DOCSLIB.ORG

Lower Chindwin District Volume A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lower Chindwin District Volume A BURMA GAZETTEER LOWER CHINDWIN DISTRICT UPPER BURMA RANGOON OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRINTING, BURMA TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PART A. THE DISTRICT 1-211 Chapter I. Physical Description 1-20 Boundaries 1 The culturable portion 2 Rivers: the Chindwin; the Mu 3 The Alaungdaw gorge 4 Lakes ib. Diversity of the district ib. Area 5: Surveys ib. Geology 6 Petroliferous areas ib. Black-soil areas; red soils ib. Volcanic rocks 7 Explosion craters ib. Artesian wells 8 Saline efflorescence ib. Rainfall and climate 9 Fauna: quadrupeds; reptiles and lizards; game birds; predatory birds 9-15 Hunting: indigenous methods 16 Game fish 17 Hunting superstitions 18 Chapter II, History and Archæology 20-28 Early history 20 History after the Annexation of 1885 (a) east of the Chindwin; (b) west of the Chindwin: the southern portion; (c) the northern portion; (d) along the Chindwin 21-24 Archæology 24-28 The Register of Taya 25 CONTENTS. PAGE The Alaungdaw Katthapa shrine 25 The Powindaung caves 26 Pagodas ib. Inscriptions 27 Folk-lore: the Bodawgyi legend ib. Chapter III. The People 28-63 The main stock 28 Traces of admixture of other races ib. Population by census: densities; preponderance of females 29-32 Towns and large villages 32 Social and religious life: Buddhism and sects 33-35 The English Wesleyan Mission; Roman Catholics 35 Animism: the Alôn and Zidaw festivals 36 Caste 37 Standard of living: average agricultural income; the food of the people; the house; clothing; expenditure on works of public utility; agricultural stock 38-42 Agricultural indebtedness 42 Land values: sale and mortgage 48 Alienations to non-agriculturists 50 Indigence 51 Wages ib. Growth in prosperity ib. Agrarian customs 51-58 Tenants 58 Large estates 63 Chapter IV. Agricalture and Irrigation 63-105 Number of agriculturists 63 Absorption of the waste for cultivation ib. Wet and dry crops 64 Area under the different crops: dry crops on rice land ; new crops 65 Normal area of crop failure 66 Dry and wet lands and the main orders of soil ib. The standard crops in different parts 67 Average area of the holding 69 CONTENTS. PAGE Agricultural advances 69 Modes of agriculture 70 Manuring 74 Description of the chief crops: rice; millet; sesamum; cotton; red bean; groundnut; green bean (pèdi); onions; plantains; betel-vine 75-85 The tari, or toddy palm 86 Floods 93 Insect and other pests ib. Weeds 95 Saline efflorescence 96 Cattle: grazing and breeding ib. Irrigation: ordinary types; customs 99 The Pyaungbya weir 102 Traces of Shan influence ib. Saline-water irrigation ib. Artesian-well irrigation and irrigation from springs ib. Lift irrigation: wells; other modes 104 Tanks ib, Possible irrigation works ib. Chapter V. Forests and Minerals 105-119 Boundaries of the Lower Chindwin Forest Division 105 Physical features: forest-bearing areas; floating streams 106 History 107 Surveys: settlement of reserves; working plans 108-109 Teak: other trees: extractoin of teak 110 In; bamboo; thitsi; cutch 111 Forest roads ib, Fire-protection and conservation of the forests 113 Forest establishments 114 Changes in administrative boundaries 115 Revenue and expenditure ib. Minerals: platinum and oilier minerals 116 Lime ib. Salt: the Salingyi brine-wells 117 Petroleum 119 Coal ib. CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter VI. Occupations and Trade 119-136 Census of occupations 119 Annual emigration 121 Traders: bamboo-plaiters; blacksmiths; brass workers 122-123 Saddlery 123 Fans; wooden pattens; sandals; tattooers; mahouts 124 Bamboo lacquer ib. Unglazed pottery 126 Hair-combs ib. Silkworm breeding; well-baskets ib. Forest occupations ib. Local distribution of occupations 127 Mills and factories 128 Trade in Burmese times ib. Markets ib. Distributing centres and fairs 129 Exports and imports ib. Lines of trade 130 Trade carried by the railway ib. Trade carried by the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company's steamers ib. Country boats and rafts ib. Road trade routes 132 Distribution of exports and imports 133 Prices 135 Weights and measures ib. Chapter VII. Means of Communication 136-141 The railway 136 The Chindwin and the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company's service ib. The Mu 137 Ferries ib. Roads maintained by the Public Works Department 138 Road bridges 141 Expenditure on roads ib. District Fund Roads ib. Village roads ib. CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter VIII. Famine 142-154 Rainfall 142 Examination of the belief that the rainfall is decreasing ib. The dry zone in the eighteenth century: Sangerraano and Symes 144 Indications of a diminished water-supply 145 The probable causes 146 The practice of terracing dry cultivation 147 Tracts less liable to crop-failure ib. History of the seasons since annexation 148 Seasons of scarcity-1890-91; the famine of 1891-92; 1895-96; 1896-97; 1903-04; 1907-08 179-151 Improbability of famine conditions arising 151 Suspensions of revenue 152 Substitutes for food-grains in times of scarcity ib. Local division of the rainy season 153 Chapter IX. Administration, General and Judicial: Public Works, etc 154-173 Burmese administrative divisions within the district 154 Military and marine forces in Burmese times 156 The twelve regiments 157 The boat villages 158 Administration after annexation: external boundaries ib. Internal boundaries 159 District officials 160 Village administration ib. Civil Justice 161 Registration of documentary transfers of property 163 Civil Police 164 Military Police 165 Criminal Justice: the magistracy 166 Amount of crime 167 Offences against property; against the human body; violent crime; dacoity; robbery; cattle-theft 167-168 Offences against the opium and excise laws 168 Gambling 169 The preventive sections ib. Prisons 170 CONTENTS. PAGE Public works: administration and chief public buildings 171 Post and Telegraph arrangements 172 Ecclesiastical 173 Chapter X. Revenue Administration 173-195 Revenue in Burmese times; the household tax, thathameda 173 Royal lands 175 Miscellaneous revenue ib. Estimate of total collections in Burmese times 176 The military aids ib. Gross revenue since annexation ib. Land Revenue: State-land assessments after annexation: early surveys ib. The cadastral survey 177 The Summary Settlement ib. The Regular Settlement 178 Land tenures: the non-State or private tenure 179 The State tenure 179-183 ib. Service lands: the major and other regiments; occa- sional levies; Shan service land 179 Other State lands 181 Property in fruit trees 183 Area of land by tenure 184 Thathameda before and after Summary Settlement ib. Land-revenue and thathameda collections 85 Dates of collection of revenue 186 Coercive processes for the recovery of land-revenue and thathameda ib. incidence of taxation 187 Prosperity or otherwise of the district ib. Minor sources of revenue: fisheries 188 Stamps ib. Excise administration; in Burmese times 189 After annexation: excise on liquor ib. Revenue from liquor excise 190 Revenue from tari shops ib. Revenue from other licenses ib. Preventive staff and offences 191 CONTENTS. PAGE Opium administration: before 1888 91 1889 to 1894 ib. 1894 to 1904 92 Since 1904 93 Revenue from opium 94 Other narcotics ib. Revenue from salt ib. Chapter XI. Local Self-Government 195-200 The Mônywa Municipality: constitution 195 Population ib. Revenue and expenditure ib. Sources of revenue and heads of expenditure 196 incidence of taxation 197 Heads of revenue: market-rents and slaughter-houses ib. Tolls and ferries ib. Heads of expenditure: public works; conservancy; hospital; water-supply ib. Precautions against fire 198 The District Fund: constitution 199 Heads of revenue and expenditure ib. Public works ib. Establishment 200 Revenue and expenditure ib. Chapter XII Education 200-204 Literacy at census periods 200 Educational administration 201 Primary education in Public schools ib. Unregistered private schools 202 Secondary education in Public schools ib. Mission education: the English Wesleyan Midone. School at Mônywa ib. Expenditure on education 203 Survey school 204 Chapter XIII. Public Health 204-211 Burmese surgery and physics 204 Hospitals: the Mônywa Municipal hospital 205 CONTENTS. PAGE The chief diseases: cholera; malarial fever and the sale of quinine; yaws; plague 206-207 Vaccination 207 Sanitation and water-supply: in Mônywa town and in rural areas 208 Vital statistics 210 CHAPTER XIV. MINOR ARTICLES 212-225 Mônywa Town 212 Mônywa subdivision ib. Budalin township 213 Ayadaw; Budalin; Kanbyu; Kinzan; Maungdaung; Naunggyi-aing; Ngapayin; Nyaunggan; Yèdwet 214-216 Mônywa township 216 Alôn; Indaing; Kothan; Kyaukka North; Kyauksit- pôn North; Kyehmôn; Lèzin: Malètha; Minywa; Mônywe; Myobaw; Ngwedwin; Nyaungbyubin; Thazi; Thitsein; Wayaung 217-219 Yinmabin subdivision 219 Kani township 220 Kônywa; Yinbaungdaing 221 Salingyi township ib. Kangôn; Kyadet; Linzagyet; Ngakôn; Salingyi; Satan 222-223 Palè township 223 Chinbyit; Hlawga; Kyenin; Letpagan; Mônthwin; Nyaungôn; Palè 224-225 Bibliography 227 Index 231 GLOSSARY. Chaung, stream. Chetty, the money-lending caste of Madras. Myothugyi, vide ywa-thu-gyi. Nat, spirit. Pèdi, green bean, Taiksa-ye, syn. myosa-ye. Tari, toddy, borassus flabelliformis. Thathameda, the household tax. Thitya, the shorea obtusa. Thugyi, ywa-thu-gyi, headman of a circle of villages. BURMA GAZETTEER LOWER CHINDWIN DISTRICT (UPPER BURMA) PART A.--THE DISTRICT. CHAPTER I. Physical Description. The Lower Chindwin district lies between north latitudes 21° 48´ and 22° 50´ and east longitudes 94° 16´ and 95° 39´ and falls partly within the Dry and partly within the Northern Wet zones of Burma. The wet-zone portion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AROUND MANDALAY You Cansnoopaboutpottery Factories
    © Lonely Planet Publications 276 Around Mandalay What puts Mandalay on most travellers’ maps looms outside its doors – former capitals with battered stupas and palace walls lost in palm-rimmed rice fields where locals scoot by in slow-moving horse carts. Most of it is easy day-trip potential. In Amarapura, for-hire rowboats drift by a three-quarter-mile teak-pole bridge used by hundreds of monks and fishers carrying their day’s catch home. At the canal-made island capital of Inwa (Ava), a flatbed ferry then a horse cart leads visitors to a handful of ancient sites surrounded by village life. In Mingun – a boat ride up the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) from Mandalay – steps lead up a battered stupa more massive than any other…and yet only a AROUND MANDALAY third finished. At one of Myanmar’s most religious destinations, Sagaing’s temple-studded hills offer room to explore, space to meditate and views of the Ayeyarwady. Further out of town, northwest of Mandalay in Sagaing District, are a couple of towns – real ones, the kind where wide-eyed locals sometimes slip into approving laughter at your mere presence – that require overnight stays. Four hours west of Mandalay, Monywa is near a carnivalesque pagoda and hundreds of cave temples carved from a buddha-shaped moun- tain; further east, Shwebo is further off the travelways, a stupa-filled town where Myanmar’s last dynasty kicked off; nearby is Kyaukmyaung, a riverside town devoted to pottery, where you can snoop about pottery factories. HIGHLIGHTS Join the monk parade crossing the world’s longest
    [Show full text]
  • Vice President U Myint Swe: Government Succeeds in Reopening Kyin San Kyawt Gate
    INFRASTRUCTURE IS KEY TO EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT PAGE-8 (OPINION) The Global New Light of Myanmar NEXT GENERATION PLATFORM 13 JANUARY 2019 THE GLOBAL NEW LIGHT OF MYANMAR NATIONAL Meeting to form Workers Coordinating Committee (WCC) held in Hlinethaya Tsp By Thu Naung Kyaw (Hledan) Dip. in English (YUFL) WELL-KNOWN modern teashop in Hledan makes a bowl of oil noodles in the way that the steaming hot noodles are sieved into a plastic water bowl with handle, commonly used in bath- A rooms, in which the concoction is done, afterwards being put PAGE-6 Pull-out supplementinto a porcelain plate and, finally, served. Moreover, Hledan has another popular teashop, only two branches of which are running there in the town. There, when a glass of cold drink is ordered, they use a generous amount of unevenly hewn ice cubes, rather than using purified ice cubes. Also, the bottles of soybean with their rusty metal caps staining their mouths are not worth ordering. Next, a roadside Monhingha shop, which, however, was known to be in the list of pioneers of the town, asked us to hold our horses as the broth had ran out. A moment later, a trishaw came with many plastic bags, each holding Monhingha broth – boiling hot – all of which was eventually poured down into the large bowl. In the Hledan market, a wholesaling shop that sells fried vermicelli and fried noodles adds the entire packet of Ajinomoto, the seasoning powder, into a giant frying pan. Those noodles and vermicelli are sold to the other shops retailing various salads, pork on stick, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar (Burma)
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Myanmar (Burma) Northern Myanmar p271 Mandalay & Around p234 Western ^# Myanmar Bagan & Eastern p307 Central Myanmar Myanmar p196 p141 Southwestern Myanmar ^# Yangon p86 p34 Southeastern Myanmar p105 Simon Richmond, David Eimer, Adam Karlin, Nick Ray, Regis St Louis PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Myanmar . 4 YANGON . 34 Myeik . 131 Myanmar Map . 6 Myeik (Mergui) Archipelago . 135 Myanmar’s Top 10 . .8 SOUTHWESTERN Kawthoung . 138 MYANMAR . 86 Need to Know . 14 Thanlyin & Kyauktan . 87 What’s New . 16 BAGAN & CENTRAL Bago . 88 MYANMAR . 141 If You Like… . 17 Pathein . .. 94 Yangon–Mandalay Month by Month . 19 Chaung Tha Beach . .. 99 Highway . 143 Ngwe Saung Beach . 102 Itineraries . 21 Taungoo (Toungoo) . 143 Nay Pyi Taw . 146 Before You Go . 23 SOUTHEASTERN Meiktila . 149 Regions at a Glance . 30 MYANMAR . 105 Yangon–Bagan Mon State . 107 Highway . 151 2P2PLAY / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / 2P2PLAY Mt Kyaiktiyo Pyay . 151 (Golden Rock) . 107 Thayekhittaya Mawlamyine . 109 (Sri Ksetra) . 154 Around Mawlamyine . 116 Magwe . 155 Ye . 119 Bagan . 156 Kayin State . 121 Nyaung U . 158 Hpa-an . 121 Old Bagan . 164 Around Hpa-an . 124 Myinkaba . 167 Myawaddy . 126 New Bagan (Bagan Myothit) . 167 Tanintharyi Region . 127 Around Bagan . 172 STREET FOOD AT BOGYOKE AUNG Dawei . 127 SAN MARKET P54, YANGON CHANTAL DE BRUIJNE / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / BRUIJNE DE CHANTAL SHWE YAUNGHWE KYAUNG P197, NYAUNGSHWE Contents UNDERSTAND Mt Popa . 172 Mingun . 269 Myanmar Salay . 173 Paleik . 270 Today . 336 Pakokku . 175 History . 338 Monywa . 176 NORTHERN People & Religious Around Monywa . 178 MYANMAR . 271 Beliefs of Myanmar . 352 Mandalay to Lashio . 273 Aung San Suu Kyi .
    [Show full text]
  • Teachers Helping Children Become Better Learners
    Despite the increase in the number of students attending schools worldwide, the ndings of studies are that students are not necessarily learning at level. In spite the heavy investments made in education systems, certain groups of children are still being left behind despite attending school. Are children reading, writing, and doing arithmetic at level by Grade 2? Are they developing language and communication Learners Better Become Helping Children Teachers Learning skills early in life? Are they learning to read, write and do arithmetic (the 3Rs) in the early primary years? Data from many countries including more developed ones reveal large percentages of students not mastering these foundational competencies. More children may be attending school today, but are they, in fact, Learning? ese are stories of teachers from around Southeast Asia recognized by the Princess Maha Chakri Award Foundation. eir stories look at Learning their teaching journeys and how they dene Learning for themselves and their students. Teachers Helping Children Lim Soh Ngo, Brunei Darussalam Become Better Learners Dy Sophorn, Cambodia Encon Rahman, Indonesia Khuonvilay Khenkitisack, Lao PDR Saripah binti Embong, Malaysia Stories of the 2017 Princess an Tun, Myanmar Maha Chakri Awardees Jesus Catigun Insalada, Philippines Sarabjeet Kaur, Singapore Jirat Jamsawang, ailand Leopoldina Joana Guterres, Timor-Leste Phan i Nu, Vietnam Juan Miguel Luz Princess Maha Chakri Award Foundation LEARNING Teachers Helping Children Become Better Learners Stories of the 2017 Princess Maha Chakri Awardees Juan Miguel Luz Princess Maha Chakri Award Foundation LEARNING Teachers Helping Children Become Better Learners Stories of the 2017 Princess Maha Chakri Awardees ISBN 978-616-93648-0-1 Author: Juan Miguel Luz Layout: Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Mimu875v01 120626 3W Livelihoods South East
    Myanmar Information Management Unit 3W South East of Myanmar Livelihoods Border and Country Based Organizations Presence by Township Budalin Thantlang 94°23'EKani Wetlet 96°4'E Kyaukme 97°45'E 99°26'E 101°7'E Ayadaw Madaya Pangsang Hakha Nawnghkio Mongyai Yinmabin Hsipaw Tangyan Gangaw SAGAING Monywa Sagaing Mandalay Myinmu Pale .! Pyinoolwin Mongyang Madupi Salingyi .! Matman CHINA Ngazun Sagaing Tilin 1 Tada-U 1 1 2 Monghsu Mongkhet CHIN Myaing Yesagyo Kyaukse Myingyan 1 Mongkaung Kyethi Mongla Mindat Pauk Natogyi Lawksawk Kengtung Myittha Pakokku 1 1 Hopong Mongping Taungtha 1 2 Mongyawng Saw Wundwin Loilen Laihka Ü Nyaung-U Kunhing Seikphyu Mahlaing Ywangan Kanpetlet 1 21°6'N Paletwa 4 21°6'N MANDALAY 1 1 Monghpyak Kyaukpadaung Taunggyi Nansang Meiktila Thazi Pindaya SHAN (EAST) Chauk .! Salin 4 Mongnai Pyawbwe 2 Tachileik Minbya Sidoktaya Kalaw 2 Natmauk Yenangyaung 4 Taunggyi SHAN (SOUTH) Monghsat Yamethin Pwintbyu Nyaungshwe Magway Pinlaung 4 Mawkmai Myothit 1 Mongpan 3 .! Nay Pyi Hsihseng 1 Minbu Taw-Tatkon 3 Mongton Myebon Langkho Ngape Magway 3 Nay Pyi Taw LAOS Ann MAGWAY Taungdwingyi [(!Nay Pyi Taw- Loikaw Minhla Nay Pyi Pyinmana 3 .! 3 3 Sinbaungwe Taw-Lewe Shadaw Pekon 3 3 Loikaw 2 RAKHINE Thayet Demoso Mindon Aunglan 19°25'N Yedashe 1 KAYAH 19°25'N 4 Thandaunggyi Hpruso 2 Ramree Kamma 2 3 Toungup Paukkhaung Taungoo Bawlakhe Pyay Htantabin 2 Oktwin Hpasawng Paungde 1 Mese Padaung Thegon Nattalin BAGOPhyu (EAST) BAGO (WEST) 3 Zigon Thandwe Kyangin Kyaukkyi Okpho Kyauktaga Hpapun 1 Myanaung Shwegyin 5 Minhla Ingapu 3 Gwa Letpadan
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Intersections of Trafficking in Persons Vulnerability and Environmental Degradation in Forestry and Adjacent Sectors
    Exploring Intersections of Trafficking in Persons Vulnerability and Environmental Degradation in Forestry and Adjacent Sectors Case Studies on Banana Cultivation and Informal Logging in Northern Burma Summary of Findings and Recommendations August 2020 This report was made possible through the generous support of the United States Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP). The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of State. Verité® provides the knowledge and tools to eliminate the most serious labor and human rights abuses in global supply chains. Copyright © Verité 2020 Verité, Inc. 44 Belchertown Road Amherst, MA 01002 USA verite.org Acknowledgements This report was made possible through the generous support of the United States Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP). The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of State. This report was written by Max Travers, who served as Lead Researcher on the report with Joe Falcone. Field research for the two case studies was carried out by Htoi Awng Htingnan and Yamin Shwe Zin. Allison Arbib edited the report. Stephanie Leombruno performed background research and assisted in the write up of findings. Lawrence David, Julie Sobkowicz Brown, and Carrie Schwartz assisted with design and layout of the reports. Erin Klett provided oversight and management of the broader initiative. This research would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of Verité’s field research team in Burma.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Inclusion
    ANNUAL REPORT 2020 I LIFT Annual Report 2020 ANNUAL REPORT 2020 II III LIFT Annual Report 2020 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB Asian Development Bank LBVD Livestock Breeding and Veterinary ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Department CBO Community-based Organisation We thank the governments of Australia, Canada, the European Union, LEARN Leveraging Essential Nutrition Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and CSO Civil Society Organisation Actions To Reduce Malnutrition project the United States of America for their kind contributions to improving the livelihoods and food security of rural poor people in Myanmar. Their DAR Department of Agricultural MAM Moderate acute malnutrition support to the Livelihoods and Food Security Fund (LIFT) is gratefully Research acknowledged. M&E Monitoring and evaluation DC Donor Consortium MADB Myanmar Agriculture Department of Agriculture Development Bank DISCLAIMER DoA DoF Department of Fisheries MEAL Monitoring, evaluation, This document is based on information from projects funded by LIFT in accountability and learning 2020 and supported with financial assistance from Australia, Canada, the DRD Department for Rural European Union, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the United Development MoALI Ministry of Agriculture, Kingdom, and the United States of America. The views expressed herein Livestock and Irrigation should not be taken to reflect the official opinion of the LIFT donors. DSW Department of Social Welfare MoE Ministry of Education Exchange rate: This report converts MMK into
    [Show full text]
  • India-Myanmar-Bangladesh Border Region
    MyanmarInform ationManage mUnit e nt India-Myanmar-Banglade shBord eRegion r April2021 92°E 94°E 96°E Digboi TaipiDuidam Marghe rita Bom dLa i ARUN ACHALPRADESH N orthLakhimpur Pansaung ARUN ACHAL Itanagar PRADESH Khonsa Sibsagar N anyun Jorhat INDIA Mon DonHee CHINA Naga BANGLA Tezpur DESH Self-Administered Golaghat Mangaldai Zone Mokokc hung LAOS N awgong(nagaon) Tuensang Lahe ASSAM THAILAND Z unhe boto ParHtanKway 26° N 26° Hojai Dimapur N 26° Hkamti N AGALAN D Kachin Lumd ing Kohima State Me huri ChindwinRiver Jowai INDIA LayShi Maram SumMaRar MEGHALAYA Mahur Kalapahar MoWaing Lut Karimganj Hom alin Silchar Imphal Sagaing ShwePyi Aye Region Kalaura MAN IPUR Rengte Kakc hing Myothit Banmauk MawLu Churachandpur Paungbyin Indaw Katha Thianship Tamu TRIPURA Pinlebu 24° N 24° W untho N 24° Cikha Khampat Kawlin Tigyaing Aizawal Tonzang Mawlaik Rihkhawdar Legend Ted im Kyunhla State/RegionCapital Serc hhip Town Khaikam Kalewa Kanbalu Ge neralHospital MIZORAM Kale W e bula TownshipHospital Taze Z e eKone Bord eCrossing r Falam Lunglei Mingin AirTransport Facility Y e -U Khin-U Thantlang Airport Tabayin Rangamati Hakha Shwebo TownshipBoundary SaingPyin KyaukMyaung State/RegionBoundary Saiha Kani BANGLA Budalin W e tlet BoundaryInternational Ayadaw MajorRoad Hnaring Surkhua DESH Sec ondaryRoad Y inmarbin Monywa Railway Keranirhat SarTaung Rezua Salingyi Chaung-U Map ID: MIMU1718v01 22° N 22° Pale Myinmu N 22° Lalengpi Sagaing Prod uctionApril62021 Date: Chin PapeSize r A4 : Projec tion/Datum:GCS/WGS84 Chiringa State Myaung SourcData Departme e : ofMe nt dService ical s, Kaladan River Kaladan TheHumanitarian ExchangeData Matupi Magway BasemMIMU ap: PlaceName General s: Adm inistrationDepartme (GAD)and field nt Cox'sBazar Region sourcTransliteration e s.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Budalin Township of Sagaing Division Article: Kyawt Maung Maung; Photos: Tin Soe (Myanma Alin)
    Established 1914 Volume XVII, Number 129 4th Waxing of Tawthalin 1371 ME Sunday, 23 August, 2009 Four political objectives Four economic objectives Four social objectives * Stability of the State, community peace * Development of agriculture as the base and all-round * Uplift of the morale and morality of development of other sectors of the economy as well and tranquillity, prevalence of law and the entire nation * Proper evolution of the market-oriented economic order * Uplift of national prestige and integ- system * National reconsolidation rity and preservation and safeguard- * Development of the economy inviting participation in * Emergence of a new enduring State ing of cultural heritage and national terms of technical know-how and investments from Constitution character sources inside the country and abroad * Building of a new modern developed * Uplift of dynamism of patriotic spirit * The initiative to shape the national economy must be kept * Uplift of health, fitness and education nation in accord with the new State in the hands of the State and the national peoples Constitution standards of the entire nation Developing Budalin Township of Sagaing Division Article: Kyawt Maung Maung; Photos: Tin Soe (Myanma Alin) Photo shows thriving Ngwechi-6 long staple cotton plantation in Budalin Township. Upon arrival at the entrance to Budalin recently, the news crew of Myanma Alin Daily saw the equestrian statue of Maha Bandoola that brings honour to the town. Located on the east bank of Chindwin River, Budalin is sharing border with Dabayin Township in the north, Ayadaw Township in the east, Monywa Township in the south and Yinmabin and Kani townships in the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Ie, I Oung-Hill, and Noo-Nah? Leprosy? Refer
    UPPER BURMA. 53 Feb., 1906.] YAWS IN The of these are riverine villages be- REPORT ON THE PREVALENCE OF YAWS majority tween which constant communication ?exists IN THE LOWER CHINDWIN DISTRICT, Inland villages in this township are less affected UPPER BURMA. and in farther inland ones some distance from each the disorder to a slight by p. a. other, prevails only ? McCarthy, extent. Mily. Asst.-Sdbgeon, Budalin township adjoining Kani has also 29 Civil Surgeon, Lower Chinchoin District. villages where the disease is found. The majo- was of are on I he existence of yaws in the district rity these villages the Chindwin river with first Mr. A. H. Nolan, late Civil in communication villages in the Kani recognised bj7 have also of Monywa, who had his attention township. Oases been seen in some Surgeon on the Mu drawn to cases of the disease in the small villages river near the Sliwebo previously district. Pakokku and Shwebo districts in 1899. After border of the the dis- In Alon township the disease is found in his appointment to Lower Chindwin were seen to those 6 in one villas trict, cases which similar only villages, Salingyi township is while Pale is found in Shwebo and Pakokku districts, led to affected ; entirely free from ft and ? an and study of the disorder found Character description of the disease. enquiry The observations have been made prevailing in this district. His observations following be- from a of 431 cases that have been were embodied in a paper which was read study treated m the from November fore the Indian Medical Congress in Calcutta district 1904.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhism and Written Law: Dhammasattha Manuscripts and Texts in Premodern Burma
    BUDDHISM AND WRITTEN LAW: DHAMMASATTHA MANUSCRIPTS AND TEXTS IN PREMODERN BURMA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Dietrich Christian Lammerts May 2010 2010 Dietrich Christian Lammerts BUDDHISM AND WRITTEN LAW: DHAMMASATTHA MANUSCRIPTS AND TEXTS IN PREMODERN BURMA Dietrich Christian Lammerts, Ph.D. Cornell University 2010 This dissertation examines the regional and local histories of dhammasattha, the preeminent Pali, bilingual, and vernacular genre of Buddhist legal literature transmitted in premodern Burma and Southeast Asia. It provides the first critical analysis of the dating, content, form, and function of surviving dhammasattha texts based on a careful study of hitherto unexamined Burmese and Pali manuscripts. It underscores the importance for Buddhist and Southeast Asian Studies of paying careful attention to complex manuscript traditions, multilingual post- and para- canonical literatures, commentarial strategies, and the regional South-Southeast Asian literary, historical, and religious context of the development of local legal and textual practices. Part One traces the genesis of dhammasattha during the first and early second millennia C.E. through inscriptions and literary texts from India, Cambodia, Campå, Java, Lakå, and Burma and investigates its historical and legal-theoretical relationships with the Sanskrit Bråhmaˆical dharmaßåstra tradition and Pali Buddhist literature. It argues that during this period aspects of this genre of written law, akin to other disciplines such as alchemy or medicine, functioned in both Buddhist and Bråhmaˆical contexts, and that this ecumenical legal culture persisted in certain areas such as Burma and Java well into the early modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar Traditional Egg-Tapping Game in Ayemyawady Quarter, Sagaing
    Myanmar Traditional Egg-Tapping Game in Ayemyawady Quarter, Sagaing Thandar Swe * Abstract Myanmar has a long history of art, literature and music. Cultural festivals are held throughout the year in various places in various seasons. This paper presents the information of the festival of Egg-Tapping Game that has been held every year at Zinamanaung Bronze Buddha in Ayemyawady Quarter, Sagaing. Through the studies of traditional festivals, the culture of Myanmar can be seen. This festival makes friendship, unity, equality of gives and takes, and happiness for them. This paper also intends to encourage the new generations to maintain the tradition of cultural festivals. Studies for this paper are done using reference books and also through field research. Key words: Egg-Tapping Game, Ayemyawady , Sagaing. Introduction Sagaing Township is located within latitudes 21 13N and 21 15N and between longitudes 95 3´ E and 96 36´ E. It falls within the dry zone. It is situated in north of Yangon, 373 miles by road and 398 miles by rail 586 miles by water. Sagaing Township stands 228.009 feet above sea level. Sagaing Township is bounded by Mandalay Township on the east, Tada-U Township on the south, Myinmu Township on the west and Wetlet Township on the north. On the east and west the Ayeyarwady River forms a natural boundary of Sagaing Township and the Mu River forms a natural boundary on the west. On the north is the land boundary between Sagaing and Wetlet townships. The area of Sagaing Township is 485.16 square miles. The residential quarters in the urban area of the Sagaing town are: 1.Pabetan, 2.Seingon, 3.Tagaung, 4.Minlan, 5.Moeza, 6.Ayemyawady, 7.Potan, 8.Nandawin, 9.Daweizay, * Associate Professor, Dr, Department of Oriental Studies, Yadanabon University 10.Myothit, 11.Ywahtaung, 12.Htonbo, 13.Thawtapan, 14.Parami, 15.Nilar, 16.Pattamya, 17.Shweminwun, 18.Zeyar, 19.Miyahtar, 20.Pyukan, 21.Kyauksit, 22.Magyisin, 23.Magyigon, 24.Tintate, and 25.Sitee.
    [Show full text]