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La Piraterie Dans La Méditerranée Antique : Représentations Et Insertion Dans Les Structures Économiques Tome 1

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La Piraterie Dans La Méditerranée Antique : Représentations Et Insertion Dans Les Structures Économiques Tome 1 La piraterie dans la M´editerran´eeantique : repr´esentations et insertion dans les structures ´economiques Cl´ement Varenne To cite this version: Cl´ement Varenne. La piraterie dans la M´editerran´eeantique : repr´esentations et insertion dans les structures ´economiques.Arch´eologie et Pr´ehistoire.Universit´eToulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2013TOU20048>. <tel-00936571> HAL Id: tel-00936571 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00936571 Submitted on 27 Jan 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse 2 Le Mirail (UT2 Le Mirail) 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Clément VARENNE le 29 juin 2013 5JUSF La piraterie dans la Méditerranée antique : représentations et insertion dans les structures économiques Tome 1 ²DPMFEPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED TESC : Sciences de l'Antiquité 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF TRACES UMR 5608 %JSFDUFVS T EFʾÒTF M. Pierre MORET, CNRS Jury: M. Nicholas PURCELL, Professeur Université d'Oxford (rapporteur) M. Christophe PÉBARTHE, MCF Université Bordeaux 3 (rapporteur) M. Jean Marie PAILLER, Professeur Université Toulouse-Le Mirail 1 En mémoire de Romain Poussard 2 Remerciements Mes travaux de recherche ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire TRACES UMR 5608. Pendant ces trois années et demie, nombreuses sont les personnes qui m’auront aidé dans mes recherches. Je souhaite, dans ces quelques lignes, leur exprimer ma plus profonde gratitude. La direction de ce travail a été assurée par Pierre Moret que je remercie pour ses recommandations précieuses qui m’ont permis de redresser la barre lorsque je partais à la dérive vers des caps dangereux. Jean-Marie Pailler et Christian Rico pour m’avoir fait confiance en master et m’avoir donné cette appétence pour la recherche de la piraterie. J’en profite aussi pour témoigner toute ma reconnaissance à Corinne Bonnet, qui m’a accompagné dans la définition et la rédaction de mon projet de recherche, et sans qui je n’aurais surement pas décroché de financement. Je souhaite aussi remercier l’IFEA (Institut Français d’Étude Anatolienne d’Istanbul), son ancienne directrice Nora Seni et Olivier Henry pour m’avoir accueilli dans le Bosphore et m’avoir aidé à préparer mon périple cilicien. Buğra Han Özgan, Halil Dalkılıç et Mehmet Kaya pour m’avoir hébergé et accompagné à la recherche des pirates ciliciens sur près de 400 km autour des côtes turques. Tous les personnels du Laboratoire TRACES, de l’école doctorale TESC ainsi que de l’Université de Toulouse II, le Mirail qui ont, de près ou de loin, contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Plus particulièrement, Stéphanie Delaguette pour son soutien et son aide pendant ma mission de correspondant web. Colette Zytnicki, directrice de l’École Doctorale TESC, pour ses conseils et son aide dans la réalisation de projets universitaires. Marie-Christine Jaillet, ancienne vice-présidente du conseil scientifique, pour son soutien sans faille dans l’ensemble des actions que nous avons menées. 3 Un grand merci au Département Recherche et Doctorat, à Laetitia Soler, Sophie Achte, Nicolette d’Almeida, Alice Duquesnoy et Pierre Aimar pour leur confiance et leur aide au quotidien. Mes pensées vont aussi plus particulièrement vers Monique Martinez dont les conseils et l’amitié m’auront été très précieux dans la finalisation de mes travaux. Mais aussi vers Marie-France Barthet pour la confiance qu’elle me témoigne au quotidien. Je n’oublie pas non plus l’ensemble de mes compagnons et amis élus au conseil scientifique et dans les conseils des écoles doctorales de l’Université du Mirail. La liste est longue mais plus particulièrement je tenais à adresser toute mon affection à Fred, Agathe, Elsa, Marine, Marc, Nicolas, Fanny et Étienne. La réussite collective des actions que nous avons menés a été très importante dans la construction de l’Université de Toulouse. Un grand merci à l’ensemble de mes amis Sébastien, Renaud, Céline, Gregory Sihem, pour ces petits riens qui finalement comptent tellement… Plus particulièrement, Guillaume Marchand pour les corrections précieuses qu’il a apportées à mon manuscrit. Ma petite sœur d’adoption Marie Buffière dont l’amitié m’est si précieuse depuis plus de 20 ans. Ludmila Chevchouk et Christopher Becq pour m’avoir soutenu et accompagné au quotidien pendant ces 3 ans et demi. Pour avoir toujours été présent et avoir su trouver les mots dans les bons, les mauvais jours, dans le bonheur et dans la détresse. Le soutien sans borne de ma famille, m’a permi d’avancer. Julien mon frère, Emma ma toute petite sœur et enfin ma maman Nadine, leur amour et leur dévotion pendant l’ensemble de mon parcours universitaire m’ont conduit à la réalisation de ce travail. Merci d’avoir cru en moi et m’avoir toujours poussé au meilleur. 4 A L’acheteur hésitant Si les histoires de marins, reprises en chœur par les marins, La tempête et l’aventure, la fournaise et les frimas, Si goélettes, îles et marrons, Boucaniers et trésors cachés, Si les romances d’antan, à nouveau racontées Exactement à la manière d’autrefois, Peuvent encore plaire, comme elles m’ont plu, jadis, Aux jeunes gens instruits d’aujourd’hui : - Eh bien, soit ! À l’abordage ! Sinon, Si la jeunesse studieuse n’a plus faim (Par oubli de ses anciens appétits) De Kingston, de Ballantyne le Brave, Ou de Cooper des bois et des mers - Eh bien, soit encore ! et puissé-je Avec tous mes pirates partager la tombe Où ils reposent avec leurs créatures ! R. L. Stevenson 5 Résumé Cette thèse s'inscrit au confluent de deux thèmes de recherche privilégiés de l'UMR 5608 TRACES (CNRS - Université de Toulouse) : les recherches sur les échanges et les contacts culturels développées dans l'axe « Protohistoire et Mondes anciens », et les recherches sur le territoire développées dans l'axe « Villes et territoires ». Son objectif est d'envisager la piraterie antique dans un cadre nouveau à la lumière des recherches menées par F. Braudel puis par N. Purcell et P. Horden. Grâce à l'étude approfondie de deux régions de la Méditerranée (Cilicie, mer des Baléares), on souhaite mettre en évidence les structures et les dynamiques économiques, sociales, territoriales, géopolitiques qui ont permis et entretenu la piraterie. Alors qu'elle a été jusqu'à présent abordée dans un cadre événementiel, ce projet de thèse entend mettre l'accent sur les structures du raid antique, en s'inscrivant dans le long terme. Ainsi, les pirates n'apparaissent plus seulement comme la face négative du commerce maritime, mais comme des agents d'échanges et de production de richesse. Au terme de notre étude nous souhaitons définir une grille de lecture des actions de prédations ayant jalonné l’Histoire de l’Antiquité. Du point de vue de la méthode, le projet de thèse doit aussi se situer dans une optique pluridisciplinaire en ce qui concerne l'approche des sources. Mots-clé : Piraterie, raid, Méditerranée, commerce maritime, économie, étude micro-régionale : mer des Baléares, Cilicie. Abstract The purpose of this doctoral work is to consider ancient piracy over a long period of time, in the new light of the research recently carried out by N. Purcell and P. Horden on the ancient Mediterranean. This dissertation begins with a study of the Greek and Latin words related to piracy, and of the representation of the latter in ancient written sources. This work is completed by a new reading of the modern historiography, which needs to be examined in the light of its own historical context in order to dismiss the images commonly related to the notion of piracy. While piracy has so far been studied from a factual angle, this dissertation aims at focusing on the structures of ancient raid through a long-term perspective. This shift in perspective enables to consider pirates not simply as a negative side of maritime trade, but more deeply as agents of trade and as agents in the production of wealth. Through the in-depth study of two regions of the Mediterranean (Cilicia and the Balearic Sea), I wish to highlight the micro-local structures and the economic, social, territorial and geopolitical trends that enabled and sustained piracy. By the end of this study I wish to analyze piracy in all its diversity thanks to a new classification: the imagined pirate, the trading pirate and the opportunistic pirate. Keywords: Piracy, raid, Mediterranean, maritime trade, economics, micro- regional study: the Balearic Sea, Cilicia. 6 7 Introduction générale 8 Notre conception de la piraterie, issue d’une tradition littéraire et culturelle qui brouille notre objectivité, pose problème. A la fin du XVIIIème siècle, sous la plume de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Méphisto résume ainsi les relations maritimes entretenues entre les peuples : « Ou je n’entends rien à la navigation : Guerre, Commerce et Piraterie forment une trinité indissoluble 1 . » Cette conception de l’échange est un point de départ intrigant dans notre réflexion sur la piraterie. En effet, l’imbrication de ces trois concepts antagonistes n’apparaît pas naturelle tant la condamnation du pirate par la société est forte. Peu de thèmes de recherche sont autant sujets à l’anachronisme que la piraterie. Plus les mots nous paraissent simples à définir plus il faut s’arrêter sur leurs spécificités.
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