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Impact of Neighborhood Morphology on Air Pollution Dispersion Patterns Due to Unplanned Building Demolition: a Parametric Study

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Impact of Neighborhood Morphology on Air Pollution Dispersion Patterns Due to Unplanned Building Demolition: a Parametric Study SHRESTHA, SAMATA M.S. MAY 2019 ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IMPACT OF NEIGHBORHOOD MORPHOLOGY ON AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION PATTERNS DUE TO UNPLANNED BUILDING DEMOLITION: A PARAMETRIC STUDY Thesis Advisor: Dr. Adil Sharag-Eldin An unplanned demolition of a building is either natural such as earthquake or human caused disaster like terrorist attack and wars. Unplanned building demolition generates a considerable amount of dust cloud and demolition waste comprising Particulate Matter (PM) of various sizes. A significant body of evidence relates chronic and acute adverse health effects to increased exposure of PM to the public. However, the literature review reveals a limited number of studies addressing the impact of unplanned demolition on local air quality. This is primarily due to the post-disaster situation is chaotic. The study focuses on investigating neighborhood environmental morphologies that reduce pollution dispersion at pedestrian levels. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the pattern and characteristics of pollution dispersion due to unplanned building demolition in a neighborhood. CFD-based air quality model “ENVI-met” was used to simulate the pollution dispersion in selected ten types of neighborhood morphologies. The research compares simulated pollution blooms resulting from a building collapse amid of ten different neighborhood morphologies. For each neighborhood configuration, the simulation produced thirty-six horizontal and forty-eight vertical dispersion measurements. The analysis confirmed that the dust plume generated during unplanned building demolition dispersed 200m beyond the source at almost of the neighborhoods. However, the concentration levels were different depending upon the type of neighborhood morphologies. The research identifies the sensitivity of an area to human health in the neighborhood facing unplanned demolition. The thesis concludes with proposing few design recommendations for street canyon, wind flow, building design, vegetation placement, and overall safety to help urban designers minimize the impact of unplanned building demolition and air pollution dispersion. The findings of this research are significant to urban designers to improve the quality of air through planning; to residents, rescue workers and victims to identify the exposure to PM during disaster and seek timely medical attention; and policy makers to acknowledge the need of air quality standards for short term high pollution levels. Keywords: unplanned building demolition, air pollution, neighborhood morphology, pollution dispersion pattern, parametric study, public health, urban design. IMPACT OF NEIGHBORHOOD MORPHOLOGY ON AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION PATTERNS DUE TO UNPLANNED BUILDING DEMOLITION: A PARAMETRIC STUDY A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture and Environmental Design by Samata Shrestha May 2019 ©Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials. Thesis written by Samata Shrestha B. Arch., Tribhuvan University, 2015 M.S. in Architecture and Environmental Design, Kent State University, 2019 Approved by: Adil Sharag-Eldin, Ph.D., LEED, A.P. ____ , Advisor Reid Coffman, Ph.D ______________________ , Coordinator, Master of Science in Architecture and Environmental Design Mark Mistur, AIA ____, Dean, College of Architecture and Environmental Design TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xx Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Justification for Research ................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Research Approach .......................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research Objectives ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5. Scope of the Research .......................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 11 2.1. Introduction to Particulate Matter ...................................................................................... 11 2.2. Standard Regulations for Particulate Matter ...................................................................... 12 2.3. Health Impact resulting from short term exposure to high-level PM ................................ 16 2.3.1 Case study of Unplanned Building Demolition: World Trade Center: ........................ 20 2.3.1.1. Particulate matter generated and exposure ........................................................... 21 2.3.1.2. Radius of pollution dispersion .............................................................................. 22 2.3.1.3. Health impacts ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4. Causes of Unplanned Demolition and Pollution Emission ................................................ 25 2.6. Particulate Matter Emission from Planned Demolition ..................................................... 26 2.7. Monitoring implosion pollution ......................................................................................... 29 2.7.1. Building implosion at Baltimore, MD ........................................................................ 29 2.7.2. Types of Pollution generated .................................................................................... 30 2.7.3. Radius of Pollutants Dispersion ............................................................................... 30 2.8. Dispersion of air pollution in Urban Morphology ......................................................... 32 2.8.1. Street Canyon .......................................................................................................... 33 2.8.2. Effect of Wind Speed .............................................................................................. 35 2.9. Selection of Neighborhood Morphologies for Air Pollution Modelling .......................... 35 2.10. Modelling air pollution dispersion ................................................................................... 37 2.11. General Structure of Air Quality Models ................................................................... 38 2.12. Main Parameters of an Air Quality Model ................................................................. 39 2.12.1. Emissions ................................................................................................................ 39 2.12.2. Meteorology ............................................................................................................ 40 iv 2.13. Validation of Model.................................................................................................... 40 2.14. Advantage of using Air quality Simulation Method .................................................. 41 2.15. Disadvantage of using Air quality Simulation Method .............................................. 42 2.16. The micro-climate model ENVI-MET/ Test Software ............................................... 43 Chapter 3: Research Method ......................................................................................................... 45 3.1. Data Source ........................................................................................................................ 45 3.2. Emission Estimation ........................................................................................................... 46 3.2.1 Model area/ Study site .................................................................................................. 46 3.2.2 Input parameters ........................................................................................................... 48 3.2.3 Pollution Dispersion Model Simulation ....................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Test Results and Comparisons ...................................................................................... 54 3.3. Model validation by Simulation of Implosion of Calgary General Hospital, Canada ....... 57 3.3.1. Data Inputs ................................................................................................................... 58 3.3.2. Results ......................................................................................................................... 59 3.3.3. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 61 3.4. The Parametric Study: Simulation of ten identified Urban Morphologies using ENVI-met ..................................................................................................................................................
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