COUNTRY REPORT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

Prepared for CERN Membership Application

TURKISH ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY

May 2009

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2. STATUS AND ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH IN TURKEY ...... 2 2.1. TURKISH ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY ...... 2 2.1.1. Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre ...... 6 2.1.2. Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre ...... 8 2.1.3. Missions of ÇNAEM and SANAEM ...... 10 2.1.4. International Co-operation and Initiatives of TAEK ...... 10 2.2. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TURKEY ...... 11 2.2.1. R&D Institutes of TÜBİTAK ...... 13 2.2.2. R&D Support Units of TÜBİTAK ...... 13 2.2.3. Research / Education Communities of TÜBİTAK ...... 14 2.3. TURKISH RESEARCH AREA ...... 14 2.4. THE TURKISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ...... 15 2.4.1. AIMS AND MISSION OF TÜBA ...... 16 2.4.2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF TÜBA ...... 16 2.4.3. ACTIVITIES OF TÜBA ...... 16 3. STATUS AND ORGANIZATON OF PARTICLE PHYSICS IN TURKEY AND TURKEY-CERN RELATIONS ...... 18 3.1. TURKEY-CERN RELATIONS ...... 18 3.2. CERN EXPERIMENTS AND PROJECTS SUPPORTED AND COORDINATED BY TAEK ...... 21 3.2.1. Collaboration with CERN in the Framework of CLIC and CTF3 Projects ...... 21 3.2.2. Search for New Force Laws at the CERN CMS Experiment ...... 21 3.2.3. Di-Jet and Heavy Ion Studies in CMS ...... 22 3.2.4. CLIC Physics/Detector Simulations and Applications on Tr-Grid ...... 22 3.2.5. Beam Dynamics, Beam Diagnostics and Control Techniques and Applications . 23 3.2.6. Linac-LHC Based ep, γp, eA and γA Colliders ...... 24 3.2.7. Detector, Phenomenology and Data Analysis Studies at CERN-ATLAS Experiment ...... 24 3.2.8. Test Beam Work at CMS Experiment and Search for Supersymmetric Particles 25 3.2.9. Simulation and Data Analysis Work in the Standard Model and Beyond in the CMS Experiment at CERN ...... 25 3.2.10. Detector, Data Taking and Data Analysis Studies at CERN-CAST Experiment . 25 3.2.11. Strange Particles Production in the p-p Collisions (14 TeV CM Energy) at LHC 25 3.2.12. Detector Construction, Upgrade and Physics Studies in CMS Experiment ...... 26 3.2.13. Nuclear Structure Physics and Applications with Stable and Radioactive Beam and Multi- Detector Arrays ...... 26 3.2.14. Search for Higgs Boson with CMS-HF Calorimeter ...... 27 3.2.15. CERN Accelerators and Applications ...... 27 3.3. PARTICLE PHYSICS STUDIES IN UNIVERSITIES ...... 28 3.3.1. Abant İzzet Baysal University ...... 28 3.3.2. Ankara University ...... 30 3.3.3. Boğaziçi University ...... 32 3.3.4. Çukurova University ...... 35 3.3.5. Doğuş University ...... 37 3.3.6. Dumlupınar University ...... 39 3.3.7. İstanbul University ...... 41 i 3.3.8. İzmir Institute of Technology ...... 44 3.3.9. Kafkas University ...... 45 3.3.10. Middle East Technical University ...... 46 3.3.11. Niğde University ...... 49 3.3.12. Süleyman Demirel University ...... 49 3.3.13. Uludağ University ...... 50 3.3.14. Yıldız Technical University ...... 52 3.4. GRID COMPUTING ACTIVITIES IN TURKEY ...... 53 3.5. RECENT TRAINING ACTIVITIES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND RELATED FIELDS ...... 55 3.5.1. Feza Gürsey Institute ...... 55 3.6. OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH ...... 57 3.6.1. TAEK Proton Accelerator Project ...... 57 3.6.2. Turkish Accelerator Centre Project ...... 66 3.6.3. SESAME Project ...... 69 4. TURKEY’S CURRENT R&D EXPENDITURES ...... 71 4.1. NATIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION STATISTICS OF TURKEY ...... 71 4.2. COMPARISON OF TURKEY’S CURRENT R&D STATUS AND EXPENDITURE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES ...... 88 4.3. EXPENDITURES OF TURKEY FOR CERN ...... 91 5. ECONOMY ...... 94 5.1. GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT ...... 94 5.1.1. GDP and Sectoral Growth Rates ...... 94 5.1.2. Employment ...... 96 5.1.3. General Balance of the Economy ...... 99 5.2. COMPARISON OF TURKEY’S ECONOMY WITH OTHER COUNTRIES [10] ... 103 6. ECONOMY PROJECTIONS ...... 106 6.1. PROJECTIONS OF THE TURKEY’S ECONOMY OVER A 5 YEAR TIMESCALE...... 106 6.2. PROJECTIONS OF THE RESEARCH FUNDING OVER A 5 YEAR TIMESCALE ...... 111 6.2.1. R&D Targets ...... 113 7. INDUSTRY ...... 114 7.1. CURRENT OUTLOOK OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ...... 114 8. PROSPECTS OF TURKEY FOR CERN MEMBERSHIP AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ...... 120 9. REFERENCES ...... 125

ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: TAEK Organization Chart ...... 5 Figure 2: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Profession ...... 7 Figure 3: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Gender ...... 7 Figure 4: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Education ...... 7 Figure 5: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Profession ...... 9 Figure 6: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Gender ...... 9 Figure 7: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Education ...... 9 Figure 8: CERN Organization of Turkey ...... 20 Figure 9: TR-Grid Connections in Turkey ...... 55 Figure 10: TAEK Proton Accelerator Facility ...... 58 Figure 11: Lay-out of the Proton Accelerator Facility ...... 60 Figure 12: Section A-A of the Proton Accelerator Facility ...... 60 Figure 13: General Layout of TAC IR-FEL ...... 67 Figure 14: Schematic View of TAC ...... 67 Figure 15: Past, Present and Future e+eˉ Colliders ...... 68 Figure 16: R&D Expenditure-GERD/GDP ...... 71 Figure 17: GERD as a Percentage of GDP ...... 79 Figure 18: GERD* vs GDP*...... 79 Figure 19: GERD per Capita Population ...... 80 Figure 20: GERD by Performance Sectors* ...... 80 Figure 21: Percentage of GERD by Performance Sectors ...... 81 Figure 22: GERD by Source of Funds* ...... 81 Figure 23: Percentage of GERD by Source of Funds ...... 82 Figure 24: GERD and Direct Public Funds* ...... 82 Figure 25: Direct Public R&D and Innovation Funds ...... 83 Figure 26: R&D Human Resources per 10,000 Total Employments ...... 83 Figure 27: R&D Human Resources-FTE* ...... 84 Figure 28: Direct Public R&D and Innovation Funds by Source of Funds* ...... 84 Figure 29: Number of Scientific Publications ...... 85 Figure 30: Number of Scientific Publications in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) ...... 85 Figure 31: Number of Scientific Publications per Million Population ...... 86 Figure 32: Rank of Turkey with Respect to Scientific Publications ...... 86 Figure 33: Rank of Turkey with Respect to Scientific Publications per Million Population ...... 87 Figure 34: Number of Patent Applications to Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) ...... 87 Figure 35: Number of Patents Granted by Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) ...... 88 Figure 36: Number of Utility Model Applications to Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) and Grants Given by TPE ...... 88 Figure 37: Projection of CERN Budget ...... 91 Figure 38 Sectoral Growth Rates (Constant Prices) ...... 96 Figure 39: Contributions to GDP Growth ...... 99 Figure 40: World’s Biggest Economies (GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity, Trillion Dollars, 2008) ...... 103 Figure 41: Europe’s Biggest Economies (GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity, Trillion Dollars, 2007) ...... 104 Figure 42: Comparison of Europe and Turkey: Real GDP Growth (2001=100) ...... 104 Figure 43: Per Capita GDP, 2007 (Purchasing Power Parity, AB-27=100) ...... 105

iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: R&D Support Amounts Given to the Universities by TÜBİTAK ...... 13 Table 2: Publications of Abant İzzet Baysal University ...... 29 Table 3: Completed Experimental HEP Thesis in Boğaziçi University ...... 33 Table 4: Publications of Boğaziçi University ...... 33 Table 5: Publications of Çukurova University ...... 36 Table 6: Number of M.Sc. and Thesis at Çukurova University ...... 36 Table 7: Publications of Doğuş University ...... 38 Table 8: Publications of Dumlupınar University ...... 41 Table 9: Publications of İstanbul University ...... 42 Table 10: Publications and Thesis of METU ...... 47 Table 11: Number of Academic Staff and Students at the Uludağ University ...... 51 Table 12: Publications and Thesis of Uludağ University ...... 51 Table 13: Tier-2 Computing Capacities of Turkey ...... 54 Table 14: Technical Specifications of Cyclone 30 ...... 59 Table 15: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D ...... 72 Table 16: R&D Personnel by Sector of Performance (Employment) and Occupation ...... 72 Table 17: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by Type of Expenditure and ...... 73 Table 18: R&D Personnel by Sectors and Education Level ...... 74 Table 19: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D by Economic Activities and ...... 75 Table 20: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D by Economic Activities and ...... 76 Table 21: Business Enterprises R&D Personnel by Economic Activity and Occupation, 2005 .. 77 Table 22: Business Enterprises R&D Personnel by Economic Activity and ...... 78 Table 23: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D in Selected Countries...... 89 Table 24: Countries which Increased R&D Expenditure Most, (2002−2006) ...... 89 Table 25: Countries which Increased Researcher Numbers Most, (2002−2006) ...... 89 Table 26: Countries Which Increased R&D Personnel Number Most, (2002−2006) ...... 90 Table 27: Countries Which Increased Number of Publications Most, (2002−2006) ...... 90 Table 28: Countries Which Increased Number of Patent Applications Most (2002−2006) ...... 90 Table 29: International Patent Applications of Countries (2002−2007) ...... 90 Table 30: Contribution of Turkey for CERN Experiments and Projects (1997−May 2009 (CHF)) ...... 92 Table 31: Contribution of Turkey for CMS Experiments and Projects (1997 −May 2009 (CHF)) ...... 92 Table 32: Contribution of Turkey for ATLAS Experiments and Projects (1997−May 2009 (CHF)) ...... 93 Table 33: Contribution of Turkey for CAST Experiments and Projects (2005−May 2009 (CHF)) ...... 93 Table 34: Contribution of Turkey for CLIC, CTF3, ALICE & ISOLDE Projects (2004−May 2009 (CHF)) ...... 93 Table 35: Growth Rates of Value Added and Sectoral Shares in GDP ...... 94 Table 36: Per Capita GDP ...... 95 Table 37: Developments in the Labour Market as of Years ...... 97 Table 38: Developments in the Urban and Rural Labour Market ...... 97 Table 39: Employment According to the Payment Condition ...... 98 Table 40: Developments in the Labour Market as of July Months (1) ...... 98 Table 41: General Balance of the Economy (In Current Prices) ...... 101 Table 42: General Balance of the Economy (In 1998 Prices) ...... 102 Table 43: Main Macroeconomic Indicators ...... 106 Table 44: Other Macroeconomic Indicators ...... 107 Table 45: Targets and Projections for the Public Sector (As a Share of GDP) ...... 109 Table 46: Public Fixed Investments by Sectors ...... 111

iv Table 47: Targets in Energy Sector ...... 111 Table 48: R&D Targets ...... 113 Table 49: Main Indicators of Manufacturing Industry (Percentage Changes) ...... 115 Table 50: Structure of Manufacturing Industry Production and Exports ...... 116 Table 51: Changes in the Main Sectors of manufacturing Industry ...... 116

v vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ABPRS: Address Based Population Registration System ADS: Accelerator Driven systems BTYK: Supreme Council for Science and Technology CAST: CERN Axion Solar Telescope CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research CMS: Compact Muon Solenoid ÇNAEM: Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre CPI: Consumer Price Index FTE: Full Time Equivalent GDP: Gross Domestic Product GERD: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D HEP: High Energy Physics IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency ICTP: International Centre for Theoretical Physics INFN: National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Italy ISI: International Statistical Institute IZTECH: İzmir Institute of Technology LHC: Large Hadron Collider MAC: Machine Advisory Committee METU: Middle East Technical University ÖTV: Special Consumption Tax RDI: Research and Development International RTD: Research and Technological Development SAC: Scientific Advisory Committee SANAEM: Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre SEE: State Economic Enterprise SESAME: Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East DPT: State Planning Organization SGK: Social Security Institution TAC: Turkish Accelerator Centre TAEK: Turkish Atomic Energy Authority TANEM: TAEK Nuclear Training Centre TEKMER: Technology Development Centres

vii TFP: Total Factor Productivity TGB: Technology Development Zones TPE: Turkish Patent Institute TRA: Turkish Research Area TRY: Turkish Lira TURKSTAT: Turkish Statistical Institute TÜBA: Turkish Academy of Sciences TÜBİTAK: Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey TÜDNAEM: Turkish States Nuclear Cooperation Research and Training Centre ULAKBIM: Turkish Academic Network and Information Centre WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization WLCG: Worldwide LHC Computing Grid YÖK: Higher Education Council

viii 1. INTRODUCTION

The cooperation between Turkey and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was initiated in the 1960’s within the scope of collaborative studies between scientific institutions of Turkey and CERN. The national high energy physics society has improved since that time and gained maturity, which resulted in active participation in CERN activities including CHARM II, SMC, CHORUS, ATLAS, CMS, CAST, ALICE experiments and CLIC and ISOLDE projects. Today the Turkish participation at CERN has been broadened to nineteen universities, of which six are official member institutions in various collaborations.

The Republic of Turkey declared her intention to become a member state of CERN with the official letter sent to the President of the CERN Council, dated 16 March 2009, which emphasizes the commitment of the Turkish Government for CERN membership.

The CERN activities in Turkey are coordinated by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) and being the fully authorized governmental authority TAEK participates in these activities and financially supports them. TAEK currently supports 14 projects and the number of projects is expected to increase along with the increase of the number of scientific researchers and engineers working in the related fields.

Turkish industry has proven its competencies in various fields of expertise, including civil engineering, electronics and machinery. It is evident that the national industry is ready to cope with the contemporary challenges of the new technologies employed in particle physics experiments at CERN. The membership of Turkey to CERN will undoubtedly stimulate our national industry’s contributions and involvement.

This report was prepared in line with the requirements given in the document entitled “Accession to CERN, Report by the Working Group on the Enlargement of CERN's Membership (CERN/CC/2368)” and includes detailed information and data exhibiting the eligibility of Turkey for CERN membership in terms of scientific and industrial criteria.

1 2. STATUS AND ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH IN TURKEY

The Supreme Council for Science and Technology (BTYK), which is the highest body for science and technology policy making, is the main body that sets national policy and priorities for science and technology in Turkey. BTYK was established in 1983 and includes representatives from relevant organizations, including Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK), Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) and universities. BTYK has adopted the National Nuclear Technology Development Program (2007−2015) in 7 March, 2007 that is currently being implemented by TAEK. A new nuclear technology centre is planned to be established within the framework of this program that will be the part of the national nuclear research infrastructure.

The main institutions involved in R&D activities in Turkey are:

– Supreme Council for Science and Technology, – Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, – Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, – Turkish Academy of Sciences, – Universities, – State Planning Organization.

2.1. TURKISH ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY

The Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) was first established with the name of Atomic Energy Commission in 1956 as a governmental organization directly under the supervision of the Prime Minister and became a founding member of the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1957 [1].

The name of the Atomic Energy Commission and its structure has been reformed in 1982 by the Law No: 2690 establishing TAEK with its current structure and with the main objectives of policy making on nuclear energy and technology, regulation, licensing and inspection, research and development and training.

The bodies of TAEK, as shown in Figure 1, are given as:

a) Office of the President, b) Atomic Energy Commission, c) Advisory Committee,

2 d) Specialized Departments, e) Affiliated Centres. The main duties, responsibilities and jurisdictions of TAEK according to Act No. 2690 are as follows:

- To determine the basis for the national policy and the related plans and programs regarding the peaceful utilization of atomic energy for the benefit of the country and submit them to the approval of the Prime Minister, - To execute and support the research, development and studies that might lead to nation’s scientific, technological and economical development related with the utilization of atomic energy, - To establish research and training centres, laboratories, test facilities, non-energy producing pilot plants wherever it is needed in the country, - To train personnel in the nuclear field and make cooperation with the universities and other related organizations, - To give approval, permission, and license, related to the site selection, construction, operation of the nuclear facilities and radioactive sources, - To provide the public awareness in nuclear matters, - To prepare and implement the decrees and regulations to determine the basis for the nuclear and radiological safety.

The Specialized Departments are:

o Department of Nuclear Safety o Department of Radiation Health and Safety o Department of Technology o Department of Research, Development and Coordination o Department of Administrative and Financial Affairs The Affiliated Centres are:

o Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre o Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre o Turkish States Nuclear Cooperation, Research and Training Centre o TAEK Nuclear Training Centre

The Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre (ÇNAEM) is located in İstanbul since 1962 and is specialized in nuclear applications and technology such as research reactors, nuclear 3 engineering, reactor technology, reactor safety, nuclear fuel technology, nuclear materials, non- destructive testing, nuclear electronics, nuclear instruments, accelerator technologies, radiobiology, cytogenetics (biodosimetry), radioactivity and analytical measurements and analyses, environmental radioactivity monitoring, marine radioactivity, radioactive waste management, calibration of nuclear instruments, health physics, and radioisotopes.

The Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre (SANAEM) is located in Ankara and is specialized in various types of radioactivity and analytical measurements and analyses, nuclear electronics, accelerator physics, nuclear medicine, health physics, detection of irradiated food, nuclear biotechnology and undertakes research and development activities in fusion, polymer chemistry, radioactivity detection systems, detector and dosimeter materials and neutron physics with respect to nuclear applications. A Gamma Sterilization Facility has been in service at SANAEM since 1993 and a Proton Accelerator Facility with a medical Diagnosis Centre is under construction.

The Turkish States Nuclear Cooperation Research and Training Centre (TÜDNAEM) was founded in Ankara in 1999 for cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy among the countries of the Central Asia.

TAEK Nuclear Training Centre (TANEM) was founded recently to conduct country-wide training activities in various subject fields of nuclear technology in collaboration with other research and training centres of TAEK. The training activities cover a wide range of topics from radiation protection to nuclear medicine, from nuclear safety to accelerator science.

The work program and projects currently implemented by the research and training centres are in accordance with TAEK’s Strategic Plan covering the period of 2009−2011.

4 PRESIDENT

Atomic Energy Commission Advisory Committee

Nuclear Safety Advisory Committee

Vice President Vice President Vice President

Nuclear Safety Department Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre

Radiation Health and Safety Department Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre

Technology Department Turkish States Nuclear Cooperation Research and Training Centre Research, Development and Coordination Department

TAEK Nuclear Training Centre Administration and Finance Department

Strategy Development Directorate

Law Consultancy Office

Figure 1: TAEK Organization Chart

5 2.1.1. Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre

The Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Centre (ÇNAEM) was founded in 1962 near İstanbul beside the Küçükçekmece Lake and is one of the four affiliated institutions of TAEK. ÇNAEM is a governmental research centre and co-operates with universities and other scientific and research institutes for the development and application of nuclear science and technology for peaceful uses of atomic energy.

ÇNAEM commissioned a 1 MW research reactor (TR-1) in 1962 for both research and production of isotopes for industrial and medical purposes. It was operational from 1962 to 1977, and has now been dismantled. A 5 MW TR-2 reactor was later built in the same building and has been operating since 1984 for irradiation purposes.

The Centre has a Director who directly reports to the president of TAEK, and is assisted by three Deputy Directors responsible for nuclear technology and safety, radiation applications and measurements and administrative and finance matters. Five divisions are responsible for the development and application of nuclear technology and techniques, namely, Division of Nuclear Facilities, Division of Technology, Division of Applications, Division of Measurement and Instrumentation, Division of Research and Development. The divisions are managed by a Head of Division, who reports to the Director of the Centre. There is a Quality Manager reporting to the Director and there are other managers for administrative and financial affairs reporting to the Deputy Directors.

The distribution of ÇNAEM staff by profession, gender and education are given in Figures 2−4, respectively.

Main facilities, laboratories and systems at ÇNAEM are as follows: A research reactor (TR−2), an ion accelerator with low energy (neutron generator), a nuclear fuel pilot plant, a low level radioactive waste processing plant, a radioisotope and radiopharmaceuticals laboratory, a calibration laboratory for radiation measurement instruments (SSDL), a development and production laboratory for radiation measurement instruments, a biological dosimeter laboratory, radioactivity analysis laboratories, chemical analysis laboratories, a neutron activation analysis laboratory, non-destructive testing laboratories, a nuclear materials laboratory, a ceramic materials characterization laboratory, well-equipped systems for radiation measurement and monitoring, air radioactivity monitoring system, workshops and other relevant infrastructure and an IT system including reactor engineering and analysis codes, computers and network systems.

6 The accreditation of 12 analysis techniques implemented at the ÇNAEM laboratories is completed in May 2009.

58 160

Technical Personel Administrative Personel

Figure 2: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Profession

162

56

Male Staff Female Staff

Figure 3: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Gender

45 65

68 40

Ph.D. MS/BS's Technicians Administrative support staff

Figure 4: ÇNAEM Staff Distribution by Education

7 2.1.2. Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre

The Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre (SANAEM), which was established in 2005 is one of the affiliated institutions of the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority. As ÇNAEM, SANAEM is a governmental research centre and as such, cooperates with universities and other scientific and research institutes for the development and application of nuclear science and technology for peaceful uses of atomic energy.

Today SANAEM has considerable expertise in application of nuclear techniques in medicine, industry, environment, food, agriculture and animal sciences including environmental radioactivity monitoring; industrial applications, such as industrial irradiation facility for sterilization of food and single used medical products, e-beam applications; detection of irradiated foods and gene-based biotechnology. Additionally, the Centre is responsible for country-wide occupational personnel radiation monitoring and runs the National Dose Registry Database. Apart from the functions mentioned above, SANAEM has a new mission to utilize accelerator technologies for medical purposes, such as production of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostics and therapy.

The Centre has a Director who directly reports to the president of TAEK, and is assisted by three Deputy Directors for nuclear technology and safety, radiation applications and measurements, and administrative matters. The activities at SANAEM are carried out in four divisions, namely, Division of Measurement and Instrumentation, Division of Research and Development, Division of Technology and Division of Applications. The Centre operates the first industrial irradiation facility of Turkey (serving for irradiation of single-use medical products and foodstuffs) and an experimental gamma cell. There is also a Fusion Laboratory registered to IAEA, where a Spherical Tokamak System and a new plasma focus system are used for fusion research.

The distribution of SANAEM staff by profession, gender and education are given in Figures 5−7, respectively.

A 30 MeV cyclotron construction has newly started at the Centre and will be in operation from 2011 on for the production of PET and SPECT radioisotopes and for research activities. It has a total of 1.2 mA current and consists of 4 beam lines (one dedicated for research activities). There is also a 500 keV, 20 mA electron accelerator (e-beam) at the Centre, the only e-beam facility in Turkey, which is used for flue gas and waste water treatment in addition to other research activities.

8 The accreditation of 11 analysis techniques implemented at the SANAEM laboratories is completed in May 2009.

91 163

Technical Administrative

Figure 5: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Profession

81 173

Male Staff Female Staff

Figure 6: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Gender

40 89 40 85

Ph.D. MS/BS's degree Administrative Technicians

Figure 7: SANAEM Staff Distribution by Education

9 2.1.3. Missions of ÇNAEM and SANAEM

ÇNAEM, since 1962, continues to contribute to the national technology and scientific policies as regards the nuclear field in the areas of nuclear reactor safety, research reactor technology, nuclear fuel, radioisotope productions, biological and environmental effects of radiation, radiation safety and practical applications of radiation, with highly motivated and well experienced personnel using contemporary technologies.

SANAEM, after its establishment in 2005, is progressing fast in the frame of newly given mission and vision within its own field of responsibilities for being an assertive Centre of Excellence with accumulated experience over the years, existing personnel structure, extended device inventory and upgraded laboratories. The ultimate objectives for ÇNAEM and SANAEM are to ensure nuclear activities in our country to be above world standards by following the progresses in this field world-wide, to be internationally recognized research centres in radioactivity measurement and analysis, to provide contribution to routine services provided by TAEK for radiation safety of public and environment in a broader sense and to establish the necessary infrastructure to carry TAEK to an internationally recognized and prestigious level in "Ionizing Radiation Metrology”.

2.1.4. International Co-operation and Initiatives of TAEK

TAEK is closely following the worldwide trends and progresses in the field of nuclear technology including reactor technologies and fuel cycle as well as particle physics applications and research. TAEK is represented at the Committees of the Nuclear Energy Agency of OECD and participates to the studies and projects of the associated working groups.

Turkey has an observer status at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), which is the world’s leading laboratory for particle physics. All activities in Turkey relevant to CERN are coordinated and sponsored by TAEK. Besides, Turkey is the founding member of an important international initiative, which is the Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) and TAEK is again the representing authority of Turkey at SESAME. The main objectives of Turkey in the field of particle physics applications and research are to establish a national infrastructure with qualified manpower and competent laboratories by actively participating in the experimental programs of CERN and SESAME, and to follow the world-wide scientific progresses in the relevant fields.

10 2.2. THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TURKEY

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) is the leading agency for management, funding and conduct of research in Turkey for all areas of research other than nuclear technology [2]. As stated in previous sections, Research and Development (R&D) on nuclear energy and nuclear technology is undertaken by TAEK.

TÜBİTAK was established in 1963 with a mission to advance science and technology, to conduct research and to support Turkish researchers. The Council is an autonomous institution and is governed by a Scientific Board whose members are selected from prominent scholars from universities, industry and research institutions.

TÜBİTAK is responsible for promoting, developing, organizing, conducting and coordinating Research and Development (R&D) in line with national policy and priorities.

TÜBİTAK acts as an advisory agency to the Turkish Government on science and research issues, and is the secretariat of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (BTYK), the highest policy making body in Turkey for science and technology.

With the vision of being an innovative, guiding, participating and cooperating institution in science and technology, in order to improve the life standards of society and sustain the development of Turkey, TÜBİTAK not only supports innovation and R&D studies but also, in line with national priorities, develops scientific and technological policies and manages R&D institutes. Furthermore, TÜBİTAK funds research projects carried out in universities and public and private organizations and conducts research on strategic areas, develops support programs for public and private sectors, publishes scientific journals, popular science magazines and books, organizes science and society activities and supports undergraduate and graduate students through scholarships.

Today, more than 1,500 researchers work in 15 different research institutes of TÜBİTAK.

The main functions of the Council were initially set as to organize, coordinate and encourage basic and applied research especially in natural sciences, to support academic research and to encourage and incite young researchers. In order to fulfil these functions, four research groups (now there exists ten research groups under the umbrella of Academic R&D Funding) have been formed in the fields of Basic Sciences, Engineering, Medicine and Agriculture-Livestock along with a Scientific Human Resources Development Group (now Scientific Human Resources

11 Support Group). In 2005, the new Law included the disciplines of social sciences and humanities among the areas of activities of TÜBİTAK.

TÜBİTAK has undertaken the responsibility of developing the science and technology policy of the country for the first time by the preparation of the document entitled "Turkish Science and Technology Policy: 1983−2003". Establishment of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology in 1983 and assignment of the secretariat functions of this Council to TÜBİTAK have turned this responsibility into a clear and concrete duty. Within the scope of this duty, a comprehensive project titled Vision 2023 was conducted to serve as a basis for the science and technology policies for the next twenty years. Another significant function, which emerged with the establishment of the Technology Forecasting and Assessment Directorate in 1993 for arrangement of the support planned to be provided in order to encourage the research and technology development activities in industrial establishments, is assessment and supporting of the industrial Research and Technological Development (RTD).

Since its recognition in the international platform, TÜBİTAK has represented Turkey in nearly all international science and technology cooperation activities. Moreover, participation of Turkey into the EU Framework Programs has substantially increased its responsibilities in this field and in this regard, the National Contact Point system has been established.

On 7 July 2005, regarding the Law Number 5376, the name of the institution which was The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, was changed as The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

The amount of funding given to the Turkish universities by TÜBİTAK between the period of 2000 and 2007 is shown in Table 1.

12 Table 1: R&D Support Amounts Given to the Universities by TÜBİTAK Year Number Supporting Average Number of Annual Average of Budgets of Project Completed Expenditure* Annual Projects Effective Budget** Projects Expenditure Projects * per Project** 2000 843 13.2 15.7 297 5.4 6.4 2001 1001 15.8 15.8 242 6.7 6.7 2002 1242 22.6 18.2 263 8.9 7.2 2003 1227 28.9 23.5 370 9.1 7.5 2004 1353 37.3 27.5 337 13.2 9.8 2005 2353 176.4 75.0 426 52.8 22.4 2006 3091 329.1 106.5 559 157.1 50.8 2007 3363 445.2 132.4 907 134.4 40.0 2008 3165 456.0 144.1 1239 147.2 46.5 * Million TRY (2008 prices), ** Thousand TRY (2008 prices) 1 TRY (Turkish Lira) = 0,73 CHF as of 11 May 2009.

2.2.1. R&D Institutes of TÜBİTAK

The R&D institutes of TÜBİTAK are given below:

 Marmara Research Centre (MAM)  Information Technologies Institute (ETE)  Food Institute (GE)  Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GMBE)  Chemistry and Environment Institute (KÇE)  Institute of Materials (ME)  Earth and Marine Sciences Institute (YDBE)  National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology (UEKAE)  Defence Industries Research and Development Institute (SAGE)  Space Technologies Research Institute (UZAY)  National Metrology Institute (UME)  Research Institute for Basic Sciences (TBAE)  Turkish Institute for Industrial Management (TÜSSİDE)

2.2.2. R&D Support Units of TÜBİTAK

The R&D support units of TÜBİTAK are given below:

 National Academic Network and Information Centre (ULAKBIM)  National Observatory (TUG)

13  Ankara Test and Analysis Laboratory (ATAL)  Bursa Test and Analysis Laboratory (BUTAL)

2.2.3. Research / Education Communities of TÜBİTAK

Other R&D groups and committees of TÜBİTAK are given below:

 Environmental, Atmospheric, Earth and Marine Sciences Research Group (ÇAYDAG)  Electrical, Electronical and Informatics Research Group (EEEAG)  Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG)  Engineering Research Grant Committee (MAG)  Defence and Security Technologies Research Grant Committee (SAVTAG)  Health Sciences Research Group (SBAG)  Social Sciences and Humanities Research Group (SOBAG)  The Basic Sciences Research Group (TBAG)  Agriculture, Forestry & Veterinary Research Grant Committee (TOVAG)

2.3. TURKISH RESEARCH AREA

Within the scope of the Turkish Research Area Program, which was put into implementation in 2005, the programs of “Academic and Applied R&D Support”, “Public R&D Support”, “Industry R&D Support”, “Defence and Space R&D Support”, “Increasing Science and Technology Awareness” and “Scientist Raising and Improving” have been started.

A National Science and Technology Strategy spanning the timeframe between 2005−2010 was developed with the collaboration of the relevant public agencies, academia, private sector and the NGOs. Participatory workshops attended by all parties involved in Research and Development International (RDI), were organized and a jointly agreed vision and mission of the country’s Science and Technology (S&T) strategy was adopted. The mission and vision were then approved by the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (BTYK) headed by the Prime Minister that is the highest body for designing the Turkish science policy in September 2004. In the same meeting and the following one in March 2005 the strategic goals, objectives, priorities and general mechanisms and funding policies were delineated. An Implementation Plan was introduced that ensures translation of those strategic elements into actions that broadly defines main areas of action together with the responsible agencies and timelines. As the main modality for this strategy a Turkish Research Area (TRA) was defined composing of all private and public entities that either perform, fund or demand R&D activities. 14 In the National S&T Strategy two significant targets have been established for the year 2013:

 To increase Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% during the period from 2005 to 2013,  To raise the number of full-time equivalent R&D personnel up to 150,000 in 2013.

Main Objectives of Turkish Research Area:

 To increase the quality of life in Turkey,  To find solutions to social problems,  To increase the competitive power of Turkey,  To create awareness and interest in Science, Technology and Industry (STI) in the society.

Basic Targets of Turkish Research Area:

 To increase the share of R&D expenditures in GDP,  To increase the demand for R&D,  To increase the number and the quality of R&D personnel.

It is to be noted that Turkey has fully participated in the Seventh Framework Program of the EU in the field of science and technology, and the main goal is to increase the share received from the projects compared to the contribution to the Program.

2.4. THE TURKISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) is a scholarly society founded in 1993, attached to the office of the Prime Minister with administrative and financial autonomy, and headquarters in Ankara [3]. Although it has the capacity for generating its own resources and accepting donations from individuals or companies, it is presently funded to a great extent by the Government. The first tangible step towards the establishment of the Turkish Academy of Sciences was the preparation of the document entitled "Turkish Science and Technology Policy: 1983−2003", which was the first of its kind in Turkey. In 1993, the Supreme Council for Science and Technology, established in accordance with the above-mentioned document, decided the establishment of TÜBA. The Academy was established on 2 September 1993 by a governmental decree, published in the Official Gazette. After constituting its administrative organs, TÜBA initiated its activities with its first Academy Council meeting, convened on 7 January 1994.

15 2.4.1. AIMS AND MISSION OF TÜBA

TÜBA is an autonomous body which determines its organizational structure and activities on the principle of scientific merit. Its aims are to establish the criteria of scientific excellence in Turkey, to encourage and foster scientific endeavours, to ensure that scientific principles be applied in all spheres and to create an environment of debate so that basic social strategies may be defined in the light of scientific and technological data. The Academy strives to promote adoption of and strict adherence to scientific ethics both by its own members and by the whole of the Turkish scientific community; freedom of expression; culture of debate and the integration of the Turkish science with the international scientific community.

2.4.2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF TÜBA

The organs of the Academy are the General Assembly, the Academy Council, and the President of the Academy. The General Assembly comprises all Academy members. The Academy has a total of 133 members, comprising 81 Principal, 17 Associate and 35 honorary members/members emeriti. The General Assembly convenes twice a year and elects new members nominated by the Academy Council; discusses and approves the principal documents on science policy, the activity report, the balance sheet and the budget proposal prepared by the Academy Council.

The Academy Council consists of ten members and the President of the Academy, all elected by the General Assembly for four years. The Academy Council convenes at least once a month to organize and implement the activities of the Academy; it also sets up working committees for counselling and research purposes, and prepares the budget proposal. The President is responsible for the functioning of the Academy in line with its aims and acts as the executive authority.

Principal members are expected to be distinguished scientists of international prominence. Principal membership turns into honorary membership at the age of 70. Young talented scientists of Turkish nationality are elected for a period of three years as Associate members. Associate membership can be extended twice to a maximum length of nine years. They are among candidates to become Principal members.

2.4.3. ACTIVITIES OF TÜBA

The activities of the Academy are carried out in two main categories. The first category comprises incentive programmes which have the objective of encouraging scientific pursuit by donation of scholarships, bursaries, awards and varying degrees of support for enterprises 16 deemed worthy. All of the above are aimed at promoting research, encouraging the youth towards scholarly pursuits, honouring dedicated scientists, and, above all, establishing norms of scientific excellence. In the second category, the primary and most important endeavour is to create a scientific platform as a basis for communication and debate on public issues and to contribute to the development of national policies based on scientific principles; pinpointing problems in critical issues; and developing proposals for their solutions. For this purpose, conventions, conferences and meetings are organized and proceedings are published.

17 3. STATUS AND ORGANIZATON OF PARTICLE PHYSICS IN TURKEY AND TURKEY-CERN RELATIONS

3.1. TURKEY-CERN RELATIONS

Turkey has established first relations with European Nuclear Research Centre (CERN) in 1960’s by the involvement of some of our physicists in experiments by their own efforts and then has turned into institutional level by the support of the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) and Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). Turkey has an observatory status in CERN for about 50 years. Various research groups, mainly from Ankara, Boğaziçi, Çukurova and Middle East Technical Universities have participated in the experiments and projects, namely CHARM II, SMC, CHORUS, ATLAS, CMS, ALICE, CLIC, CAST and ISOLDE. Today, the number of Turkish scientists joining the research activities at CERN is around 150 and the participation is highly extensive in institutional level as presented in Figure 8.

Our companies manufactured some parts for the LHC-CMS detector in Turkey and were awarded golden plaque by the CMS Collaboration. This clearly shows the competency of domestic industry and the industrial involvement after the membership of Turkey to CERN will undoubtedly be increased since Turkey has a strong industrial infrastructure in certain areas of potential contribution, such as civil engineering, machinery, electronics etc.

TAEK has been in charge of coordination of the activities related to CERN, participating in the scientific activities, sponsoring the activities undertaken in Turkey and representing Turkey in CERN since 2006. Currently, 14 national research projects, related to CERN experiments, are carried out in various universities with the funds provided by TAEK.

TAEK has been representing Turkey in CERN Council in observer status since the beginning of relations with CERN and has initiated activities for strengthening national infrastructure, and for following and finalizing the membership procedures in the frame of mandate given by the Turkish Government in 2006. TAEK has established the CERN Scientific Committee in the same year, which works under its coordination to evaluate the project proposals and take decisions about the CERN related activities in Turkey. A step towards the membership was taken as a result of the activities in the last 3 years and TAEK-CERN Cooperation Agreement, which defines the framework of relations between Turkey and CERN was signed in Geneva on 14 April 2008.

18 Turkey has joined the CERN-GRID system through the GRID Memorandum of Understanding signed between TAEK and CERN on 29 January 2008. Thereby, highly intensive data obtained from CERN experiments will be made available to our scientists through GRID network and TÜBİTAK−ULAKBIM infrastructure. GRID is a structure established for sharing computational and data storage sources of members. Our scientists participating in CERN experiments will be able to analyze the data transferred to universities and related organizations by the established GRID infrastructure.

As the result of strong political decision and demonstration of maturity of national high energy physics society concerning national activities of CERN, TAEK presented the Turkish application for CERN membership by a letter to the President of CERN Council on 23 January 2009. In addition, a letter signed by the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, conveying the decision and commitment of the Government on membership of Republic of Turkey to CERN by stating that Turkey is fully qualified to become the member State of CERN was sent on 16 March 2009 to the President of CERN Council via the Permanent Mission of Turkey to United Nations in Geneva. By this, the official procedure for the membership of Turkey was initiated.

19 CERN EXPERIMENTS AND PROJECTS SUPPORTED AND COORDINATED BY TAEK

ATLAS CMS CAST ALICE CLIC ISOLDE CTF3

Ankara Boğaziçi Boğaziçi Çukurova Middle East Doğuş Yıldız Ankara İstanbul University University University University Tecnical University Technical University University University University

Dumlupınar Doğuş İzmir Niğde Boğaziçi Abant İzzet Baysal University University Institute of University University University Technology

Gazi Gaziantep Mersin Kafkas Dumlupınar Süleyman Demirel University University University University University University

TOBB Marmara Gazi TOBB University of University University University of Economics Economics and and Süleyman Demirel Niğde Technology Technology University University

Uludağ University

Figure 8: CERN Organization of Turkey

20 3.2. CERN EXPERIMENTS AND PROJECTS SUPPORTED AND COORDINATED BY TAEK

TAEK currently supports 14 national projects in the frame of CERN activities in Turkey. Some details are given about these projects in subsequent sections.

3.2.1. Collaboration with CERN in the Framework of CLIC and CTF3 Projects

The project is carried out by Ankara University, Niğde University and Uludağ University. The number of researchers is 10.

Electron-positron colliders are important to investigate structure of matter because of clean background. Electron positron collider at TeV energy scale is needed to study properties of particles discovered at LHC (Large Hadron Collider) in detail. Lepton colliders of the future after LEP have to be linac. CLIC, being developed at CERN, is a normal conducting collider with 0.5−5 TeV centre of mass energy. Currently the design and testing of this collider are continuing at CLIC Test Facility 3 (CTF3). Conceptual Design Report (CDR) and Technical Design Report (TDR) of CLIC will be completed on 2010 and 2014, respectively.

A part of our research efforts will be on simulation of radiation production and shielding. In addition, established team (FLUKA team) for this study will optimize positron production at CLIC with simulation. Another team (beam dynamics team) will work on optimization study on the subjects of beam dynamics at CTF3 and CLIC with CERN team. In addition, all of our team will take place on construction, maintenance and operation duties of CTF3. Studies will be conducted with the CERN physicists.

3.2.2. Search for New Force Laws at the CERN CMS Experiment

The project is carried out by İzmir Institute of Technology. The number of researchers is 7.

The Standard Model of Electroweak interactions (SM), though has exhibited excellent agreement with all the experiments performed so far, suffers from a vital problem stemming from its quantum instability (the gauge hierarchy problem). This instability, which invalidates whole electroweak theory as its ultraviolet validity boundary raises to higher values, has to be avoided so as to keep radioactivity at its known rate, the sun to shine as she does, and W/Z bosons to weigh at their measured masses. There are, boldly speaking, two known ways to do this: Supersymmetry and Higher Dimensional Spacetimes. This project aims at studying certain

21 signatures of these two avenues in the CMS Experiment at CERN by performing appropriate Monte Carlo and data analyses. The main focus of the project will be to explore, experimentally, the extra forces not found in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and in the Einstein gravity. In the course of the project, main emphasis will be put on supersymmetry, and higher dimensional models will also be analyzed. In supersymmetry, the prime emphasis will be on the supersymmetric models with extra gauge symmetries (X-SUSY, in short) such that a search strategy based on not only the gauge forces themselves but also on the gauge fermions will be developed and studied. The X-SUSY type models are known to arise from superstrings and GUTs as well as from solution of the naturalness problem of the MSSM itself. As for higher dimensional models, the focus will be on higher-curvature gravity in higher dimensional spacetimes (X-GRAV, in short) wherein extra massive graviton states naturally arise. For both models, X-SUSY and X-GRAV, one expects certain LHC signals indicative of their distinctive features admitting discovery or exclusion.

3.2.3. Di-Jet and Heavy Ion Studies in CMS

The project is carried out by Boğaziçi University and Kafkas University. The number of researchers is 10.

Di-jet resonances and contact interactions are two examples for new physics in LHC energies. New particles can be discovered that will point to new physics processes or set lower limits on the mass values of some of the expected particles, such as Z-prime, by studying the observed di- jets in the CMS data. High energy densities expected in the quark gluon plasma (QGP) produced in very high energy heavy ion collisions will provide new insights to study the new physics processes. Heavy ion program in the CMS experiment is especially promising in this aspect. Jets in heavy ion collisions, jet production cross sections are some of the topics that are planned to study. Also, as the CMS experiment gets ready to take data with the start of the LHC operations, the project team will take part in the service work required for keeping the detector operational. Since it is still uncertain when the LHC starts operating at the designed energy and luminosity level and the collected data reach a significant amount to produce results, this project is planned for the duration of four years.

3.2.4. CLIC Physics/Detector Simulations and Applications on Tr-Grid

The project is carried out by Ankara University, Dumlupınar University and TÜBİTAK- ULAKBİM. The number of researchers is 10.

22 In this project, GUINEA-PIG++ program will be used for both IP simulation and the luminosity spectrum. The collider centre of mass energy and the luminosity spectrum files are used to take into account the beam effects on the simulated physics events at CLIC. A study for the physics accessible at CLIC has been published in the report of the CLIC Study Team (CERN-2004-005, hep-ph/0412251). Today, there is a complexity in the interested problems and we need a better understanding of the phenomenology. For the sake of this, computational techniques become more important. Among these, the Monte Carlo holds an important place. CLIC physics processes of interest will be simulated in the study. In the framework of this project, it is needed to follow the studies for the detector concept for CLIC using Geant4 detector simulation. Geant4 has the parallel computing properties and it can also be used in the cluster systems. For the studies in the framework of this project users will be connected remotely to the cluster system or the GRID system and it is also planned to use TAEK’s supercomputers. Furthermore, the project team will do collaborative study with the CERN CLIC physics/detector group, and want to make contribution to the technical design report of CLIC. The collision region simulation, physics event generation and detector simulation will be done on TR-GRID. Some HEP applications can also be developed on the GRID system. Two of the members of the project will attend the courses at CERN related to FLUKA program and have a qualification on the program. Throughout the term of this project the project team will present their studies by attending the meetings of CLIC physics/detector group and workshops held twice a year at CERN.

3.2.5. Beam Dynamics, Beam Diagnostics and Control Techniques and Applications

The project is carried out by Ankara University, Süleyman Demirel University, Abant İzzet Baysal University and Uludağ University. The number of researchers is 20.

Turkey has several projects such as Turkish Accelerator Centre (TAC) Project, TAEK Proton Accelerator Project and TAC Infrared Free Electron Laser (IR FEL) Project, in order to make research on particle physics, nuclear physics, material science and especially in accelerator physics. Aforementioned projects require qualified staff in accelerator technology from design of the facilities to the installation and operation. For this aim, it is planned to make collaboration with some international laboratories like CERN, FNAL, ANL, DESY, BESSY, FZD, INFN, ELETTRA, SESAME and ELBE for education, training and research.

An accelerator system requires qualified staff in three basic topics: beam dynamics, beam diagnostics and beam control. While beam dynamics stands out for the design of required beam for experiments, beam control and diagnostics are very important for manipulating system and for preparing suitable conditions for experiments. The studies based on these three topics, will be 23 performed with collaboration of the laboratories mentioned above. PARMELA, PLACET and MAD codes in electron beam dynamics, CyberRay code in electron beam diagnostics tools design works, and CyberRay, Reflec and Geant4 codes in photon beam diagnostics tools design works are used for simulation works during these studies.

In the framework of this project, the project team will concentrate on the CLIC Drive Beam’s beam dynamics studies that have been undertaken by joining the CLIC Beam Dynamics Working Group in the CLIC07 workshop that was organized at CERN in 2007. In addition to give some contributions to the CLIC CDR, beam dynamics, electron and photon beam diagnostics and control techniques will be learned and developed from experienced accelerator laboratories mentioned above. The experienced staff then will be used in design and construction needed for the national projects. The ultimate goal is to acquire expertise for national projects hence it is very important for young researchers to take part in this project.

3.2.6. Linac-LHC Based ep, γp, eA and γA Colliders

The project is carried out by TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara University, Doğuş University, Uludağ University and Niğde University. The number of researchers is 17.

In the framework of this project, main parameters of ep, γp, eA and γA colliders based on the CERN LHC and linear electron accelerator (e-linac) to be constructed tangential to LHC will be developed. The physics search potential of these colliders will be analyzed. The work will be performed in collaboration with the CERN physicists.

3.2.7. Detector, Phenomenology and Data Analysis Studies at CERN-ATLAS Experiment

The project is carried out by Boğaziçi University, Doğuş University, Gaziantep University, İstanbul Technical University, Ankara University, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Gazi University and Dumlupınar University. The number of researchers is 27.

The contributions that the project team have done to this experiment, which is aiming to understand the elementary particles that are the building blocks of the universe and their interactions, and hence to enlighten the history of the universe and what happened during its creation can be listed as: phenomenology, detector research, detector testing, test data analysis, data monitoring, Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ). In addition to these contributions, the team wants to continue their studies by contributing to the data taking and data analysis.

24 3.2.8. Test Beam Work at CMS Experiment and Search for Supersymmetric Particles

The project is carried out by Middle East Technical University with 5 researchers.

The CMS experiment is one of the four experiments located on the LHC. Search for Higgs Particle and the particles predicted by beyond the Standard Model, are the main subjects of the experiment. The accumulation of high statistics on B-Physics and other topics are also important points. The real data taking is planed in late 2009. At the present, people are working on test beam data analysis at HCAL. Turkish high energy physics groups are involved in the Monte Carlo studies.

Production and decay of SUSY particles produced in the proton-proton collisions at LHC will be studied with the physics concerning Monte Carlo Simulations.

3.2.9. Simulation and Data Analysis Work in the Standard Model and Beyond in the CMS Experiment at CERN

The project is carried out by Middle East Technical University with 8 researchers.

Supersymmetric parameter analysis; studies on SUSY related cosmological measurements, mini black hole production and decay, Higgs boson production and decay in the vector boson fusion channel at the CMS experiment will be studied. We also plan to study on new models like ‘Little Higgs’ model using LHC-CMS data.

3.2.10. Detector, Data Taking and Data Analysis Studies at CERN-CAST Experiment

The project is carried out by Doğuş University and Boğaziçi University. The number of researchers is 5.

CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) searches for axions produced in the Solar Core. Axion is an elementary particle which is proposed as a solution to the strong CP problem in QCD, it is also a very strong candidate to the Dark Matter comprising 22% of the universe. Many direct and indirect searches performed up to now have not discovered the axion yet. With the highest ever probability of converting axions into x-rays, CAST is the best equipped experiment to explore the parameter space of axion mass and axion-photon coupling constant.

3.2.11. Strange Particles Production in the p-p Collisions (14 TeV CM Energy) at LHC

The project is carried out by Yıldız Technical University. The number of researchers is 3.

25 The aim of this work is to study production of strange quarks that would be generated as a result of collisions between two proton beams with 14 TeV energy (centre of mass) in ALICE experiment at LHC (CERN). The increase in the quantity of strange particles produced due to relativistic heavy ion collisions is one of the evidences on the production of quark gluon plasma. At the end of the experiment, the data collected will be analyzed by using software to be written for ALICE experiment in ALiRoot.

3.2.12. Detector Construction, Upgrade and Physics Studies in CMS Experiment

The project is carried out by Çukurova University. The number of researchers is 26.

This project proposal is an umbrella project which covers different physics topics studied by our group members. These topics are quantum chromo dynamics, supersymmetry (SUSY), search for new vector bosons, forward physics, heavy ion physics and extra dimensions. In order to be able to recognize the signals beyond Standart Model, the observation of Standart Model QCD in the CMS detector is among the first topics to be studied. The answers to the problems of dark matter and dark energy is expected to come from SUSY search. The heavy vector bosons W' and Z0' are predicted in several models beyond SM. Low-x physics which is one of the topics of forward physics is important for understanding the parton distribution in the structure of proton. Diffractive processes will give information about the partonic structure of hard pomeron. Heavy ion physics research will answer the question “How was the Universe during the first microsecond after the Big Bang?” Models with extra dimensions offer solutions to the hierarchy problem between the electroweak and Planck scales.

We are planning to participate in the upgrade of the hadronic forward calorimeter (HF) which is one of the sub detectors of CMS and construction and test studies of the CASTOR calorimeter. If the second CASTOR calorimeter project is approved by NSF in USA, we will work in the construction and tests of this calorimeter also. In addition to these we will perform the service duties that we are required to fulfil.

3.2.13. Nuclear Structure Physics and Applications with Stable and Radioactive Beam and Multi- Detector Arrays

The project is carried out by İstanbul University. The number of researchers is 7.

The present project aims at theoretical and experimental studies of the dynamical symmetries within the IBM (Interacting Boson Model) of atomic nuclei. These new class of critical point symmetries called E (5) and X (5) will particularly be the main interest. The work will be 26 concentrated on phase transitions E (5), from spherical to g soft nucleus and X (5) from spherical to axially deformed nucleus corresponding to phase transitions given on the Casten triangle. Those nuclei that the existence of dynamical point symmetries have been predicted theoretically will be produced by heavy-ion reactions and life times below 1 picosecond will be measured utilizing Recoil Distance Method (RDM) and Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM). The Recoil Shadow Anisotropy Method (RSAM) will additionally be employed for those nuclei with low excitation energies. Experimentally a complete spectroscopy of all nuclei under consideration will be performed. Therefore the work will rarely heavily on utilizing heavy ion accelerators as well as advanced data acquisition systems and computers with high speed and capacity.

3.2.14. Search for Higgs Boson with CMS-HF Calorimeter

The project is carried out by Boğaziçi University, Kafkas University and Süleyman Demirel University. The number of researchers is 7.

With this project it is planned to participate in the construction, commissioning, simulation of related physics topics and data analysis of the CMS-HF calorimeter at a level of 1 FTE/year. Also the research team will continue to work with the University of Iowa CMS group on the HF PMTs and to setup the computer infrastructure for data analysis at Boğaziçi University. In addition to these, the team will coordinate the second mechanical project that will be done in Turkey. This project was awarded the gold prize by the CMS collaboration.

3.2.15. CERN Accelerators and Applications

The project is carried out by Ankara University, Gazi University and Boğaziçi University. The number of researchers is 25.

Main parameters of γp and γA colliders based on the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) and CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) will be estimated. The limitation on these parameters coming from beam dynamics will be investigated and physics search potential of these colliders will be analyzed.

The main parameters of CLIC, LHC based FEL-Nucleus colliders will be studied. The advantages of this collider in nuclear spectroscopy based on the coherency and monochromaticity of FEL beams will be investigated.

27 The beam dynamics of colliders e+ e- , e- e- , eγ and γγ based on CLIC technology will be investigated. By searching the limitations from beam dynamics the processes will be estimated in the framework of Standard Model and new physics models. There will be a scientific communication with the CLIC accelerator physicists to get detailed information for further experience about new accelerator technology. By joining the CLIC facilities, beam dynamics simulation will be done and the related parameters for the beam dynamics will be obtained. Finally, a contribution to the physics program of the CLIC is foreseen.

3.3. PARTICLE PHYSICS STUDIES IN UNIVERSITIES

The infrastructure of the Turkish universities and their past and ongoing contributions to the research and studies conducted at CERN is given in this section. Furthermore, possible impact of the CERN membership of Turkey to respective university and the country in general are presented. This section was prepared by the contributions of the Turkish universities participating in CERN activities.

3.3.1. Abant İzzet Baysal University

3.3.1.1. Infrastructure of Abant İzzet Baysal University

In High Energy Group, Abant İzzet Baysal University currently has 1 full professor and 2 associate professors working in the field of High Energy Phenomology and experimental Nuclear and High Energy Physics. Nuclear and High Energy Physicist is collaborating with INFN-Perugia Section. With Perugia group, double sided silicon micro-striped detector was used in different applications such as TERRADEX, and Beam Monitoring. Main interest was the qualification of electronic components for Space. University is collaborating with University of Roma for the research of Tau particle. The name of the collaboration is TAUWER. It is a newly established Project and based on the detection of the Cosmic Rays showers.

There has been no thesis (M.Sc. or Ph.D.) related to CERN, but only graduation projects for the 4th year students about the general concepts of the detectors are given.

There are 54 publications in the current research area and the number of publications is given in Table 2.

28 Table 2: Publications of Abant İzzet Baysal University Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Number of 2 3 10 8 5 9 7 6 4 publications

In physics department, there are also Solid State and Computational Physics Groups. The department has awarded 2 Ph.D.s in Computational Physics, 1 in Solid State, 1 in Mathematical Physics, and 2 in High Energy Physics Phenomology and more than 15 M.Sc. degrees.

3.3.1.2. History of the Abant İzzet Baysal University at CERN

There has been no research activity in CERN.

3.3.1.3. Research Projects

 Radiation Hardness With the support from TÜBİTAK, the group was involved in research activities related to radiation hardness tests of electronic components and one complete test period from start to the end. SEE test was done in Catania- LNS laboratory with ion beams while TID was done with Co-60 source in Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre of TAEK.

In addition there is a study which is almost finished about the online monitoring of ion beam during the radiation hardness test of the components. There is also work on a prototype of TERRADEX system. This work was published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sect. A.

 Medium Energy Physics This is the main interest of the researcher whose thesis is based on the activities in Jefferson Laboratory in VA, USA. It is an accelerator site where electron and photon beam with energy less than 12 GeV is available. The analysis of the electron beam in the energy range from 1.5 GeV to 4.4 GeV has been done and the reaction results in eta meson production around the resonance region have been studied.

 Tauwer: The study is continuing with the collaboration of University of Roma. The project is in the test stage. There were some tests with KASKADE data. Once the cross checks are done, there will be grant proposals submitted to TÜBİTAK. In this project, the University is collaborating with University of Roma, Carnegie Mellon University, and Kafkas University.

29  Beam Dynamics, Beam Diagnostics and Control Techniques and Applications: There is a 3 year support from TAEK. Ankara University, Süleyman Demirel University, Uludağ University, and Abant İzzet Baysal University are collaborating in this Project. In the framework of this project, researchers will concentrate on the CLIC Drive Beam’s beam dynamics studies that we have undertaken by joining the CLIC Beam Dynamics Working Group in the CLIC07 workshop that is organized at CERN in 2007. In addition to contributing to the CLIC CDR, beam dynamics, electron and photon beam diagnostics and control techniques from experienced accelerator laboratories will be studied and developed. The experiences gained will be used in technical design and construction for national projects. It is very important for young researchers to take part in this project to get experience for similar design and applications in our country.

3.3.1.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Abant İzzet Baysal

The main goal is to contribute to the scientific strength of Turkish groups either by taking role in the existing groups or joining the groups at CERN.

3.3.2. Ankara University

3.3.2.1. Infrastructure of Ankara University

Physics and Engineering Physics Departments of Ankara University have particle physics and accelerator physics groups. The high energy physics groups of these departments are composed of 10 faculty members (five are actively collaborating in experiments at CERN) having Ph.D. degree, and 20 graduate students including M.Sc. and Ph.D. candidates. These groups study mostly theoretical and phenomenological particle physics and accelerator physics. Some of the research topics are: (i) Physics beyond the standard model: exotics such as excited fermions, leptoquarks, diquarks, bileptons at future high energy colliders; (ii) Quantum field theory, Gravitation; (iii) Supersymmetry; (iv) Hadronic physics, Magnetic moments, Anomalous interactions; (v) Accelerator physics, Synchrotron Radiation, Free electron lasers.

During the last five years, 10 Ph.D. theses related to high energy physics have been completed in these two departments. Every year, on the average, this group has 20 published papers in the SCI indexed journals. The members of the group take part in teaching program of the department of physics and engineering physics at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

30 3.3.2.2. History of the Ankara University at CERN and Research Projects

Ankara University represents Turkey in ATLAS in close collaboration with three other Universities; Gazi, Dumlupınar and TOBB University of Economics and Technology. The experimental HEP group is currently collaborating with ATLAS experiment and the future linear collider project CLIC at CERN. This group has participated to ATLAS experiment in 1997. Present experimental studies are focused on the ATLAS operation tasks at CERN and the analysis of the data become available from the Tier−2 centre TR−10-ULAKBIM (http://www.grid.org.tr) located in Ankara. ATLAS is the largest detector constructed at LHC at CERN. It is a general purpose "discovery" detector, which has been designed to search for all kinds of new physics, like the Higgs, fourth family, extra dimensions, supersymmety and so on. ATLAS will also be used for precise measurements of parameters which are within the base of the standard model. Currently, Ankara University ATLAS group have 13 members. This group has made contributions to the Physics TDR of ATLAS detector (ATLAS TDR 15, CERN/LHCC 99−15), and now it continues participating in the physics subgroups such as Exotics/DBX and Higgs, and makes contributions in the areas in which the group is involved. The students from the group have also participated in the ATLAS T/DAQ studies at CERN.

The group members have three national projects supported by TAEK to collaborate with CERN’s accelerator and particle/detector physicists. In these projects, group members contribute to both CLIC physics/detector and accelerator studies (CERN-2004−005). One of the members of the group has made a contribution to the tuning of MC generators to include CLIC luminosity and SUSY spectrum for the new physics searches at linear collider. Ankara group has been collaborating with CLIC team on CTF3 since the beginning of the project. Five of the students have taken part in the shifts task of the CTF3 operation for the CLIC accelerator studies. The group continues to study beam dynamics, beam diagnostics, positron production, laser applications of electron production and beam stability for drive beam and main accelerator of the CLIC/CTF3.

The promotion of the national or regional collaborations and the participation of European laboratories and institutes have been emphasized in the report of “The European Strategy for Particle Physics”. The particle factories for flavour physics and precision measurements at the high luminosity frontier at lower energies will complement the understanding of particle physics. In this respect, Ankara University is coordinating Turkish Accelerator Centre (TAC) Project with the support of Turkish State Planning Organization (DPT). Seventy five scientists and graduate students are collaborating from 10 Turkish universities in TAC collaboration. TAC proposal include a linac-ring type electron-positron collider (charm factory), a synchrotron radiation 31 facility based on positron ring, a SASE FEL facility based on electron linac and a GeV energy proton accelerator facility. An oscillator FEL and Bremsstrahlung facility are planned as a first step to TAC up to 2012 in Gölbaşı (Ankara) campus area of Ankara University.

Ankara University has scientific collaboration agreements with CERN, DESY, BESSY and FZD on accelerator and detector based studies, training, design, production, installation, and operation issues.

3.3.3. Boğaziçi University

3.3.3.1. Infrastructure of Boğaziçi University

Boğaziçi University has been a key player in the Turkish activities at CERN for the last twenty years. The university has four schools, several institutions for graduate study and about 500 academic staff with a student body of 10,000. Physics Department is one of the largest departments in the university. There are 21 full time and about 10 part time faculties in the department. There are also about 15 teaching assistants, 200 undergraduate and 60 graduate students. In addition to its regular physics curriculum, Physics Department also provides elementary physics courses to all the engineering and science students. Every semester, there are about 1500 students attending these courses in total. Laboratories associated with these courses has been established since early sixties and recently upgraded extensively. In addition to these elementary physics laboratories, there are also computer, electronic and modern physics laboratories in the department for educational purposes.

Physics Department of Boğaziçi University has a long standing commitment in experimental physics and strongly supports the experimental research. There are four research laboratories in the department; solid state, intermediate energy nuclear physics, high energy physics and astrophysics laboratories.

Solid State Laboratory is involved in fiber optics and thin film research and has some facilities for thin film coating and optics research. Astrophysics Laboratory is mostly involved in analyzing satellite data and is in the process of establishing a laboratory for studying the lenses used in the x-ray satellites. Intermediate energy nuclear physics research laboratory is working on a general data acquisition system programmable for many applications. Their research activities also involve experiments at Bates Accelerator at MIT.

Experimental High Energy Physics (HEP) Laboratory is in the process of renovation and currently includes both ATLAS and CMS members. There are ongoing negotiations between the 32 department and the university administration for enlarging the HEP Laboratory and possibly making it a regional laboratory. Currently, the laboratory has a small room with some basic electronic equipment for nuclear and HEP applications worth about 500K$ and a muon telescope. Modern physics laboratory also has some setups that could be useful for nuclear and particle physics education.

Nuclear and High Energy Physics group in the department has four faculties. Six of the ten graduate students are studying in particle and nuclear physics. The department has offered junior faculty positions to two young HEP experimentalists and there may be a third possibility.

The experimental HEP theses successfully completed are listed by years in Table 3.

Table 3: Completed Experimental HEP Thesis in Boğaziçi University Year Degree Number Year Degree Number 1993 MSc. 2 2002 Ph.D. 1 1996 MSc. 1 2005 MSc. 2 1997 MSc. 1 2006 MSc. 1 1998 MSc. 2 2008 MSc. 3

The number of publications is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Publications of Boğaziçi University Year Number of Year Number of Year Number of publications publications publications Pre-1995 17 2000 4 2005 4 1996 4 2001 8 2006 4 1997 7 2002 11 2007 5 1998 10 2003 8 2008 14 1999 4 2004 13 Total 113

Boğaziçi University is also in the GRID project through the Computer Engineering Department. However, this project is in its starting phase.

3.3.3.2. History of the Boğaziçi University at CERN

Boğaziçi University has been involved in experiments at CERN almost from the beginning with one of our graduates participating in the magnetic moment of the neutral lambda measurement in sixties. The real involvement of the University in CERN experiments started with the CHARMII experiment in early 90s. Later the university joined the CHORUS collaboration with a support from TÜBİTAK and then the SMC collaboration. One of the members involved in the SMC experiment has also participated in Fermilab experiments (SELEX, MIPP). Boğaziçi University has joined the ATLAS Collaboration first (1994) and then the CMS Collaboration (2000). Currently Boğaziçi University is one of the two Turkish university groups in the ATLAS and one 33 of the three in the CMS Collaboration. Since 2004, both groups have been supported by TAEK. Members from ATLAS group are also in the CAST experiment through Doğuş University.

3.3.3.3. Research Projects

There were two research grants by TAEK; one was for the CMS group and the other for the ATLAS group. CMS group has been active in the construction and commissioning of the HF calorimeter in the CMS-HCAL Detector. The construction of some of the mechanical parts in Turkey was overseen by the group and the Turkish companies that produced these parts were given gold awards by the CMS collaboration. The group has also been heavily involved in all the construction and commissioning activities since 2000. The group incorporates members from İzmir Institute of Technology, Kafkas, Marmara and Süleyman Demirel Universities also. In the last four years, the group has been supported completely by TAEK. ATLAS group has mainly involved in transition radiation detectors in ATLAS detector and studied the residual activity remained in various parts of the detector due to the beam and possible upgrade projects involving the ATLAS data acquisition. The group has also played an important part in the CAST experiment.

In addition to these specific HEP projects that are in progress there is also a project in the intermediate energy nuclear physics laboratory for developing a general purpose data acquisition system supported by a TÜBİTAK grant. The department is also in the university-wide project for educating and providing young faculty members to the newly established universities. This project is funded by the State Planning Organization (DPT). However, this project is also in its early phases. This might be another way of attracting young students to experimental particle physics research.

3.3.3.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Boğaziçi University

Broader impact of CERN Membership to our society could be far reaching in terms of its political and cultural effects. However, the impact of the membership on the research activities would be more specific. In the near future, the impact will be mostly on the experimental high energy physics, accelerator physics and partially in nuclear physics area. Full membership to CERN will bring a better recognition of the experimental high-energy physics and accelerator physics research in the national and governmental level. Participation in more and more R&D activities and the major collaborations at CERN will increase know-how capacity in Turkey in developing, constructing and operating of detectors and thereby help improve the technological knowledge base in Turkey. Eventually this would force the industry directly related to these 34 activities to take notice and try to find ways to participate in them. This may cause the side industries to get into these development efforts, hence the ripple effect could be seen throughout the domestic industry, especially in those areas involving mechanical, civil, electrical, computer and biomedical engineering.

As for Boğaziçi University, the full membership to CERN will again bring a better recognition to the HEP groups working at CERN. The new university administration initially declared that the experimental high energy physics research is one of its top priorities. The full membership will also provide a solid foundation to this decision. The department has also recognized and set the experimental research activities as top priority and tried to increase the faculty members in this area. Improving the existing high energy physics laboratory in the department has been another decision that taken by the department and pending for approval by the university administration. This approval and eventual funding possibly through DPT could be expedited with the full membership. The plans for improving the existing HEP laboratory in the department include setting up regional centres for CMS and ATLAS groups in Turkey for the purpose of remote monitoring of the experiments. Furthermore setting up a detector development facility will be in parallel. Enlarging the experimental faculty and hiring more research assistants through DPT grant will be another goal.

3.3.4. Çukurova University

3.3.4.1. Infrastructure of Çukurova University

Çukurova University has 10 faculties, 9 vocational colleges, 3 graduate schools and 29 research and development centres in different fields. The university, with its 1909 member teaching staff, offers courses to over 32,700 undergraduate and graduate students. Çukurova University is one of the seven universities in the Turkish National Grid Initiative. Physics Department in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences has 26 faculty members, around 500 undergraduate and 150 graduate students. The annual number of publications in SCI periodicals is around 30 in all fields of physics. The number of publications between 1990 and 2009 in nuclear and high energy physics is given in Table 5.

35 Table 5: Publications of Çukurova University Number of Number of Number of Number of Year CMS Notes Year CMS Notes Publications Publications (internal) (internal) 1990 3 - 2000 - - 1991 - - 2001 3 1 1992 5 - 2002 8 3 1993 3 - 2003 4 - 1994 4 - 2004 6 - 1995 5 - 2005 4 - 1996 1 - 2006 7 11 1997 3 2 2007 7 6 1998 9 1 2008 11 20 1999 - - 2009 1 5 Total 84 49

The number of M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis in nuclear and high energy physics is given in Table 6.

Table 6: Number of M.Sc. and Thesis at Çukurova University Year MSc Ph.D. Year MSc Ph.D. 1985 2 - 2000 2 - 1986 2 - 2001 2 1 1987 1 - 2002 1 - 1990 1 - 2003 5 1 1992 - 3 2004 4 - 1994 2 - 2005 2 3 1995 3 1 2006 2 2 1996 1 - 2007 4 1 1997 2 - 2008 5 2 1998 1 - 2009 4 6 1999 1 1 Total 47 21

3.3.4.2. History of the Çukurova University at CERN

The Experimental High Energy Physics Group has five faculty members and is participating in CERN experiments since 1991. Before officially becoming a member of CERN collaboration, two graduate students joined the UA8 experiment in 1987. This was a study of jet structure in high mass diffraction at the SPS collider. In 1991, Çukurova University joined the CHORUS (WA95) collaboration together with groups from Middle East Technical University and Boğaziçi University, to search for the muon neutrino-tau neutrino oscillations. Funding was provided by the State Planning Organization (DPT) and TÜBİTAK (Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council). Çukurova University contributed throughout all phases of the experiment, planning, developing software for analysis and simulation, setting up the hardware, data taking, and data analysis. Between 2003 and 2005, university contributed to CHORUS and HARP experiments. Today, Çukurova University is not involved in any neutrino experiment.

36 University joined the CMS collaboration in 1996 and has been working extensively since then (35 CMS members at the moment). The work is concentrated on the two calorimeters which are placed in the forward region of the hadronic calorimeter, namely the HF and CASTOR calorimeters. Çukurova University is among the key players in these two sub-detectors. University contributed to the planning, construction, tests and commissioning extensively. The work in CMS has been supported by TÜBİTAK during 1996−2004 and is being supported by TAEK since 2004.

3.3.4.3. Research Projects

Through a project (2003−2006) supported by State Planning Organization (DPT), Çukurova University established a high energy physics laboratory. The quality control tests of the CASTOR photomultiplier tubes were performed in this laboratory. Also this laboratory is used for educational purposes. An application was made for the university research funds to establish a CMS centre in our Department.

3.3.4.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Çukurova University

Being the largest experimental high energy physics group in Turkey (five faculty and twenty eight graduate students) and working in CERN experiments for more than 20 years we expect to be a centre of excellence in this field and Çukurova University is trying to create awareness about CERN activities in scientists and engineers from related fields and get them involved.

Çukurova University believes that being exposed to cutting-edge technologies and an international environment through CERN membership will enhance competitiveness and innovation and will give a big impulse to scientific and technical research in Turkey.

3.3.5. Doğuş University

3.3.5.1. Infrastructure of Doğuş University

Doğuş University is among the 38 foundation (private) universities in Turkey. At present there is no undergraduate or graduate programme in physics, however the university senate has recently approved the establishment of a physics programme; when approved also by the Higher Education Council, Doğuş University will then be the 7th foundation university out of 38 having a physics programme. The members of the Physics Department are involved in several research projects like ATLAS Experiment, CAST Experiment, Turkish Accelerator Centre Project and some solid state research projects. There are 5 faculty members and 4 research assistants. 3 of 37 the faculty members are in the areas of particle physics and cosmology whereas 2 of the research assistants are Ph.D. students in particle physics (at Boğaziçi University).

A small detector laboratory will soon be equipped with plastic scintillators, gaseous detectors and readout modules.

The number of particle physics related publications is presented in the Table 7.

Table 7: Publications of Doğuş University Year 2005 2006 2008 2009 Number of Publications 1 1 6 1

There are also the Computer Engineering, Control Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Departments, members of which are well equipped and experienced to carry out CERN related research activities.

3.3.5.2. History of the Doğuş University at CERN

Doğuş University has joined the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) Experiment in 2005 on its own. This activity was funded by Doğuş University alone between 2005 and 2007. Among the total of ~130 Turkish universities, a university has joined a CERN experiment by its own resources for the first time. Furthermore, Doğuş University is yet the only foundation university to collaborate in a CERN project. As of 2007, CAST project is being funded by the TAEK.

Since 2004, Doğuş University has a senior physicist collaborating in the ATLAS Experiment through Boğaziçi University. At the moment the Turkish involvement in the ATLAS experiment is being supported by a single multi-institute TAEK project.

3.3.5.3. Research Projects

Members of the Physics Department are already involved in two CERN Experiments: CAST and ATLAS.

 CAST is the most powerful helioscope experiment currently running to search for solar axions. CAST has not yet found the axions but has been able to scan axion ranges never reached before. CAST is making use of a decommissioned LHC dipole magnet and different low background x-ray detectors. The Department is mainly contributing to the operation of the Micromegas detectors.

38  ATLAS is the multipurpose LHC detector. Doğuş University group has contributed to the Inner Detector Transition Radiation Tracker. Group has recently joined the ATLAS Micromegas Muon Detector Upgrade R&D programme and also contributes to ATLAS physics research potential about the 4th Standard Model Family and its effects on Higgs search.

Other projects are; Turkish Accelerator Centre Project supported by the State Planning Organization (DPT) and Linac-LHC based Colliders Project supported by TAEK.

 Turkish Accelerator Project is a multi-institutes project supported by DPT and coordinated by Ankara University. Doğuş University contributes in the design of the user laboratories of the Infrared Free Electron Laser Facility and the detector design and physics studies of the charm factory.

 Linac-LHC based Colliders project is also a multi-institutes project supported by DPT and coordinated by TOBB Economics and Technology University. Doğuş University contributes in the detector design aspects of different collider options.

3.3.5.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Doğuş University

Doğuş University fully supports the initiative towards CERN membership and believes that it will enhance both the level of fundamental physics research and expertise on related engineering sciences in Turkey. Having already been a part of CERN driven research, the University plans to establish a Research Centre to investigate advanced technologies in particle accelerators and detectors where members of the Faculties of Engineering and Arts and Sciences will collaborate.

In future, after the establishment of the physics undergraduate programme, the University aims to have a graduate programme within the institute of sciences on particle physics.

3.3.6. Dumlupınar University

3.3.6.1. Infrastructure of Dumlupınar University

Physics Department aims to teach the basic laws of physics and to give students the skills for experimental research. There are 1 Professor, 2 Associated Professors and 13 Assistant Professors in the Department. There are four research laboratories in the Physics Department:

 Nuclear Physics Research Laboratory

39 There are gamma spectroscopy systems, alpha spectroscopy systems and Geiger- Müller detector systems. Observation of radiation by using Radon is studied.

 Atom and Molecular Physics Research Laboratory

There is Vertex 70 model FT-IR Spectrometer, magnetic mixer with heater, drying oven.

 Semiconducting Thin Film Production and Research Laboratory

There are chemical core spraying system, heat control subsystem, magnetic stirrer, ultraviolet spectroscopy system.

 High-Energy Physics Research Laboratory

A computing environment is established to work with the ATLAS detector simulation with ATHENA for full chain by utilizing event generating program PYTHIA. Also PGS, ROOT, MINUIT programs are used. Single and pair Fourth Standard Model Family Quarks Generations are studied by using ATLFAST, PGS and ATHENA- ATLAS detector simulation programs. All required CERN library programs, computer program compilers, books, software are provided in this laboratory. All researchers have obtained CERN-LHC certificates and virtual organizations certificates. Also, in order to search energy and momentum transfer of g, hard scattering processes are studied in QCD-Explorer.

3.3.6.2. History of the Dumlupınar University at CERN

CERN background of the Dumlupınar University started with a Ph.D. research on the simulation of the Higgs observation at the CERN, LHC-CMS Experiment. The title of this research is “Observing Higgs in Weak Boson Fusion with Forward Jet Tagging at the CERN CMS Experiment”.

Valuable experience in large scale computing, in simulation techniques, and the theoretical knowledge which is based on the existence of elementary particles and fundamental relations are gained with these studies. In the future, studies in particle physics simulations, high-tech computing, and phenomenology of particles in current colliders such as LHC and future colliders projects such as CLIC are considered.

40 Currently, there is a research group with one assistant and five M.Sc. students at Dumlupınar University, Physics Department. Studies will be related to ATLAS Experiment Simulation.

Graduate students are able to study ATLAS and CLIC Experiment simulation studies in the High-Energy Physics Laboratory at the Physics Department of Dumlupınar University since they all have certificates from CERN LHC-GRID Certification.

Following computer based simulation and analysis programs are used: CABS, PYTHIA, SPYTHIA, CMSJet, ATLFAST, ATHENA, CompHEP, FORTRAN, PAW, MINUIT, ROOT, MAKER.

The number of publications is given in Table 8.

Table 8: Publications of Dumlupınar University Year Number of Year Number of Publications Publications 2001 1 2006 2 2003 2 2008 6 2004 1 2009 1 2005 1 Total 14

3.3.6.3. Impact of CERN Membership to Dumlupınar University

Our membership to CERN is an important step in this direction as it will enable many Turkish physicists, engineers, computer operator and technical staff to work at the leading edge of science and contemporary technologies. At present 160 individual technology analyses have been defined in the technology transfer database at CERN and this will continue to be increasing especially with LHC-related technologies.

3.3.7. İstanbul University

3.3.7.1. Infrastructure of İstanbul University

Research and Development Laboratory of High Energy Physics in İstanbul University Physics Department is under construction. In physics department there are 12 researchers of which 2 are professors, 2 associate professors, 1 assistant professor, 2 with Ph.D. degree, 3 Ph.D. students and 2 M.Sc. students working on projects in collaboration with CERN. Out of 3 theses completed on topics related with CERN, 2 of them are M.Sc. and 1 of them is a Ph.D. thesis.

The number of publications is given in Table 9.

41 Table 9: Publications of İstanbul University Year Number of Year Number of Publications Publications 1979 2 1995 3 1980 3 1998 1 1982 1 1999 1 1983 1 2005 1 1993 3 2008 4 1994 4 2009 5

3.3.7.2. History of the İstanbul University at CERN

İstanbul University – CERN collaboration started in 1977 with the short term scientific visit in Quantum Field Theory and Theoretical Particle Physics at CERN Theory Division until 1980.

At the end of 1980, CERN collaboration continued with short term visit of a MSc student. After her graduation from İstanbul University, she continued her carrier on physics and she is working on ATLAS Project at CERN permanently.

In 1991 the university joined the CHARM II and CHORUS experiments. In CHARM II experiment, the computer tests of muon spectrometer were done and the hardware of muon spectrometer was prepared to work and to take data. For the CHORUS experiment, CAMAC readout of the data acquisition system was written in C programming language and tested.

In 2004 one researcher attended to the Chudakov Experiment at CERN (NA63) with the support of İstanbul University. A number of new investigations were proposed on aspects of radiation from high energy electron and positron beams (10−300 GeV) in single crystals and amorphous targets. While the radiation emission by electrons and positrons in strong electromagnetic fields is under consideration, as the setup is quite versatile, other related phenomena in radiation emission can be studied as well. The intent is to clarify the role of a number of important aspects of radiation in strong fields as observed in crystals. It was proposed to measure trident “Klein- like” production in strong crystalline fields, “crystalline undulator” radiation, “sandwich” target phenomena, LPM suppression of pair production as well as axial and planar effects in contributions of spin to the radiation.

The university took part in the CMS experiment as a member of HCAL and worked on Hadronic Calorimeter test beam, cosmic muon data taking and analysis, Jet (di-jet) analysis.

In the CMS experiment as a member of HCAL, university worked on data collection with CMS for Cosmic Rays (2008−2009), Jet analysis (noise, energy threshold) using Cosmic Rays Data,

42 CMS Magnet Re-commissioning, DQM Feedback / Detector Diagnostics for Hadronic Calorimeter.

A member of the TAEK project, “Nuclear Structure Physics and Applications with Stable and Radioactive Beam and Multi-Detector Arrays” has been working in CERN-ISOLDE-ISOLTRAP for measuring atomic mass and working on the theoretical aspects of mass measurements in 2006 and in 2008 and submitted proposals for experiments at CERN-ISOLDE-ISOLTRAP.

3.3.7.3. Research Projects

The project entitled “Nuclear Structure Physics and Applications with Stable and Radioactive Beam and Multi-Detector Arrays” is supported by TAEK. Within the context of this project, atomic mass measurements as the main topic, heavy ion reactions and beta-decay experiments will be performed to understand the nuclear structure physics. Measurements of atomic masses will be done by looking at the systematic of separation energies (one/two neutron(s): Sn/S2n or one/two proton(s): Sp/S2p), by considering the interaction between protons and neutrons inside the nucleus and by looking at the regions where the similar structural changes are observed. In addition, the atomic mass measurements will be performed with the nuclei that reveal disagreements between nuclear spectroscopy results and separation energy results. In this case, new mass results and previously known mass results for some nuclei will be compared, and due to today's technology, errors on masses which were determined in the previous years will be reduced. In the nuclei chart, especially, nuclei that are far from the stability will be produced and nuclear spectroscopy measurements will be performed by observing the gamma-rays that are emitted from the excited nuclear levels.

A new project entitled “Theoretical and Experimental Nuclear Physics Studies and Applications with Atomic Mass Measurements and Nuclear Spectroscopy” was proposed for 2009−2011 period and accepted by TAEK.

3.3.7.4. Impact of CERN Membership to İstanbul University

With the CERN membership of Turkey, in all divisions of physics and sectors such as high energy physics, nuclear physics, accelerator physics, solid state physics, computer (hardware and software) engineering, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, medicine (angiography, tomography, radiotherapy), scientists and researchers will have chance to work on high technology and to put their contribution on developments.

43 Particle physics and nuclear physics have a major role in basic reactions in nature and search for the building stones of substance, secondary beams and radiation resources for ages. Nowadays particle physics is so important because of this research area helps to understand the nature and to develop technology.

Today, micro scale engineering applications use optics, lasers, imaging etc. technologies which are mostly based on quantum mechanical principles. To use in diagnosis and treatment the fundamental particles and radiation are known applications.

In both Particle and Nuclear Physics researches the knowledge and developed technologies are like locomotive to other technologies. Some of these technologies are material, RF, vacuum, superconducting, power, data transfer, electronic, computer, detector etc.

3.3.8. İzmir Institute of Technology

3.3.8.1. Infrastructure of İzmir Institute of Technology

The İzmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH) was established in 1992, and moved to its present campus area in Urla district of İzmir in 1998. IZTECH, by law, is a research-oriented institute, and aims at, atop a modern and interdisciplinary education system, performing 'paradigmatically innovative scientific research', developing 'revolutionary technologies', and creating 'technology- based, futuristic architecture'. IZTECH is made up of 13 departments and 4 research centres (Computer, Materials, Thermal Energy, and Biotechnology research centres). The laboratory infrastructure in departments and centres are advanced so that researchers from several universities nationwide perform their measurements and analyses at IZTECH laboratories. Most of the faculty members are coordinators of various projects funded by IZTECH herself, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK), and State Planning Organization (DPT). Moreover, two faculty members are coordinating an NSF (materials research) and an EU (wireless communication) project.

3.3.8.2. History of the İzmir Institute of Technology at CERN and Research Projects

The IZTECH does not have a CERN history except the CMS membership of one faculty member at the Physics Department. Nonetheless, IZTECH has been actively involved in theoretical particle physics studies via graduate theses (8 MSc graduates in last five years) and publications (more than 35 published papers and conference presentations in last five years). Starting from

44 2009, IZTECH’s CERN activities are expected to increase considerably thanks to its direct participation in the CMS experiment within the LHC complex. IZTECH’s CERN project “Search for New Force Laws at The CERN CMS Experiment”, funded by TAEK, aims at searching for novel physical phenomena, the new force laws in particular, at the atto-meter scale and below. The project involves two main stages: The Monte Carlo studies of likely models of the atto world, and their comparison with the experimental data to be returned by the CMS detector. The first part, preparation of appropriate Monte Carlo codes about super-symmetric models and extra dimensional theories, is nearing the stage of getting included in the CMS analysis system, the CMSSW. The second part will start when the data are ready. The IZTECH will continue to support this project by providing requisite computational infrastructure (Computer Engineering Department has already established a computational GRID system) and human resources (post-doctoral fellows funded by TÜBİTAK and graduate students). IZTECH has got the long-term vision that, the experience obtained from the CMS experiment can be useful for establishing an appropriate photon source facility, with support from DPT and TAEK, with which it will be possible to conduct research on particle physics, material science and technology as well as nano-biotechnology, as indicated by the international examples of SLAC and DESY. IZTECH considers such an accelerator facility as an indispensable stage for performing frontier research in all areas of her fundamental interests.

3.3.8.3. Impact of CERN Membership to İzmir Institute of Technology

IZTECH considers that this long-term goal will be speeded up by the membership of Turkey to CERN. Such a membership is expected to enhance the span and reach of research at IZTECH (and in Turkey) via the participation of researchers in different fields (of Science and Engineering Departments) in the CERN experiments. Moreover, the spin-off technology to be drained from constructions of detectors and accelerators of CERN experiments is expected to enhance the variety and sophistication of the technological output of IZTECH.

3.3.9. Kafkas University

3.3.9.1. Infrastructure of Kafkas University

There are two scientists working in CERN from Kafkas University. One is working with the CMS-CERN experiment since 2001 and the other has been involved with the CMS-CERN experiment for 4 years. Kafkas University has a small electronic laboratory, which contains NIM and CAMAC crates and scintillators to be used in the muon lifetime study, and also there is a

45 high temperature oven to make iron phosphate glasses to confine a radiation wastes. Kafkas University also has several computers for data analysis in the CMS experiment.

3.3.9.2. History of the Kafkas University at CERN

Kafkas University was established in 1992 and the high energy group started to work with CERN in 2001. Since then researchers from the university are participating in detector construction and test beams in the CMS experiment.

3.3.9.3. Research Projects

Kafkas University is working with Boğaziçi University. The project is related with the Hadron Calorimeter and specifically Forward Hadron Calorimeter of the CMS experiment. Research group took some responsibilities in test beam and data analysis. The university received support from TUBİTAK between the period of 2001−2007 and from 2007 on the support is being provided by TAEK.

3.3.9.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Kafkas University

The vision of the university is to contribute to science and technology and also become a part of the new discoveries. CERN is a big opportunity for the scientists and students to do research and follow the scientific activities.

Just doing research at CERN is not enough for Kafkas University, but also it should facilitate educating more students to develop country’s human resources on this field for the future. Educating more people in CERN will also help to build its own high energy physics laboratory complex in the future.

3.3.10. Middle East Technical University

3.3.10.1. Infrastructure of Middle East Technical University

Middle East Technical University (METU) HEP experimental program is carried out by an active group of faculty staff members, graduate students. The group like other university groups performs its research through participation in large experiments on major facilities in the world. Experimental activities mainly focus on neutrino and LHC physics. The on-going program is centred on detectors at CERN in Switzerland and Gran Sasso in Italy.

46 In the emulsion scanning and analyses laboratory, there is a microscope equipped with CCD camera and a commercial processor, called Track Selector which is capable of identifying tracks inside the emulsion and measuring their parameters on-line. The system can work at semi- automatic mode. The group contributed to CHORUS analysis by scanning some part of the emulsion in Ankara. In addition to this system, a new emulsion scanning system will be installed in the laboratory. This full automatic scanning system will operate at very high speed and run for the OPERA experiment. There are a number of computers reserved for group study and used for MC simulation and data analysis. The CMS software is installed on them.

The number of publications and thesis is given in Table 10.

Table 10: Publications and Thesis of METU Year Number of Thesis Year Number of Thesis Publications (Ph.D.) Publications (Ph.D.) 1999 16 - 2005 30 - 2000 15 1 2006 24 1 2001 30 - 2007 36 2 2002 27 - 2008 42 1 2003 28 1 2009 11 0 2004 39 - Total 298 6

HEP-Labs at Physics Department at METU

High Energy Physics Simulation and Analysis Laboratory provides parallel computing environment for Monte Carlo simulation studies and data analysis. The resources for Grid computing are also accessible from the laboratory. CMS Black Hole analysis, Supersymmetry with Heavy Scalars analysis and Studies on Higgs in Vector Boson Fusion studies are partially done in this laboratory at METU.

High Energy Physics Emulsion Scanning Laboratory equipped manual binocular stereo microscopes and automatic microscope systems where the image is read out by CCD are available for analysis of elementary particle tracks in photographic emulsion plates as part of hybrid detector systems. Automatic microscope systems has been developed and used for CHORUS experiment. Part of METU group is collaborating with OPERA experiment (the next generation of hybrid, emulsion and electronic detector system) at Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy.

Detector Testing and DAQ Laboratory (under construction) is a small scale laboratory which includes DAQ system with dedicated detectors for low energy and for low background neutrino experiments. This work is being developed in collaboration with TEXONO collaboration in Taiwan where neutrino physics and dark matter search are the main objectives.

47 In addition to these laboratories at the Physics Department, METU has a strong engineering support in mechanical, chemical, industrial, electronics and computing as well as state of art facilities for engineering and computing at METU.

3.3.10.2. History of the METU at CERN

The experimental HEP activities in Turkey go back to mid 60’s. The first HEP experimental group has been formed in Ankara, at METU. “The magnetic moment of lambda hyperon” and “Investigations of charm particles with WBB neutrino beam” (WA17) are the first two CERN experiments in which METU-Ankara group has taken part between mid 60’s until the beginning of 1980’s. From 1987 on, METU has also collaborated with UA8 experiment at CERN based on the METU Ph.D. student participating in UA8 collaboration at CERN. In 1990, the METU group has joined CHARM-II (WA75) and CHORUS (WA95) neutrino experiments together with Çukurova University and Boğaziçi University groups. CHARM-II and CHORUS collaborations were a new start in terms of a firm participation and collaboration with CERN experiments by the TÜBİTAK support.

In CHORUS experiment METU group has taken the responsibility in developing the large scale emulsion detector technology. In the beginning of 90’s the automatic microscope for emulsion scanning has been set up in the physics department at METU. The METU group has also been involved in the trigger light guide production for the CHORUS trigger. Part of the production has been done at the Physics Department’s machine workshop in Ankara. The group has taken part in the CHORUS data taking and the data analysis from 1994.

METU group has joined the LHC-CMS experiment in 1996 as the first group joining the CMS from Turkey. METU was part of the team for the CMS Forward Calorimeter (HF). During the design period the group contributed to the R&D work for the choice of radiation hard quartz fibre for HF and testing several HF prototypes at CERN in 1996−1998. The Pre Production Prototype (PPP) of the HF calorimeter was partly equipped with quartz fibre bundles manufactured in Turkey (HESFIBEL, Kayseri) and tested at CERN in 1999. The METU group has also participated in radiation damage tests of quartz fibres at CERN.

After 2000, METU group has mainly engaged in several physics analysis in CMS. Among them, “Study on the search for the Higgs boson in vector boson fusion in H-->WW-->ll channel”, “Higher dimensional black holes” and very recently, “Supersymmetry with Heavy Scalars” are pioneering studies in CMS.

48 3.3.11. Niğde University

3.3.11.1. History of the Niğde University at CERN and Research Projects

Niğde University contributes to two experiments at CERN. These are the CLIC and CMS experiments. First one is a linear collider project and the second is one of the LHC detectors.

“CERN accelerators and their application project” is a TAEK Project and it has been completed in 2006. University is still continuing to contribute to the “CTF3 project”.

3.3.11.2. Impact of CERN Membership to Niğde University

Niğde University is also a member of Turkish Accelerator Centre Project and researchers are contributing to the studies on the accelerator vacuum system. This kind of work can be carried out better in collaboration with international accelerator laboratories such as CERN.

There are some advantages to become member of CERN. These are:

 Learning new technological developments in this field and use these developments in the collaborations between the universities and industry.

 Gaining experience in using the technological devices.

3.3.12. Süleyman Demirel University

3.3.12.1. Infrastructure of Süleyman Demirel University

The Department of Physics of Süleyman Demirel University has MSc and Ph.D. programs and accepts student to Nuclear and High Energy and Plasma Physics programs. There are 2 Associated Professors in High Energy and Plasma Physics, and 3 Associated Professors and 2 Assistant Professors in Nuclear Physics program. These staff are working on subjects such as nuclear reaction models and its application, irradiation of polymers, food, solid materials, proton accelerators and its applications, nuclear shell models, natural radiation measurement, CMS experiment simulation and data analysis, CLIC3 beam dynamics, free electron laser simulation, development and calculation, detector design, simulation and development.

The following laboratories are available in the Department:

Nuclear Activation Laboratory, High Performance Computer Laboratory, Electronics R&D and Manufacturing Laboratory, CAD/CAM Centre, Plasma Laboratory. 49 3.3.12.2. History of the Süleyman Demirel University at CERN and Research Projects

The following projects are supported by TAEK, DPT and TÜBİTAK:

 Di-Jet and Heavy Ion Studies in CMS, TAEK 2009−2012,

 Beam Dynamics, Diagnostic and Control Techniques and Application, TAEK, 2009−2012,

 Turkish Accelerator Centre Technical Design Report and Test Laboratory, DPT, 2006−2012,

 Nuclear Shell model Calculation for N=Z=20 isotopes, TÜBİTAK.

3.3.12.3. Impact of CERN Membership to Süleyman Demirel University

The research on high energy and nuclear physics is playing an important role in these days. Therefore becoming a member state at CERN will be beneficial for the Turkey. There are some important projects supported by government on the way of establishing centres and laboratories for high energy and nuclear physics to do research and development for science and industry. Süleyman Demirel University researchers are planning to involve in activities and research on accelerator driven technology and nuclear research.

3.3.13. Uludağ University

3.3.13.1. Infrastructure of Uludağ University

Faculty of Arts and Sciences of Uludağ University was established in 1983. It is one of the largest faculties in the University. It consists of the Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics Departments. There are six major research areas in Physics Department: General Physics, Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Solid State Physics and Mathematical Physics. The Department accepts about 100 undergraduate students in every academic year and also offers postgraduate education. The number of academic staff and students is given in Table 11.

50 Table 11: Number of Academic Staff and Students at the Uludağ University Number of Professors 6 Number of Associate Professors 4 Number of Assistant Professors 4 Number of other Academic Staff 22 Number of Students 500

Detector development group in Physics Department is working mainly on simulation, and this group collaborated with Perugia INFN group on Terradex detector simulation and with Iowa University on Quartz Plate Calorimeter simulation using GEANT4. The group also takes part in RD51 collaboration at CERN. The RD51 collaboration for MPGDs aims at facilitating the development of advanced gas-avalanche detector technologies. The collaboration, involving 57 universities and research laboratories from 21 countries, will mainly concentrate on the characterization of concepts, methods and infrastructures for MPGD production. At the moment, two master and three Ph.D. students in the group are working on detector development issue using Geant4.

The number of publications and thesis is given in Table 12.

Table 12: Publications and Thesis of Uludağ University Year Number of Thesis Year Number of Thesis Publications Publications 2000 5 - 2005 1 1 2002 - 2 2006 1 - 2003 3 - 2007 5 - 2004 2 2 2008 3 1

3.3.13.2. History of the Uludağ University at CERN

4 researchers of the detector development group are taking part in CERN RD51 collaboration approved in 5 December 2008. The RD51 collaboration for MPGD’s aims at facilitating the development of advanced gas-avalanche detector technologies. The collaboration, involving 57 universities and research laboratories from 21 countries, will mainly concentrate on the characterization of concepts, methods and infrastructures for MPGD production.

Detector development group members have also several national projects such as Turkish Accelerator Centre (TAC) project and TAEK-CERN projects, which are “Linac-LHC based ep, γp, eA ve γA colliders”, “CERN collaboration in the framework CLIC and CTF3 Project” and “Beam dynamics, beam diagnostics and control techniques and applications”.

51 3.3.13.3. Impact of CERN Membership to Uludağ University

In the framework of these projects, the works on detector developments and accelerator physics will be done. In addition to contributing to the CERN projects, new techniques will be learned and developed. Acquired experiences will be used in technical design and construction of national projects. It is very important for young researchers to take part in such projects to gain experience for similar design and applications.

3.3.14. Yıldız Technical University

3.3.14.1. Infrastructure of Yıldız Technical University

High Energy Physics (HEP) group at the Physics Department of Yıldız Technical University (YTU) was founded in 2007. There is no laboratory facility available in the Department.

There are two diplomas and two doctorate thesis. One of the diploma theses was already completed and the other theses are in progress; Structures and operations of the ALICE detectors (Diploma work, completed), K0 production at 13 TeV in p-p reactions (Diploma work), Calibration of the TPC by using a laser beam (Ph.D. work), Investigation of strange particles in p-p reactions at 300 − 900 GeV (Ph.D. thesis).

3.3.14.2. History of the Yıldız Technical University at CERN

The group was accepted by CERN as an ‘associate member’ at the ALICE experiment in 2008.

3.3.14.3. Research Projects

The project of group is mainly interested in the investigation of “strange particles” production in p-p reactions at 13 TeV (centre of mass energy) at LHC, which will signify the existing of the “quark-gluon plasma” just after the laboratory-scale “big bang”. This involves simulation studies (use of existing artificial data) and acquiring, processing and analyzing the raw experimental data, to be obtained by the ALICE detectors in the LHC experiment. Presently, works of group at CERN are supported by TAEK.

3.3.14.4. Impact of CERN Membership to Yıldız Technical University

For the last 30 years Turkey’s status at CERN has remained in the “observer state”. Today, TAEK has taken the responsibilities of the Turkish groups at CERN and has been supporting them generously in the frame of their projects. This, in turn, has been encouraging and 52 motivating to those working or wishing to work on experimental particle physics. In fact, this can be seen by looking at the increasing number of young academicians participating in the groups.

It is well known that CERN is the most advanced particle physics laboratory in the world. Today, scientists over 8000 from more than 90 countries on the world are participating in the experiments at CERN and trying to make scientific contributions.

CERN should not be considered only as a particle physics laboratory. Because, behind the experiments there are a great deal of industrial work which necessitates using available high technologies or even to invent new technologies. These are mostly provided by the companies in various industrial fields of the member states. So, a CERN member state has opportunities to support many industrial companies in its own country for new technologies and obtain much more income than they pay for the membership. New materials, electronics, data handling and processing, computer programming, telecommunication are just some industrial issues to be remembered at first glance. Therefore, being a full member to CERN does not only help the country to make scientific progresses but it can also provide solutions to some economical and social problems (unemployment, gaining competing manpower, etc) in that country

In this context, Yıldız Technical University is planning in the forthcoming 5 years to participate in CERN experiments with a more expanded group which would also include young researchers from various engineering disciplines. Hence, it is thought that taking more responsibilities in the experiments would enable our group to collaborate with the other groups more efficiently that it would, in turn, help us developing in science and technology. In a broader sense, if Turkey becomes a full member to CERN, it would help the country gaining R&D acceleration in science and technology.

3.4. GRID COMPUTING ACTIVITIES IN TURKEY

The Turkish Academic Network and Information Centre (ULAKBIM) have been founded as an R&D institute of TÜBİTAK. ULAKBIM's main objectives have been set as operating a national research and education network (ULAKNET) enabling interaction within the institutional elements of national innovation system, and providing information technologies support and information services to help scientific production. ULAKBIM is leading and coordinating the activities of independent research communities in high performance computing towards a Turkish Grid, coordinating the TR-Grid National Grid Initiative [4]. ULAKBIM organizes meetings and workshops to enable information exchange and knowledge dissemination on Grid

53 computing. Currently TR-Grid infrastructure consists of about 1000 CPUs, 8 sites and 50 TByte of storage resources. All of these resources are part of the EGEE (Enabling Grids for e-Science) infrastructure.

As previously mentioned, the Turkish High Energy Physics activities are coordinated and funded by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK). Thus, ULAKBIM and TAEK work collaboratively as a Tier-2 centre with a Service Level Agreement between both parties. ULAKBIM is mainly responsible for allocation and operation of resources as well as user support. TAEK represents Turkish High Energy Federation in Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG).

Current TR-Grid infrastructure is composed of 8 sites in 7 universities. Most of the sites have very low bandwidth when compared with the situation in other European countries. Therefore Tier-2 centre is established in Ankara where all of the three large Grid clusters have an adequate bandwidth (1 Gbps). Current Geant connectivity of the country is provided in İstanbul by a STM-4 POS link from Athens. From the 1 Gbps link between İstanbul and Ankara, all of the sites in Ankara can be connected to a Tier-1 centre by at least 500 Mbps capacity.

All three sites in Ankara are inter-connected with a 20 Gbps link. So, all storage elements in Ankara area can be considered as a single storage resource. Sites in other cities with comparatively low resources were established for Grid awareness in Turkey. After ULAKNET starts to provide sufficient links to these universities some of those sites will also work as part of Turkish Tier-2 centre. The Tier-2 computing capacities of Turkey and TR-Grid connections are given in Table 13 and Figure 9, respectively.

Table 13: Tier-2 Computing Capacities of Turkey Turkey, Turkish Tier-2 Federation Pledged Planned to be pledged 2007 2008 2009 2010 CPU (kSI2K) 250 850 1350 2450 Disk (Tbytes) 40 310 550 900 Nominal WAN (Mbits/sec) 500 1000 1000 1000

54

Figure 9: TR-Grid Connections in Turkey

3.5. RECENT TRAINING ACTIVITIES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND RELATED FIELDS

Some major activities related to training in particle physics are presented below:

The national or international senior experts/scientists of related fields are invited to present lectures to undergrad or grad students at the “Summer School of Particle Accelerators and Detectors”, which is annually organized.

“School on Computer Applications in Accelerator and Particle Physics” was organized by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) on 26−30 January 2009 at the Çukurova University to prepare students for CERN activities with respect to increase their computation and simulation capabilities and this school will be periodically repeated.

“School on HEP@TR-GRID” was organized on 30 April−2 May 2008, at the TAEK Headquarter, for training students and scientific staff who will analyze data obtained from LHC and distributed to TIER centres. The school activity will be periodically repeated.

“International Summer School and Conference on HEP” is organized annually.

Feza Gürsey Institute periodically organizes courses, seminars, and workshops.

3.5.1. Feza Gürsey Institute

The Feza Gürsey Institute is located at the Kandilli campus of the Boğaziçi University in İstanbul [5]. The principal activity of the Institute consists of research semesters. The idea for this is based on the lessons learned from the activities of Prof. Dr. Feza Gürsey in this area. 55 Historically, Feza Gürsey Institute is a continuation of the Research Institute for Basic Sciences that Prof. Dr. Erdal Inönü founded in 1983.

Researchers from Turkish universities who wish to visit, or become associated with the Institute on a long term basis may submit projects for approval.

The mission of the Institute is to raise the level of Turkish scientific research, especially in Physics and Mathematics, to international standards It is aimed that the Institute will serve as a model of excellence in research for all academic institutions in Turkey.

The Institute aims to serve this goal by providing opportunities for top level scientists in physics and mathematics in Turkey It is intended to be a centre where they can pursue their research, interact with each other and colleagues from abroad, and initiate collaborative projects. The Institute hosts scientific activities such as research semesters, advanced courses and workshops through which graduate students and young physicists and mathematicians from Turkey as well as from neighboring countries, are introduced to current problems of interest. The main output expected from both senior and young researchers is scientific publications at the international level. With the improvement of library and computer facilities, the Institute intends to join the company of established research institutes the world over (such as the Max Planck Institute in Germany, IHES in France, Abdus Salam Institute in Trieste, Italy and the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Sweden) and to serve as a local centre of attraction.

In keeping with its mission, the Feza Gürsey Institute has a very small permanent academic staff and a much larger number of researchers from various universities who either work on a part time basis, or choose to spend extended periods of up to a year, dedicating themselves to research. The activities of the Institute are centred around research semesters based on current research topics, with the aim of providing advanced level seminars and tutorial guidance to graduate students and young Ph.D.’s in physics and mathematics. The research semesters are typically organized by two or three scientists, at least one of whom are an associate of the Institute, and agree to spend the semester at the Institute. During the semester, senior as well as relatively younger scientists who have made important recent contributions to a particular field are invited to spend extended periods, usually not less than two weeks at the Institute. They give lectures and interact intensively with the participants from various universities, who spend the full semester at the Institute.

56 Apart from part time and visiting positions, the Institute provides post-doctoral positions to young Ph.D.'s, to promote independent original research, before they are in a position to guide research and assume teaching responsibilities.

3.6. OTHER RELATED ACTIVITIES FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH

3.6.1. TAEK Proton Accelerator Project

Today, science and technology are proceeding rapidly and one of the requirements for being a country developed in science and technology is to establish the necessary national infrastructure. In the twentieth century, nuclear technology has served to human being in various fields; from health to energy production, from informatics to environment protection. Undoubtedly, a cyclotron type accelerator facility shall have a significant and leading role, in Turkey, in the formation of the national infrastructure in the field of nuclear science and technology. More specifically, material science, environment and human health are important topics of interest for Turkey in promoting research and application, which comprise the utilization of cyclotron. Apart from the research aspect of a cyclotron, main motivation for the decision of installing a cyclotron facility in Turkey comes from the need of producing short-lived radioisotopes and their radiopharmaceuticals. It is well known that accelerators have a great role in nuclear medicine with respect to diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The physiological and functional information about the human body can also be gathered by using cyclotrons and this information can be analyzed by using computer techniques and imaging.

Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) has the goal to be a leading organization in promoting research, development and radioisotope production in Turkey, by using the Proton Accelerator Facility under construction. The production of some radiopharmaceuticals used in medical applications shall also contribute to the country’s economy since most of these radiopharmaceuticals are being imported by various companies and hospitals.

In order to fulfil the duty, authorization and responsibility in accordance with the TAEK Law, the Proton Accelerator Facility (Figure 10) is established at the Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training Centre (SANAEM) of TAEK in Ankara. This project was approved by the State Planning Organization (DPT). The construction of the Facility will begin by the end of May 2009 and the Facility will be commissioned in mid 2011.

57 ¶ Figure 10: TAEK Proton Accelerator Facility

3.6.1.1. Main Objectives of the Cyclotron Facility

The cyclotron type Proton Accelerator Facility has the following main objectives:

 The production of I-123, In-111, Ga-67, Tl-201 and F-18 radioisotopes used in medical applications with a flexibility to produce other necessary isotopes that will be determined in future.

 The production of radiopharmaceuticals from relevant radioisotopes, their quality control and dispensing as patient dose.

 Undertaking research and development activities with training research staff.

3.6.1.2. Technical Specifications of the Cyclotron

The technical specifications for the cyclotron (CYCLONE 30) are summarized in Table 14:

58 Table 14: Technical Specifications of Cyclone 30

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Type cyclotron Model Cyclone 30 Designer IBA Number of beam lines at one 2 port Number of ports 2 Total number of beam lines 4 Accelerated ion -H Extracted ion +H (proton) Beam energy 15−30 MeV, variable Beam current 1,2 mA, variable Normalized emittance of the horizontally  15 mm.mrad extracted beam vertically  10 mm.mrad Energy spread 400 keV Number of Dees 2 Number of sectors 4 Magnetic field 0.12−1.7 Tesla Magnet type Deep Valley Weight of magnet 50 tons Ion source system external negative (multicusp) Main vacuum system Roughing pump (80 m3/h) (Main vacuum tank) Cryogenic pump (4000 l/s,6000 l/s) RF system 4 harmonic modes 65.5 MHz 50 kV dee voltage Maximum power consumption 150−180 kW (for 30 MeV and 1,2 mA)

The lay-out and section A-A of the Proton Accelerator Facility are given in Figure 11 and 12. The Facility has the sitting and total area of 3110 m2 and 6220 m2, respectively. The engineering and construction of the facility is undertaken by the Turkish companies. The R&D vault has about 100 m2 area and has the radiation shielding for 30 MeV proton energy and 2 mA total proton current. There is a workshop in the Facility for R&D activities. The beam lines at the R&D vault will be designed according to the priorities of TAEK and other related institutes in Turkey.

59

Figure 11: Lay-out of the Proton Accelerator Facility

Figure 12: Section A-A of the Proton Accelerator Facility

60 3.6.1.3. Research and Training

One of the beam lines of the cyclotron will be reserved for nuclear physics and material science research and development activities. Possible research areas and associated methods that are possible by using proton beam are explained below. Apart from the proton based research, neutron based research is also planned to take place at the Facility. This Facility will serve for training as well and will form the part of the national R&D infrastructure for CERN.

3.6.1.3.1. PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) Technique

The PIXE method is a powerful analytical method. There are four main application characteristics of the PIXE method:

1. When a charged particle (proton) enters the material it encounters atoms of sample material and causes numerous inelastic collisions.

2. The energy of the ion along its trajectory decreases according to the specific energy loss (stopping power)

3. From some of the numerous ionized atoms along the particle path, characteristic X-rays are emitted with a probability given by the X-ray production cross section.

4. Finally, X-Rays emerging from the sample are attenuated in the material.

The PIXE method generally uses 1−4 MeV protons. But there are some articles that explain the use of 60 MeV or upper energies of protons for thick samples.

Some applications of the PIXE technique are given bellow:

a) Applications in biomedical science: - Dermatological Samples - Neurobiology - Mineralized Tissue - Body Fluids and Single cells b) Applications in the earth sciences: - Aquatic Systems: Sea water, fresh water etc. - Mineral search - Micro-beam analysis: Micro PIXE (mineral prospecting and understanding of basic geological processes etc.) c) Applications in arts and archaeology:

61 - Studies of pottery, to examine portions of handwriting on old papyrus etc. d) Material Analyses: - Solid state physics and electronics (corrosion and erosion, to measure impurities in single crystal or surfaces etc.) - Other materials (pure metals, catalytic material, acids, superconducting materials based on ceramics etc.)

3.6.1.3.2. ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis) Technique

ERDA technique makes use of high-energy (in the order of MeV) ion beams and is based on the process of elastic scattering and energy loss of energetic primary and (back) scattered ions. In RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) light ions, usually He or H, with energies ranging from 0.5−3 MeV impinge on a target while the number and energy of ions backscattered in the direction of a detector are determined. Since the collisions with the target nuclei are elastic, one can derive the mass of the scattering centres from the measured energies, by making use of the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The excellent ability of this method to extract quantitative data about abundances of elements is due to the precise knowledge of the Rutherford scattering cross sections. A consequence of the conservation laws is that the energy of the other participant in the collision, which is not detected in RBS, i.e. the atom initially residing in the target, contains the same kind of information.

Light elements (e.g. hydrogen) from the sample are scattered in forward directions and can be detected with a Silicon detector. From the measured energy spectrum of the recoils a concentration depth profile can be calculated.

The ERDA method provides absolute concentration values and is not affected by matrix effects. Furthermore ERDA is non invasive, e.g. the sample is not damaged on a macroscopic scale. The uniqueness of this technique when used with detector telescopes lies in its on-line monitoring capability of materials evolution due to ion beam-induced modification such as interface mixing, electronic sputtering and radiation damage during irradiation itself. The capability of this technique for multi-elemental analysis and simultaneous detection of elements in surface and near surface region of materials with sensitivity approaching 0.1 ppm level has made this technique a versatile analytical tool for trace element analysis. The diverse areas, which have immensely benefited by this technique, are semiconductors and biological, environmental, geological, metallurgical, archaeological and forensic sciences. Modification and characterization of materials in the near surface region using a few MeV ion beams has become

62 an important research area for both materials engineering and understanding of ion matter interaction.

3.6.1.3.3. PIGE (Particle Induced Gamma Ray Emission) Technique

When a charged particle (typically protons) approaches the nucleus of a target atom, the Coulomb force usually repels it. However when the incident particle has enough energy to overcome the repulsive Coulomb force then it penetrates through the electrostatic barrier into the nucleus, resulting in interactions with the nuclear forces. During that process, a number of interactions occur, depending on the energy of the incident particle and the type of target nucleus. Typically, a nuclear reaction will occur, resulting in the emission of high energy X-rays (X-rays emitted from nucleus are for historical reasons called gamma rays) and other nuclear particles. In the case of PIGE technique, emitted gamma rays are of particular interest as their energies are characteristic of the element and are therefore used to fingerprint elemental composition while yields are used to quantify elemental concentrations.

The detection of the emitted gamma rays is usually done by large volume Germanium detectors. PIGE is typically run in conjunction with PIXE and RBS and is used to quantify concentrations of low Z elements such as: Li, F, Na, Mg and Al. Detection limits vary from element to element but it is typically between 10 and 100 ppm.

The requirement for a weak coulomb force thus imposes restrictions on the charge of the incident particle and of the target atoms; they both have to have low nuclear charge. This restricts the PIGE method to the measurement of light elements in the periodic table.

3.6.1.3.4. RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) Technique

RBS is based on Rutherford's experiment, which leads to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom. Today RBS is a powerful tool for determining elemental information, for example in the characterization of thin films. The Rutherford backscattering can be done by using the 1−2 MeV protons.

Measurements are done in a vacuum chamber where an area of a few square millimetres is analyzed. Up to ten samples can be loaded into the chamber for standard RBS measurements. A silicon detector tilted at 165° detects the backscattered alphas from the sample. The chamber can be fitted with a cold-trap for liquid nitrogen that is used for in-situ heating measurements to obtain temperature dependent information on changes in the sample. RBS analysis is used mostly for determining the composition and the depth distribution of elements but by aligning

63 the crystallographic axes of the sample to the incoming alpha particles, RBS channelling analysis provides information about the crystal structure of the sample. RBS is a non-destructive and multi-elemental analysis technique.

3.6.1.3.5. CPAA (Charged Particle Activation Analysis) Technique

Activation analysis with charged particles is another important and useful application of cyclotrons. This technique can be applicable for 15−30 MeV energies of protons. With this technique good detection sensitivity is achieved for many elements. It is based on the production of artificial radioactive nuclei, often positron emitters that are easily detectable by their annihilation radiation.

CPAA method is a quantitative, analytical method for the determination of elemental concentrations in a surface layer of solid samples. CPAA is based on charged particle induced nuclear reactions, leading to radio nuclides. Identification of these radio nuclides (by measuring their half-life and/or the energy of the emitted radiation) yields qualitative analysis, while measurement of the activity yields quantitative analysis.

CPAA, as a nuclear technique, has the advantage of being independent from the chemical form of the samples analyzed. CPAA could be applied, for example, for the determination of several isotopes of the same element in a complex biological matrix such as blood plasma. In the industrial field of highly sophisticated electronic materials, it has been known well that even very small amounts of impurities may have crucial effects on their characteristics. Actually we received intense demands for quantitative analysis of these impurities, especially from semiconductors manufacturing sectors. Because of the above reasons, CPAA is believed to be one of the most advanced methods for this purpose.

3.6.1.3.6. NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis) Technique

Nuclear analytical methods (NAM) aiming at the determination of elements are based on interaction of nuclear particles with atomic nuclei. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is the most powerful NAM especially for elements with medium to high atomic numbers. NAA method offers some unique advantages exploiting the time interval between activation and decay. Before dissolving the activated sample a known amount of the (inactive) element to be determined can be added.

The use of neutron activation analysis to characterize archaeological specimens (e.g., pottery, obsidian, basalt and limestone) and to relate the artefacts to sources through their chemical

64 signatures is established application of the method. Analysis of rock specimens by neutron activation analysis assists geochemists in research on the processes involved in the formation of different rocks through the analysis of the rare earth elements and other trace elements. NAA is used to measure trace element concentrations of impurities in semiconductors and other high- purity materials. The behaviour of semiconductor devices is strongly influenced by the presence of impurity elements either added intentionally (doping with B, P, As, Au, etc.) or contaminants remaining due to incomplete purification of the semiconductor material during device manufacture.

3.6.1.3.7. PGNAA (Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis) Technique

PGNAA is a very widely applicable technique for determining the presence and amount of many elements simultaneously in samples ranging in size from micrograms to many grams. It is a non- destructive method, and the chemical form and shape of the sample are relatively unimportant. Typical measurements take from a few minutes to several hours per sample. The high quality of the neutron beam and the low background in the guide hall will allow closer sample-detector spacing, resulting in higher counting efficiency and better sensitivity, especially in the energy region below 1 MeV. PGNAA technique has been used to measure the elemental composition of concrete samples. PGNAA and charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) efficiently determine traces of several light elements.

3.6.1.3.8. IGISOL (Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line) Technique

One of the possible research techniques for the cyclotron with energy of 15−30 MeV would be the Ion Guide Isotope Separator On-Line (IGISOL) method. The IGISOL technique has been used to study short-lived (T1/2 > 0.1 ms) exotic isotopes. In the IGISOL method one bombards fissionable uranium target with intensive (20 – 100 A) 15 – 30 MeV proton beams. Together with fission fragments large amounts of neutrons are produced. The beam from an accelerator hits the target, creating radioactive isotopes via nuclear reactions. Nuclear reaction products recoiling out of a target are stopped in a gas (usually helium) and are transported by the gas flow through a differential pumping system directly into the acceleration stage of a mass separator. The use of the IGISOL technique has led to the discovery and detailed studies of decays of more than 40 new neutron-rich isotopes in nuclear fission. Also, it has been implemented successfully in connection with light- and heavy-ion induced fusion reactions. In addition to decay spectroscopy, the ion guide technique has a broad applicability in studies of other properties of exotic nuclei. This includes studies of ground states and isomers by collinear laser spectroscopy and ion trap techniques.

65 3.6.1.3.9. Zero Power ADS (Accelerator Driven Systems) Studies

Another possible research area would be the zero power ADS (~few watts). ADS for power production and waste transmutation are still on the stage of development, although several concepts are underway in various countries. Zero power ADS study can be made using neutrons that are produced from proton beam accelerated in a 15−30 MeV cyclotron.

3.6.1.3.10. Co-57 Production and Applications

Co-57 can be produced using natural nickel targets and protons of 24 MeV of energy. Co-57 has the following applications: it can be used as calibration source of gamma ray detectors and radioisotope dose calibrators; can be used as calibration source and quality control of detectors used in diagnosis in nuclear medicine; can be used in Mossbauer Spectroscopy Technique; and for labelling of B12 vitamin and Bleomycin.

3.6.2. Turkish Accelerator Centre Project

Almost 15 years ago, a linac-ring type c-τ-factory together with a synchrotron light source had been proposed as an accelerator based regional project for fundamental and applied physics research. This proposal was recognized by the Turkish State Planning Organization (DPT) and a project to study the feasibility (Phase-I) of Turkish Accelerator Centre (TAC) Project was approved in 1997 [6]. When completed in 2001, this feasibility project was followed by a TAC conceptual design project (Phase-II) again with the support from DPT. After the successful outcome of Phase-II in 2005, DPT approved a third project (Phase-III) in 2006 to finalize the TAC technical design report and establish a test laboratory. This third phase project is the most widespread project ever supported by DPT involving 10 Turkish Universities (Ankara, Boğaziçi, Doğuş, Dumlupınar, Erciyes, Gazi, İstanbul, Niğde, Süleyman Demirel, and Uludağ Universities) with a budget of ~USD 10,000,000 to be completed by 2012. Our projection is then to have the construction of TAC (Phase-IV) finished by early 2020’s.

Within a collaboration of 75 scientists from 10 different Turkish Universities, the ongoing project (Phase-III) has three goals:

 Establishing a Competent Institute on Accelerator Technologies

The presence of research institutes on accelerator technologies, detector development and their applications is the key to increasing number of experts in these fields. Currently there are no such institutes in Turkey and it is aimed to establish the first Institute for Accelerator

66 Technologies within Ankara University. The programme has been approved by the Ankara University Senate and is in the stage of approval in the Turkish Higher Education Council.

 Constructing an Infrared Free Electron Laser (IR-FEL) and Bremsstrahlung Facility

The idea of building an IR-FEL facility before starting the construction of TAC aims to have experience on related technologies and challenges on a much smaller scale than TAC. The IR- FEL facility will be covering 2−300 μm wavelength range based on a 10−40 MeV super conducting electron linac coupled to two optical resonators with undulators of different periods (Figure 13). In addition to the 8 proposed experimental halls to use the light source for different purposes, there will be a Bremsstrahlung experimental station within the same complex. Among the ~40 FEL facilities around the world, TAC IR-FEL will be the first in Turkey and in the region. It will be located at the same area as the Institute for Accelerator Technologies.

Figure 13: General Layout of TAC IR-FEL

 Preparing the Technical Design Report (TDR) of TAC

TAC will include 1 GeV electron linac and 3.56 GeV positron ring for linac on ring type electron-positron collider as a charm factory and a few GeV proton linac. Besides the particle factory, it is also planned to produce SASE FEL from an electron linac and synchrotron radiation (SR) from the positron ring (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Schematic View of TAC

67 The TDR will concentrate on four main goals:

 Linac-ring type electron-positron collider as a “Charm” factory with a centre of mass energy √s = 3.77 GeV

The centre of mass energy is fixed by the mass of Ψ (3770) resonance. With a luminosity of L = 1034 cm-2s-1, TAC charm factory will contribute to charm physics greatly. The restriction on the luminosity that arises from linac beam power can be relaxed by using energy recovery linac (ERL). ERL technology will give opportunity to construct super-charm factory with L well exceeding 1035 cm-2s-1. The e+e-colliders with respect to luminosity and energy are shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Past, Present and Future e+eˉ Colliders

 A Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission FEL facility based on a 1 GeV electron linac with a wavelength of few nanometres

A Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL facility is planned as a 4th generation light source in the framework of TAC. Such a facility can be based on a linac or ERL. In order to achieve a peak power about ~GW in SASE FEL production, the required peak current is about ~kA and such a performance relies heavily on the linac structure such as the bunch size and emittance. It is planned that, obtained FEL beams will be used for scientific research and technological developments in basic and applied sciences.

 Third generation light source “Synchrotron Radiation (SR)” based on 3.56 GeV positron ring

Because of beam-beam tune shift restriction, the emittance of colliding beams in standard (ring- ring) type colliders should inevitably be chosen to be relatively large to obtain high luminosity. This restricts the performance of synchrotron radiation obtained from insertion devices placed in standard type colliders. Fortunately, this is not the case for linac-ring type machines where 68 emittance of the positron beam does not essentially affect luminosity performance of the collider. Therefore, the emittance of the positron beam can be chosen small enough to behave as a third generation light source. Final decision on the number of insertion devices and beam lines of TAC SR facility together with their specifications will be made after analyzing the user potential in our region.

 GeV scale proton accelerator consisting of 100 MeV linear pre-accelerator and 1 GeV main ring or linac

TAC proton accelerator proposal consists of 100 MeV energy linear pre-accelerator and 1 GeV main ring or linac. The average beam current values for these machines would be ~30 mA. Proton beams from two different points of the synchrotron will be forwarded to neutron and muon regions, where a wide spectrum of applied research is planned. In muon region, together with fundamental investigations such as test of QED and muonium-antimuonium oscillations, a lot of applied investigations such as High-Tc superconductivity, phase transitions, impurities in semiconductors et cetera will be performed using the powerful Muon Spin Resonance (SR) method. In neutron region investigations in different fields of applied physics, engineering, molecular biology and fundamental physics are planned. Studies on Accelerator Driven systems (ADS) are also foreseen.

With all these proposed facilities, it is aimed to contribute to particle physics research with the charm factory, introduce different types of radiation sources to the users of our region for the first time (IR-FEL, SASE-FEL, SR, Bremsstrahlung), use proton beam for applied and fundamental research and most important of all exploit accelerator driven systems and technologies in the widest spectrum feasible with a complex like the proposed Turkish Accelerator Centre.

An International Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) for TAC and Machine Advisory Committee (MAC) for IR-FEL & Bremsstrahlung Facility have recently been established. Each and every option in our project with all the parameters under study will be presented to these committees and a final decision will be made afterwards.

3.6.3. SESAME Project

SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) is a 2.5 GeV synchrotron radiation source, which is supported by TAEK. SESAME Project aims to construct and operate a synchrotron radiation source facility, which will serve for research and

69 technological development in Middle East countries [7]. The Facility is based on 0.8 GeV BESSY I storage ring and injector system. Recently, the parameters of SESAME were optimized and final design energy of 2.5 GeV and circumference of ~133 m were selected. Its performances will be equivalent to the modern synchrotron, the so-called ‘third generation’ sources which are defined as synchrotrons where the main light sources are undulators and wigglers and light beams are highly collimated.

Construction has started in Jordan on July 2003. It is expected to be operational with six beam line by the end of 2009. These beam lines are planned to be 20 by 2013.

Among about 45 operational synchrotron radiation sources, a few was lodged on developing countries and none of them is in Middle East and Mediterranean Basin. It is intended that SESAME project would contribute to scientific, technological and economic development and regional cooperation in the region similar to centres established such as CERN and ICTP (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste). By joining to international projects like SESAME, Turkey would be able to reach scientific, technological and economical levels of EU rather than being a country where foreign technology products are sold countrywide or these technologies could only be used under license, by deriving technological and economical benefits from outcomes of our scientist’s research and development activities.

70 4. TURKEY’S CURRENT R&D EXPENDITURES

The R&D infrastructure in Turkey is mostly in universities and public research institutions and most of the research activities are carried out in these organizations. The share of R&D expenditures in GDP, which was 0.67 % as of 2002, is low when compared to the countries advanced in the field of science and technology. However, the amount of public resources allocated to science and technology has been significantly increased since 2005, the share of R&D expenditures in GDP is lower than 1% [8, 9, 10, 11, 12].

During the Turkey’s 8th Development Plan period, centres of excellence in strategic areas were created in several universities. In addition, since 2002, projects to create scientists and since 2004, multilateral projects with interdisciplinary characteristics have started to be supported. Support given to activities in technology development zones, technology centres, technology incubators and university-industry joint research centres has been continued.

Companies in technology development zones are exempt from corporate and value-added taxes until the end of 2013 and exemption from all kinds of taxes is also provided for researchers working in these zones. 40% of R&D expenditures of companies, which remain outside of this region, are deducted from income and corporate tax bases.

4.1. NATIONAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION STATISTICS OF TURKEY

Some statistics about gross domestic expenditure on R&D, R&D human resources, scientific publications and patents are given in Table 15. Other statistical data are presented in Tables 16−22.

Figure 16: R&D Expenditure-GERD/GDP

71 Table 15: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D 2006 2007 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) Total (TRY) 4 399 880 662 6 091 178 492 Business Enterprises (TRY) 1 629 087 642 2 513 487 115 Government (TRY) 513 803 475 642 841 769 Higher Education (TRY) 2 256 989 544 2 934 849 608 Current PPP (Million $) 4 883 6 578 US Dollar (Million $) 3 054 4 687 GERD/GDP (‰) 6(1) 7.1 Source:TurkStat (1) Share of Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (base year 1987) was 7.6 per thousand in 2006. According to the revised GDP (base year 1998) and gross salaries were used to calculate R&D labour cost in higher education sector, this share was 6 per thousand.

Table 16: R&D Personnel by Sector of Performance (Employment) and Occupation 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (TRY) Headcount 79 958 83 281 86 680 97 355 105 032 Business enterprises sector 9 107 10 848 12 398 18 479 22 413 Researcher 5 277 6 090 6 841 10 952 13 631 Technician 2 445 3 045 3 412 4 999 6 050 Other 1 385 1 713 2 145 2 528 2 732 Government sector 8 644 8 572 8 747 11 372 11 600 Researcher 3 804 4 569 4 734 5 400 5 468 Technician 1 283 1 299 1 297 1 325 1 435 Other 3 557 2 704 2 716 4 647 4 697 Higher education sector 62 207 63 861 65 535 67 504 71 019 Researcher 62 207 63 861 65 535 67 504 71 019 Full Time Equivalent (FTE) 28 964 38 308 39 960 49 252 54 444 Business enterprices sector 5 918 70 837 8 836 14 993 18 029 Researcher 3 697 4 788 5 372 9 456 11 242 Technician 1 544 2 200 2 434 3 824 4 718 Other 677 849 1 029 1 713 2 070 Government sector 5 502 6 245 6 383 8 825 9 702 Researcher 2 754 3 646 3 762 4 249 4 709 Technician 1 023 892 907 929 1 007 Other 1 725 1 707 1 713 3 647 3 986 Higher education sector 17 544 24 225 24 742 25 434 26 713 Researcher 17 544 24 225 24 742 25 434 26 713 Source:TurkStat

72 Table 17: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by Type of Expenditure and Source of Funds 2005 (TRY) Total Business Government Higher Enterprises Education Type of expenditure Current expenditure 3 217 405 419 1 034 012 173 371 424 366 1 811 968 879 Labour 1 747 579 399 445 967 480 245 809 881 1 055 802 039 Other 1 469 826 020 588 044 693 125 614 486 756 166 840 Capital expenditure 618 035 658 263 579 256 71 736 824 282 719 577 Instrument and 492 489 535 227 023 023 60 608 947 204 857 564 equipment Land and buildings 125 546 123 36 556 233 11 127 877 77 862 013

Source of funds 3 815 441 076 1 297 591 429 443 161 190 2 094 688 456 Domestic 3 805 251 798 1 293 893 929 419 180 211 2 092 177 658 Business enterprises 1 660 965 324 1 178 168 126 6 769 467 476 027 731 Government(1) 1 922 351 163 26 258 595 561 666 194 530 902 Other(2) 221 351 163 26 258 595 561 666 194 530 902 Foreign 30 189 278 2 697 500 23 980 979 2 510 799 2006 (TRY) Type of expenditure Current expenditure 3 815 117 466 1 429 097 398 411 664 149 1 974 355 919 Labour 2 093 828 824 606 620 419 289 326 369 1 197 882 036 Other 1 721 288 642 822 476 979 122 337 780 776 473 883 Capital expenditure 584 763 196 199 990 244 102 139 326 282 633 626 Instrument and 459 451 611 1 175 921 332 72 862 942 210 667 337 equipment Land and buildings 125 311 585 24 068 912 29 276 384 71 966 289

Source of funds 4 399 880 662 1 629 087 642 513 803 475 2 256 989 544 Domestic 4 379 205 252 1 624 567 052 501 825 943 2 252 812 256 Business enterprises 2 025 953 285 1 466 182 369 21 794 702 537 976 214 Government(1) 2 139 697 273 142 041 118 479 989 241 1 517 666 914 Other(2) 213 554 694 16 343 565 42 000 197 169 129 Foreign 20 675 410 4 520 590 11 977 532 4 177 288 Source:TurkStat (1) Public general university funds are included (2) Grants, fundation, transfers etc.

73 Table 18: R&D Personnel by Sectors and Education Level Total Business Government Higher enterprises education 2005 Headcount Ph.D. and above 35 713 538 1 522 33 653 Post-graduate 19 506 2 902 1 603 15 001 Graduate 30 242 8 615 2 777 18 850 Post-secondary 2 775 2 303 472 - Secondary 4 974 3 016 1 958 - Other 4 145 1 105 3 040 - Full Time Equivalent(FTE) Ph.D. and above 13 295 470 947 11 878 Post-graduate 9 491 2 559 1 295 11 878 Graduate 17 572 7 242 2 412 7 918 Post-secondary 2 153 1 813 340 - Secondary 3 656 2 098 1 559 - Other 3 083 812 2 271 - 2006 Headcount Ph.D. and above 37 294 550 1 034 35 710 Post-graduate 21 678 3 896 1 853 15 929 Graduate 33 340 10 733 3 227 19 380 Post-secondary 3 512 2 739 773 - Secondary 5 276 3 398 1 878 - Other 3 932 1 097 2 835 - Full Time Equivalent(FTE) Ph.D. and above 13 899 471 854 12 574 Post-graduate 10 784 3 259 1 539 5 986 Graduate 19 801 8 789 2 859 8 153 Post-secondary 2 758 2 102 656 - Secondary 4 197 2 572 1 625 - Other 3 005 836 2 169 - Source: TurkStat

74 Table 19: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D by Economic Activities and Type of Costs, 2005 Current Costs (TRY) Capital Costs (TRY) Economic activity Total Labour Other Instruments and Land and equipment buildings Total 1 297 591 429 445 967 480 588 967 480 227 023 023 36 556 233 Agriculture, hunting, 2 834 772 1 069 197 947 264 632 346 185 965 forestry Mining and quarrying 7 343 417 2 245 033 2 668 165 2 427 844 2 375 Manufacturing 953 434 675 300 327 773 473 525 649 158 244 821 21 336 431 Food, beverages and 29 422 684 12 506 318 12 370 771 2 653 061 1 892 534 tobacco Textiles, fur and leather 36 192 047 6 740 620 9 157 540 19 372 326 921 561 Wood, paper, printing, 6 937 167 3 221 669 3 043 959 515 137 156 403 publishing Coke, petroleum, nuclear fuel, 126 566 693 3 5910 342 49 726 897 36 720 337 4 209 116 chemicals&prod., rubber&plastics Non-metallic mineral 31 235 660 14 493 787 9 436 902 5 743 719 1 561 252 products Basic metals 12 731 426 4 552 589 2 867 991 4 770 852 539 994 Fabricated metal products, except 12 498 535 5 212 621 3 610 686 3 230 729 444 500 machinery and equi. Machinery and 144 542 894 57 860 567 52 750 070 17 844 719 6 087 538 equipment n.e.c Office machinery and 539 189 287 190 100 939 136 060 15 000 computers Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. 38 493 941 16 657 557 13 505 045 6 463 962 1 867 377 Radio, tv and communication equi. 163 005 360 74 234 625 6 6730 886 21 387 962 651 887 and apparatus Medical, precision and optical instruments, 8 430 827 4 302 048 2 712 244 1 373 029 43 506 watches and clocks Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 308 514 739 49 252 985 229 472 954 27 006 492 2 782 308 Other transport equi. 29 500 433 12 344 506 16 862 346 293 581 0 Manufacturing nec. 4 823 079 2 750 350 1 176 419 732 855 163 455 Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply 2 171 013 504 074 0 149 197 1 517 742 Construction 6 590 697 1 838 135 1 615 970 2 512 252 624 340 Services sector 325 216 856 139 983 268 109 287 645 63 056 563 12 889 380 Wholesale, retail trade, motor vehicle repair etc, 24 975 523 12 623 688 8 368 705 2 831 813 1 151 317 hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications 37 491 612 23 206 043 8 764 016 3 698 268 1 823 285 Financial intermediation- 47 863 000 2 138 472 565 086 4 5159 442 0 including insurance Real estate, renting and business activities 213 790 012 101 559 188 91 363 767 11 129 690 9 737 367 Education 1 096 709 455 877 226 877 237 350 177 411 Source: TurkStat

75 Table 20: Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D by Economic Activities and Type of Costs, 2006 Current costs (TRY) Capital costs (TRY) Economic activity Total Labour Other Instruments and Land and equipment buildings Total 1,629,087,642 606,620,419 822,476,979 175,921,332 24 068 912 Agriculture, hunting, 2,325,507 1,127,278 812,717 176,374 209 138 forestry Mining and quarrying 9,249,673 2,458,071 4,365,068 817,422 1 609 112 Manufacturing 1,185,733,908 361,517,696 662,621,044 144,314,923 17 280 245 Food, beverages and 59,997,247 13,955,772 38,997,555 6,612,136 431 784 tobacco Textiles, fur and leather 36,367,602 8,378,955 16,884,420 10,550,627 553 600 Wood, paper, printing, 6,092,014 3,174,633 2,378,164 413,217 126 000 publishing Coke, petroleum, nuclear 133,539,310 50,010,595 61,725,944 20,052,491 1 750 281 fuel, chemicals&prod., rubber&plastics Non-metallic mineral 43,265,509 14,536,504 15,899,921 9,820,678 3 008 406 products Basic metals 21,898,818 5,348,206 5,145,606 9,302,399 2 102 607 Fabricated metal products, 14,625,393 6,153,372 3,914,039 4,351,807 206 175 except machinery and equi. Machinery and equipment 159,991,168 68,727,683 73,285,096 13,357,366 4 621 023 n.e.c Office machinery and 2,613,974 1,689,003 899,971 25,000 0 computers Electrical machinery and 35,526,495 15,077,503 14,761,893 5,558,539 128 560 apparatus n.e.c. Radio, tv and 169,630,720 81,489,682 70,124,223 17,508,639 508 176 communication equi. and apparatus Medical, precision and 13,333,493 5,367,012 6,422,344 1,346,042 198 095 optical instruments, watches and clocks Motor vehicles, trailers and 441,358,293 67,583,392 326,745,876 43,528,817 3 500 208 semi-trailers Other transport equi. 39,478,431 16,004,953 22,142,417 1,261,228 69 833 Manufacturing nec. 8,015,442 4,020,432 3,293,576 625,937 75 497 Electricity, gas, steam and 5,746,591 985,429 952,715 2,193,102 1 615 345 hot water supply Construction 5,521,337 2,269,631 2,271,385 879,401 11 920 Services sector 420,510,626 238,262,314 151,454,050 27,540,110 3 254 152 Wholesale, retail, motor 30,891,968 16,949,037 10,629,350 1,370,814 1 942 767 veh. repair etc, hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and 60,156,754 38,766,185 14,216,089 7,157,859 16 621 communications Financial intermediation- 10,202,204 5,288,616 843,588 4,070,000 0 including insurance Real estate, renting and 313,885,608 175,042,548 122,941,455 14,616,841 1 284 764 business activities Public adm., defence; 3,836,807 1,51,672 2,445,188 39,947 0 compulsory social sec. Education 615,184 457,999 142,536 14,649 0 Health and social work 556,661 361,057 115,604 70,000 10000 Other community, social 365,440 45,200 120,240 200,000 0 and personal service activities Source: TurkStat

76 Table 21: Business Enterprises R&D Personnel by Economic Activity and Occupation, 2005 Economic activity Total Researchers Technicians Other A 18 479 10 952 4 999 2 528 Total B 14 992 9 456 3 824 1 713 A 75 38 6 31 Agriculture, hunting, forestry B 61 30 6 25 A 162 84 69 9 Mining and quarrying B 112 68 38 6 A 12 927 6 930 3 756 2 241 Manufacturing B 10 180 5 897 2 795 1 488 A 716 339 238 139 Food, beverages and tobacco B 480 268 134 77 A 615 291 183 141 Textiles, fur and leather B 417 232 121 64 A 264 137 67 60 Wood, paper, printing, publishing B 215 113 44 58 Coke, petroleum, nuclear fuel, A 1 680 855 551 274 chemicals&prod., rubber&plastics B 1 218 701 356 160 A 863 297 300 266 Non-metallic mineral products B 631 246 238 147 A 302 85 94 123 Basic metals B 165 69 62 35 Fabricated metal products, except A 386 199 99 88 machinery and equi. B 272 146 73 53 A 2 543 1 202 917 424 Machinery and equipment n.e.c B 2 032 1 028 723 282 A 14 14 - - Office machinery and computers B 14 14 - - A 907 546 226 135 Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. B 656 425 139 92 Radio, tv and communication equi. and A 1 828 1476 290 62 apparatus B 1 805 1467 281 57 Medical, precision and optical A 253 161 65 27 instruments, watches and clocks B 190 141 36 13 A 1 705 753 549 403 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers B 1 530 669 473 388 A 571 436 90 45 Other transport equi. B 334 259 51 25 A 280 139 87 54 Manufacturing nec. B 219 121 63 35 Electricity, gas, steam and hot water A 35 14 11 10 supply B 30 10 10 10 A 137 67 65 5 Construction B 90 46 40 3 A 5 143 3 819 1 092 232 Services sector B 4 520 3 404 936 180 Wholesale, retail trade, motor vehicle A 648 319 295 34 repair etc, hotels and restaurants B 588 284 278 26 A 613 542 68 3 Transport, storage and communications B 588 533 53 2 Financial intermediation-including A 117 111 5 1 insurance B 53 48 5 - A 3 726 2 826 706 194 Real estate, renting and business activities B 3 256 2 522 582 152 A 39 21 18 - Education B 34 17 17 - Source: TurkStat A. Headcount, B. Full time equivalent (FTE)

77 Table 22: Business Enterprises R&D Personnel by Economic Activity and Occupation, 2006 Economic activity Total Researchers Technicians Other A 22 413 13 631 6 050 2 732 Total B 18 029 11 242 4 718 2 070 A 65 27 3 35 Agriculture, hunting, forestry B 56 22 3 31 A 139 73 49 17 Mining and quarrying B 101 49 46 7 A 14 202 7734 4 191 2 277 Manufacturing B 10 949 6 100 3 149 1 700 A 723 360 260 103 Food, beverages and tobacco B 473 295 133 45 A 630 392 137 101 Textiles, fur and leather B 452 319 81 52 A 180 106 50 24 Wood, paper, printing, publishing B 145 86 39 20 Coke, petroleum, nuclear fuel, chemicals&prod., A 2 013 945 797 271 rubber&plastics B 1 513 788 555 170 A 761 276 319 166 Non-metallic mineral products B 640 235 267 138 A 423 136 225 62 Basic metals B 197 77 83 37 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and A 372 196 92 84 equi. B 278 143 68 68 A 2 855 1 455 918 482 Machinery and equipment n.e.c B 2 270 1 141 769 361 A 53 45 4 4 Office machinery and computers B 52 45 3 4 A 820 567 177 76 Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. B 573 390 130 53 A 1 882 1 331 465 86 Radio, tv and communication equi. and apparatus B 1 768 1 229 457 82 Medical, precision and optical instruments, watches A 281 165 95 21 and clocks B 232 146 71 14 A 2 095 971 505 619 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers B 1 657 723 389 545 A 696 578 41 77 Other transport equi. B 421 341 24 56 A 418 211 106 101 Manufacturing nec. B 279 144 80 55 A 85 66 18 1 Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply B 51 32 18 1 A 134 61 70 3 Construction B 94 47 45 2 A 7 788 5670 1 719 399 Services sector B 6 778 4992 1 457 329 Wholesale, retail trade, motor vehicle repair etc, A 737 347 339 51 hotels and restaurants B 618 290 293 35 A 938 767 147 24 Transport, storage and communications B 590 463 108 18 A 146 56 79 11 Financial intermediation-including insurance B 111 44 60 7 A 5 858 4 401 1 144 313 Real estate, renting and business activities B 5 368 4 110 990 268 A 58 53 5 - Public administr., defence; compulsory social sec. B 55 52 3 - A 29 29 - - Education B 18 18 - - A 19 14 5 - Health and social work B 15 12 3 - Other community, social and personal service A 3 3 - - activities B 3 3 - - Source: TurkStat A. Headcount, B. Full time equivalent (FTE)

78

Figure 17: GERD as a Percentage of GDP Source: TurkStat Note: Revised GDP was announced on 8 March 2008 by TurkStat

Figure 18: GERD* vs GDP* *2008 constant prices Source: TurkStat Note: For the 2006 and 2007 values by revised GDP, gross salaries are used for calculation of R&D labour cost in higher education sector

79

Figure 19: GERD per Capita Population Source: TurkStat *Since Turkstat has not published population projections before the year 2007, 70 million is taken as population for the year 2006 Note: For the 2006 and 2007 values by revised GDP, gross salaries are used for calculation of R&D labour cost in higher education sector

Figure 20: GERD by Performance Sectors* *2008 constant prices Source: TurkStat Note: For the 2006 and 2007 values by revised GDP, gross salaries are used for calculation of R&D labour cost in higher education sector

80

Figure 21: Percentage of GERD by Performance Sectors Source: TurkStat Note: For the 2006 and 2007 values by revised GDP, gross salaries are used for calculation of R&D labour cost in higher education sector

Figure 22: GERD by Source of Funds* *2008 constant prices Source: TurkStat

81

Figure 23: Percentage of GERD by Source of Funds Source: TurkStat

Figure 24: GERD and Direct Public Funds* *2008 constant prices Source: TurkStat Note: For the 2006 and 2007 values by revised GDP, gross salaries are used for calculation of R&D labour cost in higher education sector

82

Figure 25: Direct Public R&D and Innovation Funds

Figure 26: R&D Human Resources per 10,000 Total Employments Source: TurkStat

83

Figure 27: R&D Human Resources-FTE* *Full Time Equivalent Source: TurkStat

Figure 28: Direct Public R&D and Innovation Funds by Source of Funds* *Current Prices

84

Figure 29: Number of Scientific Publications Source: Thomson’s ISI Web of Science Updated on 17 November 2008

Figure 30: Number of Scientific Publications in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) Source: Thomson’s ISI Web of Science Updated on 17 November 2008

85

Figure 31: Number of Scientific Publications per Million Population Source: Thomson’s ISI Web of Science Updated on 17 November 2008

Figure 32: Rank of Turkey with Respect to Scientific Publications Source: Thomson’s ISI Web of Science Updated on 17 November 2008

86

Figure 33: Rank of Turkey with Respect to Scientific Publications per Million Population Source: Thomson’s ISI Web of Science Updated on 17 November 2008

Figure 34: Number of Patent Applications to Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) Source: TPE Updated on 18 November 2008

87

Figure 35: Number of Patents Granted by Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) Source: TPE * Updated on 18 November 2008

Figure 36: Number of Utility Model Applications to Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) and Grants Given by TPE Source: TPE * Updated on 18 November 2008

4.2. COMPARISON OF TURKEY’S CURRENT R&D STATUS AND EXPENDITURE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

For R&D expenditures; Turkey was 24th in the world with 3 billion dollars in 2002 and 23rd in the world with 4.9 billion dollars in 2006, and between outpaced Denmark 2002 and 2006 [8, 9].

88 Table 23: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D in Selected Countries [Purchasing power parity Million current PPP $ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Turkey 2 981.3 2 920.1 3 653.4 4 374.5 4 883.0 United States 276 260.2(1) 292 437.4(1)(2) 312 535.4(1)(2) 312 535.4(1)(2) 343 747.5(1)(2) Germany 55 673 5 57 455.9 59 238.3 61 711.5 66 550.1 Austria 5 137.7 5 505.0(3) 5 887.5 7 124.2 8 015.9 France 38 360.0 38 238.5 38 860.3 40 363.3 42 518.8 United 31 430.9 31 619.2 32 197.2 32 197.2 35 171.1 Kingdom Spain 9 684.4 10 966.6 11 801.9 13 207.7 13 391.3 Italy 17 698.6 17 505.5 17 920.1 17 920.1 18 098.3 Japan 108 248.1 112 935.4 118 026.3 118 026.3 130 745.4 Netherlands 8 708.3 9 069.6 9 585.2(2) 9 585.2 9 991.8 Canada 19 154.1 19 562.9 22 702.3 22 702.3 23 058.4 Norway 2 782.7 2 943.4 3 020.2 3 020.2 3 685.9 Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Volume 2007/2 (1) Excludes most or all capital expenditure (2) Provisional (3) National estimate or projection Table 24: Countries which Increased R&D Expenditure Most, (2002−2006) Country Rate of Expenditure Rank According to Rank According to Increase Expenditure Increase Expenditure China 120% 1 3 Argentina 98% 2 29 Romania 82% 3 35 Turkey 62% 7 23 Source: OECD, TURKSTAT, TÜBİTAK Number of researchers: in 2002, 24th in the world with 23,995 people, in 2006, 17th with 42,263 people, outpaced Netherlands, Finland, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Argentina, Denmark between 2002−2006 [8, 9].

Table 25: Countries which Increased Researcher Numbers Most, (2002−2006) Country Rate of Researcher Rank According to Rank According to Number Increase Researcher Number Researcher Number Increase Turkey 78% 1 17 Czech Republic 75% 2 25 Mexico 71% 3 16 Source: OECD, TURKSTAT, TÜBİTAK Number of R&D people: in 2002, 26th in the world with 28,964 people, in 2006, 20th with 54,444 people, outpaced Austria, Argentina, Denmark, Greece and Romania between 2002−2006 [8, 9].

89 Table 26: Countries Which Increased R&D Personnel Number Most, (2002−2006) Country Rate of Personnel Rank According to Rank According to Number Increase Personnel Number Personnel Number Increase Mexico 92% 1 14 Turkey 88% 2 20 Czech Republic 83% 3 24 Source: OECD, TURKSTAT, TÜBİTAK Number of scientific publications: in 2002, 22nd in the world with 10,314 publications, in 2006, 19th with 18,836 publications, outpaced Belgium, Poland and Israel between 2002 and 2006 [8, 9].

Table 27: Countries Which Increased Number of Publications Most, (2002−2006) Country Rate of Publication Rank According to Rank According to Number Increase Publication Number Publication Number Increase Iran 198% 1 33 China 118% 2 5 Turkey 83% 3 19 Source: ISI, TÜBİTAK Number of international patent applications: in 2002, 30th in the world with 85 applications in 2006, 26th with 355 applications, outpaced Mexico, Hungary, Luxembourg and Poland between 2002−2006 [8, 9].

Table 28: Countries Which Increased Number of Patent Applications Most (2002−2006) Country Rate of Application Rank According to Rank According to Number Increase Application Application Number Increase Number China 436% 1 7 Turkey 318% 2 26 Argentina 244% 3 37 Source: WIPO, TÜBİTAK Table 29: International Patent Applications of Countries (2002−2007) Rank Acc. Country 2002 2007 Change (%) Rank acc. to to Increase Number 21 USA 41 296 52 492 27 1 6 Japan 14 063 27 714 97 2 22 Germany 14 326 17 793 24 3 4 Korea 2 520 7 059 180 4 27 France 5 089 6 030 18 5 36 UK 5 376 5 536 3 6 1 China 1 018 5 459 436 7 13 Italy 1 982 2 933 48 11 23 Canada 2 260 2 803 24 12 25 Russia 539 651 21 20 2 Turkey 85 355 318 26 Source: WIPO, TÜBİTAK

90 4.3. EXPENDITURES OF TURKEY FOR CERN

The CERN activities are supported by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) in the frame of the project, namely “Cooperation with National and International Organizations”. This project is approved by the State Planning Organization (DPT) and budget is prepared for three- year period.

The overall expenditures for CERN activities for the period of 1997−May 2009 is given in Table 30 and the break-down of these expenditures for each experiment and project is given in Tables 31−34. It is clear that CMS has received the biggest share with respect to budget in total Turkish contribution.

The projection of the overall budget of the project is shown in Figure 37. It is clear that the estimated budget will be doubled in 2011 as compared to 2009 [13]. However, it is possible receive extra budget by making revision for the budget of the Project whenever necessary thru the approval of DPT.

9000000

8000000

7000000 8,400,000

6000000

5000000

5,900,000

5,600,000 Budget 4000000

3000000

3,950,000

3,933,333

2000000 3,350,000

2,862,941 1000000

2,322,679

1,743,000

1,686,241 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year

CHF TRY

Figure 37: Projection of CERN Budget

91 Table 30: Contribution of Turkey for CERN Experiments and Projects (1997−May 2009 (CHF)) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 CMS 30,000 30,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 463,648 56,529 289,519 303,466 268,484 488,882 1,092,141 371,135 ATLAS 25,000 25,000 25,000 28,000 33,850 36,121 36,420 58,000 62,000 232,000 165,973 237,550 165,580 CAST 10,000 10000 30767 34945 17,160 CLIC 67,640 110,325 49,810 85,960 10,360 29,675 CTF3 ALICE 14,280 20,550 ISOLDE 43,900 23,465 19,060 19,280 18,540 9,980 TOTAL 55,000 55,000 60,000 63,000 68,850 499,650 92,949 494,001 509,256 579,354 805,142 1,414,087 593,530

Table 31: Contribution of Turkey for CMS Experiments and Projects (1997 −May 2009 (CHF)) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Yearly Contribution for Construction CMS 30,000 30,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 30,000 30,000 50,000 68,000 25,000 CMS M&O Budget, Category A 13,648 26,529 34,796 51,771 100,269 149,456 306,044 In kind contribution for CMS 420,000 160,000 97,000 “Similation study on Higgs particles and on 8,120 22,125 10,735 the models beyond the Standard Model in the linear electron – positron collider” project “Simulation and Data Analysis Work in the 22,935 107,515 58,525 Standard Model and Beyond in the CMS Experiment at CERN” project “Heavy Ion Studies in CMS” project 24,400 47,890 99,100 186,240 247,700 238,600 “Search for Higgs Boson with CMS-HF 12,200 16,680 33,380 36,085 46,172 21,265 Calorimeter” project “Test Beam Work at CMS Experiment and 47,106 70,710 58,745 Search for Supersymmetric Particles” project TOTAL 30,000 30,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 463,648 56,529 289,516 303,466 268,484 488,882 1,092,141 371,135

92 Table 32: Contribution of Turkey for ATLAS Experiments and Projects (1997−May 2009 (CHF)) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Yearly Contribution for Construction ATLAS 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Contribution to TRT ATLAS M&O Budget, 3,000 5,000 Category B Contribution to Muon – G – 2 ATLAS M&O 8,850 Budget, Category B ATLAS M&O Budget, Category A 6,121 11420 34,000 37,000 57,000 70,123 96,000 145,000 Contribution to ATLAS TDAQ (Trigger & Data 150,000 Acquisition Contribution to LAr ATLAS M&O Budget, 2,000 7,000 Category B Contribution to Muon ATLAS M&O Budget, 2000 Category B Detector, Phenomenology and Data Analysis 95,850 137,550 13,580 Studies at CERN-ATLAS Experiment” project TOTAL 25,000 25,000 25,000 28,000 33,850 36,121 36,420 59,000 62,000 232,000 165,973 237,550 165,580

Table 33: Contribution of Turkey for CAST Experiments and Projects (2005−May 2009 (CHF)) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Contribution to the CAST common fund for running cost of CAST 10,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 25,000 "Detector, Data Taking and Data Analysis Studies at CERN-CAST Experiment" project 20,767 19,945 17,160 TOTAL 10,000 10,000 30,767 34,945 17,160

Table 34: Contribution of Turkey for CLIC, CTF3, ALICE & ISOLDE Projects (2004−May 2009 (CHF)) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 “CERN Accelerators and Applications” project 67,640 110,325 49,810 85,960 6,066 “Collaboration with CERN in the Framework of CLIC and CTF3 Projects” project 4,295 15,535 “Strange particles production in the p-p collisions(14 TeV CM Energy) at LHC” project 14,280 20,550 “Linac-LHC based ep, γp, eA and γA colliders” project 9,500 “Nuclear Structure Physics and Applications with Stable and Radioactive Beam and Multi- Detector Arrays” project 43,900 23,465 19,060 19,280 18,540 9,980 “Beam Dynamics, Beam Diagnostics and Control Techniques and Applications” project 4,640 TOTAL 111,540 133,790 68,870 119,520 49,451 39,655

93 5. ECONOMY

5.1. GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT

5.1.1. GDP and Sectoral Growth Rates

5.1.1.1. Current Outlook

In 2007, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 4.6 percent. In this period; while agricultural value added was decreased by 6.9 percent, growth rates of industrial and services value added were realized as 5.8 and 6 percent, respectively. In the same year, value added increases in manufacturing, mining and energy which are forming industry sector, was realized as 5.6 percent, 8.1 percent and 6.8 percent, respectively. Value added in services sector was increased by 6 percent due to 9.8 percent increase in value added of financial intermediation and 6.9 percent increase in value added of transport, storage and communication, which have quite high shares in services sector [11, 14].

Table 35: Growth Rates of Value Added and Sectoral Shares in GDP

Source: DPT, TURKSTAT (1) Realization estimate (2) Programme target

In the first half of 2008, GDP growth rate realized as 4.2 percent. While the GDP growth rate realized as 6.7 percent in the first quarter of the year, the growth rate slowed down substantially and realized as 1.9 percent in the second quarter. Thus, in the first half of the year; while agricultural value added declined by 1.1 percent, industrial and services valued added increased by 4.9 and 4.4 percent, respectively.

94 Table 36: Per Capita GDP

Source: DPT, TURKSTAT, OECD (1) TURKSTAT estimation of end-year. (2) Calculated by using Central Bank foreign currency purchase rate. (3) Purchasing Power Parity calculated for GDP by the OECD. (4) DPT estimation. (5) Programme target.

Industrial production, in January-August period of 2008 increased by 3.6 percent compared to the same period of the previous year. Capacity utilization ratio of manufacturing industry decreased by 1.2 percentage points in the January-September period of 2008 compared to the same period of 2007, and realized as 80.4 percent.

5.1.1.2. Targets for the Year 2009

The Turkish economy has grown permanently since the first quarter of 2002. Hence, for the period 2002−2007, Annual average of GDP has increased in real terms by 6.8 percent. The growth rate of GDP was expected to be 4% for both 2008 and 2009. It was predicted that the effects of the global crisis on Turkey would be limited, although this would depend on dimension and duration of the crisis. However, the required initiatives will be employed towards downward risks stemmed from global crisis, which has deepened more in the last period.

In 2009, the growth rate of agricultural value added is expected to be 3.6 percent, which is above long term annual average due to basis effect of 2008 stemmed from partially drought that prevailed in 2008. 95 It is expected that industrial value added will be 3.9 percent in 2009. At high rate increases in imports of intermediate and investment goods in recent years and performances of exports oriented sectors will support industrial growth. In addition to these developments, productivity increases will also support keeping the increase in industrial production

It is also expected that the value added of services sector will increase by 4.2 percent, in 2009. With relative increases in domestic demand, expected gradual increases in trade, transportation and construction sectors will support this target.

However, the transmission of global financial crisis to the real economies reduced the growth rate estimates around the world will affect our export performance negatively. Furthermore, in this environment, quantity and cost pressures on external finance facilities will lead to problems for private sector credit accesses. These are considered as realizable risks in growth target of 2009.

Figure 38 Sectoral Growth Rates (Constant Prices) (1) Realization estimate (2) Programme target

5.1.2. Employment

5.1.2.1. Current Outlook

Parallel to the transformation that Turkish economy is undergoing, during the 2002−2006 period, the cumulative expansion of employment was realized as 16.8 percent in industry, 22.5 percent in services and 14.1 percent in construction sectors while the corresponding rate was a negative 24.7 percent in agriculture. In 2007, employment was realized as 21,189 thousand and unemployment rate became 9.9 percent.

96 Table 37: Developments in the Labour Market as of Years

Source: TURKSTAT *(*) The numbers are revised according to the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) in 2006

In 2007, agricultural employments shrunk by 2 percent while the employment in industry and services sectors expanded by 1.2 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively. Particularly, the rise of employment in the services sector was due to the 6.2 percent increase in employment level of financial institutions sub-branch. In 2007 the shares within the total employment were 26.4 percent for agriculture, 19.8 percent for industry and 53.8 percent for services sectors.

Table 38: Developments in the Urban and Rural Labour Market

Source: TURKSTAT *(*) The numbers are revised according to the Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) in 2006

In 2007, the recorded expansion of 1.1 percent in employment depends on the rise in urban employment, which is determined by the newly created job opportunities by the private sector. In

97 2007, as a result of urban employment rose by 2.6 percent, unemployment in cities realised to be 11.9 percent.

In 2007, while the ratio of casual and regular employees within total employment increased, the ratio of self-employed and unpaid family workers within the total employment decreased.

Table 39: Employment According to the Payment Condition

Source: TURKSTAT (*) From November 2006, the results of the household labour force survey will be disseminated according to the total population obtained from the ABPRS. The large differences between the previous periods results from this.

The unemployment rate for the three month period of June, July and August of 2008 realized as 9.4 percent, with an increase by 0.6 percentage point, compared to the same period of the previous year. In the same period, non-agricultural unemployment rate was realized as 12.3 percent while unemployment rate among young population was realised as 18.3 percent. The number of employed in the given period, increased by 373 thousand people.

Table 40: Developments in the Labour Market as of July Months (1)

Source: TURKSTAT (1) For the three month period of June, July and August weighted average (2) From November 2006, the results of the household labour force survey will be disseminated according to the total population obtained from the ABPRS

98 In the 3-month period covering June, July and August 2008, the labour force participation rate increased in both men and women and realized to be 49.9 percent. In the same period, the agricultural employment dropped by 78,000 people compared to the same period of the previous year. During this period, increase in employment was 211 thousand in industry and 240 thousand in services sector. In 2008, it was estimated that labour force participation rate realized as 48 percent and the unemployment rate realized as 9.7 percent.

5.1.2.2. Targets for the Year 2009

Parallel to the forecasted growth and buoyant investments in 2009, total employment is expected to increase by 240,000 people whereas the unemployment rate is expected to be 10.4 percent.

5.1.3. General Balance of the Economy

5.1.3.1. Current Outlook

While total domestic demand increased by 5.6 percent in real terms in 2007, which contributed 5.9 percentage points to GDP growth, GDP grew by 4.6 percent due to the negative 1.2 percentage points contribution of foreign balance. In 2007, the growth rate of private consumption was realized as 4 percent, which was consistent with the slow down of total domestic demand. In 2007, while the growth rate of public sector fixed capital investment was realized as 13 percent, private sector fixed capital investment increased by 5.2 percent.

Figure 39: Contributions to GDP Growth 99 In 2008, total domestic demand was estimated to increase by 4.2 percent and GDP was estimated to grow by 4 percent owing to the negative 0.4 percent impact by the foreign balance.

In 2008, total consumption was estimated to rise by 3.6 percent due to 3.5 percent increase in private consumption and 4.2 percent rise in public consumption. In the same year, it was estimated that the share of public consumption within GDP in current prices, with a decline of 0.2 percent compared to the previous year, would reach a level of 9.6 percent while the share of private consumption, with a 0.4 percent rise, would be realized as 73.8 percent.

In 2008, private fixed capital investment was expected to rise by 4.5 percent, which was the lowest level since 2002. In the same period, public fixed capital investment was expected to rise by 2.8 percent. In this regard, a 4.3 percent increase was expected in total fixed capital investments in real terms and its share within GDP in current prices would become 21.6 percent, with a 0.3 percentage point decline compared to the previous year. In 2008, contribution of changes in stocks to GDP growth was estimated to realize as positive 0.5 points.

In 2008, the share of private disposable income in GDP was anticipated to increase to 87.6 percent while the share of private saving in GDP would remain at the previous year level. Private saving-investment difference, which had negative figures since 2005, was expected to realize as negative 4.8 percent of GDP. The share of public disposable income in GDP, which had an increasing trend since 2001 and reached 13.9 percent in 2006, was expected to decrease to 11.6 percent. In this development, main determinants would be the decrease in the shares of indirect tax and factor incomes in spite of an improvement in the social funds. The share of public saving to GDP improved continuously over time, owing to the no serious change in the share of public consumption in this period although fluctuated from year to year, in parallel with the increase in public disposable income in GDP and turned positive in 2005. The share of public saving to GDP, which reached the peak level in 2006, started to decline after 2007 due to the declining trend of public disposable income. In this regard, the share of public saving-investment difference in GDP, which was negative 1.5 percent in 2007, is expected to realize as negative 1.7 percent in 2008.

100 Table 41: General Balance of the Economy (In Current Prices)

Source: DPT (1) Realization Estimate (2) Programme Target

101 Table 42: General Balance of the Economy (In 1998 Prices)

Source: DPT (1) Percentage changes indicate contribution to GDP growth (2) Realization Estimate (3) Programme Target

5.1.3.2. Targets for the Year 2009

In 2009, GDP growth is expected to realize as 4 percent, owing to 4.2 percent increase in total domestic demand and negative 0.2 percent impact of foreign balance.

In 2009, private sector consumption expenditures and public sector consumption expenditures are expected to increase by 3.5 and 2.1 percent, respectively. In this year, private fixed capital investment is expected to grow by 5.6 percent while public sector fixed capital investment is expected to increase by 1.6 percent.

Analysis of the situation regarding the contribution to growth shows that private consumption contributes by 2.5, public consumption by 0.2, private fixed capital investment by 1.3 and public

102 sector fixed capital investment by 0.1 percent, respectively, to the GDP growth. Contribution of changes in stocks to GDP growth is expected to realize as positive 0.3 percent.

In 2009, the ratio of public disposable income to GDP is estimated to realize as 11.7 percent, with 0.1 percent increase from previous year level. In 2009, public saving-investment balance is expected to realize as negative 1.5 percent, with a slightly improvement compared to 2007, owing to same level of the share of public saving in GDP compared to previous year. In 2009, the ratio of total domestic saving to GDP is estimated to remain at the previous year level because the relative decline in public saving is expected to be offset by the rise in private saving.

5.2. COMPARISON OF TURKEY’S ECONOMY WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

Turkey is one of the larger economies of the world. A comparison of Turkish economy to some biggest economies of the world and Europe was given in Figures 40, 41, 42 and 43 [10].

Figure 40: World’s Biggest Economies (GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity, Trillion Dollars, 2008) Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2008

103

Figure 41: Europe’s Biggest Economies (GDP based on Purchasing Power Parity, Trillion Dollars, 2007) Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2008

Figure 42: Comparison of Europe and Turkey: Real GDP Growth (2001=100) Source: OECD, 2008

104

Figure 43: Per Capita GDP, 2007 (Purchasing Power Parity, AB-27=100) Source: Eurostat (*) Forecast

105 6. ECONOMY PROJECTIONS

6.1. PROJECTIONS OF THE TURKEY’S ECONOMY OVER A 5 YEAR TIMESCALE

Owing to structural reforms and decisive implementation of tight monetary and fiscal policies in recent period, Turkish economy achieved stability and displayed a distinguished growth performance among world economies. During the Ninth Development Plan period pursuance of the reform process and implementation of tight monetary and fiscal policies without any concessions, will ensure the sustainability of this growth performance. GDP is expected to increase at an annual average rate of 7 percent during the Plan period and per capita income is expected to be realized as 10,100 dollars in 2013. Thus, significant progress will be recorded within the process of nominal convergence to the EU and with its GDP reaching approximately 800 billion dollars; Turkey will rank as the 17th biggest economy in the world.

Table 43: Main Macroeconomic Indicators 2006 2013 2007−2013 Average Current As a Share As a Share Real Growth Prices Billion of GDP of GDP Rate TRY (Percent) (Percent) (Percent) Agriculture 54.8 9.9 7.8 3.6 Industry 142.9 25.9 27.2 7.8 Services 354.1 64.2 65.0 7.3 GDP 551.8 100.0 100.0 7.0 Total Consumption 449.0 81.4 76.1 6.8 Public 68.8 12.5 9.8 1.6 Private 380.2 68.9 66.3 7.2 Fixed Capital Investment 117.2 21.2 24.2 9.1 Public 31.0 5.6 6.0 8.1 Private 86.2 15.6 18.2 9.4 Total Final Domestic Demand 566.2 102.6 100.3 7.5 Total Domestic Demand 593.4 107.5 103.4 7.2 Exports of Goods and 161.5 29.3 32.4 11.2 Services Imports of Goods and 203.2 36.8 35.8 11.2 Services Source: DPT

Productivity increase will again play an important role in the growth performance, as in the 2002−2005 periods. Increase in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) is expected to be realized at an annual average rate of approximately 2.3 percent. TFP increases are particularly expected to arise from the industry and services sectors. With the impact of both the reforms realized in the

106 labour market and the active labour policies being carried out, the growth is expected to be reflected in employment and employment is estimated to increase at an annual average rate of 2.7 percent during the Plan period. A considerably high rate of increase, an annual average of 835 thousand persons, in employment of industry and services sectors is envisaged during the Plan period, and despite the population growth and dissolution in agriculture, this increase is expected to reduce the unemployment rate to 7.7 percent at the end of the period.

Private and public sector fixed capital investments are expected to increase at annual average rates of 9.4 percent and 8.1 percent, respectively, and increase in the total fixed capital investments is estimated to be realized as 9.1 percent during the Plan period. Thus, the contribution of factors of production to growth are estimated as 33.6 percent for the increase in capital stock, 29.4 percent for the increase in employment and 37.0 percent for the increase in the TFP during the Plan period.

The reduction in inflation rate, which has a major role in achieving sustainable growth environment, is projected to continue during the Plan period, and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) increase is expected to decline to 3 percent.

Table 44: Other Macroeconomic Indicators 2007−2013 2006 2013 Annual Average Percentage Change Increase in factors of Production, % Employment 2.3 3.3 2.7 Capital Stock 4.3 5.6 4.8 TFP 1.5 2.2 2.3 Contribution to Growth by Factors of Production, % Employment 27.0 35.1 29.4 Capital Stock 34.8 36.3 33.6 TFP 38.2 28.6 37.0 GDP, Current Prices, Billion TRY 551.8 1 145.5 *** GDP, Current Prices, Billion $ 3 80.5 797.4 *** GDP per capita, $ 5 215 10 099 9.9 GDP per capita, PPP, $ 8 786 15 332 8.3 Foreign Trade Export f.o.b., Billion $ 83.1 210.0 14.2 Import c.i.f., Billion $ 133.3 275.0 10.9 Trade Balance, Billion $ -38.1 -45.0 *** Trade Volume / GDP, % 54.4 59.0 ***

Tourism Revenues, Billion $ 19.6 36.0 9.3 Current Account Balance /GDP, % -7.3 -3.0 *** Foreign Direct Investment Inflow, Billion $ 17.0 12.0 12.1 Prices Increase in CPI, End of Year, % 5.0 3.0 *** Source: DPT

When the sectoral composition of production in the Turkish economy, which is projected to grow at an annual average rate of 7 percent during the Ninth Development Plan Period, is 107 examined, the industry and services sectors are expected to come forward. Along with the modernization of the economy and structural reforms, the share of the agricultural sector in total production and value-added is expected to continue to decrease. The share of agriculture sector in production, which was 18 percent and 11.2 percent on the average in the 1980−2000 and 2002−2005 periods, respectively, is projected to recede back to 7.8 percent as of 2013, whereas the annual average growth rate of agriculture sector is expected to be 3.6 percent during the 2007−2013 period. While the transformation in the sectoral composition of production is expected to take place against the agriculture sector, developments in favour of the industry sector are projected with the contribution of the policies that would increase competitiveness and support the shift to a high value-added structure. In this context, the share of the industry sector in total production is expected to increase during the Plan period and reach 27.2 percent at the end of this period. During this period, the annual average growth rate of industry sector is projected to exceed the economic growth rate and to realize as 7.8 percent. On the other hand, the annual average growth rate of the services sector is projected to be 7.3 percent during the Plan period; therefore, the share of services in total production is expected to increase slightly compared to previous years and reach 65 percent at the end of this period.

During the Ninth Development Plan period, a sustainable high increase in exports will be attained through the policies to be followed towards increasing competitiveness of the economy and shifting to a high value-added production structure. Exports, which were realized as 73.4 billion dollars in 2005, is targeted to reach 210 billion dollars in 2013 with an annual average increase of 14.2 percent during the Plan period. Parallel with the sustainable high economic growth, imports are also projected to show an annual average increase of 11 percent and reach 275 billion dollars in 2013. Therefore, the trade volume will be realized as approximately 470 billion dollars at the end of the Plan period. The ratio of the trade deficit to

GDP, which was 9 percent in 2005, is expected to decline to 5.6 percent in 2013. In this framework, the ratio of the current account deficit to GDP will decrease from 6.4 percent in 2005 to 3 percent at the end of the Plan period.

108 Table 45: Targets and Projections for the Public Sector (As a Share of GDP) 2006 2013 Average of 2007−2013 General Government Expenditures 45.1 36.1 40.3 General Government Primary Expenditures 36.9 34.2 36.4 General Government Revenues 45.5 39.7 41.8 General Government Borrowing Requirement -0.3 -3.6 -1.6 General Government Interest Payments 8.2 1.9 3.9 Public Sector Borrowing Requirement -0.9 -3.6 -1.7 Transfers to Social Security Institutions & 5.6 5.0 5.3 Health Expenditures in the Budget Tax Burden 31.6 30.0 30.8 Source: DPT

Structural measures, economic stability and high economic growth rate are expected to positively affect public finance balances during the Plan period and the ratio of the general government budget balance to GDP, which displayed a deficit of 9 percent annually on average during the 8th Plan period, is projected to turn to a surplus of 1.6 percent on the average due to the impact of the decline in interest expenditures.

The success to be achieved in the fight against informal economy will be one of the major instruments in sustaining the stability in public finance during the Plan period. The increase in revenues with the contribution of the economic growth, will allow for a more equitable distribution of the tax burden and a highly competitive economic structure as well as the sustainability of the stability in public finance. Furthermore, it will enable allocation of more resources to priority areas without making concessions from fiscal discipline.

The share of the State Economic Enterprise (SEE) system in the economy will considerably decline with the impact of privatization. The ratio of the overall gross sales revenues of SEEs to GDP is expected to decline from 9 percent in 2006 to 3.3 percent in 2013. During the same period, the ratio of the value-added of the SEE system to GDP is also estimated to decrease from 2 percent to 0.6 percent.

At the end of the Plan period, as a result of privatization, it is aimed that the state will completely withdraw from activities such as airlines and maritime transportation; locomotive and railway car production; sugar, tobacco and tea products processing; petrochemical industry; material procurement; distribution and wholesale trading of electricity. Furthermore, its shares in electricity generation, the natural gas market, coal and other mining operations are planned to be reduced. However, the SEEs in the areas of grain purchasing, seed production, railway transportation infrastructure, electricity transmission, oil exploration, airport operation, postal services and coastal security provision are not expected to be privatized during the Plan period.

109 Following the reform, which will become effective starting from 2007, the increasing social security deficit is aimed to be realized at lower rates in terms of its share in GDP during the Plan period compared to its 2006 level. Even though a decrease in the retirement system deficit is expected following the reform, the social security deficit cannot be reduced to the desired levels because of the additional burden to be brought by the universal health insurance system that will cover the entire population, facilitate access to health services and provide common standards in health insurance.

With the expansion of premium bases for civil servants, the increase in Premium revenues at an annual average rate of 0.5 percent of GDP are effective in the reduction of the retirement system deficit. Since the additional employer premium amount arising from the expansion of the base will impose a burden on the budget and since the additional amount that should be paid by the civil servants will be met from the budget so as not to cause a reduction in salaries, this regulation will increase budgetary expenditures. Therefore, since the increase in budgetary expenditures caused by this regulation will create additional revenues in the social security system, no changes will take place in the total fiscal balance of the public sector.

During the Plan period, with the impact of the gradual reduction in Social Security Institution (SGK) employer premium rate in order to reduce the informal economy, it is projected that a certain amount of increase will take place in the deficit of the system during the initial years of this application. However, towards the end of the Plan period, the increasing formal employment caused by this Premium reduction will bring additional revenues to the system; hence deficit of the system will start to decrease.

During the Ninth Development Plan period, the shares of public investment in education and health sectors, which are among priority sectors, will be increased. Parallel with the liberalization policy, the share of the public sector in energy investments will be gradually decreased. Even though the transportation sector will receive the largest share from public investments during the Plan period, since major projects will be completed over the years and financing models that involve the participation of the private sector will be utilized to the maximum extent during the same period, the share of the sector in public investments will be reduced. Following the withdrawal of the public sector from the production of commercial goods and services and the privatization of important SEEs, the share of public investment in mining and manufacturing industries will decrease. The weight of judicial services and e-government investments in other public service investments will be increased during the Plan period.

110 Table 46: Public Fixed Investments by Sectors 2006 2013 2007−2013 Sectors ( At Current Prices) ( At Current Prices) ( At 2006 Prices) Million %Share Million %Share Million %Share TRY TRY TRY Agriculture 1 375 7.7 5 040 11.8 17 278 10.2 Mining 640 3.6 1 141 2.7 5 514 3.3 Manufacturing 445 2.5 169 0.4 1 517 0.9 Energy 2 529 14.2 2 592 6.0 17 750 10.5 Transportation-Communication 5 674 31.8 10 984 25.6 44 023 26.0 Tourism 48 0.3 198 0.5 768 0.5 Housing 109 0.6 390 0.9 1 310 0.8 Education 2 494 14.0 9 399 21.9 32 405 19.1 Health 1268 7.1 3 702 8.6 14 293 8.4 Other Services 3 243 18.2 9 239 21.6 34 636 20.4 -Economic 1 728 9.7 4 195 9.8 15 624 9.2 -Social 1 515 8.5 5 044 11.8 19 012 11.2 Total 17824 100 42 855 100 169 495 100 Investment Workers Payment 2 463 3 885 19 180 Local Administration 10 690 22 217 105 936 Grand Total 30 978 68 957 294 611 Source: DPT

In line with the economic and social development, an average annual increase of 6.2 percent is projected for primary energy demand during the Plan period. The share of natural gas in energy consumption, which was 28 percent in 2005, is expected to increase to 34 percent, while the share of oil products is estimated to reduce from 37 percent to 31 percent. On the other hand, the electricity demand is projected to increase by 8.1 percent annually on average during the Plan period, driven mainly by the developments in industrial production and services sector.

Table 47: Targets in Energy Sector 2006 2013 2007−2013 Primary Energy Demand ( Thousand 96 560 147 400 6.2 Toe ) Electricity Demand (GWH) 171 450 295 500 8.1 Source: DPT

6.2. PROJECTIONS OF THE RESEARCH FUNDING OVER A 5 YEAR TIMESCALE

The share of R&D expenditures in GDP was 0.76 percent in 2006 in Turkey, whereas EU−27 average was 1.84 percent. As public funds allocated for this sector have been increasing since 2005, and private sector has been spending more funds for R&D purposes, the share of R&D expenditures in GDP is expected to rise.

111 The ratio of R&D personnel to total employment was 0.43 percent in Turkey as of 2006, which was below the EU−27 average 1.33 percent. Additionally, in Turkey 33.1 percent of the R&D personnel were employed by private sector, whereas this ratio equals to 49.3 percent in EU−27 countries in year 2006.

Private sector has very important role in transferring R&D studies into products and increasing the contribution of these studies in gaining competitive power. In Turkey, the ratio of R&D expenditures realized by private sector has increased from 33.8 in 2005, to 37 percent in 2006. On the other hand, it was still below the EU−27 average of 64 percent in 2006.

In Turkey 31.4 percent of the enterprises, employing more than 10 personnel, have reported that they implemented technological innovative activities during 2004−2006 period. The most important factors negatively affecting the innovative activities are stated as the high costs, shortage of monetary resources and lack of qualitative personnel. Law No 5746: Supporting Research and Development and Innovation Activities, which aimed to regulate incentives provided in the field of R&D and innovation, has come into force after being published in the Official Gazette in 12 March 2008. Once this law has become operative, R&D expenditures by private sector, and R&D personnel employed in the private sector are expected to increase in Turkey.

The most important output of the research activities pursued in the universities is the increase in the number of scientific articles published. In 2007, Turkey is in the 19th place in the Scientific Citation Index, as in 2005 and 2006.

In the Ninth Development Plan; nanotechnology, biotechnology, new generation nuclear technologies, hydrogen and fuel cell technologies; research in sectors where industry policy attaches priority to; R&D activities that aim to convert national resources into added-value; vaccine and anti-serum studies coming first, medical research aiming to increase the quality of life; information and communication technologies; and defence and space technologies are determined as the priority areas. Particularly in these areas, programmes for establishing big- scaled research laboratories and excellence centres, for providing support to basic and applied research projects, and for training up human resources are carried out.

The activities carried out by Technology Development Zones (TGB), Technology Development Centres (TEKMER), open technology incubation centres are continued to be supported. As of September 2008, the number of established Technology Development Zones is 31, among which 18 are actively operating. The number of active TGBs is expected to reach to 34, by 2009.

112 In order to secure effective use of R&D funds and facilitate the transfer of R&D outcomes into practical applications, public institutions are promoted to initiate R&D programmes in their operational fields since 2005. Within this context, San-Tez (Industrial Thesis) in Ministry of Industry and Trade, ENAR (Energy Research Programme) in Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Clean Coal Technologies Research Programme in General Directorate of Turkish Coal Enterprises were initiated.

The need for enhancing the monitoring and evaluation system of the applied policies and incentive mechanisms in the field of science and technology is still continuing.

6.2.1. R&D Targets

In increasing the share of R&D expenditures in GDP, substantial increases in private sector R&D expenditures as well as investments and supports provided from the state budget for R&D in increasingly growing amounts, constitute great importance. As of 2002, 64.3 percent of total R&D expenditures were realized by the higher education institutions, while 7 percent and 28.7 percent were made by other public institutions and the private sector, respectively. As of 2013, the private sector is projected to realize at least 60 percent of total R&D expenditures. In this framework, supports to be provided by the public sector will be designed in a way to increase the R&D activities of the private sector.

Table 48: R&D Targets 2002 2006* 2013 The Share of R&D Expenditures in GDP ( % ) 0.67 0.80 2.00 The Number of Full Time Equivalent 23 995 28 000 80 000 Researchers Source: TURKSTAT *Estimation of the under secretariat of DPT

Increasing R&D expenditures at this scale will only be meaningful with a sufficient number of adequately qualified researchers, who can use the created resources efficiently. As of 2002, 73.1 percent of total researchers were employed in universities, while 11.5 percent and 15.4 percent of those were employed in other public institutions and the private sector, respectively. In this scope, policies will be implemented to ensure increasing the number of researchers and employing major part of these researchers in the private sector.

113 7. INDUSTRY

7.1. CURRENT OUTLOOK OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Production of manufacturing industry increased 5.5 percent and 4.8 percent in 2006 and 2007 respectively. The sectors, which achieved highest production growth in 2007, were basic metals industry, transportation vehicles excluding automotives, metallic goods, electrical machinery, automotive, chemicals and plastics-rubber products. Despite the general increasing trend in the production index, reductions in the electronics and information and communication devices industries were significant. In the first eight months of 2008, manufacturing industry production increased 3 percent compared to the same period of the previous year. In this period, high growth rates in electrical machinery, automotive, basic metals industries and paper products were remarkable [15].

According to TURKSTAT monthly manufacturing industrial tendency survey, no significant deviation in the capacity utilization rate has been observed. Private sector capacity utilization rate, which was 80.8 percent in 2007, realized as 79 percent in the first eight months of 2008.

Manufacturing industry private sector fixed capital investments increased 5 percent in 2007. In 2008, approximately 4 percent increase is expected. As a sign of investment tendency of companies, in the manufacturing industry the number of incentive certificates decreased by 11.7 percent and investment volume in the current prices increased by 4.9 percent in 2007. In the first eight months of 2008, the number of incentive certificates increased by 18.1 percent and investment volume decreased by 14.4 percent in current prices compared to the same period of the previous year.

According to the index of production workers, an upswing tendency in the manufacturing industry employment has been continuing with slowing down. This employment level increased 2.2 and 1.8 percent in the third quarter and the forth quarter of 2007 respectively compared to the same periods of previous year and in 2008 increased 1.7 percent in the first quarter and 0.6 percent in the second quarter.

Total amount of exports were USD 107.3 billion and its growth rate was 25.4 percent. Manufacturing industry exports increased 26 percent and its share in the total exports reached 94.2 percent in 2007. Petroleum products, plastics and rubber products, basic metals, machinery, electrical machinery and automotive exports increased significantly in 2007. In January-August period of 2008 compared to the same period of 2007, the volume of total exports reached USD

114 92.5 billion with an increase of 37.4 percent and manufacturing industry exports reached USD 88.3 billion with an increase of 38.6 percent. During this period automotive, basic metals, metallic goods, non-metallic minerals and petroleum products industries are the sectors that achieved the highest increases in exports.

Manufacturing industry imports reached USD 134 billion with an increase of 21.3 percent while total imports and its growth rate were USD 170 billion and 21.8 percent in 2007 respectively. Electrical machinery, basic metals, chemicals, plastics and rubber industries, petroleum products and textiles industries are the sectors that experienced the significant increases in imports. In January-August period of 2008 compared to the same period of previous year manufacturing industry imports reached USD 108.3 billion with an increase of 27.9 percent while the volume of total imports reached USD 145.6 billion with an increase of 35.8 percent.

Table 49: Main Indicators of Manufacturing Industry (Percentage Changes)

Source: TURKSTAT – [(1) 8 Months, (2) 6 Months, (3) 5 Months], (4) DPT-Annual Estimation, (5) Industry Data, (6) Based on SITC

The change in intermediate goods other than oil and natural gas, having a large share in total imports, is significant. While imports of goods other than oil and natural gas displayed the value of USD 100.8 billion in 2007; it reached to USD 88.1 billion with an increase of 35 percent in January-August period of 2008 compared to the same period of previous year. The share of intermediate goods in total imports other than oil and natural gas, that was 69.8 percent in the first eight months of 2007, rose up to 71.6 percent in the same period of 2008. High level of this ratio takes root from- high growth in raw materials and intermediate goods imports affected by high growth rates experienced in the production and exports of some sectors, and therefore increases current account deficit. For this reason, it is important to shift to high value-added production structure in industry in order to reduce current account deficit.

115 Table 50: Structure of Manufacturing Industry Production and Exports (Percentage Share)

Source: TURKSTAT, OECD STAN Database (1) Based on OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard (2) It covers the firms that have 10+ employees (3) DPT estimation based on 2004 prices (4) EU countries that are also OECD members.

Table 51: Changes in the Main Sectors of manufacturing Industry

Source: TURKSTAT (1) At 1997 prices (2) At current prices (USD) (3) 8 months data

In the petroleum products sector, while the volume of the production decreased to 25 million tons with a decrease of 1.1 percent, imports rose to 13 million tons with an increase of 10.2 and exports rose to 6.5 million tons with an increase of 5.4 percent in 2007. Domestic consumption rose to about 31 million tons with an increase of 3.5 percent.

The rate of the Special Consumption Tax (ÖTV) on fuels and LPG products, which was fixed with the start of the free pricing process in 2004, was re-determined in November 2007. As a result of both the influence of the increases of the crude oil prices on the petroleum products and ÖTV changes, gasoline prices and diesel fuel prices increased 13.1 percent and 24 percent respectively in the first six months of 2008 compared to 2007 averages.

116 The average annual rate of chemical production increase in the last 5 years has been 9,6 percent and in 2007, the production increase has been 10,8 percent. Compared to the previous year, the export has increased 16.5 percent and reached to USD 4.1 million, and the import has increased 20.5 percent and reached to USD 23.6 million. The chemical industry’s import ranks the first with 17.6 percent share among the manufacturing industry. The imports of thermoplastics and basic chemicals which are intermediate goods are among the high levels. The chemical industry is highly dependent on raw material imports and the industry is becoming more dependent on imports as the demand is not fully met by production and the new investments are plant extension type and have small capacity. Construction of specialized industrial zones may motivate the investors to invest since the environmental issues will be solved and competitiveness will be increased by acquiring the building sites and lands. Considering that 33.6 percent of total chemical industry export is realized to the European Union, REACH Directive, which came into force on 2007, is expected to affect the chemical industry and all other industries using chemicals. Studies in order to reduce the possible negative effects of REACH Directive and to realize the harmonization with EU legislation are being carried by different institutions.

The high growth rates seen in the construction sector in the last years dropped down to 5 percent in 2007. With the contribution of the slowdown in the growth of the construction sector, production of non-metallic mineral products industry decreased 0.1 percent in 2007 compared to the previous year. Since the domestic demand did not increase as it was expected, the sector shifted towards foreign markets; consequently increasing the exports of the sector rose 21.4 percent, from 2.8 billion US dollars in 2006 to 3.4 billion US dollars in 2007.

In the cement industry, the volume of the production, which was 47.4 million tons in 2006, rose to 49.3 million tons in 2007 with an increase of 3.9 percent and reached its highest level up to present. Tendency of growth in the production continued in the first four months of 2008. In this period, the growth rate was 11.8 percent compared to the previous year. Cement exports (including clinker), which was 7.2 million tons in 2006, rose to 8.2 million tons in 2007 with an increase of 13.6 percent.

In the glass sector, domestic glass production increased by 15 percent and the exports rose to 839.4 million US dollars with an increase of 21.4 percent in 2007 with the contribution of the new investments put into operation recently.

International prices of steel inputs such as iron ore, coking coal and scrap has been increasing since 2002, mainly due to the increasing steel production in China. This trend continued in 2007

117 and in the first half of 2008. However, international steel prices have started to decline after August 2008. Global steel demand and international steel prices will be inevitably affected negatively if recession prospects in the global markets will be realized.

Turkish iron and steel industry enjoyed the potential in the domestic and export markets and continued its growth trend in 2007. Total steel production in Turkey increased by 13.3 percent and reached to a level of 26.1 million tons in this year. In terms of product groups, long production increased by 14.2 percent, flat production increased by 9.4 percent and special steel production increased by 11 percent. On the other hand, Turkish iron and steel products exports increased by 8.7 percent in terms of volume and by 33.2 percent in terms of value and reached to 13.8 million tons and 8.1 billion dollars respectively. In the first half of 2008, exports continued to increase by 19.1 percent in terms of volume and by 47.6 percent in terms of value. Increase in the value of exports has been higher than increase in the volume of exports due to the increasing international steel prices.

In machinery industry the rates of increase were 4.5 percent in production, 33.5 percent in exports and 19.9 percent in imports in 2007. High production increases were observed in lifting- handling, machine tools and food industry machines. In the sector, decrease was 4.7 percent in production, but increases were 33.7 percent in exports and 12.3 percent in imports in January- August period of 2008.

The production in white goods industry has been export-oriented at a great extent and more than 50 percent of refrigerator and washing machine production together with more than 70 percent of dishwasher production have been exported. In terms of quantity the decrease rates were 2.8 percent in production, 1.8 percent in domestic sales and 12.3 percent in imports despite exports increased 0.6 percent in January- August period of 2008.

In automotive industry’s exports, considerable developments have been realized in recent years. The cooperation between domestic and foreign partners and decisions of international firms to undertake production in Turkey have effected this developments in exports. Automotive industry export reached USD 17 billion in 2007 by 34.2 percent annual average increase within 2000−2007 period. Therefore, significant progress has been achieved for being a production centre in automotive industry and nearly 1.1 million vehicles were produced in 2007 with the contribution of exports. In the main automotive industry (assembler) as a unit, the production has been increased by 28.3 percent, export has been increased by 32.4 percent, import has been increased by 7.3 percent in the first eight months of 2008 and import penetration became 57.6 percent, the export to production ratio realized as 78.5 percent. Importance shall be attached to

118 extend firm co operations including the primary -supplier integration to achieve economies of scale in production, and export oriented growth and sustainable competitiveness.

Defence industry production increased from 1.1 billion USD to 2 billion USD between 2002 and 2007. In the same period export rose from 247 million USD to 420 million USD. In this period main activities carried out to develop domestic production and design capabilities are tank, helicopter, warship and surveillance purposed satellite production and design projects. The most important effectiveness indicator of defence industry sector is percentages of domestic supply in Turkish Armed Forces needs whose rate is increased from 25 to 41.6 percent between 2003 and 2007.

In developed countries 85−95 percent of defence needs are supplied from domestic resources. In supplying defence needs domestic industry could not be utilized sufficiently. Also the cooperation between defence industry firms and other industry firms hasn’t been developed adequately. One of the important factors, which hinder development of defence industry, is the current system, which favours the procurement of finished products rather than product development. Limited and not well focused on product development R&D budgets of the domestic firms is another reason not to meet defence demands. This situation is limiting the technologic capability and capacity of the domestic firms and hindering their contribution to defence system.

119 8. PROSPECTS OF TURKEY FOR CERN MEMBERSHIP AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

The Republic of Turkey declared her intention to become a member state of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with the official letter dated 16 March 2009 signed by the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, which emphasizes the commitment of the Turkish Government for CERN membership.

Government of Turkey has reviewed the rules and procedures for the accession of new members to CERN, as adopted by the CERN Council in its report dated 15 June 2001, and is well aware of the legal and financial obligations, as well as the scientific, industrial and political criteria to be fulfilled for the assessment of her eligibility for CERN membership.

The cooperation between Turkey and CERN was initiated in the 1960’s within the scope of collaborative studies between scientific institutions of Turkey and CERN. More recently, Turkish scientists and engineers have been involved in various CERN projects including ATLAS, CMS, CAST, ALICE experiments and CLIC and ISOLDE projects. Today the Turkish participation at CERN has been broadened to nineteen universities, of which six are official member institutions in various collaborations of CERN.

Being the fully authorized governmental authority for all transactions in the frame of Turkey- CERN relations, the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) has signed a Cooperation Agreement with CERN on 14 April 2008, confirming the governmental support for the researchers working within the ATLAS, CMS, CAST, ALICE experiments and other projects. Turkey has successfully fulfilled its commitments within these collaborations to date.

Towards fulfilling the commitments under the membership to CERN, Turkey has determined certain milestones to be achieved during and after the period of candidateship for accession. These milestones are presented as follows:

1. The particle physics and accelerator technologies will be highlighted amongst the topics of research and development in Turkey with a higher priority. The universities are encouraged to take the necessary steps to achieve this objective.

2. The scientific branches such as particle physics, particle accelerators and nuclear technology will be promoted at the universities with the necessary infrastructure so that these research topics will be more extensively studied country-wide. To do so, TAEK has notified the Higher Education Council (YÖK) to raise awareness at the

120 Turkish universities so that involvement in CERN experiments is extended to departments comprising different engineering disciplines, along with high energy physics. This is also consistent with the multi-disciplinary aspects of CERN activities.

3. The existing particle physics laboratories will be improved and new ones will be established at the universities. It is to be noted that these laboratories are an important part of the national infrastructure for CERN activities.

4. The number of scientific researchers in particle physics along with the engineers working in the supporting fields will be increased systematically and TAEK has drawn attention to this very important point in the notification made to the universities through YÖK.

5. Fellowship programs of Ministry of National Education, YÖK and TÜBİTAK will have quotas for the specific subject fields related to CERN activities.

6. Scientific excursions to CERN will be organized for young students (secondary school students and undergraduate beginners) to attract their attention and to widen their vision, which will undoubtedly assure the sustainability of qualified manpower dedicated to CERN and similar scientific activities.

7. A common problem for some countries is the lack of national research centres and highly qualified laboratories that attracts the experienced scientists and engineers upon completion of their missions at CERN and other particle physics laboratories in abroad. This is also valid for Turkey, and Turkey gives utmost importance to the establishment of a national infrastructure that consists of dedicated laboratories, facilities and schools. Only via the establishment of such an infrastructure would it be possible to keep and enhance qualified manpower within the country. The policy of the Turkish Government is clearly demonstrated by its support for the TAEK Proton Accelerator Facility and the Turkish Accelerator Centre (TAC) Project, as presented in the previous sections. Meanwhile, the Supreme Council for Science and Technology adopted the National Nuclear Technology Development Program (2007−2015) on 7 March 2007 that is currently being implemented by TAEK. A new nuclear technology centre is planned to be established in Sinop within the framework of this program, which will be a part of the national nuclear research infrastructure.

8. Turkish industry has proven its competencies in various fields of expertise, including −but not limited to− civil engineering, electronics and machinery. Necessary steps 121 will be taken for raising the awareness of the national industry in their potential role in CERN activities. Establishment of coordination units at the chambers of industry and commerce in regard of supplying goods and services for CERN is planned for the medium term. It is to be noted that the competency of the Turkish industry is also appreciated in regard of nuclear power plant construction in Turkey and the bidder has met all criteria of TAEK including “localization criterion” that requires the proposal of a plan and program for localization of nuclear power plant, which should be at least 60%. Furthermore, construction of both TAEK Proton Accelerator Facility and Turkish Accelerator Centre will be implemented by Turkish engineering and construction companies.

The impact of CERN membership for Turkey can be evaluated within the highlights presented below:

 The short term impact will be mostly in the experimental high energy physics, accelerator physics and nuclear physics areas. Full membership to CERN will bring a better recognition of the experimental high-energy physics and accelerator physics research in the national level.

 The membership will enhance both the appreciation of fundamental physics research and expertise in the supporting engineering sciences in Turkey and this undoubtedly will lead to an increase in the qualified manpower within the country.

 Participation in R&D activities at CERN will bring a spin-off impact on the national technological capacity by increasing the know-how in Turkey for detector, magnet and vacuum technologies as well as instrumentation and control. The know-how includes design, development, construction and operation of detectors, magnets and vacuum systems and this will contribute to the improvement of technological capacity of Turkey. Eventually this would impel the national industry related to these activities to find pathways to participate in CERN related activities, and as the result of this the domestic industrial participation will increase in time.

 Exposition to cutting-edge technologies within an international environment through CERN membership will enhance the national competitiveness and innovation capacity and will give a big impulse to scientific and technical research in Turkey.

Turkey is a sovereign, independent and democratic European State. Turkey understands and is fully ready to fulfil all the obligations of a CERN Member State and believes that this scientific 122 and technological integration is an important step in her efforts towards becoming a member of the European Union. Having these arguments in mind, the Government of Turkey is confident that Turkey is fully qualified to become a member state of CERN, satisfying the scientific, industrial and political criteria set forth by the CERN Council.

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124 9. REFERENCES

1. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, TAEK, www.taek.gov.tr 2. The Scientific And Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBİTAK, www.tubitak.gov.tr/ 3. The Turkish Academy of Sciences: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/index_en.php 4. http://www.grid.org.tr/eng/ 5. Feza Gürsey Institute: http://www.gursey.gov.tr/ 6. Turkish Accelerator Centre Collaboration: http://thm.ankara.edu.tr 7. Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East: http://www.sesame.org.jo 8. Turkish Statistical Institute, TURKSTAT, www.turkstat.gov.tr 9. Undersecretariat of State Planning Organization, DPT, http://www.dpt.gov.tr 10. Undersecretariat of Treasury, http://www.treasury.gov.tr 11. Undersecretariat of State Planning Organization, Ninth Development Plan 2007−2013, ANKARA, 2006 12. Turkish Statistical Institute, Turkey in Statistics 2008, ANKARA, December 2008 13. Official Gazette, No.27111, 15 January 2009 14. Undersecretariat of State Planning Organization, Republic of Turkey 2009 Annual Programme, ANKARA, 2008 15. Undersecretariat of State Planning Organization, Sector Profiles of Turkish Industry A General Outlook, ANKARA, February 2004

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