DOCSLIB.ORG

Download/Dp/Dp05.Pdf Newbury, Catharine.1988

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download/Dp/Dp05.Pdf Newbury, Catharine.1988 TWO REBEL ROADS TO POWER Explaining Variation in the Transition from Genocidal Violence to Rebel Governance in Contemporary Rwanda and Burundi A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University By Noel Twagiramungu IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY April 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor Peter Uvin, Co-chair Professor Eileen Babbitt, Co-chair Professor Jens Meierhenrich, Reader ii ABSTRACT Rwanda and Burundi are often considered twin countries, exhibiting almost identical historical and linguistic heritage, cultural norms and practices, and social and political structures. Equally landlocked, poor in natural resources, and aid-dependent, the two former Belgian colonial territories have since the 1990s emerged from comparable instances of genocidal violence and rebel-led transitions. Yet, these transitions occurred in radically different ways. The Tutsi- dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) came to power through a military victory and established a strong, donor-darling state with an exaggerated presence in the international arena. Burundi’s Hutu-dominated Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces de Défense de la Démocratie, (CNDD-FDD) forced a Tutsi-controlled army to negotiate a power- sharing arrangement and now presides over a divided government with little influence beyond its national borders. This dissertation argues that these divergent transitions are not simply an outcome of contingent and idiosyncratic factors such as war, genocide, conflict endgame, external influences or individual leaders. Instead, the differences are better understood as the continuation of longstanding political patterns. The argument rests on four empirical findings. First, the coming into being of Rwanda and Burundi was the result of complex processual developments of political negotiation rather than instantaneous structures created whole each under one founding father. Nevertheless, the origins of the current patterns of governance can be traced back to the early political foundations of each state. One of Rwanda’s foundational monarchs, Ruganzu Ndori, came to power by force in a time of extreme turmoil; he introduced two innovative political tools -- a strong army and a clientele system known as ubuhake -- which allowed the central court increasing control over its expanding territory. Burundi’s founder, Ntare Rushatsi, rose to prominence in peacetime, by gradually extending his influence over complex iii webs of power-holders; the resultant royal structures were based on a delicate web of relations among several semi-autonomous princes. As Ruganzu’s successors consolidated power, by the mid-eighteenth century Rwanda came to be a highly militarized and fairly centralized kingdom. By contrast, Burundi retained its features of a confederation among regional authorities. Second, the foundational political styles responded to the challenges of their times, adapting to shifting dynamics; neither colonial domination nor the post-independence rise of military rule, democratization processes or rebel governance reversed the age-old trends. Third, this dissertation explains why, upon assuming power, new leaders tend to reproduce the same governance systems they once vowed to eradicate. I argue that political entrepreneurs, including rebellions, find themselves obliged to preserve institutions and practices that resonate most with the society as a whole. They do so both in their individual efforts to minimize the risks of uncertainties (as instrumental-rational theorists may correctly suggest), and because, having been socialized into these norms and practices, they have had to internalize and work within them to achieve success. Fourth, the prevailing patterns of governance--centralization in Rwanda, fragmentation in Burundi--, while self-reinforcing, are neither linear nor deterministic. The analysis examines five pairs of variables whose interactions and trade-offs shape each society’s responses to ever- changing challenges and opportunities: relations between past and present; center and periphery; agency and structure; elites and multiple lay groupings; internal and external factors. Put together, the findings suggest that good understanding of the core norms and practices likely to shape the boundaries of choices and margins of maneuver available to individual and institutional actors is key for designing balanced, well-informed, context-sensitive and change-oriented policies. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NOEL TWAGIRAMUNGU 45 Warner St, Springfield, MA 01108 Ph: 413 731 2482 [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ CURRENT POSITIONS Research Associate, Government Department, Smith College 2012- 2014 Research Fellow, World Peace Foundation at The Fletcher School, Tufts University 2013- 2014 EDUCATION Tufts University-The Fletcher School, International Relations, PhD degree anticipated May 2014 Dissertation: “Two Rebel Roads to Power: Explaining Variation in the Transition from Genocidal Violence to Rebel Governance in Contemporary Rwanda and Burundi.” Utrecht University (Netherlands), LLM, International and European Human Rights Law 2005 Dissertation: ‘‘Gacaca or Grassroots Justice: Its Roots in International Law and Implications for Human Rights.’’ National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda, BA, African Languages and Literature 1995 COLLEGE TEACHING & OTHER RELATED EXPERIENCE Research Associate &Lecturer, Smith College, Department of Government 2012 - present Have taught two courses: Contemporary Politics in Africa, and The Rwanda Genocide in Comparative Perspective Lecturer, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania 2011- 2012 Taught courses on Human Rights; Conflict Resolution and Peace-making in Africa; Regional Integration; International Law; and Research Methodology Instructor, The Rift Valley Institute Summer Program, Entebbe, Uganda Summer, 2010 Fellow scholar, W.E.B. DuBois Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2005-2006 RESEARCH & CONSULTING POSITIONS Country Expert, V-Dem (Varieties of Democracy) Project, Rwanda Chapter 2013- Present Coder, Global Leadership Project, Boston University, Boston, USA 2011-2012 Contributor, Oxford Bibliographies Online New York, USA 2011-2012 Consultant, Sant’Anna School/Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pisa, Italy 2009 National Consultant, The Nordic Africa Institute Upssala, Sweden 2002-2005 Consultant, Développement et Paix, Montréal, Canada 2004 v Consultant, Clingendael Institute, The Hague, Netherlands 2002-2004 National Consultant, UNDP Kigali, Rwanda/New York, USA 1999-2000 EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT & FIELDWORK EXPERIENCE Executive Director, LDGL (Human Rights Umbrella of Burundi, Rwanda & DRC) 1999-2004 Founder &Coordinator, Documentation Centre on Genocide Trials in Rwanda 1998-1999 Project coordinator, CLADHO (Rwandan Human Rights Umbrella) 1997-1998 Project coordinator, United Nations Field Operation in Rwanda 1996-1998 PUBLICATIONS Manuscripts Historical Dictionary of Burundi (under contract with Scarecrow Press). Book Chapters “Rwanda.” In Oxford Bibliographies in African Studies. Ed. Thomas Spear. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. “Cyiza ou l’incarnation de la bonne puissance.” in Thierry Cruvellier et al., Augustin Cyiza : Un homme Libre au Rwanda. Paris: Karthala,2004. “Le 23 Avril.” [with André Guichaoua and Claudine Vidal] in Thierry Cruvellier et al., Augustin Cyiza : Un homme Libre au Rwanda. Paris: Karthala, 2004. Book reviews Review of Timothy Longman 'Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda', Africa, 81(2011): 509-511 Review of Patricia Daley, “Gender and Genocide in Burundi: The Search for Spaces of Peace in the Great Lakes Region,” International Journal of African Historical Studies, 42(2), 2009: 296-297. Book Review of Guichaoua, André. Rwanda 1994: les politiques du génocide à Butare. African Studies Review Vol. 50, No. 1, April (2007). Conference papers “Can Post-genocide Rwanda Escape the Curse of Totalitarianism?” Paper presented at Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, April 7, 2014 “Rwanda, Past and Present: An Insider-Outsider View.” Paper presented at State University at Buffalo, April 24, 2014. “The Art of Breaking Silence: Anger, Resistance and Hope through Popular Music in Post‐ Genocide.” Paper to be presented at the Fifty Fifth Annual Meeting, ASA, Philadelphia, November 29, 2012 “The Anatomy of Leadership: A view-from-within of Post-genocide Rwanda,” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, San Francisco, California, November 2010. The paper won the 2011 African Studies Association Graduate student best paper prize. vi ‘‘Can Scholars of Human Security Reach out to the Powerless?’’ paper presented at the Gary Gaile Conference, American University, Washington, DC, April 13, 2010. ‘‘Démocratisation et édification des États en Afrique: Enjeux et perspectives vus d’en bas. http://www.ccic.ca/e/docs/003_acf_2008_acf_democratization_afiquebis1.pdf AWARDS & GRANTS Graduate Student Paper Prize for the best paper presented at the Annual Meeting ASA, 2011 Feinstein International Center Summer Grant, Tufts University, 2010 Fletcher PhD Fund, Tufts University, “Field Research in the Great Lakes of Africa,” 2009-2013 The Institute of Human Security scholarship, Tufts University, 2006-2008; 2010-2013 Institute on Qualitative Research Methods, Syracuse University, 2009 ‘‘In-residence scholar’’ fellowship, Institute for Global Leadership at Tufts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identity, Territory, and Power in the Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
    RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS SOUTH KIVU IDENTITY, TERRITORY, AND POWER IN THE EASTERN CONGO RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT South Kivu Identity, territory, and power in the eastern Congo KOEN VLASSENROOT Published in 2013 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya THE USALAMA PROJECT The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square, and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political, and economic development. THE AUTHOR Koen Vlassenroot is Professor of Political Science and director of the Conflict Research Group at the University of Ghent. He is associated to the Egmont Institute and a RVI fellow. He co-authored Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern DR Congo (2004) and co-edited The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth or Reality? (2010). He is the lead researcher on the DRC for the Justice and Security Research Programme. CREDITS RVI ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Ryle RVI PROgRAMME DIRECTOR: Christopher Kidner RVI USALAMA PROJECT DIRECTOR: Jason Stearns RVI USALAMA DEPUTY PROJECT DIRECTOR: Willy Mikenye RVI Great LAKES PROgRAMME MANAgER: Michel Thill RVI Information OFFICER: Tymon Kiepe EDITORIAL consultant: Fergus Nicoll Report DESIgN: Lindsay Nash Maps: Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix PRINTINg: Intype Libra Ltd., 3/4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London SW19 4HE ISBN 978-1-907431-25-8 COVER CAPTION Congolese woman carrying firewood in the hills of Minembwe, South Kivu (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Political Background
    Chapter 2 Political Background Early History The area presently occupied by Rwanda has been inhabited since the 1300s. By the 17th century a kingdom was established inhabited by Hutus, Tutsis and Twa. Rwanda first became a German protectorate in 1884, and under the name Ruanda-Urundi, became part of German East Africa in 1890. After the First World War, it came under Belgian administration under a League of Nations mandate, and after World War II Ruanda-Urundi became a UN trust territory with Belgium as the administrative authority. Towards Independence After the Second World War, Rwanda continued to be administered by Belgium. In 1959, as the independence movement gathered pace, the ruling Tutsi elite formed a political party, Union Nationale Rwandaise. The Belgian authorities encouraged the Hutu majority also to aspire to political power and, in the same year, a rival party, Parti de l’émancipation du peuple Hutu (Parmehutu), was established. As the 1960 local elections approached, Parmehutu initiated a Hutu uprising resulting in the death of many Tutsis and forcing King Kigeri V and tens of thousands of Tutsis to flee into exile in Uganda and Burundi. In 1961 the monarchy was abolished. Independent Rwanda Rwanda achieved independence from Belgium in 1962, with Parmehutu leader Gregoire Kayibanda as President; many more Tutsis left the country and those who remained faced continuing state-sponsored violence and institutionalised discrimination. The most serious eruption of violence at this time was triggered in 1963 by an incursion from Burundi of exiled Rwandan Tutsis and resulted in the death of at least 15,000 Tutsis at the hands of Hutu gangs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Parameters of Morpho-Syntactic Variation
    This paper appeared in: Transactions of the Philological Society Volume 105:3 (2007) 253–338. Please always use the published version for citation. PARAMETERS OF MORPHO-SYNTACTIC VARIATION IN BANTU* a b c By LUTZ MARTEN , NANCY C. KULA AND NHLANHLA THWALA a School of Oriental and African Studies, b University of Leiden and School of Oriental and African Studies, c University of the Witwatersrand and School of Oriental and African Studies ABSTRACT Bantu languages are fairly uniform in terms of broad typological parameters. However, they have been noted to display a high degree or more fine-grained morpho-syntactic micro-variation. In this paper we develop a systematic approach to the study of morpho-syntactic variation in Bantu by developing 19 parameters which serve as the basis for cross-linguistic comparison and which we use for comparing ten south-eastern Bantu languages. We address conceptual issues involved in studying morpho-syntax along parametric lines and show how the data we have can be used for the quantitative study of language comparison. Although the work reported is a case study in need of expansion, we will show that it nevertheless produces relevant results. 1. INTRODUCTION Early studies of morphological and syntactic linguistic variation were mostly aimed at providing broad parameters according to which the languages of the world differ. The classification of languages into ‘inflectional’, ‘agglutinating’, and ‘isolating’ morphological types, originating from the work of Humboldt (1836), is a well-known example of this approach. Subsequent studies in linguistic typology, e.g. work following Greenberg (1963), similarly tried to formulate variables which could be applied to any language and which would classify languages into a number of different types.
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi: the Issues at Stake
    BURUNDI: THE ISSUES AT STAKE. POLITICAL PARTIES, FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND POLITICAL PRISONERS 12 July 2000 ICG Africa Report N° 23 Nairobi/Brussels (Original Version in French) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................i INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 I. POLITICAL PARTIES: PURGES, SPLITS AND CRACKDOWNS.........................1 A. Beneficiaries of democratisation turned participants in the civil war (1992-1996)3 1. Opposition groups with unclear identities ................................................. 4 2. Resorting to violence to gain or regain power........................................... 7 B. Since the putsch: dangerous games of the government................................... 9 1. Purge of opponents to the peace process (1996-1998)............................ 10 2. Harassment of militant activities ............................................................ 14 C. Institutionalisation of political opportunism................................................... 17 1. Partisan putsches and alliances of convenience....................................... 18 2. Absence of fresh political attitudes......................................................... 20 D. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 23 II WHICH FREEDOM FOR WHAT MEDIA ?...................................................... 25 A. Media
    [Show full text]
  • Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS for PEACE an MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT an MRG INTERNATIONAL
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Burundi: T Prospects for Peace • BURUNDI: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY FILIP REYNTJENS BURUNDI: Acknowledgements PROSPECTS FOR PEACE Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowledges the support of Trócaire and all the orga- Internally displaced © Minority Rights Group 2000 nizations and individuals who gave financial and other people. Child looking All rights reserved assistance for this Report. after his younger Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- sibling. commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- This Report has been commissioned and is published by GIACOMO PIROZZI/PANOS PICTURES mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the For further information please contact MRG. issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in ISBN 1 897 693 53 2 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. ISSN 0305 6252 Published November 2000 MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert Typeset by Texture readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Kat- Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. rina Payne (Commissioning Editor) and Sophie Rich- mond (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR Burundi: FILIP REYNTJENS teaches African Law and Politics at A specialist on the Great Lakes Region, Professor Reynt- the universities of Antwerp and Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Abanyasida: Emergent Subjectivities and Socialities in Rwandan Associations for People Living with Hiv Jennifer Ilo Van Nuil Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2015 Abanyasida: Emergent Subjectivities And Socialities In Rwandan Associations For People Living With Hiv Jennifer Ilo Van Nuil Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Van Nuil, Jennifer Ilo, "Abanyasida: Emergent Subjectivities And Socialities In Rwandan Associations For People Living With Hiv" (2015). Wayne State University Dissertations. 1383. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1383 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. ABANYASIDA: EMERGENT SUBJECTIVITIES AND SOCIALITIES IN RWANDAN ASSOCIATIONS FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV by JENNIFER ILO VAN NUIL DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2015 MAJOR: ANTHROPOLOGY Approved By: _________________________________________ Advisor Date _________________________________________ _________________________________________ __________________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY JENNIFER ILO VAN NUIL 2015 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION For my grandmother, Wave Bearl Heyboer and the members of all the Rwandan HIV support associations ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people who have assisted in the completion of this work both academically and emotionally. This process was isolating and challenging and I was fortunate to have a solid support network. Without the academic and personal support of so many mentors and friends I never would have succeeded in writing this dissertation and completing my doctorate degree. First I would like to extend my extreme gratitude to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Language E-Mail Phone City French Swahili Lingala Hemba Kiluba Kirundi Kinyarwanda Swahili French French Swahili Lingala 4
    Name Language E-mail Phone City French Swahili 1 Beatrice Mbayo Lingala [email protected] 859 -457 -7205 Lexington Hemba Kiluba Kirundi Kinyarwanda 2 Brigitte Nduwimana [email protected] 859-913-1419 Lexington Swahili French French 3 Christine Yohali Swahili [email protected] 859-368-2276 Lexington Lingala 4 Durar Shakir Arabic [email protected] 618-924-0629 Lexington Kinyarwanda 5 Lodrigue Mutabazi [email protected] 615-568-1689 Lexington Swahili Swahili 6 Modest M Bittock Kinyarwanda [email protected] (859)285-3740 Lexington Kirundi 7 Ranuka Chettri Nepali [email protected] 859-312-8216 Lexington 8 Shaza Awad Arabic [email protected] 606-215-9571 Lexington Kirundi Kinyarwanda 9 Tite Niyonizigiye [email protected] 859-368-3167 Lexington Swahili French Somali 10 Abdirizak Mohamed [email protected] 502-450-1346 Louisville Mai-Mai Dari Farsi Urdu Persian 11 Abdul Hasib Abdul Rasool [email protected] 502-337-4550 Louisville Hindi Russian Ukrainian Pashto Somali Swahili 12 Amina Mahamud [email protected] 207-415-5118 Louisville Mai Mai Hindi Dari Persian 13 Aneela Abdul Rasool Farsi [email protected] 502-337-5587 Louisville Urdu Hindi Nepali 14 Buddha Subedi [email protected] 502-294-1246 Louisville Hindi 15 Chandra Regmi Nepali [email protected] 502-337-5524 Louisville Kinyarwanda Swahili 16 Chantal Nyirinkwaya French [email protected] 502-299-4169 Louisville Kirundi Lingala Burmese 17 Hnem Kim [email protected] 502-298-4321 Louisville Chin Kinyarwanda 18 Jean de Dieu Nzeyimana Kirundi
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Document Including the Annual Financial Report
    REFERENCE DOCUMENT INCLUDING THE ANNUAL FINANCIAL REPORT 2012 PROFILE LAGARDÈRE, A WORLD-CLASS PURE-PLAY MEDIA GROUP LED BY ARNAUD LAGARDÈRE, OPERATES IN AROUND 30 COUNTRIES AND IS STRUCTURED AROUND FOUR DISTINCT, COMPLEMENTARY DIVISIONS: • Lagardère Publishing: Book and e-Publishing; • Lagardère Active: Press, Audiovisual (Radio, Television, Audiovisual Production), Digital and Advertising Sales Brokerage; • Lagardère Services: Travel Retail and Distribution; • Lagardère Unlimited: Sport Industry and Entertainment. EXE LOGO L'Identité / Le Logo Les cotes indiquées sont données à titre indicatif et devront être vérifiées par les entrepreneurs. Ceux-ci devront soumettre leurs dessins Echelle: d’éxécution pour approbation avant réalisation. L’étude technique des travaux concernant les éléments porteurs concourant la stabilité ou la solidité du bâtiment et tous autres éléments qui leur sont intégrés ou forment corps avec eux, devra être vérifié par un bureau d’étude qualifié. Agence d'architecture intérieure LAGARDERE - Concept C5 - O’CLOCK Optimisation Les entrepreneurs devront s’engager à executer les travaux selon les règles de l’art et dans le respect des règlementations en vigueur. Ce 15, rue Colbert 78000 Versailles Date : 13 01 2010 dessin est la propriété de : VERSIONS - 15, rue Colbert - 78000 Versailles. Ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation. tél : 01 30 97 03 03 fax : 01 30 97 03 00 e.mail : [email protected] PANTONE 382C PANTONE PANTONE 382C PANTONE Informer, Rassurer, Partager PROCESS BLACK C PROCESS BLACK C Les cotes indiquées sont données à titre indicatif et devront être vérifiées par les entrepreneurs. Ceux-ci devront soumettre leurs dessins d’éxécution pour approbation avant réalisation. L’étude technique des travaux concernant les éléments porteurs concourant la stabilité ou la Echelle: Agence d'architecture intérieure solidité du bâtiment et tous autres éléments qui leur sont intégrés ou forment corps avec eux, devra être vérifié par un bureau d’étude qualifié.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Dissertation
    VU Research Portal Renewing Destruction: Wind Energy Development in Oaxaca, Mexico Dunlap, A.A. 2017 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Dunlap, A. A. (2017). Renewing Destruction: Wind Energy Development in Oaxaca, Mexico. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 4 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Renewing Destruction: Wind Energy Development in Oaxaca, Mexico ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen op donderdag 1 juni 2017 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Alexander Antony Dunlap geboren te Los Angeles 4 promotor: prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Volume Roads Subscriber Categories Chairman
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD No. 1426 Highway and Facility Design; Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology Lo-w-Volutne Roads: Environtnental Planning and Assesstnent, Modern Titnber Bridges, and Other Issues A peer-reviewed publication of the Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATI ONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1993 Transportation Research Record 1426 Sponsorship of Transportation Research Record 1426 ISSN 0361-1981 ISBN 0-309-05573-3 GROUP 5-INTERGROUP RESOURCES AND ISSUES Price: $25. 00 Chairman: Patricia F. Waller, University of Michigan Committee on Low-Volume Roads Subscriber Categories Chairman:. Ronald W. Eck, West Virginia University IIA highway and facility design Abdullah Al-Mogbel, Gerald T. Coghlan, Santiago Corra UC bridges, other structures, and hydraulics and hydrology Caballero, Asif Faiz, Gerald E. Fisher, Richard B. Geiger, Jacob Greenstein, George M. Hammitt II, Henry Hide, Stuart W. TRB Publications Staff Hudson, Kay H. Hymas, Lynne H. Irwin, Thomas E. Mulinazzi, Director of Reports and Editorial Services: Nancy A. Ackerman Andrzej S. Nowak, Neville A. Parker, James B. Pickett, George B. Associate Editor/Supervisor: Luanne Crayton Pilkington II, James L. Pline, Jean Reichert, Richard Robinson, Associate Editors: Naomi Kassabian, Alison G. Tobias Bob L. Smith, Walter J. Tennant, Jr., Alex T. Visser, Michael C. Assistant Editors: Susan E. G. Brown, Norman Solomon Wagner Office Manager: Phyllis D. Barber Senior Production Assistant: Betty L. Hawkins G. P .. Jayaprakash, Transportation Research Board staff The organizational units, officers, and members are as of December 31, 1992. Printed in the United States of America Transportation Research Record 1426 Contents Foreword v Part 1-Environmental Planning and Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment and Evaluation of Low-Volume 3 Roads in Finland Anders H.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTENTS Open Or Concealed Summary of Events [Month] (P
    Monthly Publication of the European Network for Central Africa ( EURAC ) No. 68 –September 2010 www.eurac-network.org EDITORIAL No Operation Umoja Wetu II whether CONTENTS open or concealed Summary of events [Month] (p. 2-4) he year 2010 has been an emotional and eventful one in Central - Great Lakes: Attacks in Kampala Africa. The Burundi elections confirmed President Nkurunziza in and reactions; African land power somewhere down the road the opposition disappeared. This purchased to run cars; new World creates a risk that the country will fall back into conflict and into a one party Heritage sites; Nyerere scholarship. system, something which would drift the country away from its main - DRC: Electoral process launched; challenge: fighting poverty in a context of good governance. The DRC insecurity in Kivu; children leaving celebrated its 50th Anniversary. The Head of State capitalised on it as a school for mines in Katanga. platform to launch his bid for re-election which he hopes to organise in - Burundi: Election results and new circumstances as tightly controlled as possible. However, the institutions of appointments; post-electoral the Third Republic are not yet running smoothly and the government has not political scene. succeeded in stopping the process of disintegration in the east. In Rwanda, the re-election of Kagame has taken an unexpected turn. The coronation - Rwanda: Kagame’s overwhelming which he expected has been disturbed not only by a really antagonistic victory; LDGL declaration on the opposition but especially by the fact that people who have long been part of presidential election. the intimate circle of power have turned against him.
    [Show full text]