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Download PDF Van Tekst Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste H.J.J.M. van der Merwe bron H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste. J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria 1971 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/merw002vroe01_01/colofon.htm © 2006 dbnl / erven H.J.J.M. van der Merwe vii Inleidende opmerkinge 1. Hierdie werk sluit aan by die Patriotwoordeboek (Van Schaik, 1968; nr. 3 in hierdie reeks), en baie van die opmerkinge wat ek daar onder die Inleiding gemaak het, is ook hier ter sake. Oorspronklik was dit die gedagte om die ander leksikologiese arbeid van voor die Patriotwoordeboek in verskeie dele uit te gee, maar wat ek bymekaar kon bring, kon gerieflik in een band saamgevat word. Aanvanklik het ek gemeen om ook die artikels van D.U.M., Hamelberg, e.a. (waarna ek verwys in die Inleiding tot die Patriotwoordeboek) in te sluit, maar omdat hulle slegs sporadies voorbeelde van woorde gee, dus nie lyste bevat nie, het ek besluit om hulle weg te laat. Hierdie artikels het egter besondere waarde as ‘gegewens rondom Afrikaans in die vorige eeu’, en hulle behoort beslis in 'n afsonderlike band te verksyn. Na my wete het ek die belangrikste leksikologiese bydraes uit die vorige eeu ingesluit. Ons Taalskat van S.J. du Toit dateer wel uit 1908-9, maar dit sluit so nou aan by die ander dat ek dit nie kon weglaat nie. Na lang oorweging het ek besluit om die opmerkinge oor die 8 ‘skrywers’ onder die Inleidende opmerkinge tuis te bring, en nié voor die betrokke lyste nie - dit vergemaklik 'n oor-en-weer-verwysing. Tweetalige lyste (waarvan daar nogal 'n hele aantal bestaan) is doelbewus weggelaat; miskien kan later hieraan gewerk word. 1.1. Die spelling van die lyste is met opset onveranderd gelaat; so werp dit soms interessante lig op die verskillende ontwikkelingsfases in die skryfwyse van bepaalde woorde (vgl. bajan, banje, baia, baiing, baie), en dikwels gee dit ook 'n aanduiding van die toentertydse uitspraak. Dit raak ook meermale betekenisontwikkeling. Daar kan dus geen sprake wees van spellingnormalisering by hierdie ouer lyste nie. 1.2. Die waarde van hierdie lyste kan aansienlik verhoog word deur die volgende werke vooraf te lees: NIENABER, G.S. 1950. Taalkundige belangstelling in Afrikaans tot 1900. Johannesburg, Afr. Pers Bpk. VAN DER MERWE, H.J.J.M. e.a. 1968. Afrikaans - sy aard en ontwikkeling. Hfste. 1-5. Pertoria, Van Schaik. En vir 'n vergelyking is die volgende werke nuttig: BOSHOFF, S.P.E. en G.S. NIENABER. 1967. Afrikaanse Etimologieë. Pretoria, S.A. Akademie vir Wet. en Kuns. SCHOLTZ, J. du P. 1965? Afrikaans uit die vroeë tyd (studies oor die Afrikaanse taal en literêre volkskultuur voor 1875). Hfst. 6-8. Kaapstad, Nasou. Met al hierdie bykomende materiaal kan daar nou ernstiger gedink word aan 'n historiese woordeboek van Afrikaans, soos reeds lankal aan die hand gedoen is, o.a. ook deur J. du P. Scholtz. 1.3. My dank aan prof. G.S. Nienaber, wat meergenoemde artikels van D.U.M. e.a. aan my ter insae gestuur het; en vir die lyste van Leibbrandt en Postma; asook die afdruk van Du Toit s'n. H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste Ook my dank aan prof. Emil Loubser (van P.E.) vir die afdrukke van Tromp en Kern se lyste. H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste viii 2. CHANGUION, Antoine Nicolas Ernest, opvoedkundige, taal- en letterkundige, kerkman-politikus, redenaar en joernalis, eensame taalstryder en vernaamste voorloper van die Hollandse Taalbeweging in Suid-Afrika, is op 15 Des. 1803 in Den Haag gebore. Die stamvader, PIERRE CHANGUION, Hugenoot en boer, het tydens die bloedbad van Vassey (1562) op lg. dorpie gewoon, selfs nadat sy huis verniel is. Sommige van sy nasate het ook daar bly woon; die meeste was predikante. Die Changuions is dus 'n ou familie wat na 1685 na Nederland gekom het en daar die Changuion-stam van Nederland begin het. Onder hulle was die stamvader se kleinseun, PIERRE CHANGUION, wat die stamvader van die Nederlandse tak geword het. As gevolg van geldelike moeilikhede tree Antoine se ouers, FRANCOIS DANIEL CHANGUION (politikus, diplomaat, ens.; o.a. die eerste Nederlandse gesant in die V.S.A.) en HENRIETTA WILHELMINA HARTINGH (dogter van 'n gesiene Leidenaar) uit die openbare lewe en in 1820 verhuis hulle na Duitsland en woon die volgende 30 jaar in Offenbach aan die Main, waar Antoine op vroeë leeftyd die Duitse taal en letterkunde leer ken en bewonder. Hy het ook Frans geleer en in Engels en Frans lesgegee in Frankfurt-am-Main. Later gee hy les in Amsterdam in Duits, Frans en Engels, terwyl hy terselfdertyd Latyn en Grieks bestudeer. In 1828 skryf hy in as student in die lettere en teologie aan die Leidse Universiteit. In 1831 aanvaar hy (op versoek) 'n professoraat in die klassieke en moderne tale, veral die Nederlandse lettere, aan die Zuid-Afrikaansche Athenaeum (gestig in 1829; later bekend as die South African College, en vandag die University of Cape Town). Hy staak sy teologiese studies, en die Leidse Universiteit skenk aan hom die titel Philosophiae Theoreticae Magister et Litirarum Humaniorum Doctor (honoris causa). Aan die Zuid-Afrikaansche Athenaeum bly hy in hierdie betrekking tot 1842 wanneer hy daarvoor bedank om verskillende redes. Hy is op 25 Sept. 1832 getroud met M.E. Faure, dogter van Abram Faure en S. Smuts (weduwee Le Febre). Uit hierdie huwelik is 6 seuns en 3 dogters gebore. Hierdie eensame stryder was geleerd, 'n persoon van aansien, geëerd deur almal en daarby 'n merkwaardige redenaar, maar dit was veeleer die gesonde, redelike lewenshouding en sy ywer vir die saak van die Hollandssprekendes wat hom bo sy tydgenote verhef het. Op opvoedkundige gebied was hy die groot lig van sy tyd. Hy was die skrywer van die allereerste skoolboeke wat in Suid-Afrika geskryf en gepubliseer is. As taalkundige het hy 'n belangrike plek ingeneem. In dié opsig was hy 'n goeie en geliefde leermeester, wat verstaan het om met kinders om te gaan. Met sy Geslachtwijzer der Nederduitsche Taal (1842) het hy probeer om die dorheid van die Nederlandse grammatiese geslag enigsins minder onaangenaam te maak. Hierin het hy geslaag en o.a. het sy Beginselen der Cijferkunst (1857) en sy Elements of Dutch Grammar (1860) jare lank in die skole voortgeleef. (Hy het besield geraak met die ideaal dat Suid-Afrikaners tweetalig moes word, maar hy was nie juis anti-Engels nie.) Sy magnus opus is sonder twyfel sy De Nederduitsche Taal in Zuid-Afrika hersteld, zynde een handleiding tot de kennis dier taal, naar de plaatselyke behoefte van het land gewyzigd (1844, tweede druk 1848). Hiermee wou hy aan die Hollandse taal so 'n hegte grondslag gee aan die Kaap dat Afrikaans (Kaapsche Taaieigen) geen ingang sou kon vind nie. Hy het spoedig ingesien dat hy misgetas het en in die H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste inleiding tot die tweede druk van hierdie boek het hy erken dat die Nederlandse taal geen kans het om die volkstaal van die Afrikaner te word nie. Van groter belang is die toegif agter in die boek: Proeve van Kaapsch Taaleigen, so 'n 20 bladsye Afrikaanse woorde en wendinge, met grammatiese opmerkings daartussenin. Hiermee wou hy eerstens die taal van die Kapenaars suiwer, en tweedens 'n bydrae lewer tot die ontluikende Hollandse dialekstudie: dit sou vergelykings-materiaal verskaf. As die eerste bewuste en uitvoerige dokument oor die Afrikaanse taal, is dit die kosbaarste bron uit die eerste helfte van die 19de eeu, ten spyte daarvan H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, Vroeë Afrikaanse woordelyste ix dat dit net betrekking het op die taalgebruik in Kaapstad, en nie volledig is nie. Tog het hy die grondslag gelê van ons woordondersoek, en later sou vele hiervan gebruikmaak, of daarna verwys. Changuion was sy tyd en sy aangenome vaderland ver vooruit in heelwat opsigte en dit het van hom 'n eensame stryder gemaak, en na meer as 33 jaar van onvermoeide ywer aan die Kaap het hy tog moed verloor: in 1865 keer hy terug na Europa saam met sy suster, Louise, sy vrou en twee dogters. Daar gee hy weer onderwys in Frankfurt-am-Main en Aarau. In 1876 vestig hy hom in Lausanne (Switserland) en later in Lörrach, waar hy in 1881 tot sterwe kom. (Ek het taamlik breedvoerig gegaan oor hierdie belangrike figuur omdat ons so min van hom weet. Verder verwys ek na 'n breedvoeriger artikel van my wat sal verskyn in die Suid-Afrikaanse biografiese woordeboek, deel 2.) 'n Heftige reaksie op die Proeve kom van J. Suasso de Lima (bekende figuur in die letterkundige kringe van daardie dae) in 'n brosjure: De Taal der Kapernaren, verdedigd tegen de schandelijke aanranding derzelve van Professor Changuion (1844), waarin hy veral beswaar maak daarteen dat Changuion se voorbeelde op die taal van die burgerkringe slaan, terwyl dié voorbeelde eintlik tekenend is van die taal van onbeskaafdes. Afgesien van die lys kom in die boek self voortdurend voorbeelde van Kaapsch Taaleigen voor - 'n mens behoort dus eintlik die hele boek te lees. Om 'n beter agtergrondsbegrip van sy Proeve te kry, is dit essensieel om vooraf sy Inleidende aanmerkingen te lees. Hierin verklaar hy o.a. waarom hy nie ‘de platte Kaapsche spraak’ probeer weergee in sy voorbeelde nie. Daarom word die wwe. in Nederlands gegee in die lemmas: aantrekken, afnemen, afslagten, ens.; d.w.s. die inskrywings en meermale ook voorbeelde van uitdrukkinge word in Nederlands aangegee. Dis jammer, want 'n mens sou graag wou weet of hy werklik nog die -en- uitgang gehoor het.
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