4- Angiospermas Basales Y Clado Magnoliides.Pdf

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4- Angiospermas Basales Y Clado Magnoliides.Pdf PRÓLOGO El presente trabajo es un aporte de la Asignatura Diversidad Vegetal, de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (UNNE) que tiene por finalidad facilitar la preparación del programa a los alumnos que cursan la materia. Se intenta brindar una orientación en el estudio de la exomorfología, de la biología reproductiva, de la distribución e importancia económica de los diferentes grupos de Angiospermas Basales y Clado Magnoliides. Además, se introducen aspectos filogenéticos como resultado de estudios moleculares recientes. Esta labor es el resultado de la tarea conjunta de los siguientes docentes y adscriptos de la Asignatura: 9 Dirección y corrección: Dra. Elsa L. Cabral (Prof. Titular). 9 Compaginación general: Dra. Sylvina L. Casco. 9 Fotos: Elsa L. Cabral, Walter A. Medina, Roberto M. Salas, Andrea A. Cabaña Fader. 9 Elaboración original y revisión bibliográfica de los taxones que actualmente pertenecen al Clado Angiospermas Basales y Magnoliides: Dra. Sylvina L. Casco, Prof. Natalia Ayala, Dra. Cinthia González. 9 Introducción al estudio de las Angiospermas de acuerdo al Sistema de Clasificación APG II (Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group II) 2009: Dra. Sylvina L. Casco 9 Angiospermas Basales y Clado Magnoliides de acuerdo al Sistema de Clasificación APG II (Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group II) 2009: Dra. Sylvina L. Casco Este trabajo no es una fuente completa de información y se sugiere al alumno la consulta bibliográfica que se añade al final de cada tema. INDICE Página 1. Angiospermas Basales 1 1.1. Filogenia 1 1.2. Características de los integrantes de las Angiospermas Basales 2 1.2.1. Amborellales 3 1.2.1.1. Familia Amborellaceae 3 1.2.2. Nymphaeales 5 1.2.2.1. Nymphaeaceae + Cabombaceae 5 1.2.3. Austrobaileyales 13 1.2.3.1. Illiciaceae 13 2. Clado Magnoliides 17 2.1. Filogenia 17 2.2. Carácterísticas de los integrantes del Clado Magnoliides 19 2.2.1. Orden Canellales 19 2.2.1.1. Winteraceae 19 2.2.2. Orden Piperales 23 2.2.2.1. Aristolochiaceae 24 2.2.2.2. Piperaceae 30 2.2.3. Orden Laurales 37 2.2.3.1. Lauraceae 38 2.2.3.2. Monimiaceae 47 2.2.4. Orden Magnoliales 51 2.2.4.1.Annonaceae 52 2.2.4.2. Magnoliaceae 57 2.2.4.3. Myristicaceae 61 1 1. Angiospermas basales 1.1. Filogenia Este grupo, filogenéticamente basal, reúne las especializaciones de Monocotiledóneas y Eudicotiledóneas. Entre ellas se incluyen: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales y Austrobaileyales, siendo cada orden monofilético (APG II, 2003; Bremer et al., 2003; Freire Fierro, 2004; Souza y Lorenzi, 2005; Soltis et al., 2005). En conjunto no forman un grupo monofilético particular pero son conocidas como “Grado ANITA”, como acrónimo de: Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae y Austrobaileyaceae (las dos últimas familias integrantes del orden Austrobaileyales). Se caracterizan por tener: 1. Polen uniaperturado. 2. Varios tipos de flores, a menudo trímeras con tépalos, estambres y carpelos libres insertados de manera espiral. 3. Flores protóginas y cigomorfas. 4. Diferenciación en sépalos y pétalos, con connaciones diversas (simpétalas, sincárpicas). 5. Células con aceites y alcaloides. La ubicación filogenética de las Angiospermas Basales figura en el siguiente cladograma, obtenido del sitio del Missouri Botanical Garden (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html). Las familias del orden Austrobaileyales se colocaron con fines didácticos y figura dentro de la llave. Austrobaileyaceae Trimeniaceae Schisandracea Las Angiospermas basales están ubicadas de acuerdo al sistema de clasificación de Cronquist (1981) en los órdenes Magnoliales (Austrobaileyales); Laurales (Amborellaceae y Trimeniaceae), Piperales (Chloranthaceae), Illiciales (Illiciaceae, Schisandraceae) y Nymphaeales (Nymphaeaceae, Barclayaceae, Cabombaceae) Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) ANGIOSPERMAS BASALES 2 2 Bibliografía y sitios de internet visitados -APG II. The Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399–436. -Bremer, K., B. Bremer y M. Thulin. 2003. Introduction to Phylogeny and Systematics of Flowering Plants. Deparment of Systematic Botany Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala University, 100 p. -Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Ed. Columbia University Press, 1262 p. -Freire Fierro, A. 2004. Botánica Sistemática Ecuatoriana. Missouri Botanical Garden, FUNDACYT, QCNE, RLB y FUNBOTANICA. Murray Print, St. Louis. 209 p. -Soltis, D.E., P.S. Soltis, P.K. Endress y M.W. Chase. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, U.S.A. -Souza, C.V. y H. Lorenzi. 2005. Botánica Sistemática. Guia Ilustrado para indentificação das famílias de Angiospermas da flora brasileira, baseado em APG II. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda. Brasil, 640 p. -Stevens, P.F. 2009. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html 1.2. Características de los integrantes de las Angiospermas Basales De acuerdo al APG II, las Angiospermas Basales comprenden las familias u órdenes detallados más abajo; sin embargo en esta guía de consultas se desarrollarán, tanto para este grupo, como para todos los restantes, aquellos más conocidos, nativos o de importancia económica o evolutiva que se destacan en negrita y con recuadro. • Amborellaceae. • Chloranthaceae • Nymphaeaceae • Cabombaceae • Austrobaileyales • Austrobaileyaceae • Schisandraceae • Illiciaceae • Trimeniaceae Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) ANGIOSPERMAS BASALES 3 3 1.2.1. Amborellales Este orden es monotípico, con un género y una especie Amborella trichopoda Baill. (Fig. 1). Recientemente se ha demostrado que el genoma mitocondrial de Amborella contiene genes de plantas terrestres y de tres tipos de musgos que migran como “foráneos” en el núcleo (Bergthorsson et al., 2004). A través de este estudio se soporta la idea que a partir de las Amborellaceae pudieron originarse todas las otras plantas con flores (Albert et al., 2005). 1.2.1.1. Amborellaceae Esta familia es endémica de Nueva Caledonia, en el Pacífico Sur (Fig. 2) y se caracteriza por tener arbustos o arbolitos siempreverdes, dioicos, de hasta 8 m de altura, con hojas exestipuladas y tomento de pelos uniseriados multicelulares (a veces unicelulares). Las flores son imperfectas y están dispuestas en inflorescencias cimosas; no tienen perianto diferenciado; las estaminadas tienes anteras sésiles y las carpeladas tienen poco carpelos libres. Los frutos son drupáceos, la semilla es única, muy pequeña y el endosperma es triploide. Fig. 1. Amborella trichopoda a. Aspecto de las hojas b. Detalle de la flor http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/08-30/amborella.Photo2.htm (Stevens, 2009) Fig. 2. Distribución de la familia Amborellaceae (Stevens, 2009) Bibliografía y sitios de internet consultados -Albert, V.A., et al. 2005. Floral gene resources from basal angiosperms for comparative genomics research. Biomed Central. Plant Biology, http://bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de/1471-2229-5-5/1471-2229-5-5.pdf. -APG II. The Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group. 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399–436. -Bergthorsson, U., A.O. Richardson, G.J. Young, L.R. Goertzen y J.D. Palmer. 2004. Massive horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes from diverse land plant donors to the basal angiosperm Amborella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101: 17747–17752. -Bremer, K., B. Bremer y M. Thulin. 2003. Introduction to Phylogeny and Systematics of Flowering Plants. Department of Systematic Botany Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala University. USA. Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) ANGIOSPERMAS BASALES 4 4 -Soltis, D.E., P.S. Soltis, P.K. Endress y M.W. Chase. 2005. Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, U.S.A. -Stevens, P.F. 2009. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html -http://www.ucsc.edu/currents/99-00/08-30/amborella.Photo2.htm Guía de Consultas Diversidad Vegetal. FACENA (UNNE) ANGIOSPERMAS BASALES 5 5 1.2.2. Nymphaeales Este orden está compuesto por hierbas acuáticas y en el APG II (2003) incluye a las Nymphaeaceae + Cabombaceae. Sin embargo, estudios muy recientes (Saarela et al., 2006) consideran a la familia Hydatellaceae dentro de Nymphaeales y como hermana de Nympheaceae (+ Cabombaceae), mientras que el APG II (2003) las incluye dentro de Poales, en el clado Commelinides (Monocotiledóneas). Estudios realizados por Zanis et al. (2002) rechazaron la idea de que la raíz de las Angiospermas está entre Nympheaceae y Amborella, siendo más aceptada la hipótesis de que Amborella es el único orden hermano del resto de las plantas con flores. 1.2.2.1. Nymphaeaceae + Cabombaceae El APG II (2003) incluye algunas familias con circunscripciones alternativas, opcionales, ya que aún el soporte de su monofilia no es concluyente. Uno de esos casos es la familia Nympheaceae, que puede incluir o excluir a Cabombaceae. Para Cronquist (1981) las dos familias por separado están incluidas en un mismo orden, Nymphaeales de la Subclase Magnoliidae. De acuerdo a Soltis et al. (2005) esta familia despierta un gran interés evolutivo porque: • Junto con las Amborellaceae, es la antecesora de las Angiospermas. Algunas investigaciones sugieren que estarían muy emparentadas con las Monocotiledóneas,
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