there are people who fail to compensate their inferior organ. According to Adler, “the unsuccessful of their compensation to compensate their defects could lead them to the inferiority complex” (Hjelle &

Ziegler, 1981).

According to Heinz and Rowena in The Individual Psychology of Alfred

Adler, “no human being can bear a feeling of inferiority so long; he will be thrown into a tension that necessitates some kind of action”.

But suppose an individual is discouraged; suppose he cannot conceive that he will make realistic efforts to improve the situation, he will still be unable to bear his feeling of inferiority; he will still struggle to get rid of them; but he will try methods which bring him no farther ahead. His goal is still to be superior to difficulties, but instead of overcoming the obstacles he will try to hypnotize himself, or autointoxication himself, into feeling superior (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 257).

In addition, Heinz and Rowena also conclude that “meanwhile, his feeling of inferiority will accumulate because they cannot bear their inferiority feeling PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

after they put a lot of effort. The result is always unsuccessful. We can call this kind of situation with inferiority complex” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, pp. 257-

258). According to Adler in Personality Theories, “there are three childhood situations that can lead a person to an inferiority complex: organ inferiority, spoiling or pampering, and neglect” (Adler as cited in Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 79).

However, I will focus only on organ inferiority and neglect as the factors of inferiority complex in this research.

1) Organ Inferiority

“The physically impaired or chronically ill child is unable to compete successfully with other children; the child thus withdraws into a shell of inferiority”

(p. 79). According to Adler in The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, “children who are born with inferior organs experience their bodies and its pains and weaknesses as a burden”.

They, much more than normal children, develop inferiority feelings, strive to compensate for these lacks and to arrive at a goal in which they foresee and presume a feeling of superiority. Fighting, hesitating, stopping, escaping, much more occupied with their own persons than with other, they are therefore selfish, inconsiderate, lacking in social interest, courage, self- confidence because they fear to defeat more than they desire success (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 118).

Children with inferior organs have a high risk of having the inferiority complex because they feel unable to be just as normal children in their environment.

It makes their feeling of inferiority increases and leads them to the inferiority complex. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2) Spoiling or Pampering

Spoiled or pampered children, on the other hand, grow up lacking confidence in their abilities because other have always done things for them; they are plagued by deep-seated inferiority feelings for they believe it impossible to tackle life’s obstacles on their own (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 79).

Children who are spoiled or pampered are familiar with the help of other people. What they need is prepared by the other. This treatment makes them unable to do something by themselves. When they see other children doing something alone, the inferiority feeling of spoiled or pampering children will grow because they know that they cannot do something by themselves.

3) Neglect

Neglect can lead to an inferiority complex because “such children basically feel unwanted; they go through life lacking confidence in their ability to be useful and to gain affection and esteem from others” (p. 79). According to Adler in The

Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, “for unwanted children, they feel curtailed and behave like enemies. They use their strength only if they are stronger, sometimes in a cruel manner against weaker persons or animals. Their goal of superiority is to suppress the others” (Adler as cited in Ansbacher & Ansbacher,

1956, p. 118). b. Striving for Superiority

According to Adler, striving for superiority is different from superiority complex. Striving for superiority called “ great upward drive” because it is about minus to plus, from below to above, from imcompletion to perfection, and from inability to capability in facing the problem of life (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 81). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1981), Adler mentions four additional ideas about the nature and the operation of the striving for superiority. First, Adler sees that the striving for superiority as one fundamental motive rather than combination of separate urges. Second, the great upward drive is universal in nature: it is common to all, the normal and the neurotic alike. Third, the goal of superiority can take either a negative (destructive) or positive (constructive). A negative goal is seen in neorotics who strive for personal superiority such as power and self-esteem.

Adler called it as selfish. In contrast, the goal of positive superiority is seen from psychologically healthy people is their effort for a superior way of life are intimately bound up with social concern, and the welfare of others. Fourth, the striving for perfection calls for a considerable expenditure of energy and efforts; a person level of tension is increased rather than decreased as a consequence of this struggle. Fifth, the striving for superiority occurs at both the individual and societal levels; we strive for perfection not only as individuals; as members of society, we strive to perfect our culture (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, pp. 80-81). c. Style of Life

Style of life refers to the “unique pattern of traits, behaviour, and habits which, when taken together, define the particular route we have charted for ourselves in order to reach our life goal” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 81). It is related to the feeling inferiority and compensation, that to overcome the organ inferiority, a person will do training and exercise, and focus on developing superior athletic ability. Here, his behaviour is shaped by the awareness of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

physical limitations, in turn becomes his life style–a set of behaviour designed to compensate for an inferiroity. Adler states that “our lifestyle is based on our effort to overcome our unique sense of inferiority” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 81).

According to Adler, “everything we do is shaped and directed by our unique lifestyle and it determines which aspects of our enviroment we will attend to and aspects we will ignore. We have the ability to select what kind of lifestyle we can have based on our unique sense of inferiority. Society offer many aspects and we need to sellect which aspects that we need to take” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 81). d. Social Interest

Social interest concept is born from Adler’s belief that “human being are social being that we must consider our relationship to others and to the larger sociocultural context in which we life if we are to fully understand ourselves. Social interest does not emerge automatically but need to be consciously developed through proper guidance and training. Mother, then the other family members, and people beyond the home contribute in this development of social interest” (Hjelle

& Ziegler, 1981, p. 84)

Mother is has the most influential contact with another person. A child will interprets through mother’s behaviour. Accoring to Adler, “since social interest arises in the mother-child relationship, the mother’s task is to foster in her child sense of cooperation, relatedness, and comradeship. The mother should display a genuine deep-rooted love for her child. This healthy love of relationship develops from true caring about people and enable the mother to foster her child’s social interest. Mother’s affection toward the husband, the others children, and other PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

people in the environment provide models for a child who learn through the demonstration that there are other important people in the world” (Hjelle & Ziegler,

1981, p. 85)

Father is Adler’s second important person in developing child’s social interest. “To develop his child’s social interest, he must have positive attitude toward her wife, his occupation, society, and must manifest itself in his relationship with his children. The father must also avoid the dual errors of emotional detachment and paternal authoritarianism. Both of them could lead a child to personal superiority rather than social interest. According to Adler, the relationship between husband and wife also influences child’s social interest development. If the marriage is unhappy, children have little chance of developing social interest”

(Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 86). e. Creative Self

Adler states that the style of life is developed by the individual’s creative power. It means that each person is empowered with the freedom to create his or her own lifestyle. Acctually, Adler never use the term “creative self”. The term was intoduced by Hall and Lindzey in their presentation of Adler (Hjelle & Ziegler,

1981, p. 87).

The doctrine of creative self states that people are what they make themselves.

Their creative power endows them, within certain limits, with the freedom to be whatever they will. Adler did not deny that heredity and environment as determining forces in shaping human behaviour. However, people are more than product of heredity and environment. They are creative being who PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

not only react to their environment, but act on it and make it react to them. Adler states that “human possess a creative force because they are human” (Hjelle &

Ziegler, 1981, pp. 87-88). f. Order of Birth

In order of birth concept, Adler mentions that “child’s numerical rank in the family is important”. Adler finds different child has different characteristics based on their specific born position. Adler focus on four such birth-order position. They are the first born, the second born, the youngest, and the only child.

The first-born (oldest) child receives undivided love from the parents.

However, his position will be removed by second child. It will change the child’s situation and view of the world. Adler refers the first child as “king dethroned”. The child will fight back because he sees that the second child is winning the contest of receivinh affection from the parents. The second-born (middle) child has a pacesetter in the form of an older brothers or sisters and it thus stimulated, or perhaps challenged, to outdo the older child’s exploits. The second-born characterized as competitive and ambitious person to prove that he is better than his older siblings (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 89).

The youngest child is pampered not only by her parents but also by large family and her olders siblings. with several older members, all of whom are bigger, stronger and more priviliged than he is, he is likely to experience strong feelings of inferiority coupled with lack of independence. The last birth oder is the only child.

According to Adler, the only child has unique position because he has no sibling to compete with. The only child is being pampered by the mother and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

expect the protection from the other too. The only child never have to share the center stage nor to compete with other siblings for it (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 89). g. Fictional Finalism

Adler mentions some fictional beliefe that affect the course of our lives such as “all people are basically selfish” and “men are superior to women”.

each individual’s quest for superiority is defined by the fictional goal that he or she is adopted. When an individual’s fictional goal is known, all subsequent actions make sense and his or her style of life takes an added meaning. Fictional goal could be useful but also could be dangerous in life” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 91).

Personally, Adler sees fictional finalism is influenced more by fictions, or expectations of the future, than by experiences of the past. Our behaviour is guided by our perception of our fictional goal in life and this goal does not exist in the future but in our present perception of the future (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 89).

3. Theory of Superiority Complex

“The overcompensating for inferiority feelings or inferiority complex could lead a person to the superiority complex characterized by a tendency to exaggerate one's physical, intellectual, or social skill to overcome his inferiorities” (Hjelle &

Ziegler, 1981, p. 79). The person with a superiority complex tends to put down the other to make himself stronger. According to Heinz and Rowena (1956), Adler states that: “Superiority complex is “one of the ways for a person with an inferiority complex to escape from his difficulties” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 260). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

From the definition of superiority complex, we could know that inferiority complex could be one of the influences for a person to have superiority complex. It is his way to overcome his difficulties after all of the rejection he receives from the society. According to Heinz and Rowena, when the inferiority complex is about the past, the superiority complex is about the progress of the inferiority complex in the future (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 259)

The person with superiority complex is a person with an inferiority complex who feels that he is rejected in his society. Because of that, he wants to escape the feeling through becoming superior but in a small group, for example, family. When someone could not join in society and follow the harmony of social life, he will feel weak. It seems to be a trait of human nature that when individuals, both children and adults, feel weak, they cease to be interested socially but strive for personal superiority. He wants to make his own world to achieve personal superiority and solve his problem without help from society (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p.

260). In addition, Heinz and Rowena give an example in the quotation below:

If we see someone who is arrogant for example, we can guess that he feels," other people are apt to overlook me. I must show that I am somebody." If we see someone who gesticulates strongly when he speaks, we can guess that he feels "My words would not carry any weight if I did not emphasize them". Behind everyone who behaves as if he superiors to others, we can suspect a feeling of inferiority which calls for very special efforts of concealment (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 260).

The purpose of a person with superiority complex is to show her power above the others. However, behind their action to show their strength, there is a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

hidden inferiority feeling. Adler also mentions some traits that we can see from someone with superiority complex. The traits is in the quotation below:

One of the superiority complexes can be seen in the exaggerated demands one makes on oneself and on other people. Others superiority complex traits are arrogance; exuberant emotion; snobbishness; boastfulness; a tyrannical nature; nagging; a tendency to depreciate; as well as an inclination to hobnob with prominent persons or to domineer over people who are weak or ill or lesser stature; the misuse of valuable ideas and movement in order to depreciate others. Also, the heightened affect like anger, the desire for revenge, grief, habitually loud laughter, inattentive listening, and looking away when meeting people, and directing the conversation to oneself (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 261).

Someone with a superiority complex is always looking for power to make himself powerful and putting the other down. The focus in his life is to reach the strength as much as he can. Because of that a person with superiority complex in social life, just makes the decision to socialize only with people who have power in society. However, he suppresses the other who is lower than him.

C. Theoretical Framework

This part explains how the researcher applies the theories as to the previous part. The theory of characterization by Murphy helps the researcher is used to analyse the first problem with the description of Pauline characteristics. The first way is using the direct comment of the author, thought, and personal description.

The second theory is the theory of the inferiority complex by Alfred Adler.

The researcher uses this theory to analyse the second problem, which is the description of Pauline’s inferiority complex. Theory of superiority complex is used to help researcher analyse the last problem, which is the influence of Pauline’s inferiority complex toward her superiority complex. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The researcher uses The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison as the object of the study. The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison was first published in 1969. Then it was published by RosettaBooks in 2004, consisted of 194 pages. The story is divided into four seasons, which are Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer.

Toni Morrison is known as black America's best novelist because her novels

are always relatable to the experience and the culture of black people. The topic of

discrimination is one of the issues that need to be learned because it still exists until

now. We need to know and understand about how black people must fight against

them just because they are black. In 1993, Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in

Literature and became the first African-American woman who won the Nobel Prize.

The Bluest Eye is the story about how society could influence someone's

inferiority feeling. The author shows it through a girl named Pecola Breedlove, who

represents an African-American girl dealing with the society where their

appearance gets rejected. The rejection of her appearance leads her to the obsession

of having the bluest eye. The bluest eye is one of the beauty standards of white

people at that time. The obsession is asupported by the rejection from her own family, especially her mother, Pauline Breedlove. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline Breedlove represents how black mothers also feel ashamed with their appearance and for having an ugly child. The rejection of her appearance is influenced by her past life. She also got rejected by her family, and it led to her having the feeling of inferiority complex. In her future life, she becomes a person with a superiority complex, where she has more power to put down her family. It is shown when she works with white people as one of the ways for her to reach power.

In this research, the researcher would like to focus on Pauline Breedlove as the mother of Pecola Breedlove, who has rejected her daughter because she is ugly.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach that the researcher uses in this research is the psychological approach. The researcher uses the psychological approach as the perspective of this research because the problems in this research are related to the psychology field, which are inferiority and superiority complexes.

According to Rohrberger and Woods, “a psychological approach could help us to analyze literature from a psychological perspective” (Rohrberger & Woods,

1971, p. 13). The psychological approach could help to explain the inferiority complex and superiority complex, which are the abnormal psychology of the character and the reason behind all of the character's behaviour. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

The method that the researcher used in this research was library research.

Besides using primary source, the researcher also used secondary sources to

support the analysis. The primary source was The Bluest Eye novel by Toni

Morrison, and the secondary sources were other books, websites, journal articles,

and undergraduate theses that were related to the topic and object of the study.

The researcher did seven steps in conducting this study. First, the researcher read the primary source many times to understand the character’s personalities and did not pass the little things that could be the important things in the story. Second, after reading many times and completely understanding the novel, the researcher determined the problems which were about the inferiority and superiority complexes of the character.

Third, when the problems were created, the researcher searched for many kinds of approach in the literature that could be related to the problem, and the researcher determined that Psychological approach could be applied because it was related to the issues in this research.

Fourth, after determining the approach for the research, the researcher tried to find some related studies and related theories and reviewed it. The next step was to write everything that related to the inferiority and superiority complexes.

In the sixth step, the researcher analysed and answered the problem using the theories. The theory of characterization was used to explain the character in The

Bluest Eye. The theory of the inferiority complex was used to explain the inferiority complex of the character in The Bluest Eye. The theory of superiority PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

complex was used to describe the influence of character’s inferiority complex toward character’s superiority complex in The Bluest Eye. In the seventh step, the researcher wrote the conclusion and presented the findings. In the last step, the researcher wrote the research report, which was an undergraduate thesis.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. The Characteristics of Pauline Breedlove

1. Lonely

Pauline Breedlove is one of the main characters in the story. She is the mother of Pecola Breedlove. She met her husband, Cholly in Kentucky and agreed to get married. After getting married, they moved to Lorain, Ohio. During their marriage life, Pauline gave birth to two children, Sammy Breedlove, and Pecola Breedlove.

Before getting married to Cholly and moving to Lorain, Ohio, Pauline William lived in Alabama with her big family. Through the author's personal description, Pauline is described as a person with a disability.

Although she was the ninth of eleven children and lived on a ridge of red Alabama clay seven miles from the nearest road, the complete indifference with which a rusty nail was met when it punched clear through her foot during her second year of life saved Pauline William from total anonymity. The wound left her with a crooked, archless foot that flopped when she walked- not a limp that would have eventually twisted her spine, but a way of lifting the bad foot as though she were extracting it from little whirlpools that threatened to pull it under (Morrison, 2004, p. 101).

Pauline is the ninth of eleventh children in her family. When she was two years old, she had an accident that made her foot limp. Her feet were pierced by the nail. The accident makes Pauline's foot becomes limp and flopped when she walks.

Here her loneliness begins. Because of the accident, Pauline becomes unconfident with her appearance because of her crippled foot, and feels separated from her other siblings who have normal appearance.

28 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline feels lonely because she gets different treatment from her family members, especially her siblings. The author, through direct comment, mentions how Pauline’s hope to join her siblings in her family.

Slight as it was, this deformity explained for her many things that would have been otherwise incomprehensible; why she is alone of all the children had no nickname; why there were no funny jokes and anecdotes about funny things that she had done; why no one ever remarked on her food preferences-no saving for the wing or neck for her-no cooking of the peas in a separate pot without rice because she did not like rice; why nobody teased her; why she never felt home anywhere, or that she belonged anyplace. Her general feeling of separateness and unworthiness, she blames her foot (Morrison, 2004, p. 101).

From the quotation above, we can infer that Pauline feels alone and lonely.

Since a young age, Pauline could not belong everywhere, even in her home. For many people, home is the place where we can get affection and love, but not for

Pauline. This influences Pauline to become obsessed in looking for friends in order to give her a sense of belonging that she could not get from her own family.

After marrying Cholly and moving to Lorain, Ohio, Pauline is also still lonely because she has no one to talk to.

But they want all over us. Up north, they were everywhere- next door, downstairs, all over the streets-and colored folks few and far between. Northern colored folks were different too. Dicty –like. No better than white for meanness. They could make you feel just as no-count, 'cept I didn't expect it from them. That was the lonesomest time in my life. I 'member looking out the front windows just waiting for Cholly to come home at three o'clock. I didn't even have a cat to talk to (Morrison, 2004, p. 107).

Pauline mentions about her loneliness in her new place. In her new environment,

Pauline cannot join the society because she is not familiar yet with many white people there. Everyone in her new town just ignores her like she is nothing. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

only person for Pauline to talk to is Cholly. However, Cholly is often at work, so she must be waiting for Cholly to come home.

Pauline has no friends in her society. The women in the city are not friendly to her. They mock her just because Pauline does not follow the trend. Pauline tries to do what the women in the town do.

The women in the town wore high-heeled shoes, and when Pauline tried to wear them, they aggravated her shuffle into a pronounced limp (Morrison, 2004, p. 107).

The way Pauline sees her foot as something that makes her appearance weird shows that her foot will always be her burden in life. She will never be as normal as the other.

2. Irresponsible

Pauline is also described as an irresponsible. When she gets the opportunity to work in white person’s house, she abandons her family. She is happy to work there in her white master’s house because she can arrange everything. All of the things are full of beauty and luxury. It is shown through the author direct comment below:

She looked at their houses, smelled their lines, touched their silk draperies, and loved all of it. The child's pink nightie, the stacks of white pillow slips edged with embroidery, the sheets with op hems picked out with blue cornflowers. She became what is known as an ideal servant, for such a role filled practically all of her needs. When she bathed the little Fisher girl, it was in a porcelain tub with silvery taps running infinite quantities of hot, clear water. She dried her in a fluffy white towel and put her in cuddly nightclothes. Then she brushed the yellow hair, enjoying the roll and slip of it between her fingers. No zinc tub, no buckets of stove-heated water, no flaky, stiff, greyish towels washed in the kitchen sink, dried in a dusty backyard, no tangled black puff of rough wool to comb (Morrison, 2004, p. 115). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In the Fisher house, there are so many things that need to be organized, and it makes her feel happy. The beauty and the luxury things in the house make her feel comfortable, and she always want to keep its beauty. The Fisher family also treats her well, so it makes Pauline feel that she is needed in that family. The author mentions through a direct comment that Pauline ignores her own family.

Soon she stopped trying to keep her own house. The things she could afford to but did not last, had no beauty or style and were absorbed by the dingy storefront. More and more she neglected her house, her children, her man- they were like afterthoughts one has just before sleep, the early morning and late-evening edges of her day, the dark edges that made the daily life with the Fisher lighter, more delicate, more lovely (Morrison, 2004, p. 115).

Pauline neglects her family. Most of her time is for the Fisher family. She prioritizes a white family rather than her own family. As a wife, she also should take care of her husband, and as a mother, she should give more affection to her children. Ignoring her children is not a good choice. To be a responsible mother is not only about giving them food, clothes, or money to children, but also the affection, concern, and teaching children about life.

Pauline is described as an irresponsible mother because she does not give affection, concern, and give life advices to her children. It begins in the morning.

Pauline asks Cholly to take the stove to warm their bodies. However, Cholly, who came home drunk, does not respond to her. Pauline asks Cholly more than three times. When Cholly still does not want to wake up, she beats Cholly, and they fight.

They hit each other in front of their children. It shows below:

Cholly and Mrs.Breedlove fought each other with a darkly brutal formalism that was paralleled only by their lovemaking. Tacitly they had agreed not to kill each other. He fought her the way a coward fights a man-with feet, the palms of his hands and teeth. She, in turn, fought back in a purely feminine PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

way with frying pans and pokers, and occasionally a flatiron would sail towards his head (Morrison, 2004, p. 42).

Pauline always shows violence to her children. She fights her husband in front of her children. The reaction of their children is different. Sammy will curse, or leave home, or even beat her father too. Pecola is different from Sammy. She is afraid that one of her parents would die, or maybe she also could die. Therefore,

Pecola thinks that it will be better if she has the blue eyes so that she will not see her parents fight anymore.

Pauline does not only introduce the violence in her house but also in other places. It is seen through Pauline's reaction to Pecola when Pecola comes to the

Fisher house in order to help her mother. Frieda and Claudia want to meet Pecola to ask about the alcohol. When they arrive in the house where Pauline works, Pecola welcomes them. Pauline appears from inside and asks who they are. Frieda and

Claudia introduce themselves to Pauline. Pauline allows them to enter the house and warns them not to make a mess. Pauline leaves Pecola, Frieda, and Claudia to wash.

The Fisher girl appears and asks where Pauline is.

In the kitchen, there are hot blackish blueberries in the pan that are still on the stove. Pecola wants to make sure whether it is still hot or not. She touches the pan, however, she is nervous and shocked when Fisher's girl calls Pauline again, and unfortunately, the pan falls on the floor. Most of the hot blackish blueberries splatter over Pecola, and when Pauline finds the mess, she abuses Pecola.

Most of the juice splashed on Pecola's legs, and the burn must have been painful, for she cried out and began hopping about just as Mrs. Breedlove entered with a tightly packed laundry bag. In one gallop, she was on Pecola, and with the back of her hand, knocked her to the floor. Pecola, slid in the pie juice, one leg folding under her. Mrs. Breedlove yanked her up by the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

arm, slapped her again, and in a voice thin with anger, abused Pecola directly and Frieda and me by implication (Morrison, 2004, p. 99).

She is not only doing physical abuse to Pecola’s body, but also Pecola's feelings. Right after the accident happened, Pauline chooses to take care of the

Fisher's girl rather than her daughter, who is in more pain because most of the hot blueberries fall over Pecola rather than the Fisher's girl. She also does not ask Pecola about the condition first before giving the punishment.

3. Arrogant

Pauline is depicted as an arrogant woman. It begins when she gets a permanent job in the white house family, the Fisher. She is happy to work there not only because of the beauty, the luxury, and the opportunity to arrange many things, but also because of the thirst for appraisal. The author, through her direct comment, said that Pauline feels that she is the ideal servant for the Fisher family.

She became what is known as an ideal servant, for such a role filled practically all of her needs… Here she could arrange things, clean things, line things up in neat rows. Here her foot flopped around on deep pile carpets, and there was no uneven sound. Here she found beauty, order, cleanliness, and praise. Mr. Fisher said, "I would rather sell her blueberry cobblers than real estate" (Morrison, 2004, p.115).

One of the arrogant characteristics is the thirst for appraisal about oneself.

Pauline always craves for people to praise her. The praise that she gets is precious for her because it comes from the white family. The Fisher's family like to see how

Pauline take care of their house and their little child. The praise that Pauline gets result in her becomes arrogant to other people. She wants to keep that reward as an ideal servant. She becomes a rude woman. One day Pauline throws the fish PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

in the fish man's face because he sends the fish for her own family to the Fisher’s house.

She refused beef slightly dark or with edges not properly trimmed. The slightly reeking fish that she accepted for her own family, she would all but throw in the fish man's face if he sent it to the Fisher house (Morrison, 2004, p. 116).

The way Pauline treats the fish man shows that she is arrogant. Throwing a fish in someone's face is rude. She does not even have regret for what she has done.

In her opinion, she must keep the power, luxury, and beauty in the household that she claimed is hers.

4. Revengeful

In her past life, Pauline said that she loved her husband, Cholly Breedlove.

However, in her present life, she becomes a wife who is full of revenge for her husband. Through the author's direct comment, the readers know that Pauline becomes a Christian woman who always prays for help from God to punish Cholly.

Pauline hates Cholly because of his drunkenness and his irresponsibility.

She came into her own with the women who had despised her by being more moral than they; she avenged herself on Cholly by forcing him to indulge in her weakness she despised. She joined a church where shooting was frowned upon, served on Stewardess Board No.3, and became a member of Ladies Circle No.1. At the prayer meeting, she moaned and sighed over Cholly's way and hoped God would help her keep the children from the sins of the father (Morrison, 2004, p. 114).

Pauline wants to protect her children from the sins of her husband. She thinks

Cholly is the big sin for their life. Cholly is the failure in Pauline's life. Even though

Pauline is a Christian woman, she does not pray to the God of the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Redeemer. She just needs the God of the Judge, who will count on Cholly's sins and punish him. It is the purpose of Pauline to be a Christian woman.

Mrs. Breedlove considered herself an upright and Christian woman, burdened with a no-count man, who God wanted her to punish. (Cholly was beyond redemption, of course, and redemption was hardly the point-Mrs. Breedlove was not interested in Christ the Redeemer, but rather Christ the Judge) (Morrison, 2004, p. 41).

It shows how Pauline is full of desire to take revenge on Cholly. She believes in God the Judge to punish her husband and for being a drunker and irresponsible person. Pauline does not want Cholly to realize his sins and stop being drunk. If

Cholly stops his drinking habit, he will not get the punishment from God. All of her efforts to make Cholly get the punishment will be useless.

B. The Inferiority Complex of Pauline Breedlove

In this part, the researcher describes Pauline's inferiority complex. To analyse the inferiority complex of Pauline, the researcher uses the theory of inferiority complex by Alfred Adler. The inferiority complex is one of Adler's concepts in his theory about individual psychology.

According to Adler, there are three factors from childhood that could lead someone to have an inferiority complex; organ inferiority, spoiling or pampering, and neglect. Adler states that “children with organ inferiority feel that they are unable to compete with normal children and see their organ inferiorities as the burden of their life” (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 118). In the previous part, we know that Pauline has organ inferiority, which is her limped foot. She blames her foot because it makes her feel alone even when she is with her own family. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline regards her foot as the burden of life because it is the reason why she gets all of that loneliness and separateness from her own family. As a child, she also wanted to join her brothers and sisters. However, they treated her differently with the way they treated their other siblings.

According to Adler, another childhood situation that could lead someone to an inferiority complex is neglected or unwanted children. “Unwanted children feel that they are unable to reach the affection from the others” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 79). Pauline feels that she is unwanted because she does not receive any affection from her own family. She thinks that she is separated from the family members. She even feels that she has no place to go or to stay because even in her own home, she cannot find affection. Pauline makes her private pleasures when she is separated by her siblings. She makes herself busy so she will not feel lonely at home.

She liked, the most of all, to arrange things. To line things up in rows-jars on shelves at canning, peach pits on the step, sticks, stones, leaves- and the members of her family let these arrangements be (Morrison, 2004, p. 102).

Pauline likes to arrange everything and her family let her to do that. It also shows how her family do not really care about what Pauline do. When somebody accidently scatters her row, they always stop regain the row for Pauline. Pauline never gets angry because she likes to arrange them again. It shows that Pauline and her family members have lack of communication. They avoid communicating with her.

When Pauline's family get the news about the opportunity to get a better life through the relocation, they move to Kentucky, where there were many mines and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

millwork. In there, they have a house with a five-room frame. Her mother works for a white family, her brothers join the army, her sister died, and two other sisters get married. Because of that, Pauline becomes the oldest girl in her house. As the oldest girl at home, she must take care of her two little brothers and take care all over the house because her parents are not at home. They must go to work. Pauline cooks, washes, collects eggs, sweeps, and did other things. She is not only good at housekeeping, but also enjoys it. In Kentucky, she meets Cholly Breedlove, and they fall in love with each other. They agree to get married and move to Lorain,

Ohio because Cholly gets a job there.

Adler, in his theory, states that “someone with an organ inferiority complex will try to compensate for their organ inferiority with training or improvement. If the result is unsuccessful, it will lead them to the inferiority complex” (Hjelle &

Ziegler, 1981, p. 78). Like in the previous part, when Cholly goes to work, Pauline feels lonely at home. She is unfamiliar with her new environment because there are many white people there. It is different from her environment in Kentucky.

Pauline describes her loneliness in her new environment. There are not many colored people as white people in that place. They do not look at Pauline when she is there, like she is nothing. Even though Pauline is a loner since she was a child, but this feels like the loneliest time during her life. Pauline feels that she is rejected by her new society.

To be accepted by society, she tries to improve her style of appearance to follow the women’s style in her town so that she can at least noticed by someone. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The women in the town wore high-heeled shoes, and when Pauline tried to wear them, they aggravated her shuffle into a pronounced limp (Morrison, 2004, p. 107).

She sees that many women in that town wear high heels. She wants to wear it too.

However, when she wears it, her foot makes it weirder, and the women just mock her. It shows Pauline's improvement is unsuccessful.

Pauline does not stop there. She continues to follow other women’s style.

Pauline realizes that some black women are amused by her just because of her curly hair and because she is not putting makeup on her face just like they do. Pauline feels uncomfortable with that situation. Because of that, she also puts makeup on her face as they do. However, the makeup does not make her look better. Again,

Pauline is unsuccessful in her improvement.

Pauline felt uncomfortable with the few black women she met. They were amused by her because she did not strengthen her hair. When she tried to make up her face as they did, it came off rather badly (Morrison, 2004, p. 107).

Another Pauline’s effort to improve herself is to buy new clothes because the women there also mock the way she dresses.

Their goading glances and private snickers at her way of talking (saying "chill' ren") and dressing developed in her desire for new clothes. When Cholly began to quarrel about the money she wanted, she decided to go to work. Taking a job as a day worker helped with the clothes and even a few things for the apartment (Morrison, 2004, pp. 107-108).

Pauline works hard to make herself better like the women in the town do. She even opposes her husband. Cholly is not agree with Pauline's demand for money to buy new clothes. However, Pauline, who is provoked by society, chooses to ignore

Cholly and looks for a job to get money to buy the clothes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline gets the job, and the money is not only for her clothes but also the things for their apartment.

Pauline does all the improvement like follow the women wearing high heels, puts make-up on her face, strengthens her hair, and buys new clothes, in order to be accepted by her society so that she does not feel lonely again. During the process of her improvement that is unsuccessful, Pauline’s inferiority feelings accumulate and then she gives up to be accepted by the society.

Pauline improvement is influenced by her psychological sphere. According to Hjelle and Ziegler (1981), Psychological sphere is “a condition when a person with organ inferiority does not only exercise for his organ inferiority but also for subjective feeling of inferiority. Subjective feeling of inferiority is feeling of inferiority that arises from social disabilities that stem from actual body weakness or impairment” (Hjelle & Ziegler, 1981, p. 78).

The sad thing was that Pauline did not really care for clothes and make up. She merely wanted other women to cast favourable glances her way (Morrison, 2004, p. 108).

The loneliness of Pauline in her new environment is the result of her social disabilities. The rejection from her society is her subjective feelings of inferiority that make her work hard to follow what other women do. As a result of her loneliness, she always tries to do whatever she needs to do so that she could be accepted by the society and make friends with the women in her community.

However, all of her effort and improvement is not successful and she is still rejected by her society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

After all of the rejection, Pauline is lacking in social interest. When she is pregnant, she stops to go to work and returns home. The loneliness is still with her.

Instead of looking for someone to talk to like what she did before with follow of women style in the town, she decides to watch movies at the cinema by herself.

When the winter sun hit the peeling green paint of the kitchen chairs, when the smoke hocks were boiling in the pot, when all she could hear was the truck delivering furniture downstairs, she thought about back home, about how she had been all alone most of the time then too, but that this lonesomeness was different. Then she stopped staring at the green chairs, at the delivery truck; she went to the movies instead (Morrison, 2004, p. 111).

Movies that Pauline watches are related to white people lives and she gets introduced to psychical beauty. She then creates her own perspective about psychical beauty which the beauty of white people. The portrayal of the beautiful and romantic love in the movies make Pauline hesitant to go back home.

Them picture give me a lot of pleasure, but it made coming home hard, and looking at Cholly hard. I don’t know. I’ member one time I went to see Clark Gable and Jean Harlow. I fixed my hair up like I’d seen hers on a magazine (Morrison, 2004, p. 112).

She finds her own happiness when watching movies. Psychical beauty and romantic love are always in her mind. It makes her having different perspectives about the beauty. After she watches movies, she fixes her hair and makes it like

Jean Harlow, the white American actress.

There are different ways for Pauline to overcome her loneliness. In order to be accepted in her society so that she could have friends to talk to, she works hard to improve her appearance. She follows the lifestyle of black women in the town.

However, after a lot of effort she put on it, she is still rejected and still lonely. Then, the loneliness is still with her. At this time, Pauline is lacking in social PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

interest because she is rejected. Then she decides to watch movies to overcome her loneliness, and she is happy with it.

C. The Influence of Pauline's Inferiority Complex to her Superiority Complex

This part discusses how the inferiority complex of Pauline Breedlove influences

her superiority complex. As described in the previous part, Pauline is a person

with an inferiority complex. However, she is also a person with a superiority

complex in the future life. There is a relation between her inferiority complex in the past and the superiority complex in her future life.

Adler in The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler states that “a superiority complex is one of the ways for a person with an inferiority complex to escape from his difficulties” (Adler as cited in Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, p. 260). Pauline

Breedlove becomes a person with the superiority complex in order to escape from her loneliness and rejection from her society.

In her past life, Pauline was a person with an inferiority complex because she overcompensated her inferiority feeling. Then, she works with the Fisher family, and she gets the power to control her family and others. This is her way to escape herself from the difficulties of life.

According to Heinz and Rowena (1956) in The Individual Psychology of

Alfred Adler, if someone is not in harmony with a society where he lives, he will be looking for his personal superiority without having interest in social life.

He is not in harmony with society. It seems to be a trait of human nature that when individuals-both children and adults- feel weak, they cease to be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

interested socially but strive for personal superiority. They want to solve problems of life in such a way as to obtain personal superiority without any admixture of social interest. A superiority complex is a second phase. It is compensation for the inferiority feeling complex (p.260).

Pauline is not in harmony in her society because she could not be accepted in her environment since her childhood until her adulthood. Society rejects her. It makes her lacking in social interest and chooses to stay in her own worlds. In the previous part, Pauline has less interest with society, and it is seen through her ways to overcome her loneliness. She chooses to watch movies instead of socializing with others. After she gave birth to Pecola and Sammy, she got a permanent job as a servant in the white house family, the Fisher. In the Fisher family, Pauline begins to have personal superiority.

Pauline likes to work in the Fisher family because the house is full of beauty and luxury things that she could not find at her home. It is not only because of the luxury, but also because of the fact that the Fishers are friendly and appreciative toward Pauline’s work.

It was her good fortune to find a permanent job in the home of a well-to-do family whose members were affectionate, appreciative, and generous. She looked at their houses, smelled their linen, touched their silk draperies and loved all of it (p.115).

Pauline also gets appreciation from the Fisher family because they like

Pauline’s effort in working. Pauline is called as an ideal servant by the Fisher.

She became what is known as an ideal servant, for such as role filled practically all of her needs (Morrison, 2004, p. 115).

This makes Pauline believes that her perspective about white people is full of luxury and that love is true. She feels worthy because she is needed by the Fisher. The

Fisher’s family is just the same like in the movies that she watched. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In Fisher’s house, Pauline not only finds the beauty and luxury things, but also she gets the freedom to arrange anything in the house. In the previous part, we learn that Pauline loved to arrange everything on row-jars when she was child. She even arranged things based on their size, shape, or the gradation of the colour. So when she gets the freedom to arrange everything in the Fisher house, she feels like she finds her private space and pleasure. That is her hobby and she enjoys it.

Here she could arrange things, clean things, line things up in neat rows. Here her foot flopped around on deep pile carpets, and there was no uneven sound. Here she found beauty, order, cleanliness, and praise. Mr.Fisher said, "I would rather sell her blueberry cobblers than real estate" (Morrison, 2004, p. 115).

In the Fisher’s house, Pauline finds her own world full of beauty and luxury things. The Fishers treats her well and respects her fully. She feels like she is accepted and she is glad to receive love and also recognition from the Fisher family.

She does not care about her appearance like she was in the past. She does not try to follow what people wear and do. What she needs is to stay long in the house that gives her what she needs. She needs beauty, luxury, and the respect that come from the Fisher family. After this, she stops to take care of her own house and family.

The inferiority complex of Pauline that she got in the past has influenced her superiority complex in her future life. As described in the previous part, Pauline was neglected by her family in the past. Her siblings ignored her because of her disability. When she moved to Lorain, Ohio, with Cholly, she also got the rejection from other people in her society. Pauline always makes the improvement PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

to overcome her inferiority to be accepted by her society. However, her improvement is overcompensated, and it leads her to have an inferiority complex.

Then, when Pauline gets a permanent job in the white house family, she considers that it is her space and power. In the Fisher’s house, she gets what she did not receive in the past. She gets respect and appreciation from the Fisher family, while in her past life, she did not get it. The Fishers even give her a nickname, Polly.

It is something that Pauline really wanted to have in her past life. In her future life, she finally gets it.

Power, praise, and luxury were hers in this household. They even gave her what she had never had- a nickname-Polly. It was her pleasure to stand in her kitchen at the end of a day and survey her handiwork (Morrison, 2004, p. 116).

The Fisher family gives her all that she needs. While in the past she did not get appreciation, the Fisher gives it to her. While in the past, she did not have a nickname, the Fisher family also gives it to her. The appreciation that the Fisher family gives to Pauline makes her feel worthy. She then finds her personal superiority in the Fisher family. Pauline could do everything that she wants. She could arrange everything full of beauty and luxury. She even claims that all of that is hers.

Pauline was neglected during her childhood. According to Adler, “an unwanted child will use their strength to the weaker person”. Pauline has a tendency to use her strength to the people that she thinks is weaker than her, such as her family. All of the opportunity that Pauline gets has given her the power to control everything around her. It makes her to become arrogant and revengeful person.

When a fisherman comes to the Fisher’s house to give the fish to her own PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

family, she throws it on the face of the fisherman. Pauline thinks that now she has the power to do whatever she wants. She doesn’t care about what society thinks about her because she has power now. The fact that she works for white family that have higher social status in the society makes her feel stronger.

Pauline uses her power not only to other people but also to her family. Like in the previous part before, Pauline is described as a person who is revengeful toward her husband. She wants to take revenge on Cholly. Pauline really wants

Cholly to get the punishment from God. She is not praying to ask the indulgence for Cholly.

If Cholly had stopped drinking, she would never have forgiven Jesus. She needed Cholly's sins desperately. The lower he sank, the wilder and more irresponsible he became, the more splendid she and her task. In the name of Jesus (Morrison, 2004, p. 42).

Pauline wants to put the others down in order to become stronger than the others. Pauline has children, Sammy and Pecola Breedlove. As a mother, she should teach her children about life and affection. However, what she teaches to her children is about the fear of life. Pauline keeps her own world just for herself. She does not want to share it with her family. She does not teach her children about beauty things or the importance of hard work to get a better life. All that she shows to her children is about the fear of life.

Pauline kept this order, this beauty, for herself, a private world and never introduced it into her storefront, or to her children. Them she bent toward respectability, and in so doing taught them fear: fear of being clumsy, fear of being like their father, fear of not being loved by God, fear of madness like Cholly's mother. Into her son, she beat a loud desire to run away, and into her daughter, she beat a fear of growing up, fear of other people, fear of life (Morrison, 2004, p. 116). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Pauline teaches her children about the fear so that she could control them. She doesn’t care about how big or small the problem that her children make. The important thing for Pauline is that she gives them punishment, so that her children have fear toward her as a mother. She wants to show her power to them.

All the meaningfulness of her life was in her work. For her virtues were intact. She was an active church woman, did not drink, smoke, or carous, defended herself mightily against Cholly, rose above him every way, and felt she was fulfilling mother's role conscientiously when she pointed out their father's faults to keep them from having them, or punished them when they showed any slovenliness, no matter how slight, when she worked twelve to sixteen hours a day to support them. And the world itself agreed with her (p.116).

In Pauline’s future life, power is all that matters. When she has power, she can do everything that she wants to do. The job in the Fisher family makes her overproud of herself because she can work in white people house. All of Pauline's traits show that she becomes a person with superiority complex, such as arrogant, full of revenge, and wants to put down the others under her control.

Pauline’s inferiority complex makes her having less interest in social life and looking for her own personal superiority where she can overcome her loneliness.

The opportunity to work in the Fisher family is also her opportunity to reach her personal superiority. She has the power to control her family, the place where she does not have to get social attention or opinion but also can use her power to put down her family members under her control.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this part, the researcher concludes all of the results presented in the previous chapter. There are three problems that are created in the research. First problem is how Pauline's characteristics are described in The Bluest Eye by Toni

Morrison. Second problem is how Pauline's inferiority complex is described in the story. The last problem is how Pauline's inferiority complex influences her superiority complex in the story.

To support the first analysis, the researcher uses theory of characterization to describe Pauline's characteristics in the story. As a result of the analysis, Pauline is described as a loner because she was ignored by her siblings in her past life and her society in her new life with Cholly. She is also described as an arrogant, irresponsible, and also as a person who is full of revenge on her husband, Cholly

Breedlove.

The researcher uses the theory of inferiority complex to analyze the inferiority complex of Pauline in the story. Pauline’s inferiority complex is influenced by organ inferiority and neglect during her childhood. It makes her lonely. When she moves to Ohio with her husband, Cholly, she also gets ejected by the society. In order to be accepted by the society, Pauline improves her defects by wearing high heels. However, her improvement is unsuccessful. Pauline’s improvement is influenced by her psychological sphere. She not only improves herself for her organ inferiority but also for her subjective feeling of

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inferiority that comes from social disabilities. She also does other improvements,

but the result is the same. Realizing that her improvements are unsuccessful, Pauline

has less interest toward social life. She watches movies to overcome her loneliness.

The researcher uses the theory of superiority complex to analyze the last problem.

Pauline becomes a person with superiority complex because she wants to escape

from her loneliness. The inferiority complex of Pauline makes her having less

interest with social life and then looking for her personal superiority. She gets a permanent job in white people house, the Fisher.

In the Fisher’s house, Pauline get what she wants since she was a child. She gets freedom, luxury, pleasure, affection, and recognition. All of these make Pauline feels that she is worthy and has power to control others. With that power, Pauline becomes rude to other people that she thinks is lower than herself. She controls her family, especially her children, by teaching them about fear. She wants her children to have the fear towards her so that she can easily control them.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1999). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Heinle & Heinle .

Adeka, P. (2019). The Concept of Inferiority and Superiority Complex. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/38838179/The_Concept_of_Inferiority_and_S uperiority_Complex

Ansbacher, H. L., & Ansbacher, R. R. (1956). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. Great Britain : Basic Books, Inc.

Aribowo, B. (2008). The Significance of Pauline in Shaping Pecola's Personality in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye . (Undergraduate Thesis), Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta .

Davies, B. H. (2013). Beauty in The Bluest Eye. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/16752417/Beauty_in_The_Bluest_Eye

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.

Hjelle, L. A., & Ziegler, D. J. (1981). Personality Theories Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc.

Mahaffey, P. D. (2004). The Adolescent Complexities of Race, Gender, and Class in Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye". Race, Gender & Class Journal, 11(4), 155-165.

Maier, H. W. (1978). Three Theories of Child Development (3nd ed.). United States of America: Harper & Row.

Medinnus, G. R., & Johnson, R. C. (1969). Child & Adolescent Psychology: Behavior & Development. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Morrison, T. (2004). The Bluest Eye. New York: RosettaBooks LLC.

Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding Unseens An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Noller, P., & Fitzpatric, M. A. (1993). Communication in Family Relationships. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall, Inc.

Pertiwi, A. L. (2016). The Impact of Racism on Pecola Breedlove's Way of Seeing Herself in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye. (Undergraduate Thesis), Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

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Popkin, M. (1987). Active Parenting: Teaching, Cooperation,Courage and Responsibility. New York: Harper & Row.

Rohrberger, M., & Woods, S. H. (1971). Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House.

S.Hall, C., & Lindzey, G. (1957). Theories of Personalities. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Song, S. (2017). Bridging Epidermalization of Black Inferiority and the Racial Epidermal Schema: Internalizing Oppression to the Level of Possibilities. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 4(1), 49-61.

Wangari, E. (2019, November 14). Inferiority Complex. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/32268118/INFERIORITY_COMPLEX

Winny. (2008). The Influence of Pecola's Parents on Her Abnormal Behaviors as Reflected in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye . ( Undergraduate Thesis), Universitas Sanata Dharma , Yogyakarta .

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APPENDIX Appendix: Summary of The Bluest Eye

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison is a novel that is divided into four parts.

Each part is named in seasons. It begins in “Autumn” and ends in “Summer”. This novel uses the point of view of a 9-years-old girl named Claudia MacTeer who lives in Lorain, Ohio in 1939 with her family and her sister. The author also gives others’ point of view. When the story is not narrated by Claudia, the author uses another character’s point of view to tell some important events in the story.

In the beginning of the story, the author gives the readers clues about how the main characters in the story, Pecola Breedlove, ends the story with a sad ending where she is raped by her own father. The Breedlove’s lives is in contrast with

MacTeer’s lives because even though both of them are not rich, MacTeer family has strong family connections, while Breedlove family do not.

The story of Breedlove begins when a social worker brings Pecola to

MacTeer house to live there, because Cholly Breedlove, who is Pecola’s father, had burned their house down. Claudia and her sister befriend Pecola. One day, Claudia narrates how Pecola gets her first menstruation, and this is the author’s clue of how she will be raped by her father later. When Pecola finally lives with her family again, they get to live in a house that is full of “despair and cold”. Pauline and

Cholly often fight and beat each other in front of their children. Sammy, who is

Pecola’s brother, often runs from home.

Pauline Breedlove is described as an unhappy woman who gives her love to white family where she works. However, she cannot give her love to her own

51 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

family that live in squalor. She describes herself as a Christian woman but is also revengeful. It is influenced by her past life. When she was a child, she was ignored by her siblings because she had limp feet. Being ignored by her siblings makes

Pauline become lonely. She wanted to join them, but she was rejected by them. She blames her foot and sees it as a burden of her life.

On the other hand, Cholly is described as angry, irresponsible, violent, cruel, and uncontrollable. Pecola does not feel comfortable in her family, so she spends her time with the whores; China, Poland, and Marie, who tolerate her presence without giving much love.

Most of the characters in the story want to make themselves look like white people. This shows how white people are considered better than black people.

Pecola is obsessed with having blue eyes, which is one of white people’s beauty standards. She prays every night to God to change her eye. Pecola thinks that if she has the bluest eye, it will change her life.

On the other hand, the MacTeer family also deals with a problem. One of their children gets the sexual harassment from Mr. Henry, which is one of their guest houses. Fortunately, the MacTeer protects the child that had been abused by

Mr. Henry. On the contrary, inside the Breedlove family, Cholly Breedlove rapes her own daughter twice until Pecola becomes pregnant, but the other family members do not support her and kind of blame the victim, until Pecola becomes more frustrated and is obsessed with blue eyes. She believes that her life will change if her eyes become blue. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

One day, she comes to Soaphead Church to help her change her eyes. He is a pedophilic fortune-teller. Soaphead Church hates an old dog. He wants to kill it, but he cannot. So he asks Pecola to give food to the old dog. The food is mixed with the poison. The dogs die after eating this. Pecola is in shock and runs away. Because of this, Pecola becomes an irrational person. She also creates her “friend” and does conversation with her. That is her imagination. At the end, Pecola becomes a mad woman. Pauline brings Pecola with her, move from their house and then live on the edge of town. Pauline still does the housework.

Adapted from: Gradesaver.com. (2020). Bluest Eye Summary. Retrieved on 24 August 2020 from https://www.gradesaver.com/bluest-eye/study-guide/summary.

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