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Das Gentes Na América (1849-1865)

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Das Gentes Na América (1849-1865) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL TESE DE DOUTORADO PEDRO GUSTAVO AUBERT “FAZERMO-NOS FORTES, IMPORTANTES E CONHECIDOS”: O VISCONDE DO URUGUAI E O DIREITO DAS GENTES NA AMÉRICA (1849-1865) (VERSÃO CORRIGIDA) SÃO PAULO 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL PEDRO GUSTAVO AUBERT “FAZERMO-NOS FORTES, IMPORTANTES E CONHECIDOS”: O VISCONDE DO URUGUAI E O DIREITO DAS GENTES NA AMÉRICA (1849-1865) TESE APRESENTADA AO PROGRAMA DE PÓS- GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL DA FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO, PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO TÍTULO DE DOUTOR EM HISTÓRIA. ORIENTADORA: PROFA. DRA. MONICA DUARTE DANTAS. SÃO PAULO 2017 i RESUMO: Paulino José Soares de Souza, visconde do Uruguai atuou fortemente no âmbito da política externa do Brasil Império no período compreendido entre 1849 e 1865. Apesar de já ter ocupado o Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros entre 1843 e 1844, é somente a partir de sua segunda gestão à frente da referida pasta que se pode vislumbrar a adoção de uma política exterior mais ativa. Grande parte da historiografia considera o ano de 1849 como um ponto de inflexão na política exterior do Império, que se até então lidava com questões pontuais, passou a ter uma atuação mais ampla. Saindo do ministério em 1853, não deixou de ser figura central na área, sendo membro atuante da Seção de Justiça e Negócios Estrangeiros do Conselho de Estado, além do papel que cumpriu nas discussões acerca da abertura do rio Amazonas à navegação estrangeira. Ainda que a historiografia já tenha se dedicado a analisar as questões externas do governo imperial (mas dando preferência a tratamentos pontuais), e também a própria atuação política de Paulino de Souza, nenhum trabalho se debruçou especificamente sobre as concepções de política externa do futuro visconde, e tampouco sua importância singular para essa reconfiguração da atuação brasileira frente às nações estrangeiras, e que marcaram os rumos da política externa nas décadas subsequentes (e nas quais se envolveu diretamente até 1865). Palavras-Chave: Rio da Prata, Amazonas, Legações, Guerra, Diplomacia. ABSTRACT: Paulino José Soares de Souza, Viscount of Uruguay, played a strong role in the Brazilian Empire's foreign policy in the period between 1849 and 1865. Despite having already occupied the Ministry of Foreign Affairs between 1843 and 1844, it is only from his second time in the administration that we can see the adoption of a more active foreign policy. Much of the historiography considers the year 1849 as a turning point in the foreign policy of the Empire, which until then dealt with specific issues, began to have a broader role. Leaving the government in 1853, he was a central person in the area, being an active member of the Justice and Foreign Affairs Section of the Council of State, as well as the role he played in the discussions about the opening of the Amazon River to foreign navigation. Although historiography has already been dedicated to analyzing the external issues of the imperial government (but giving preference to punctual treatments), and also the political performance of Paulino de Souza there is no work that focus specifically on the foreign policy conceptions of the future Viscount, nor his singular importance of this reconfiguration of Brazilian action vis-a-vis foreign nations and which marked the course of foreign policy in subsequent decades (and in which he became directly involved until 1865). Key-Words: River Plate, Amazon, Embassies, War, Diplomacy. E-mail do autor: [email protected] ii AGRADECIMENTOS A feitura dessa tese ao longo de quatro anos se deu pela desistência de abordar a atuação do visconde do Uruguai na política externa do Império em um dos capítulos do mestrado. Nesse período pude contar com auxílios e apoios de naturezas diversas. Gostaria de agradecer: À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), que permitiu dedicação integral ao doutorado no período em que recebi a bolsa, sem a qual não poderia ter realizado múltiplas viagens ao Rio de Janeiro. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social da USP, em especial ao apoio dos funcionários da Pós-Graduação do Departamento de História. À Monica, vulgo Dileta Orientadora, pelos anos de aprendizado, pelos múltiplos incentivos e pelo exemplo de dedicação à pesquisa e aos orientandos. Ao Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro no Rio de Janeiro, em especial à Regina Wanderley pelo auxílio em localizar diversos documentos do visconde do Uruguai que foram essenciais para a determinação de rumos que a pesquisa tomou; ao Pedro Tórtima, grande exemplo de zelo para com os pesquisadores; e à Jéssica Gonzaga, que de uma simples conversa de elevador, além de grande amiga tornou-se interlocutora quase diária do tema dessa pesquisa. Aos funcionários do Arquivo Histórico e Itamaraty e da Biblioteca Nacional, onde foi possível localizar farta documentação. Ao Museu Imperial de Petrópolis nas pessoas da Neibe, Thaís e Vinícius. Aos amigos que pude conhecer nesses anos de pós-graduação cujas reflexões surgidas em conversas foram importantes para algumas das reflexões desenvolvidas no trabalho aqui desenvolvido: Bruno Fabris Estefanes, Alain Youssef, André Godinho, Tamis Parron e Leandro Janke. Ao professor Hilário Franco Júnior do Departamento de História da USP pela oportunidade de convívio e aprendizagem em sua biblioteca. À Flávia Maria Ré, cuja amizade perdura desde o primeiro ano de graduação. Afora os cafés e afins e idas a supermercados em horários alternativos tenho a agradecer o fato de ter colocado o visconde do Uruguai no meu caminho. iii Aos amigos que passaram pela equipe do Acervo Histórico da Discoteca Oneyda Alvarenga do Centro Cultural São Paulo: Aurélio Eduardo Nascimento, Ana Maria Campanhã, Carlos Gimenes, Carlos Eduardo Sampietri, Eduardo Cotarelli, Fábio Alex, Felipe Guarnieri “Dindinho”, Lucas Lara, Luiza Fioravanti, Maricler Martinez, Rafael Vitor Barbosa Souza, Vera Cardim e Wilma Oliveira. À Carla Rabelo e Fernando Llanos pelas cervejas com frango a passarinho. À Valquíria Maroti Carozze por sua amizade e apoio. Aos amigos Alex Fugiwara, Bruno Redondo, Enzo Foscardo de Alcântara Ribeiro, Mateus Serrão e Bianca Bertim. Às amigas Thaís da Cunha Gomes, Silvina Bianchini e Veronica Kienen. À Vanessa Generoso Paes pelo apoio logístico. Aos Amigos Cristiano Avelino Queiroz e Juliana Mendes de Oliveira por nossas edificantes e inolvidáveis conversas. À Joelma Soares, João Cassiano, Maria do Carmo, João Paulo, Letícia e Giovana pelo convívio diário. Ao Bruno Tasca por seu apoio. À Vera Claudinho, Renata Scaquetti Garcia Neves, Anete, Ricardo e Cacá pelos convescotes. Aos amigos e companheiros do coletivo Juventude Garantia de Luta, em especial ao Caio Yamaguchi, Marcos Celeste, Laís Vitória, Rafaella Bianchini, Tamires Menezes, Jotinha, Brunão, Biel, Priscila, Karina, Fernando Ferreira e demais companheiros. À Eliane Pinheiro pelos 13 anos de companheirismo. À Djanira de Campos e Benedicto Nelson dos Santos in memorian. Aos meus pais, Francis Henrik Aubert e Maria Beatriz dos Santos Aubert e meu irmão Eduardo Henrik Aubert. iv SUMÁRIO DA TESE Introdução .......................................................................................................... 5 Capítulo 1: O Reconhecimento da Independência e o Fim do Tráfico Africano 18 1.1 – A Primeira Questão Internacional Brasileira: O Reconhecimento de sua Independência ................................................................................................ 19 1.2 – O Tráfico Africano e a Política Imperial .............................................. 33 1.3 - O Tráfico Após a Lei Euzébio de Queiroz ............................................. 45 1.4 - Uma Nova Orientação Para a Política Externa ...................................... 55 Capítulo 2: A Navegação do Rio Amazonas ..................................................... 71 2.1 - O Ministro Diante das Pressões ............................................................. 73 2.2 – A Campanha de Maury .......................................................................... 84 2.3 – O Ex-Ministro e Plenipotenciário e a Navegação do Amazonas ............ 95 2.4 - O Conselheiro de Estado e as Novas Realidades Políticas ................... 114 Capítulo 3: A Guerra Grande ............................................................................. 130 3.1 – Pós-Cisplatina: o Dilema entre Neutralidade e Intervenção ............... 131 3.2 – O Retorno Conservador e a Política Intervencionista ............................ 150 3.3 - A guerra de Rosas e o Brasil....................................................................172 Capítulo 4: Em Tempos da Pax: A Região Platina e a Presença do Brasil (1852-1864).............................................................................................................194 4.1 – A política no Rio da Prata e a centralidade do Estado Oriental .............197 4.2 – “Somente a guerra poderia não desatar, mas cortar essas dificuldades”: as tensões com a República do Paraguai. .............................................................. 226 4.3 – Transformações na Política ...................................................................... 241 Considerações Finais .........................................................................................
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