DOCSLIB.ORG

The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: Chile As an Exceptional Case by Mayra Feddersen Martinez

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: Chile As an Exceptional Case by Mayra Feddersen Martinez The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: Chile as an Exceptional Case By Mayra Feddersen Martinez A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence & Social Policy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Calvin Morrill, Chair Professor Rachel Stern Professor Irene Bloemraad Fall 2017 Abstract The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: Chile as an Exceptional Case By Mayra Feddersen Martinez Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence & Social Policy University of California, Berkeley Professor Calvin Morrill, Chair This study is intended to gain a better understanding of the process of law-making in a presidentially-centric governmental structure, where the president holds legislative prerogatives. When a president retains and controls legislative priorities, participation in the making of laws is restricted to those actors who are close to the president or who hold positions of authority inside the executive. And in either case, to those whom they consult or invite to contribute, at their discretion. Despite pervasive regional reform of immigration laws and policies in South America, Chile continues to regulate its own immigration with a statute that dates back to the now-discredited military junta of the 1970s and 1980s. This lack of reform in immigration law by Chile is puzzling considering Chilean reform and participation in a variety of other legal reforms which strengthened the country’s free trade, human rights commitments, strong civil society, and liberal political order. Unlike what has happened in the liberal democracies of the North, immigration policies in Chile have emerged out of bureaucrats’ understandings about the role of the government in the management of immigration and their relative positions of authority and informal social connections inside the governmental structure. More specifically, high-ranking officials desire to maintain control over immigration law and policy, together with their hierarchical position inside the bureaucracy, have restricted mid-level bureaucrats’ attempts for comprehensive legal change at the presidential level. Change has occurred from the middle-out instead of the top-down. In the day-to-day implementation of policies, mid-level bureaucrats have created a reservoir of administrative practices, modifying the status quo and limiting top-officials’ reformist actions. The study builds on an in-depth, ethnographic case study of immigration policies in Chile developed between 2014 and 2016 during which time I spent twelve months acting as an active policy advisor to the Head of the Department of Immigration. I complemented my participant observation with 71 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with central and local public officials, congressional representatives, international organizations, pro-immigrants’ organizations, public interest lawyers, academics, and representatives from Chilean economic guilds. I further supplemented my fieldwork with evidence from official policy and legal documents and other secondary data. 1 To my parents, Patricia and Axel Whose support was always unconditional To my husband and daughter, Felipe and Leonor Who gave me the strength and energy to overcome the dark days i Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank all the people who made this dissertation possible. For those who believed in me when the project was still a set of ideas, for those who pushed me into making this an extensive research project, and for those who offered insightful comments throughout the different phases of the research, data collection, and data analysis. I am deeply grateful to all of you! I am especially thankful to my dissertation committee, in particular to my dissertation Chair, Prof. Calvin Morrill, who spent countless hours reading through my notes and early drafts. I also want to thank his patience and wisdom in guiding me through this long process. I am also grateful to Prof. Irene Bloemraad’s early interest in my research and for her sharp observations about my field notes and early versions of the dissertation chapters. I also what to thank Prof. Rachel Stern for her perceptive comments about the challenges of pursuing this type of field research and her intelligent suggestions about how best to conduct myself during my prolonged immersion. I am grateful to Prof. Cybelle Fox and to the graduate members of the Berkeley Interdisciplinary Immigration Workshop, in particular to Robin Savinar, Christian Philips, Dani Carillo, Vasanthi Venkatesh, Esther Yoaana Cho and Joy Milligan who provided comments on different portions of my research and who saw me grow as a social science scholar. I am very grateful to the Workshop and especially to the support group which emerged out of it and which was central during the early stages of my writing. In addition, I want to thank Gabriela Hilliger, Carolina Muñoz, Juan Pablo Carvallo, Marco Pfeiffer, Patricio Dominguez, Juan Pablo Atal and Miguel Ordenes of the Chilean Student Association for patiently listening to my ideas and for facilitating a place to present my work. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family who have remained a permanent source of emotional and economic support, without which I would not have been able to go through all this process. In particular, I want to thank my husband and friend, Felipe Castro, for believing in me and always pushing me to improve. A special thanks to David Kessler who encouraged me to swim twice a week and who later became an insightful and reliable editor of my work. Lastly, but definitely not least, I am grateful to my study respondents and informants: thank you for trusting me, sparing the time to respond to my inquiries and opening up your hearts and minds to me, but foremost, for sharing your stories, which make up the core of this dissertation. ii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: 1 Chile as an Exceptional Case 1 CHAPTER TWO 15 The Politics of Immigration: An Organizational Framing Approach 15 CHAPTER THREE 25 An Ethnographic Strategy for Studying Legal Reform And 25 Organizational Framing in the Chilean State 25 CHAPTER 4 54 Frame Inertia: The Persistence of the Security Frame 54 CHAPTER 5 71 Framing Human Rights in Immigration Law and Policy inside the Chilean Government 71 CHAPTER SIX 91 The Participation of Immigrant-Organizations at the Middle Level of the Bureaucratic Structure 91 CHAPTER SEVEN 109 Immigration Reform In A 109 Presidential-Centric Governmental Structure 109 CONCLUDING CHAPTER 131 Bureaucratic Creativity in the Middle Ranks of the Executive 131 REFERENCES 138 Appendix 1. Historical Timeline 166 Appendix 2. Law-making Timeline (2014-2016) 170 Appendix 3. The Interviewees: Who They Are? 171 Appendix 4. Interview Guide 175 Appendix 5. Data Sources and Procedures 180 iii Acronyms AOICH American Organization of Immigrants CIM Catholic Immigrant Service CMIIN Christians for Immigrant Integration CWB Children Without Borders IT Immigrants Together RADIX Non-governmental organization aiming at promoting the rights of children and women RIM Rights for Immigrants WFW Women for Women Glossary of Terms ACNUDH United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner CCPR Human Rights Committee CED Committee on Enforced Disappearances CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CERSC Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CMW Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families CRC Committee on the Rights of the Child CRPD Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration MCI Ministerial Committee on Immigration MCI Ministry of Culture MDS Ministry of Social Development MERCOSUR Common Market of the South MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MH Ministry of Health MJHR Ministry of Justice and Human Rights ML Ministry of Labor NGOs Non-governmental organization NIHR National Institution of Human Rights OAS Organization of American States OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SACM South American Conference on Migration TCI Technical Committee on Immigration iv UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations for the Protection of Refugees UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund v INTRODUCTION The Bureaucratic Politics of Legal Reform: Chile as an Exceptional Case On the afternoon of March 4, 2016, I received a facetime call from Hugo, the head of the Department of Immigration. Did you read the newspaper? He asked. He told me that he was happy that the immigration law draft was being considered among the government legislative priorities. He was not sure about this before. If the newspaper had printed it, it was enough. He felt pleased. Did you speak to your people at the Budget office? I asked. He replied, “things are good now. It is better not to shake anything.” What would happen if the Minister leaves? I inquired. I read in the newspaper that he had some disagreements with the President. In Hugo’s opinion, his departure should not affect the progress of the immigration project. He concluded, “I feel confident that our draft will move forward independently of what might happen inside the government. In any case, if the Minister leaves, I am on good terms with the Vice-Minister. They are close to us.” Despite this conversation, on the morning of April 6, 2016, I received another facetime call from Hugo. Worried, he told me that he had been very active because the Minister of Interior was setting aside the immigration draft. The government was re-evaluating its priorities, which meant leaving the immigration project on hold. I had to act, he insisted. Then, he asked for my help. I need a strategy to deal with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They want to have a bigger role in the definition of the immigration policy. Then, he came back to his previous point. The Minister of Interior is under the impression that the immigration draft is too favorable for immigrants.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Directing Approaches from Contemporary Chilean Women
    EXPANDING THEATRE: DIRECTING APPROACHES FROM CONTEMPORARY CHILEAN WOMEN DIRECTORS A THESIS IN Theatre Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS by MARY ALLISON JOSEPH B.A., University of South Carolina, 2009 Kansas City, Missouri 2020 © 2020 MARY ALLISON JOSEPH ALL RIGHTS RESERVED EXPANDING THEATRE: DIRECTING APPROACHES FROM CONTEMPORARY CHILEAN WOMEN DIRECTORS Mary Allison Joseph, Candidate for the Master of Arts Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2020 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the careers, theatrical ideologies, and directing methodologies of three contemporary Chilean women stage directors: Andrea Giadach, Alexandra von Hummel, and Ignacia González. Respective chapters provide an overview of each director’s career that includes mention of formative moments. Each chapter also includes a synthesis of the director’s thinking as distilled from personal interviews and theoretical works, followed by a methodological case study that allows for analysis of specific directing methods, thus illuminating the director’s beliefs in action. In each chapter, the author asserts that the director’s innovative thinking and creative practices constitute expansions of the theatrical artform. Finally, the author traces similarities across the directing approaches of the three directors, which suggest guiding ideas for expanding the theatrical artform. Chapter one explores the directing career of Andrea Giadach, with highlights including her acting experiences in La lluvia de verano (2005) and Mateluna (2012) and her iii directing projects Mi mundo patria (2008) and Penélope ya no espera (2014). Her beliefs about political theatre are illuminated through a directing case study of her 2019 production of El Círculo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural Choice for Wildlife Holidays Welcome
    HOLIDAYS WITH 100% FINANCIAL PROTECTION The natural choice for wildlife holidays Welcome After spending considerable time and effort reflecting, questioning what we do and how we do it, and scrutinising the processes within our office and the systems we use for support, I am delighted to say that we are imbued with a new vigour, undiminished enthusiasm, and greater optimism than ever. My own determination to continue building on the solid foundation of twenty years of experience in wildlife tourism, since we started from very humble beginnings – to offer what is simply the finest selection of high quality, good value, tailor-made wildlife holidays – remains undaunted, and is very much at the core of all we do. A physical move to high-tech office premises in the attractive city of Winchester leaves us much better connected to, and more closely integrated with, the outside world, and thus better able to receive visitors. Our team is leaner, tighter, more widely travelled and more knowledgeable than ever before, allowing us to focus on terrestrial, marine and – along with Dive Worldwide – submarine life without distraction. In planning this brochure we deliberately set out to whet the appetite, and make no mention of either dates or prices. As the vast majority of trips are tailored to our clients’ exact requirements – whether in terms of itinerary, duration, standard of accommodation or price – the itineraries herein serve merely as indications of what is possible. Thereafter, you can refine these suggestions in discussion with one of our experienced consultants to pin down your precise needs and wants, so we can together create the wildlife holiday of your dreams.
    [Show full text]
  • TAP Review of the R-Package Submitted by Chile1
    TAP Review of the R-Package submitted by Chile1 August 2016 1 This TAP Expert Review consisted of a desk study of Chile’s R-package report and of additional documentation on Chile’s REDD+ readiness process. The review was carried out by Simon Rietbergen, independent TAP Expert, between July 23rd and August 19th, 2016. Table of Contents CORE TASKS OF THE TAP EXPERT REVIEW ............................................................................ 3 METHODS APPLIED FOR THE TAP EXPERT REVIEW ........................................................... 3 TAP REVIEW PART A: REVIEW OF THE SELF-ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND THE DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................................................ 6 TAP REVIEW PART B: SUMMARY OF THE REDD+ PROCESSES – STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE R PACKAGE AS HIGHLIGHTED BY CHILE’S SELF-ASSESSMENT ...............................................................................................................................................................11 COMPONENT 1: READINESS ORGANIZATION AND CONSULTATION ...................................................... 13 COMPONENT 2: REDD+ STRATEGY PREPARATION ............................................................................... 17 COMPONENT 3: REFERENCE EMISSIONS LEVELS/REFERENCE LEVELS (CRIT 26-29) .................... 23 COMPONENT 4: MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR FORESTS AND SAFEGUARDS .......................................... 24 TAP REVIEW PART C: SUMMARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION TO THE PC
    [Show full text]
  • 2013.1753Cxv
    Memo to the Planning Commission HEARING DATE: JUNE 27, 2019 Record No.: 2013.1753CXV Project Address: 1066 Market Street Zoning: C-3-G (Downtown-General) Zoning District 120-X Height and Bulk District Block/Lot: 0350/003 Project Sponsor: Julie Burdick, Shorenstein Residential LLC 235 Montgomery Street, Floor 16 San Francisco, CA 94104 Property Owner: 1066 Market LLC 235 Montgomery Street, Floor 16 San Francisco, CA 94104 Staff Contact: Seema Adina– (415) 575-8722 [email protected] Recommendation: Informational Only BACKGROUND On March 17, 2016, the Planning Commission approved a Conditional Use Authorization and provided Downtown Project Authorization to allow the construction of a 12-story, 14-level, mixed-use building. The building, which ranges from approximately 113 to 120 feet in height, contains approximately 304 dwelling units and 4,540 square feet of retail space. The building will feature approximately 50 feet of street frontage on Market Street, with the majority of the proposed development on the corner of Golden Gate Avenue and Jones Street. The building’s entrance façade will be made of GFRC/precast concrete, punch windows with painted metal infill panel, storefront glass on the retail portion, and painted metal or concrete columns at the ground level. Pursuant to Planning Code Section 429, the Project requires a public art component valued at an amount equal to one percent of the hard construction costs for the Project as determined by the Director of Building Inspection. The Project Sponsor has commissioned an artist to provide on-site public art to satisfy this requirement. CURRENT PROPOSAL Ivan Navarro has been selected for the public art installation at 1066 Market Street, a New York based artist who specializes in sculpture and installations utilizing light as his primary medium.
    [Show full text]
  • All About Chile by Monica Brown Fountas-Pinnell Level K Nonfiction Selection Summary This Simply Written Text Introduces Readers to the Land and People of Chile
    LESSON 18 TEACHER’S GUIDE All About Chile by Monica Brown Fountas-Pinnell Level K Nonfiction Selection Summary This simply written text introduces readers to the land and people of Chile. The conversational narrative includes information about the country’s geography, economy, and schools. Color photos on each page reinforce content. Number of Words: 271 Characteristics of the Text Genre • Nonfi ction Text Structure • Five to seven lines of text in the same position on each page; no paragraphs • Text organized by topic Content • Geography of Chile; rain forest animals • Culture: Urban and rural life • Schools Themes and Ideas • Learning about other cultures fosters understanding of a world community. • Schools in other countries often teach many similar subjects. • People can expand their knowledge of the world through travel. Language and • Easy-to-read text with simple sentence patterns Literary Features • Description, but no fi gurative language • Dash and exclamation for emphasis: Maybe you will visit someday, for real – not pretend! Sentence Complexity • A mix of short, simple and compound sentences • Some complex sentences with embedded clauses: Children who live in Chile go to school, just like you do. • Words in a series: mountains, deserts, and forests Vocabulary • Most vocabulary words known to readers • Descriptive language: fl uttering birds; grand mountains • Some unfamiliar proper names: Atacama Desert; Chile; Andes; Santiago Words • Many one and two syllable words • Some multisyllabic words: vegetables, capital, beautiful Illustrations • Color photos and one map of Chile with labels Book and Print Features • Nine pages of text with photo or map on each page © 2006. Fountas, I.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile's Constitution of 1980 with Amendments Through 2012
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:22 constituteproject.org Chile's Constitution of 1980 with Amendments through 2012 English Translation © 2012 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Translated by Anna I. Vellvé Torras, Adela Staines and Jefri J. Ruchti Prepared for distribution on constituteproject.org with content generously provided by Hein Online. This document has been recompiled and reformatted using texts collected in Hein Online’s World Constitution’s Illustrated. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:22 Table of contents CHAPTER I: Bases of Institutionality . 3 CHAPTER II: Nationality and Citizenship . 5 CHAPTER III: Constitutional Rights and Duties . 7 CHAPTER IV: Government . 19 CHAPTER V . 27 CHAPTER VI: Judicial Power . 42 Chapter VII: Public Ministry . 45 CHAPTER VIII: Constitutional Tribunal . 47 CHAPTER IX: Electoral Justice . 52 CHAPTER X: Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic . 53 CHAPTER XI: Armed Forces, [Forces] of Order and Public Security . 54 CHAPTER XII: Council of National Security . 55 CHAPTER XIII: Central Bank . 56 CHAPTER XIV . 56 CHAPTER XV: Reform of the Constitution . 62 TRANSITORY PROVISIONS . 63 Chile 1980 (rev. 2012) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:22 CHAPTER I: Bases of Institutionality • Right to development of personality Article 1 • Human dignity Persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The family is the fundamental nucleus of society. The State recognizes and defends the intermediate groups through which society organizes and structures itself and guarantees them the adequate autonomy to fulfill their own specific objectives. The State is at the service of the human person and its goal is to promote the common good, to which effect it must contribute to create the social conditions which permit each and every one of those composing the national community the greatest spiritual and material fulfillment possible, with full respect for the rights and guarantees that this Constitution establishes.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Art Of
    Global Latin/o Americas Frederick Luis Aldama and Lourdes Torres, Series Editors “A detailed, incisive, intelligent, and well-argued exploration of visual politics in Chile that explores the way muralists, grafiteros, and other urban artists have inserted their aesthetics into the urban landscape. Not only is Latorre a savvy, patient sleuth but her dialogues with artists and audiences offer the reader precious historical context.” —ILAN STAVANS “A cutting-edge piece of art history, hybridized with cultural studies, and shaped by US people of color studies, attentive in a serious way to the historical and cultural context in which muralism and graffiti art arise and make sense in Chile.” —LAURA E. PERÉZ uisela Latorre’s Democracy on the Wall: Street Art of the Post-Dictatorship Era in Chile G documents and critically deconstructs the explosion of street art that emerged in Chile after the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, providing the first broad analysis of the visual vocabulary of Chile’s murals and graffiti while addressing the historical, social, and political context for this public art in Chile post-1990. Exploring the resurgence and impact of the muralist brigades, women graffiti artists, the phenomenon of “open-sky museums,” and the transnational impact on the development of Chilean street art, Latorre argues that mural and graffiti artists are enacting a “visual democracy,” a form of artistic praxis that seeks to create alternative images to those produced by institutions of power. Keenly aware of Latin America’s colonial legacy and Latorre deeply flawed democratic processes, and distrustful of hegemonic discourses promoted by government and corporate media, the artists in Democracy on the Wall utilize graffiti and muralism as an alternative means of public communication, one that does not serve capitalist or nationalist interests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Chile
    WORKING PAPER The Case of Chile Rodrigo Caputo and Diego Saravia JANUARY 2019 A Program of 1126 E. 59th St, Chicago, IL 60637 Main: 773.702.5599 bfi.uchicago.edu The Monetary and Fiscal History of Chile, 1960–2016 Rodrigo Caputo Diego Saravia CESS, Oxford University-USACH Central Bank of Chile Abstract Chile has experienced deep structural changes in the last fifty years. In the 1970s, a massive increase in government spending, not financed by an increase in taxes or debt, induced high and unpredictable inflation. Price stability was achieved in the early 1980s after a fixed exchange rate regime was adopted. This regime, however, generated a sharp real exchange rate appreciation that exacerbated the external imbalances of the economy. The regime was abandoned and nominal devaluations took place. This generated the collapse of the financial system, which had to be rescued by the government. There was no debt default, but in order to service the public debt, the fiscal authority had to generate surpluses. Since 1990, this was a systematic policy followed by almost all administrations and helped to achieve two different but related goals. It contributed to reducing the fiscal debt and enabled the central bank to pursue an independent monetary policy aimed at reducing inflation. We are grateful to Jorge Alamos, Luis Felipe Céspedes, Jos´e D´ıaz, Pablo Garc´ıa, Alfonso Irarr´azabal, Jos´e Matus, Juan Pablo Medina, Juan Pablo Nicolini, Eric Parrado, Claudio Soto, Jaime Troncoso, Rodrigo Valdés, Gert Wagner, and seminar participants at the Central Bank of Chile, the University of Chicago, the University of Barcelona, LACEA 2017, the BFI–University of Chicago 2017 Conference, the BFI–Central Bank of Chile 2008 Conference, and the BFI–IDB Conference in 2008 for helpful comments and discussions.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Political Feasibility of Health Reform: the Chile Case
    40 Enhancing the Political Feasibility of Health Reform: The Chile Case Enhancing the Political Feasibility of Health Reform: The Chile Case Alejandra González-Rossetti, M.Sc., M.P.A. Harvard School of Public Health Tomas Chuaqui, Profesor Adjunto Instituto de Ciencia Política Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Consuelo Espinosa Independent Consultant Santiago, Chile June 2000 This publication was produced by the Data for Decision Making (DDM) project, which is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Cooperative Agreement No. DPE-5991- A-00-1052-00 with the Harvard School of Public Health. It was done in collaboration with the Latin America and Caribbean Regional Health Sector Reform Initiative, funded by USAID under Contract No. HRN-5974-C-00-5024-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ............................................................................................................................ iii Political Economy Context .......................................................................................................... 1 Policy Process..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Public History of a Concentration Camp: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7hb9q786 Author McKiernan, Zachary Daniel Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara The Public History of a Concentration Camp: Historical Tales of Tragedy and Hope at the National Stadium of Chile A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Zachary D. McKiernan Committee in charge: Professor Randolph Bergstrom, Chair Professor Harold Marcuse Professor Cecilia Méndez Professor John Foran September 2014 The dissertation of Zachary D. McKiernan is approved. _____________________________________________ John Foran _____________________________________________ Cecilia Méndez _____________________________________________ Harold Marcuse _____________________________________________ Randolph Bergstrom, Committee Chair July 2014 VITA OF ZACHARY D. MCKIERNAN July 2014 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in History, Loyola University Chicago, May 2006 (summa cum laude) Masters of Arts in Latin American and Iberian Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2008 Doctor of Philosophy in Public History, University of California, Santa Barbara, July 2014 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 1996-2002: Second Class Petty Officer,
    [Show full text]
  • Mitigation Actions Country Study
    RESEARCH PAPER Country Study Mitigation Actions in Chile Issue 2 Country Study Mitigation Actions in Chile Date: xx/xx/20xx Country: Chile Authors: Eduardo Jose Sanhueza Rodrigo Palma © MAPS 2012 Disclaimer: The content of this report is the responsibility of the authors. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author alone. The following citation should be used for this document: Sanhueza, E & Palma, R. (2011). Country Study: Mitigation actions in Chile. MAPS Working Paper. Santiago de Chile. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Conceptual Approach to Mitigation Actions in Chile 5 2.1. Contextual Framework 5 2.1.1 First Phase 5 2.1.2 Second Phase 7 2.1.3 Third Phase 7 2.1.4 Fourth Phase 10 3. Joint Mitigation Actions in Chile 15 3.1. Stage of Development 15 3.1.1. Transport Sector 15 3.1.2. Agriculture Sector 16 3.1.3. Energy Sector 17 3.2. Planning Context: Policies and Regulations 19 3.3. Institutional Capacity 19 3.4. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) 20 3.5. Financing 21 3.6. Ownership 21 3.7. Technical Capacity for Developing NAMAs 22 3.8. Socio-Economic Co-Benefits of NAMAs 22 4. Conclusion 23 5. References 24 3 | Mitigation Actions in Chile 1. INTRODUCTION One of the fundamental principles underpinning the international agreement signed at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, is the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This meant at the time that, inter alia; developed countries were exclusively responsible for taking mitigation actions to address the problem of climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Interactive Capabilities in Computer-Assisted Instruction
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 084. 789 EM 011 589 AUTHOR Collins, Allan M.; And Others TITLE Improving Interactive Capabilities in Computer-Assisted Instruction. Semi-Annual Technical Report for Six Months Ending July 31, 1973. INSTITUTION Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. SPONS AGENCY Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. Advanced Research Projects Agency.; Office of Naval Research,_ Washington, D.C. REPORT NO BBN-11-2631 PUB DATE 31 Aug 73 NOTE 57p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS *Computer Assisted instruction; Geography; Geography Instruction; *Individualized Instruction; *Interaction; Questioning Techniques; Secondary Grades; *Teaching Techniques; Technical Reports; *Tutorial Programs; Tutoring IDENTIFIERS Block Test Mode; Map Displays; SCHOLAR CAI System ABSTRACT Developments in three areas relating to interactive capabilities on the SCHOLAR computer assisted instruction (CAI) system are reported. The first section discusses the implementation of two presentation strategies in SCHOLAR -- the Tutorial mode and the Block-Test mode -- and offers a comparative evaluation of these two modes using high school students as subjects. Next, information is presented about an initial study concerning an analysis of tutorial dialogues of how to teach procedureal knowledge interactively within SCHOLAR. Finally, details are provided on the addition of a module for teaching geography using the map display and related question-answering facilities recently added to the system. (Author) FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN N C CONSUI TING D E V E l O P M E N T R E SE ARCH BBN Report Mo. 2631 Job No. 11548, 11794 IMPROVING INTERACTIVE CAPABILITIES IN COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION Semi-Annual Technical Report for six months ending July 31, 1973 August 31, 1973 Allan M.
    [Show full text]