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National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

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National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA INSTITUTE OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN December 2005 Addis Ababa Ethiopia TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS..................................................................................................................... iv FOREWORD ……………………………………………………………………………..v NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR GENERAL …………………………………………...vi PREFACE.........................................................................................................................vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 BIODIVERSITY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE..................................................................................... 1 1.3 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) ......................................................... 2 1.4 A BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR ETHIOPIA........................................ 3 1.5 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT..................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 4 BIODIVERSITY IN ETHIOPIA - A REVIEW ................................................................. 4 2.1 CURRENT STATUS AND THREATS............................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Physiography..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2. NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA.................................................................................... 6 2.1.2.1. Afroalpine and Subafroalpine Ecosystem...................................................................................... 7 2.1.2.2 Dry Evergreen Montane Forest and Grassland complex................................................................. 8 2.1.2.3 Moist Evergreen Montane Forest Ecosystem................................................................................10 2.1.2.4 Acacia-Comiphora Woodland Ecosystem .................................................................................... 12 2.1.2.5 Combretum-Terminalia Woodland Ecosystem............................................................................. 13 2.1.2.6 Lowland, Semi-evergreen Forest Ecosystem................................................................................ 14 2.1.2.7 Desert and Semi-desert Scrubland Ecosystem..............................................................................15 2.1.2.8 Aquatic Ecosystem........................................................................................................................ 16 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES.................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.3 Micro-organisms.............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.3.1. Agriculture................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.3.2 Industry ......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.3.3 Medicine ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.3.4 Microbial diversity and Conservation status................................................................................. 21 2.1.4 Flora (including Crops) ................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.4.1. Forest Resources ........................................................................................................................ 223 2.1.4.2. Field Crop Resources................................................................................................................. 245 2.1.4.3 Horticultural Crop Resources........................................................................................................ 25 2.1.4.5 Essential Oil Bearing Plant Resources.......................................................................................... 26 2.1.4.6 Medicinal Plant Resources............................................................................................................ 27 2.1.4.7 Pasture and Forage Genetic Resources ......................................................................................... 27 2.1.5 Wild and Domestic Fauna ............................................................................................................... 28 2.1.5.1 Wild Faunal Resources ................................................................................................................. 28 2.1.5.2 Protected Areas ............................................................................................................................. 31 2.1.5.3 Domestic Faunal Resources........................................................................................................ 323 2.2 ROOT CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS IN ETHIOPIA........................................................... 34 2.2.1.Direct Threats and Root Causes of Ecosystem Biodiversity Loss................................................... 34 2.2.2. Threats to agro-biodiversity............................................................................................................ 35 i 2.2.3. Cross-cutting Causes of Biodiversity Loss ..................................................................................... 36 2.2.3.1 Population growth and Increasing Demand for Natural Resources.............................................. 36 2.2.3.2 Economic systems and valuation of the environment and its resources ....................................... 36 2.2.3.3 Inequity in Ownership .................................................................................................................. 37 2.2.3.4 Deficiencies in knowledge and its application.............................................................................. 38 2.2.3.5 Legal and institutional systems that promote unsustainable exploitation..................................... 38 2.3. REVIEW OF KEY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ISSUES ................................................. 39 2.3.1. Planning and Polices....................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.2. Legislation...................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.3. Identification and Monitoring......................................................................................................... 43 2.3.4. In-Situ Conservation....................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.5 Ex-Situ Conservation ....................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.6 Sustainable Use ............................................................................................................................... 46 2.3.7 Incentive Measures.......................................................................................................................... 47 2.3.8 Capacity Building in Research and Training................................................................................... 49 2.3.9 Public Education and Awareness..................................................................................................... 49 2.3.10 Environmental Impact Assessment................................................................................................ 50 2.3.11 Access Issues................................................................................................................................. 50 2.3.12 Exchange of Information............................................................................................................... 51 2.3.13 Financial Resources....................................................................................................................... 51 2.3.14 Technology Transfer..................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 55 PRINCIPLES, GOAL, STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES .. 55 3.1. BASIC PRINCIPLES........................................................................................................................ 55 3.2 THE GOAL OF THE BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN.................................. 56 3.2 STRATEGTIC
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