University of Liverpool 2nd - 4th September Contents Welcome to the UK-Ireland Planning Research Conference 3 PRC Liverpool programme 4 Plenary Sessions and Biographies 11 Social events 13 Special events 13 Abstracts 14 Study Tours 39 Information for delegates 40 Map 41

Our Sponsors

2 Planning Research 2019

Welcome to the UK-Ireland Planning Research Conference

We are delighted to host the 2019 UK-Ireland Planning is an activity which can, and does, play Planning Research Conference at the University a vital role in developing solutions to the most of Liverpool. From an excellent set of abstracts pressing problems facing the world. But it often we have assembled a conference programme does so in contexts, such as in England, where which brings together international researchers Planning as an activity, and Planners themselves, and practitioners to discuss the latest are denigrated and undermined. We must also of developments in Planning. The conference course recognise that some criticism is justified, also provides you with an opportunity to visit and that constant reflection is needed upon Liverpool, a city which has changed hugely in the Planning methods and theories. At the 2019 last 20 years yet retains a unique maritime history. Planning Research Conference we want to bring together perspectives on Planning that The University of Liverpool hosts the world’s are critical and reflective, but also hopeful and first Planning school, set up as the Department forward-looking. You will contributions that of Civic Design in 1909. So the Conference challenge establish ways of doing things, but coincides with the 110th anniversary of Planning in also hopefully suggest how our discipline and Liverpool, but we have continued to innovate and profession can embrace change and work more it will also mark ten years since the Department effectively to address the challenges faced by combined with a range of others to form the people everywhere. School of Environmental Sciences. The School includes colleagues in Geography, Geology, John Sturzaker, Conference Committee Chair Geophysics, Oceanography, Ecology and Marine and Planning Discipline Lead Biology which brings us exciting opportunities for collaboration. We have tried to reflect that diversity in the set of tracks and abstracts which we have chosen for the conference.

We have chosen for the theme of the conference Make Planning Great Again: Legitimacy and Justice in a Post-Truth World. We live in an age when “experts” are coming under attack from politicians and others, and the concept of “alternative facts” is in common use. At a time like this, it is more important than ever for us to reflect upon how Planners and Planning make claims for legitimacy, at the same time as pursuing social and environmental justice.

3 Programme

PRC Liverpool programme

Monday 2nd September

09.30- PhD Workshop: Publishing your Planning Research 16.30 (Map Library/Conference Room, Jane Herdman Building)

13.00- (GIC, Roxby Building) 17.00 Planning Schools Forum meeting

17.00- (Victoria Building) 21.00 Registration

Abercrombie Lecture, in association with Town Planning Review: 17.30- , 19.00 Professor Bruce Stiftel Georgia Institute of Technology (Leggate Lecture Theatre, Victoria Building)

19.00- Opening Reception and RTPI Awards for Research Excellence Presentation 21.00 (Victoria Building)

Tuesday 3rd September

Foresight Centre

08.30- Registration (Tea & Coffee 08.30-09.00 South Atrium) 14.00 09.00- (The Gallery) 10.30 Opening plenary 10.30- Tea & Coffee (South Atrium) 10.45

Room EGERTON LAURA JONES GALLERY WATERHOUSE DARROCH

Parallel Presentations 1 10.45- 12.00 Track 4 / 1 Track 7 / 1 Track 8 / 1 Track 10 / 1 Track 12 / 1

Parallel Presentations 2 12.00-13.15 Track 4 / 2 Track 9/ 1 Track 5 / 1 Track 3 / 1 Track 12 / 2

13.15-14.00 Lunch (South Atrium)

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Tuesday 3rd September

14.00- (meet in Foresight Centre South Atrium) 16.00 Study Tours 1. Walking tour 2. Coach trip 3. Coach trip 4. Walking tour 5. Running of Georgian and walking and walking of Planning About The Quarter and tour of tour of and Pubs in Place (running Granby Four Port Sunlight regeneration Liverpool City tour with Sam Streets in Liverpool Centre Hayes) and Wirral

17.30- Communities, Planning and Education Public Track 19.30 (Quaker Meeting House, 22 School Ln, Liverpool L1 3BT)

Conference Dinner (Wreckfish, Slater Street, Liverpool L1 4BS 20.00 beginning with a complementary glass of prosecco and the launch of a new book “A Future for Planning” by Michael Harris, part of the RTPI Library Series

Wednesday 4th September

Foresight Centre 08.30- Tea & Coffee (South Atrium) 09.00

Room EGERTON LAURA JONES NIGHTINGALE WATERHOUSE DARROCH

Parallel Presentations 3 09.00- 10.15 Track 8 / 2 Track 1 / 1 Track 5 / 2 Track 9 / 2 Track 7 / 3

Roundtables/Parallel Presentations 4

10.15- Roundtable- 11.30 Planning & The Track 11 / 1 Track 5 / 3 Track 2 / 1 Track 7 / 1 Environment

11.30- Tea & Coffee (South Atrium) 12.00

Parallel Presentations 5 12.00- 13.15 Track 3 / 2 Track 1 / 2 Track 5 / 4 Track 2 / 2 Track 12 / 3

13.15- Lunch and Close (South Atrium) 14.00

5 Programme

Track 1: Planning for Inclusive Mobility and Connectivity (Chairs: Chia-Lin Chen and Olivier Sykes)

Mark Missing the bus; local government responses to boom and Smith bust in the British bus industry Session 1 (Laura Jones Andreas Room) Brownfield reuse and change in mobility patterns: Schulze Wednesday a case study of Northern England 09.00-10.15 Baing

Gavan An Emergent All-Island City-Region: A “Soft Space” for Rafferty Cross-Border Spatial Planning in Uncertain Times?

Chia-Lin Planning challenges for transport justice and urban transition: Chen A case study of the Blackpool South Fylde Line, UK Session 2 (Laura Jones Room) Tom J Disruptive regionalism? Exploring the institutional political Wednesday Arnold economy of sub-national transport planning in Northern England 12.00-13.15

Alaa The mobility and connectivity in case of urban sprawl and peri- Hasanen urban development policies; The case of Wroclaw in Poland

Track 2: Green Infrastructure and Environmental governance (Chairs: Sarah Clement and Ian Mell)

Alister Missing the bus; local government responses to boom and Scott bust in the British bus industry Session 1 (Waterhouse Brownfield reuse and change in mobility patterns: a case Room) Helen Hoyle study of Northern England Wednesday 10.15-11.30 Rachel An Emergent All-Island City-Region: A “Soft Space” for Cross- Lauwerijssen Border Spatial Planning in Uncertain Times?

Yi Ling Planning challenges for transport justice and urban transition: Chang A case study of the Blackpool South Fylde Line, UK Session 2 (Laura Jones Room) Lucy Disruptive regionalism? Exploring the institutional political Wednesday Natarajan economy of sub-national transport planning in Northern England 12.00-13.15 The Morality of Deriving “Objective” Measures from Subjective Christopher Judgements: Applying a Sustainability Appraisal Maidment Approach to Sustainable Drainage Systems

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Track 3: Economic and Regional Development (Chairs: Phil O’Brien and Alex Nurse)

Wenshi Urban Development in Shrinking Cities in Northeast China Yang Session 1 Zwelakhe Assessing the impact of natural resource conservation on the (Waterhouse Maseko livelihoods of the community of KwaNibela Room) Xueqin Rational Thinking of the Characteristic Development Mode of Small Tuesday Wang Towns in China 12.00-13.15 Juan Carlos The benefits of using Strategic Environmental Assessment for State Tejeda- Development Plans in Mexico Gonzalez Neil Powe Planning for retail decline: new directions for town centres John Planning for tourism intensification via short term commercial visitor Session 2 McCarthy accommodation: the case of Edinburgh (Egerton Room) Stephen Wednesday Hincks, Ruth Building Geodemographic Regions: Commuting Segmentation and Hamilton, Labour Market Connectivity in England and Wales 12.00-13.15 Alasdair Rae Phil How do spatial imaginaries order city regional development? O’Brien Exploring the embedding of planning images in local planning cultures

Track 4: Communities, Planning and Education (Chairs: John Sturzaker and Sam Hayes)(Chairs: Phil O’Brien and Alex Nurse)

Session 1 Stephen Jay Student Delivery of Marine Planning Education and Training (Egerton Michael Charrettes in Scotland: Adopting, Reacting and Adapting in the Room) Kordas Story of a Mobile Policy Tuesday Taking Forward The Legacy Of New Towns: The Balance Of 10.45-12.00 Georgia Wrighton Stakeholder Power In An Era Of Post-Political Consensus David Hidden Barriers and Divisive Architecture: The Case of Belfast Session 2 Coyles (Egerton The role of social action and agency in landscape character Miguel Room) conservation: the case of two cultural landscapes of universal value Hincapie Tuesday in Colombia 12.00-13.15 Catherine Exploring public disengagement from consultation processes for Queen major infrastructure through a Bourdieuian lens

Session 3 Jo Harrop PLACED, community empowerment and outreach (PUBLIC John Myers Better co-production techniques to strengthen planning TRACK) (Quaker Eddy Taylor Neighbourhood Planning in theory and practice Meeting Animating the anchor role of universities: towards a ‘visible’ and Peter Lee House) sustainable model of engaging with experts in neighbourhoods Tuesday Teresa 17.30-19.30 ‘Canny Planners’: a methodology for transformative participation Strachan

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Track 5: What is Planning? (Chairs: Richard Dunning and Sebastian Dembski) Sponsored by Town Planning Review Michael Planning Leadership Neuman Session 1 Deepak Attributes of leadership for planning resilient cities in the Global South (Gallery) Gopinath Tuesday Building an interdisciplinary discipline ”mission impossible”, 12.00-13.15 Olivier Sykes or a ”possible mission” for planning?

Session 2 Peter Batey Regional science and spatial planning: the need to re-connect (Nightingale Mike Harris Planning as taking responsibility for twenty-first century challenges Room) Wednesday Casting a long shadow: How the social and cultural past is or is not Paul Cowie 09.00-10.15 incorporated into spatial planning

A technological turn in planning theory and practice? Deciphering Ruth Potts Session 3 the utility of digital technologies in planning theory and practice (Nightingale Revisiting implementation theory: An interdisciplinary comparison Mark Smith Room) between urban planning and healthcare implementation research Wednesday Opposing major infrastructure schemes under the Nationally 10.15-11.30 Tim Marshall Significant Infrastructure Projects regime, with specific reference to the Stonehenge Tunnel project

Richard Public Interest and the Planning Profession: Session 4 Shepherd Constructing a Framework for Analysis (Nightingale “Don’t think all planners have to act in the public interest”: Room) Malcolm Tait commercial logics and the reshaping of professional Wednesday planning identities 12.00-13.15 Bonnie Planning for Real Johnson

Track 7: Urban Design (Chairs: Manuela Madeddu and Gareth Abrahams)

Marco Translating the compact city and New Urbanism in international Adelfio & knowledge circulation processes: the case of Session 1 Christian (Laura Jones Fertner Sydhavnen in Copenhagen Room) Sinan Determining People’s Design Priorities Regarding Their Tuesday Levend Neighbourhood Units: The Case of Liverpool 10.45-12.00 Jörg Gertel Marseille: Urban Perspectives of Young People

Negar Legibility in the era of mobile navigation systems: The role of Urban Session 2 Ahmadpoor Design and Planning (Darroch Victoria Pursuing Design Excellence in City Centre Regeneration Room) Lawson Wednesday Karla Fear fuelling fear: gated communities and their peripheries in 09.00-10.15 Barrantes Chaves Costa Rica

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Track 7: Urban Design (continued)

Philip Black Thinking on culturally sensitive urban design: The case of Homs, Syria Session 3 (Darroch From Main Street to the High Street? Mobilising Planning and Urban James White Room) Design Responses to Address City Centre Decline Wednesday 10.15-11.30 Possibilities and Limitations of Chinese Eco-City Development: Case Yani Wu Study of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China

Track 8: Housing (Chairs: Tom Moore and Alex Lord) Sponsored by the Housing Studies Association

Caught in the middle? The response of LPAs to Neighbourhood Kat Salter Planning in England Session 1 Janice The role of planning in delivering local authority provided housing (Gallery) Morphet Tuesday Malachy Exploring the connections between housing, social mobility and 10.45-12.00 Buck neighbourhood regeneration Quintin Housing land supply in England: buffers, slippage and the housing Bradley delivery test

Monica Housing in Mexican Historic Centres. Cases of Mexico City Lopez and Guadalajara Session 2 Franco Bourdieu’s Social Class Theories in the Context of the London (Egerton Yixi Liao Room) Private Rental Market: A big data analysis Wednesday Annika Public Housing for Public Health: health inequalities and housing 09.00-10.15 Hjelmskog associations in Greater Manchester Capturing land value: the limits to planning obligations of solving Tony Crook social housing shortages and fostering regional development

Track 9: Planning and Health (Chairs: Thomas Fischer and Ben Cave) Residents’ perceptions of the health and wellbeing benefits of Catherine green infrastructure in the contemporary residential Session 1 Hammond context: a study of Kingswood, Kingston-upon-Hull, England (Laura Jones Teresa New town aspirations are not enough: Young people’s perceptions Room) Strachan of their future choices Tuesday Planning for health, green infrastructure and social justice 12.00-13.15 Susan through food - learning from the Edible Cities Network research in Parham Letchworth Garden City Multi-sensory perception of urban landscape - Investigations of Jing Lu Session 2 urban green spaces in Suzhou (Waterhouse Aude How to enable Healthy Placemaking? Overcoming barriers and Room) Bicquelet- learning from best practices Wednesday Lock 09.00-10.15 Statutory HIA is coming to Wales: why now and what challenges Ed Huckle remain?

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Track 10. Impact Assessment for better planning (Chairs: Thomas Fischer and Urmila Jha-Thakur) Hung Shiu The roles of the public in systematic consideration of environmental Session 1 Fung and other information (Waterhouse Mariyam Plan Evaluation Approaches, Methods and Tools: Room) Aslam Lessons for Pakistan Tuesday Grzegorz Robust climate data analysis framework for Planning and Impact 10.45-12.00 Chrobak Assessment David Hoare Is EIA practice in the UK effective?

Track 11: Rural Planning (Chairs: Dave Shaw and Mark Riley) Rural site exceptions in housing delivery: Brian Webb Between the market and an affordable place Lorraine Session 1 Emotional Geographies of Belonging In Northern Ireland: Holloway- (Laura Jones Challenges for Remaining in or Leaving Family Farming Room) McCarney Wednesday Alison “Managing outrage” in “problem zones”: 10.15-11.30 Caffyn challenges for rural planning Kaeren Responding to context?: A case study of public realm in Van-Vliet contemporary urban extensions in Northern England

Track 12: Practical Research, and Researching Practice (Chair: Dan Slade) Sponsored by the Royal Town Planning Institute

Robert Evaluation of the applicability of the urban design concept of legibility Kennedy in assisting the management of change in Historic Environments Session 1 Darja (Darroch Marincek Valorization of Significance in a Planning Practice Context Room) Prosenc Tuesday Overcoming barriers to integrated infrastructure planning in city Stephen Hall 10.45-12.00 regions and counties Orly Planning for Equity? Evaluating Equity Consideration in Planning for Linovsky Bus Rapid Transit

Session 2 Daniel Climate change adaptation in the planning of England’s coastal (Darroch Young urban areas: priorities, barriers and future prospects Hristo Room) Climate change in EIA: lessons learnt from practice Tuesday Dikanski 12.00-13.15 Nick Smith Planning Smart Energy: Progress to Date

The role of private expertise and the play of knowledge in Gavin Parker Session 3 plan-making in England (Darroch Room) Mark Dobson English LPA Planning under Austerity Localism Wednesday Kat Salter “You know”: researching planning practice as a practitioner 12.00-13.15 Ed Huckle Reconnecting public health and land use planning in Wales

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Plenary Sessions and Biographies Opening Plenary – How can Planning make Liverpool Great Again? Abercrombie Lecture, in association with Town Tuesday 3rd September 2019, The Gallery, Planning Review Foresight Centre, 09.00-10.30 Monday 2nd September 2019, Leggate Theatre, Victoria Building, 17.30-19.00 In this session, the Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region, Steve Rotheram, will present his Professor Bruce Stiftel, Georgia vision for the future of the City Region, and our Tech School of City and Regional panel will respond to this vision, considering how Planning Planning and Planners can contribute to it. Planners and the New Urban Agenda: Will we lead the agenda, or will the agenda lead us? Steve Rotheram, Metro Mayor of The excitement was palpable in the Agora in the Liverpool City Quito in October 2016 when the United Nations Region. adopted the New Urban Agenda without dissent. Steve began his For planners, the Agenda offered the prospect that political career planning would rise to a new level of importance when he was in urban development; moments earlier Joan elected to serve Clos, secretary-general of the Quito meetings, had as a councillor in 2002, representing Fazakerley described inclusive, integrated urban and territorial on Liverpool City Council, and has held the planning as key to the New Urban Agenda. ceremonial title of Lord Mayor of Liverpool during the city’s European Capital of Culture Now, barely three years later, the excitement seems year in 2008. overplayed. Overshadowed by the Sustainable Development Goals, the New Urban Agenda In 2010, Steve was elected as the Member of captures few headlines outside of UN-Habitat Parliament for the Liverpool Walton constituency. circles. Many national governments are reluctant to During his time in Westminster, he led campaigns champion a device that gives center stage to cities. for justice for the Hillsborough families; in Major private-sector firms still drive development support of blacklisted workers; for compensation priorities in many jurisdictions. When planning is for those suffering from mesothelioma and accepted as necessary, it is often cast as top down, asbestosis; and to change the law on the use of or even military driven. Sectoral agencies are as old tyres on buses and coaches. reluctant as ever to cede control over decisions to generalists who balance one sector’s needs against From 2015, Steve served as Parliamentary Private another. Planning business as usual. Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, before successfully seeking the But, the global trends mask variegated local nomination to be Labour’s candidate for Metro realities. The New Urban Agenda has created Mayor of the Liverpool City Region. a playbook for planning advocates. It has strengthened capacity building for the urban In May 2017, Steve was elected as Metro Mayor professions. It has sped up the multi-directionality with 59% of the vote and has overseen almost a of planning innovation. No longer does the flow billion pounds of investment, as well as delivering of planning ideas move predictably from North to half-price bus travel for apprentices and South, from rich to poor, from university to practice. implementing the pioneering Households into With this multi-directionality, the tension between Work programme. global best practice and national context has shifted. Planning practice, planning scholarship and planning education will never be the same.

11 Plenary sessions and Biographies

Victoria Hills, Mark Dickens, Chief Executive of the Lead Planner, Royal Town Planning Liverpool City Institute. Region. Victoria joined the Mark is the lead RTPI in April 2018 officer for spatial and utilises her planning at the 21 years’ experience and expertise in the fields of Liverpool City Region Combined Authority, he planning, transport and organisational leadership provided the planning input into the Devolution and development to drive forward the vision and Deal “asks” related to spatial planning powers. strategic priorities for the 25,000 member strong His present focus at the Combined Authority RTPI. At a time when the profile of town planning is on delivering the first Spatial Development and placemaking has never been higher, Victoria Strategy outside of London. Previously he was is enjoyed to playing her part in making the case the Senior Assistant Director for Regeneration for investing in planning and planners, to deliver at St.Helens Council with a key responsibility for and preserve quality places and the environment delivery of development schemes and the spatial for future generations to come, putting planning planning service. He has also worked for various centre stage. other local authorities including Chester City, Wirral, Hackney and Tower Hamlets, primarily in Victoria is passionate about planning great Development Management. ‘liveable’ places for people, with an unrivalled insight into London’s governance; having worked for all three Mayors of London. Prior to the RTPI, Professor Alex Lord, Victoria was Chief Executive Officer of the Old Lever Professor of Oak and Park Royal Development Corporation, Town & Regional where she established the UK’s second Mayoral Planning, University development corporation. Prior to this she of Liverpool. was Head of Transport for the Greater London Following a PhD at Authority, and before that held a variety of roles the University of in Transport Consultancy and Local Government. Manchester, Alex In 2017 Victoria was made a Fellow of the Lord joined the University of Liverpool in 2007 Institution of Civil Engineers and in 2018 joined as a Research Assistant. He was submitted to the Council of the National Infrastructure Planning RAE2008 whilst still a post-doctoral research Association. An experienced public speaker, assistant before being promoted through Victoria recently judged the 2018 Construction Lecturer, Senior lecturer and Reader to Professor News Awards, the 2019 New Civil Engineer in 10 years. From 2015-2019 he served as Head Awards and is a judge for the 2019 European of Civic Design – the world’s first school of urban Women in Construction and Engineering Awards. planning. In 2019 Alex was appointed to the Lord In March 2019 Victoria was delighted to join the Lever Chair of Town and Regional Planning, the new Board of The Construction Innovation Hub world’s first named Chair in the subject area. to help shape the work of the new £72 million Construction Innovation Hub, which seeks to He has been principal investigator on multiple transform the UK construction industry. large awards by the Economic and Social Research Council and will lead an ESRC-NSFC (China) collaborative project from 2019-2022. Alex also has also led consecutive commissions by the Ministry for Housing Communities and Local Government on the value and incidence of developer contributions (2016/17 & 2018/19).

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Social events Special events

Opening Reception and Royal Town Planning Special Round Table in conjunction with the Institute Awards for Research Excellence, Royal Town Planning Institute: Planning and the Victoria Building, University of Liverpool Environment: Where next in the relationship?

Monday 2nd September 2019, 19.00-21.00 Egerton Room, Wednesday, 10.15-11.30

The Victoria Building has been a central part of The roundtable will comprise: University life for over a century. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse and completed in 1892, the Chair: Dr Olivier Sykes (Department of Geography building was the first purpose-built headquarters and Planning, University of Liverpool) and panel is: of the University. Ordinary bricks and terracotta Tom Kenny (RTPI), dressings were selected for the Gothic exterior, Mark Tewdwr-Jones (Director, Newcastle City which led to the coining of the phrase ‘red brick Futures, Newcastle University), university’. Thomas Fischer (Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool), The RTPI awards will be presented during the Sue Kidd (Department of Geography and drinks reception. The RTPI awards for Research Planning, University of Liverpool), Excellence recognise and promote high quality, Richard Cowell (School of Geography and impactful spatial planning research from RTPI Planning, Cardiff University. accredited planning schools, and planning consultancies, in the UK, the Republic of Ireland and internationally. Special Public Session of Track 4 (Communities, Planning and Education)

Conference Dinner, Wreckfish Bistro Quaker Meeting House, Tuesday, 17.30-19.30 Tuesday 3rd September 2019, 20.00 Since at least the 1960s planners have been The conference dinner will take place on the urged to ensure communities are more fully evening of Tuesday 3rd September 2019 at involved in planning for the future of the places Wreckfish, a “crowdfunded” restaurant in a where they live, yet there remain fundamental formerly derelict building within the Ropewalks barriers to this from both sides. This track area of Liverpool city centre. includes explorations of how communities experience engagement; how planning can more effectively bring new/multiple/diverse voices into planning discussions, including young people; the role played by universities and other established institutions in supporting communities; and whether new more ‘disruptive’ organisations xcan bring a new perspective to these discussions. In the spirit of this track, we have decided to run one session of it in an off-site venue which is open to the public at no cost in the form of a more open, round-table type discussion. This session is open to anyone, but we encourage conference attendees to come along and join in.

13 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Abstracts Positioning System (GPS) can now guide users successfully to their destination, seemingly regardless of the legibility of the environment. Marco Adelfio, Chalmers University of This begs the question of whether environmental Technology legibility is as essential as it was previously Christian Fertner, University of Copenhagen thought to be. Based on an empirical study in Ulises Navarro Aguiar, Gothenburg Research Nottingham, this paper examines whether the Institute legibility of the physical environment moderates the spatial understanding of mobile map users. Translating the compact city and New Since people are increasingly using navigation Urbanism in international knowledge systems (Speak, 2015) it is important to know how circulation processes: the case of legibility, that has been a design principle in built Sydhavnen in Copenhagen environment for decades, should be considered in (re)designing future cities, where people are The international circulation of urban design equipped with advanced navigation systems. concepts often leads to a superficial replication of non-contextualized ideas. Such travelling ideals are used as slogans to promote the marketing Tom J. Arnold, University of Manchester of urban projects through taken-for-granted or institutionalized concepts such as the compact Disruptive regionalism? Exploring the city or New Urbanism. This research draws on institutional political economy of sub- theories about circuits of knowledge and policy national transport planning in Northern mobilities. It focuses on the regeneration of England Copenhagen’s Southern Harbour (Sydhavn) in which the compact city and New Urbanism ideals, In line with other developed nations, the UK has together with a declared inspiration from Dutch embarked on a programme of devolving transport architecture, were originally incorporated in the planning powers to the sub-national scale. In masterplan. The paper, through the analysis Northern England, responsibility for transport of documents and semi-structured interviews, infrastructure is held across the national, city- aims to highlight: a) how dogmatized urban region, local and most recently the pan-regional design and planning concepts such as the scale following the establishment of Transport for Compact City and New Urbanism have been the North (TfN), a new sub-national body tasked locally reinterpreted in Sydhavn b) the influence with developing a strategic transport plan for the of actors in mobilizing such travelling ideals c) North of England. the mutation process of the original idea into something new, meshed with the local context. This paper analyses the political economy of core-periphery relationships between central and sub-national government by exploring Negar Ahmadpoor, The University of Ulster the institutional dynamic between TfN and the Department for Transport (DfT). The highly Legibility in the era of mobile navigation centralised nature of infrastructure funding systems: The role of Urban Design and in England results in TfN adopting conflicting Planning objectives, seeking both to disrupt the centre, via innovative transport modelling and appraisal Whilst Lynch’s (1960) legibility concept has techniques, whilst simultaneously acting to fundamentally affected how urban planners accommodate and reassure. The research account for the navigational needs of people develops understanding of how multi-level using an environment, the advent of mobile governance structures shape planning policy, navigation systems has heralded unexpected and the behaviour of those involved in planning changes to people’s exploration in recent years. infrastructure. Mobile navigation tools based on the Global

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Mariyam Aslam, University de Tours observations and interviews. Preliminary findings suggest there are feelings of exclusion, fears and Plan Evaluation Approaches, Methods and residential segregation, with variations according Tools: Lessons for Pakistan to social inequality levels.

The niche of plan evaluations has been diagnosed to be missing from the urban planning Peter Batey, University of Liverpool system of Pakistan through various recent researches specifically addressing the issue Regional science and spatial planning: the of performance of Master Plans in the cities of need to re-connect Pakistan. This paper is a systematic literature review focusing on identification, organisation This paper focuses on the evolving relationship and critical review of the contemporary plan between the inter-disciplinary field of regional evaluation practices in practice and in theory science and planning since the mid-1950s when present around the world. Furthermore, it the Regional Science Association was formed. concludes with the selection of the suitable Previous attempts to make planning more plan evaluation approach, method and tool for ‘scientific’ are reviewed before the efforts of post-hoc master plan evaluation in the case of Walter Isard and others to involve planners in Pakistan. The findings propose conformance regional science are examined in detail. After as the approach, the Plan Process Result as some initial setbacks, a major landmark was the method and Indicators as the tool for post- the publication of the first textbook, Methods hoc master plan evaluations in Pakistan. This of Regional Analysis. Isard’s key planning ally research has financial assistance from the Higher was Robert Mitchell, head of the planning school Education Commission of Pakistan and is a part of at Penn. As a highly regarded academic and a bigger research that will propose post-hoc plan practitioner, Mitchell is seen to have had a crucial evaluation criteria for master plans in Pakistan. role in endorsing regional science as a valuable aid to city planning. The chapter briefly reviews ambitious demonstration projects from the Karla Barrantes Chaves, University College 1960s that illustrate some of the most advanced London regional models of that time and the challenges faced in implementing them. Isard’s drive to Fear fuelling fear: gated communities and establish regional science in Europe hit problems their peripheries in Costa Rica in Britain where planners in particular were not familiar with quantitative methods and abstract The increase of gated communities in Central thinking. The paper describes how ultimately America seems to be fuelled by fear of British planners came to adopt regional science crime, which is a constant concern in that methods, as part of Brian McLoughlin’s ‘systems region; however, the political rhetoric and the approach to planning’. It underlines the role of sensationalist media might be contributing to mathematician Alan Wilson, a strong advocate the spreading of that feeling. In this regard, real of planning analysis. The paper emphasizes estate developers present gated communities the pragmatic way in which practitioners view as a ‘shelter’ against crime. This paper aims to the toolbox of planning methods, regarding address this issue as well as some effects that usefulness as much more important than gated communities could be provoking in their sophistication. peripheries, mainly in terms of fear of crime. The research is based on eight study cases within the urban area of Costa Rica; they are neighbourhoods beside gated communities, with diverse type of incomes. In each case was carried out a walking interview with members of the community, focus group –included teenagers,

15 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Aude Bicquelet-Lock RTPI/UWE construction of ‘Homs Dream’, a development Sarah Lewis, RTPI/UWE scenario for the future of the Syrian city. The paper concludes with a challenge for urban How to enable Healthy Placemaking? design, in theory and practice, to continue Overcoming barriers and learning from best developing new thinking at the (dis)junction practices between urban form and culture, to avoid context-less design by taking more seriously the Recent studies involving planning practitioners role of culture in the production of place(s). have identified important barriers to creating healthy places such as, for instance – lack of funding, conflicting policy or programme Quintin Bradley, Leeds Beckett University priorities. Although the barriers to building places where healthy activities are integral to people’s Housing land supply in England: buffers, everyday’s lives are well-known, very few studies slippage and the housing delivery test have focused on solutions and looked at how these barriers can be overcome. In this study, The pursuit of increased ground rent or we explore the national and local policies and land value uplift by private developers and practices that enable healthy placemaking. With landowners now largely determines the provision a particular focus on tackling mental health of new housing in England (Robertson, 2017; issues, we use a series of case studies to Rydin, 2013). The use of viability assessments illustrate best practices. The aims here are: to capture these land values and evade (a) to produce a set of practice notes describing planning obligations, especially for the provision key skills and delivery strategies necessary to of affordable housing, has attracted much implement the values and principles of healthy attention (Crosby & Wyatt, 2016; McAllister, placemaking, and 2017). Less notice has been paid to the role (b) to create a centralised repository of of viability in securing developer access to evidence where practitioners can find out protected environments and in enlarging the recommendations and lessons learnt from other range and value of sites allocated for housing projects to use in their own work. in development plans (Archer & Cole, 2014; Cochrane, Colenutt, Field, 2015). This paper investigates the methodologies used to establish Philip Black, University of Manchester Taki housing land supply chains in the light of the Sonbli, University of Manchester new housing delivery test introduced in 2019. While local authorities plan for at least 50,000 Thinking on culturally sensitive urban more households a year than projected and an design: The case of Homs, Syria unprecedented programme of new settlement building, the paper argues that national With the proliferation of context-less designs planning policy now rewards England’s private internationally stemming from beliefs around housebuilding industry for a persistent under- progress, development, growth, and the idea supply of homes. that urban design ideas easily travel and can be replicated, this paper argues urban design might usefully attend more carefully to the local Malachy Buck, University of Liverpool contexts in which it is practiced through new Peter Batey, University of Liverpool critical thinking on culture. This is particularly urgent in contexts where consensual norms Exploring the connections between around planning practice are frequently absent, housing, social mobility and neighbourhood such as places characterised by historically regeneration embedded cultural sensitivities; emerging out of conflict; or urban informality. This case is One commonly employed indicator of low evidenced in an exploration of the discursive demand in housing markets is a low volume

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of transactions. In many instances, improving Yi Ling Chang, Claremont Graduate the rate at which dwellings are transacted is an University explicit aim of policy and an important ingredient Yuan-Yuan Lee, Jovana Morales-Tilgren, of broader neighbourhood regeneration. Growth and Progress However, beyond the ‘isolate’ (Robson) characterisation, little is known regarding the A Circular Economy: Industry Structural degree to which in and out migration is reflective Planning and Sustainability of a broader trend in socially mobility. This paper reports on evidence from three deprived wards Global achievements in economic growth, in north Liverpool to explore the degree to which poverty reduction and improved welfare have the origin and destination of in and out migration been counterbalanced by an increasing strain on can be understood as representing a movement the biosphere in the last decade. As ecological ‘up’, ‘down’, or ‘level’ with respect to the position overshoot multiply among developing countries, of the origin/destination neighbourhood in the it has become more evident that the model of Index of Multiple Deprivation Classification. We a circular economy is needed to regenerate a find that the study area in question represents sustainable ecosystem. a movement ‘up’ for a significant proportion of those originating in a more deprived Companies have now started to include neighbourhood. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors into investment processes because of the financial relevance, however, these ratings Alison Caffyn, Cardiff University, remain on a corporate level. This paper focuses on evaluating the relationship among ecological “Managing outrage” in “problem zones”: footprint, social issues, and sustainable practices challenges for rural planning countries have implemented by creating impact matrices categorized into six actionable themes The proliferation of large-scale, intensive using forest-based classification and regression livestock units or mega farms is a growing threat with data collected from global city capitals. to the UK’s countryside, which the planning The proposed country level ESG rating allows system is struggling to handle effectively. countries to assess industry structural planning Planning authorities, weakened through and predict sustainability progress with a higher continuing austerity measures, are examining accuracy in balancing resource demand and such proposals within a policy vacuum and economic development. ratcheting up requirements for supporting technical reports, as local people’s concerns over odour, pollution risk and visual impacts increase. Chia-Lin Chen, University of Liverpool This research traces controversies over planning applications for intensive poultry units in Planning challenges for transport justice Herefordshire and Shropshire, following the many and urban transition: A case study of the actors, as arguments have increasingly escalated Blackpool South Fylde Line, UK to appeals and judicial reviews. Utilising data from extensive interviews, the paper explores This paper examines the planning and evaluation the competing rationalities of the agricultural process of a rail improvement project that has hegemony fighting a mobilising rural opposition economic and social transformation potential contesting previously unchallenged forms of for a place suffering a persistent decline but evidence. The research highlights how officers struggles to make a business case. A case of and politicians adjudicate over multiple expert improving the South Fylde line linking places and lay constructions of knowledge and wrestle in Fylde Coast for possible regeneration in with the implications of cumulative impacts. Blackpool South Area was examined to unveil Controversy can enrich democracy and generate the complexity and failure of the mainstream more effective planning responses. planning regime for transport justice and urban

17 Abstracts in alphabetical order

transition at both central and local levels. Paul Cowie, Newcastle University Research methods adopted are mixed to conduct empirical analysis, illustrating the case with Casting a long shadow: How the social and the current status, historical review, supporting cultural past is or is not incorporated into planning documents, and critical interpretation spatial planning of in-depth interview with key stakeholders and policy makers. An analytical framework that is Planning is all about the future. However the first composed of three inter-related frameworks, thing communities want to do when starting the namely transport regulatory framework, planning the process is talk about the past. institutional framework, and policy framework is How can this circle be squared? Using the developed to examine key issues and challenges. example of the Category D Policy of the 1951 County Durham development plan and its influence of local planning today, we examine Grzegorz Chrobak, Wroclaw University the role cultural and social history of place play Tomasz Kowalczyk, Szymon Szewrański, in the planning imaginary and current community Wroclaw University planning. Despite ending in the 1970’s the impact of the Category D policy is still being felt Robust climate data analysis framework for in local planning today. Planning typically deals Planning and Impact Assessment with history through the fabric of the built environment and often struggles to deal with the In this paper, a site-specific climate data analysis intangible aspects of place, community and framework is proposed, and its development social memory. This paper presents the initial and efficiency as a robust decision support tool findings of a pilot study which uses oral history for planning activities and Impact Assessment methods to understand how communities are described. Selected exemplary climatic affected by the Category D policy interact with time series datasets were fed into a smoothing the planning today. function for the bias removal. The ubiased sets were correlated to global climate reanalysis data in order to perform empiraical statistical David Coyles, Ulster University, downscaling procedure. Next, on the set of de-coarsed data, anomaly analysis was Hidden Barriers and Divisive Architecture: introduced in order to detect change point The Case of Belfast in downscaled time series with use of Twitter Breakout Detection tool. The raw data from This paper presents original findings from metherological stations obtained for the a three-year multi-disciplinary investigation, purposes of Impact Assessment, although funded by the Arts and Humanities Research they contain valuable information, present very Council, revealing new evidence of a distinct poor performance due to a significant site- and important, yet largely unrecognised, body specific bias, which does not allow for correct of divisive architecture and spatiality: a realm of predictions and data-senesemaking. However, ‘hidden barriers’ stemming from a confidential carefully conducted climate data analysis can process of security planning taking place become a very insightful supplement during between 1978 and 1985, at the height of the Impact Assessment. Troubles in Northern Ireland. This highly visual paper presentation uses detailed architectural mapping and immersive fieldwork photography of six research case-studies to comprehensively illustrate the complex ways in which these ‘hidden barriers’ continue to promote social, economic and physical division across Catholic and Protestant communities in present-day Belfast. Through an examination of their

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contemporary social, economic and physical Hristo Dikanski, Arup effects, the paper examines how these ‘hidden Kara Brussen, Anna Tuddenham, Arup barriers’ escape the popular attention that is paid to Belfast’s peace-walls, and raises critical Climate change in EIA: lessons learnt from questions about the role of spatial planning practice in conflict-transformation and peacebuilding processes. Since Directive 2014/52/EU was transposed in UK and Irish law in 2017, Environmental Impact Assessments have been required to consider Tony Crook, University of Sheffield the effects of a development on climate change (greenhouse gas emissions) as well as the Capturing land value: the limits to vulnerability of a development to climate change. planning obligations of solving social Drawing upon lessons learnt from numerous EIAs housing shortages and fostering regional for projects of different sizes, this paper proposes development a versatile step-by-step method for incorporating climate change in EIA. Adapting existing high- Planning obligations and CIL contribute level guidance to the specific requirements substantially to the provision of both of each project, approaches are proposed for infrastructure and community facilities, especially consideration of climate change resilience, affordable housing with agreements in 2016-17 greenhouse gases, as well as incorporating valued at £6bn worth of contributions. Much new climate change in the assessments of other affordable housing funding is now dependent environmental topics. The questions of scoping, on this. Given that the costs developers face assessment and significance are discussed, as in paying for these obligations is defrayed by well as different options for documenting the paying landowners less for land, obligations findings within the Environmental Statement. have become a de facto means of capturing development value. However it works well in tight and rising markets and less well elsewhere, Mark Dobson, University of Reading especially outside the South East. And in tight markets with very high land prices the value of English LPA Planning under Austerity obligations is often not sufficient to fully fund new Localism social housing. The paper critically addresses these two key policy challenges: first, how can In the UK local Government planning policies and infrastructure be funded through land value practices have witnessed significant changes capture in areas of Britain needing regeneration since 2010, with practitioners being pulled investment but with low land values? Second, can in different directions by austerity measures, changing compulsory purchase compensation the localism agenda and increased emphasis law secure cheaper land for new social housing on housing supply and viability within the than using planning obligations? The paper NPPF and associated deregulations such as draws on the proposer’s work on both issues, permitted development rights. Taken together especially his recent report for the Scottish these changes have created a number of new Land Commission and evidence to the 2070 challenges for public planners, which have Commission and to the Affordable Housing been taken up by the rise in private consultancy Commission. work and associated privatisation within the system. The focus of this paper is to assist in situating these wider changes through a study of the ‘commercialisation’ of English LPAs under austerity localism. The empirical component is based on 40 interviews with senior management level planning practitioners across England, with roughly equally cases from each region across

19 Abstracts in alphabetical order

England (excluding London) and from a mixture capital intensive urban development projects are of rural and urban authorities, unitary and two-tier changing not only the urban layout (particular at councils, etc to provide a diverse sample. the waterfront) but also the consumer behavior (due to new retail spaces) - but increasingly restrict the access to public spaces. Young Hung Shiu Fung, University of Liverpool people are however rarely integrated in the Thomas Fischer, University of Liverpool underlying planning processes. Based on several hundred interviews with the youth of Marseille The roles of the public in systematic this paper gives them and their ideas about the consideration of environmental and other future of the city a voice. information

Impact assessment was designed to improve Deepak Gopinath, UWE Bristol policy, plan, programme and project decision making through systematic consideration Attributes of leadership for planning resilient of environmental, health, social and other cities in the Global South information. In practice, this goal is achieved through multiple mechanisms that are usually This paper aims to advance a new approach defined in legislation and administrative to the intersections of place, resilience and procedures. This presentation focuses on the leadership particularly within the context of role of public participation in achieving this rapidly urbanising cities in the Global South. goal. Internationally, over the last decade, More generally, we know that a leader could be impact assessment and spatial planning have characterised by key attributes, such as public become more open for public participation. It oratory, webs of reciprocity and the ability to raises the question on how increased levels amass and distribute goods (Sahlins, 1963; of participation of the public affect planning Bankoff, 2015). Others such as Lindstrom (1984) processes, in particular in terms of considering have called for a shift arguing instead that leaders specific impacts. In this context, we will report on are more about controlling knowledge rather empirical evidence generated through reviewing than wealth, However, in the face of limited Hong Kong’s impact assessment and spatial control over resources due to the rescaling of planning practices. The author argues that the state and unfolding of processes shaped public participation practices lead to increased through global capitalist social relations, what information flow and exchange among the can/should local leaders do? More importantly, parties; however, there are constraints within the how might local leaders function as ‘agents of current system that limit its overall effectiveness change’ for ‘others’ in the local community, by in plans making. “nurturing sources of resilience for renewal and reorganisation” (Berkes et al 2003; Folke 2005: 452)? Jörg Gertel, Leipzig University

Marseille: Urban Perspectives of Stephen Hall, UWE Bristol Young People Overcoming barriers to integrated This paper addresses the situation of young infrastructure planning in city regions and people in Marseille and their perspectives into counties creating, shaping ,and appropriating changing urban spaces. Being a mediterranean port city Marseille is shaped by different waves of The UK exemplifies the challenges for planning migration, particularly from Italy and from former of seeking to engage with, and influence, the French colonies. While widespread poverty still complex organisational investment frameworks impacts the northern quarters and the central city, and ownership patterns of infrastructure

20 Planning Research 2019

providers, ‘splintered’ across the public and Mike Harris private sectors. In England, this effort has arguably been particularly challenged by the Planning as taking responsibility for twenty- abolition of strategic spatial planning, and parallel first century challenges focus of planning activity at the local level. This paper, informed by research conducted for Over the next few decades we face a ‘long the Royal Town Planning Institute, drawing on emergency’ as a result of major challenges, three contrasting case studies (Cambridgeshire, most obviously but not limited to the climate Glasgow and Staffordshire), and a survey of all crisis. But in many countries our failure local planning authorities in the UK, explores to plan effectively for the longer-term, how emerging governance arrangements at the including responding more effectively to city-regional level, are impacting infrastructure such challenges, is less the result of the planning in practice. We conclude that these new inherent difficulties in predicting and shaping institutional forms (e.g. Combined Authorities) are the future than it is the result of a concerted compounding the complexity of the problem they campaign against planning led by its fiercest are supposed to solve as they have to establish ideological opponents. However, numerous working relationships with the existing local international case studies - from towns to authorities and infrastructure providers. world cities, small island nations to leading industrial countries - demonstrate how we can plan successfully for the long-term using Catherine Hammond, Sheffield Hallam a variety of tools and approaches including University engaging communities. The challenges of the Kaeren vanVliet, sheffield Hallam University twenty-first century represent an opportunity and an imperative to push back against Residents’ perceptions of the health and a widespread planning pessimism and to wellbeing benefits of green infrastructure in reassert a popular, vital planning project the contemporary residential context: centring on collective survival and security. a study of Kingswood, Kingston-upon-Hull, England Alaa Hasanen, University of Tours Literature on the health and wellbeing benefits of Emilia KOPEĆ, Wrocław University of Science green infrastructure tend to take a functional and and Technology quantitative approach, looking at the statistical relationships between health and wellbeing Planning in the suburbs under government variables such as increased rates of cycling and control walking and identifiable components of mental health. Using a qualitative ‘on-site’ and ‘sharp- Using a car always has been associated with narrative’ approach in a case study of a typical well-being, but what if the car turns out to be a urban extension in Hull, this paper provides an trap? Lack of public transport in suburbs leads insight into how residents perceive the health and to the fact that residents are forced to using a wellbeing benefits of GI. The findings indicate private transport that has a negative impact on that residents understanding is experiential rather the environment, especially when it comes to than functional, with health and wellbeing benefits travel between suburbs and city’s centers. This is coming from a general sense of greenness, due to the phenomenon of urban sprawl beside fresh air, dog walking, play and an appreciation not having a real strategy to contain the natural of older conceptions of public amenity. The expansion of large cities, even if the city is on the paper addresses a gap in our understanding of list of the 100 best cities in the world. The City the health and wellbeing benefits of GI within of Wroclaw is one of the best-developed Polish contemporary housing development, and provides cities. The lacking of having integrated transport evidence to inform the successful planning and and land use planning led to fragmented suburbs design of GI in new residential neighbourhoods. that are not connected with the mother city. This

21 Abstracts in alphabetical order

paper will examine how strategic decision-making geodemographic classification of travel-to- regarding regional planning is no longer flexible work flows that segments commuters into and free to allow urban planners to work on it groups based on multiple socioeconomic and and how it became under the control of political demographic traits. We measure the cohesion/ decisions that afftected on Polish society. fragmentation of the resulting LMAs to test how the commuting behaviours of sub-group populations are translated into LMA structures. Miguel Hincapie, UCL Our analysis points to a complex and messy spatial economy that is often smoothed away, for The role of social action and agency in conceptual and methodological convenience, in landscape character conservation: the case attempts to delineate local spatial labour markets. of two cultural landscapes of universal value We draw out the implications of this practice for in Colombia understanding the geography of labour market connectivity and for spatial policymaking where Involvement of local communities in the commuting interactions are used in intellectual conservation and management of cultural case-making to support economic and transport landscapes is a central issue to planning practice. interventions. This aspect is often overlooked in decision- making processes and becomes only useful in the implementation of specific strategies. The Annika Hjelmskog, University of paper considers that studies on social action Manchester and agency have alternatives to this problem and contributes to expanding the notion of Public Housing for Public Health: health community participation. Through a multiple-case inequalities and housing associations in study of the Coffee Cultural Landscape and the Greater Manchester Historic Town of Mompox in Colombia, the paper exposes how, and to what extent, community Equitable access to decent, safe, affordable initiatives and community practices, as a form of housing is a prerequisite of any successful social action, contribute to the conservation and public health strategy. Greater Manchester is the character enhancement of these landscapes. only city-region in England to have had its budget The analysis of the cases studied offers new for health and social care devolved from central perspectives in the participation of communities, government. This is viewed as an opportunity collaboration schemes and co-creation between for the area to transform the way it delivers local actors and governmental institutions. I argue public services, and as a mechanism by which that social action and agency change standpoints the state may reduce its spending, and its direct in conservation planning practices for bottom- responsibility. This paper explores the extent to linked governance and effective management of which housing associations are an integral part cultural landscapes. of this population health agenda. It considers whether this involvement from non-statutory actors is by necessity or desire, and the future Stephen Hincks, University of Sheffield implications for health inequalities when universal services are provided by a sector that Building Geodemographic Regions: reaches a small, and ever-shrinking, proportion Commuting Segmentation and Labour of the population. Using in-depth qualitative Market Connectivity in England and Wales data, this paper identifies hidden risks and gaps in the universal service provision, left by The definition of functional labour market a retrenching state. areas based on sub-group populations is a long-standing concern in planning and regional studies. We address this issue by applying network regionalisation to a novel

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David Hoare, WSP belonging contributes to their retirement decision making in Northern Ireland. Emotions will be key Is EIA practice in the UK effective? to this research as it motivates people in ‘place’ and today’s’ ever-changing world ‘place’ is better Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practice understood if explored through feelings or how in the UK is an established mechanism for it is ‘felt’ through emotions (Davidson & Milligan, assessing the potential environmental impact 2007). For rural policymakers/planners, it is also (be it beneficial or adverse) of projects. However, essential to understand the role of emotions it is not without its challenges. Every year, to ‘place’ for rural communities especially in EIA is discussed and debated via numerous times of great change and restructuring as it can mechanisms including articles, journals, webinars, ‘influence negative evaluations and reactions to seminars, conferences and social media. But change” (Christianne & Haarsten, 2017). is EIA practice in the UK effective? Do the current EIA Regulations facilitate effective and proportionate EIA? How has EIA practice in the Helen Hoyle, UWE Bristol UK evolved? What do we do well? What could we do better? Does EIA practice help or hinder the What determines how we see nature? decision-making of determining authorities? Are The role of public perception in green there any knowledge or skills gaps? What are the infrastructure planning constraints to effective and proportionate EIA? Has EIA embraced the digital age? Are there any If green infrastructure (GI) is to be planned and differences between non-statutory and statutory designed to meet the needs of diverse urban EIA practice? publics, more knowledge is required on how people’s perceived ‘nature experience’ relates to This paper will examine all of the above, and objective GI characteristics. We addressed this consider opportunities for improving EIA practice gap by inviting site users (n=1411) to walk through in the UK. woodland, shrub and herbaceous planting at three distinctive levels of planting structure at 31 sites throughout England whilst completing Lorraine Holloway-mccarney, Queens a self-guided questionnaire. Significant positive University Belfast relationships were recorded between perceived naturalness and planting structure, the perceived Emotional Geographies of Belonging In plant and invertebrate biodiversity value, Northern Ireland: Challenges for Remaining participants’ aesthetic appreciation and the in or Leaving Family Farming self-reported restorative effect of the planting. There was a negative relationship between The family farm and rural communities have perceived naturalness and perceived tidiness transformed over the last 50 years due to and care. Women and more nature-connected technological advances, globalisation and participants perceived significantly higher levels demographic changes. However, family farming of naturalness in the planting. These findings in the United Kingdom (UK), Northern Ireland are highly significant for policymakers and built (NI) and across the developed world remains environment professionals tasked with planning patrilineal (Lobley et al. 2010; Price, 2012; and designing urban GI to achieve positive Leonard et al. 2017). To date rural and agricultural human health and biodiversity outcomes. literature has focused on farmers ‘roots’ to place, there is limited research on how modern rural communities has weakened the ‘temporal & spatial connection to place amongst farmers’. Therefore, this research aims to explore through qualitative oral life histories how the patriarchal older farmer alongside their emotional sense of

23 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Ed Huckle, Public Health Wales European universities (in the context of an Liz Green, Public Health Wales Erasmus programme). They are responding with initiative and motivation, providing mutual Reconnecting public health and land use support and encouragement. They have not planning in Wales been discomforted by the evolving nature of the project, but have taken this opportunity to Welsh Government’s new Planning Policy Wales develop imaginative suggestions of their own, not (PPW) enables planners to work closer with least in terms of proposals to make the summer public health and health organisations in line school an engaging experience for the visiting with the Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 students. which focuses on sustainable development and well-being. PPW is committed to meet the Healthier Wales Well-being Goal and advocates Bonnie J. Johnson, University of Kansas health impact assessment. Public health remains Planning for Real a non-statutory consultee under planning resulting in inconsistent engagement and What does the general public see of planning? no uniform harmonised input into strategic In 2013, BBC Two aired the reality TV show, development plans and major planning The Planners, in eight episodes. Each episode applications. Recent engagement and evidence follows real practicing planners through (PHW, 2018) shows planning and health 4 or 5 cases. Using major theories and roles practitioners welcome closer working practices. of planning, the cases are analyzed and the This paper explores Public Health Wales (PHW) planners’ portrayals are placed into categories. aims to redress this outlining new ways of Despite the plethora of theories and roles harmonised working to maximise opportunities in (technical/bureaucratic, political influence, influencing planning policy and promoting early social movement, collaborative, communicative, engagement. It discusses actions being taken advocacy, and game manager), the planners are at national/local level to advocate integration. shown predominantly as technocrats and game Realigning health and planning strategies with managers. Reality TV is only showing a narrow common objectives will improve an integrated set of planners’ roles. How does this portrayal of approach to current, future health and wellbeing planners impact the legitimacy of planning and of communities. the pursuit of social and economic justice?

Stephen Jay, University of Liverpool Robert Kennedy, Ulster University

Student Delivery of Marine Planning Evaluation if the applicability of the urban Education and Training design concept of legibility in assisting the management of change in Historic Higher education has moved towards the Environments concept of a learning community in which all participants, including students, tutors and The emergent Historic Urban landscape external contributors, engage as equals and Approach has witnessed a move away from any work towards learning outcomes together. perceived notion of a preservationist approach This is particularly relevant to the skills and to an acceptance of change / the cultural value professionally oriented nature of planning of contemporary architecture. It has however education. This concept is currently being left practitioners with a number of unresolved practised in the context of Masters-level questions; indeed many commentators have marine planning education at the University of stressed the need for further research to Liverpool. Students are taking on responsibility underpin the historic urban landscape approach. for organising and teaching a summer These include the relative importance of the school for other students arriving from other spirit of place versus the physical fabric, the

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importance of the intangible and the limits of impacts such as heatwaves and their impact is acceptable change. Accordingly, the purpose likely to get more intense in the future. Investing of this paper is to address some of these issues in greenspace is a strategy for governments through the impact that new development has on to enhance climate resilience and secure the how historic environments are perceived by people’s liveability. Furthermore, greenspaces their users; i.e. their legible qualities. These shall can be places where people have strong be contrasted with those of heritage regulators emotional bonds with. The central focus in this (experts) to assess the validity of the contention ongoing research is how older people adapt that an authorised heritage discourse operates to to environmental changes, how they perceive the detriment of the values of the public. and experience these changes over time, how it influences their identity and meaning to place and how policy and practice can secure their Michael Kordas, University of Glasgow liveability in their local environment. Using a qualitative approach this research is Charrettes in Scotland: Adopting, Reacting investigated via life-course interviews with older and Adapting in the Story of a Mobile Policy people and interviews with policymakers and practitioners. This study provides additional This paper critically examines the Scottish scientific evidence how people experience Government’s attempts since 2010, to and perceive their local environment and ‘mainstream’ the charrette design workshop as greenspaces, how attachments and identities the preferred method for community participation flow over time, how it can assist climate in the planning system. Charrettes claim to bring adaptation research, policies and practice. together practitioners and citizens to establish consensus on planning principles and urban form. Charrettes originated in the USA as part of the Victoria Lawson, University of Manchester New Urbanist movement in the built environment, and in coming to Scotland, represent one of Pursuing Design Excellence in the latest in a long history of policy transfers City Centre Regeneration in planning. The research approaches the charrette as a policy ‘mobility’ that can never During the planning processes of Liverpool One be properly understood free of its social and (2001-2008), just seven individuals used the ideological context, investigates the initial statutory planning system to make representations reaction among practitioners and communities about this scheme which – at 42.5 acres – covers and the subsequent challenges of adapting a large tract of Liverpool city centre. This paper the format. The paper draws on document offers a critique of the planning practices behind analysis, interviews and observational data. It Liverpool One. It identifies how they were adapted demonstrates that a distinctly Scottish version of to facilitatethe scheme’s speedy delivery, while the charrette has evolved as the mainstreaming raising questions about how focusing on delivery process has progressed. might impact on democracy – given so few people statutorily commented on the scheme. With a particular interest in how key design moves Rachel Lauwerijssen, University of and decisions were mediated at the local level, Manchester 28 interviews were conducted, to ensure a range Ian Mell, Adam Barker, University of of experiences and perspectives were captured. Manchester To aid analysis, the paper draws on recent postpolitical thinking, concluding that – while Political and personal interrelations Liverpool One is a development of exceptional of greenspace, climate and place for quality in terms of both its expensive materials older people and the thoughtfulness of its design – exceptional design can have transforming powers, but also Older people are vulnerable to climate change disguising and concealing powers.

25 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Sinan Levend, Konya Technical University equity focused on the equal distribution of Thomas Fischer, University of Liverpool resources for all groups, rather than consideration of transit-dependent riders. Determining People’s Design Priorities Regarding Their Neighbourhood Units: The Case of Liverpool Yixi Liao, UCL

Local planning authorities and developers need Bourdieu’s Social Class Theories in the to be efficient in the design and regeneration of context of London Private Rental Market neighbourhoods. The orientation of investment decisions of local planning authorities and Margaret Thatcher’s neoliberal approach to developers can lead to a failure to meet people’s housing policies in the United Kingdom, through demands if there no participation process. At the privatisation of social housing and the the end of the design process, people will often promotion of the property-owning democracy, live in places created according to designers’ has resulted in significant social change. Since values as well as by the priorities of market the 1990s, there is evidence of an increasingly conditions, and not according to their values unequal and polarised British society. Pierre and priorities. The purpose of the study is to Bourdieu’s social theories argue that dispositions determine people’s design priorities and to offer often differ between social classes. Using Big policies that will guide the design of regeneration Data analysis and econometrics modelling, this or new residential projects in Liverpool in the study aims to uncover the revealed preferences direction of people’s priorities. These will be of different social classes in the private rental determined using the Analytic Hierarchy market in London. The analysis and framework Process (AHP) method. are based on Bourdieu’s categorisation of social class and theories on capital. The originality of this study arises through the combination Orly Linovski, University of Manitoba of sociology and econometrics, and from the Dwayne Baker, Queens College – CUNY breaking down of the dichotomy between Kevin Manaugh, McGill University objectivity and subjectivity. The findings show agreement to some of Bourdieu’s theories, whilst Planning for Equity? Evaluating Equity deviations also existed due to the differences in Consideration in Planning for Bus Rapid social, historical and political contexts. Transport

The distribution of transportation benefits is Monica Lopez Franco, UCL mediated through planning professionals who frame the goals of these investments and can Housing in Mexican Historic Centres. Cases prioritize the importance of fairness in decision- of Mexico City and Guadalajara making. Despite increasing evidence of the importance of transportation equity, there are Mexican Historic centres face significant stress questions about how equity principles factor to address housing provision and heritage into planning processes. This work provides an conservation. Recent programmes for historic empirical analysis of the role of transit equity in centres focus on enabling housing through planning for BRT investments in three Canadian private investment, but failing to ensure housing metropolitan areas, drawing on key informant for vulnerable social groups. Preliminary findings interviews and spatial analysis of built and unbuilt suggest new housing developments have routes. Our findings show that transit equity rarely created tensions in the areas. With increasing figured into the planning of BRT systems and economic value and speculation, fears of there is a lack of clarity in both defining equity displacement have increased uncertainty within and determining how it should be integrated in local population groups. This research assesses planning processes. Most definitions of transit regulations and practices through the lens of

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the right to housing to understand the social green spaces investigated and suggestions will impact of housing schemes and local dynamics be made based on the learned understanding changes. Key areas were identified with spatial, of how the green spaces are enjoyed through frameworks and interviews analysis. As official multiple senses particularly in urban green discourse has positioned housing development spaces, where effects of urban noise and smell in historic centres at the centre of social well influence the healthy and recreational effect of being and as an opportunity for heritage human green space encounters. conservation. However, terms remain vague by not providing local populations with legitimate claims to secure residence against displacement Christopher Maidment , Anglia Ruskin or be eligible for new tenure schemes, prompting University questions of certainty. Lakshmi Rajendran, Maryam Imani, Anglia Ruskin University

Jing Lu The Morality of Deriving “Objective” Measures from Subjective Judgements: Multi-sensory perception of urban landscape Applying a Sustainability Appraisal - Investigations of urban green spaces in Approach to Sustainable Drainage Systems Suzhou This paper draws on current research which Urban green space has important functions for aims to develop a decision-making framework cities and urban residents. It is for Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). generally recognized that time spent in parks Addressing SuDS implementation in the UK, and other green spaces benefits not only the Brazil and India, the framework aims to embed subjective well-being, but contributes also to the ‘resilience’ and ‘quality of life’ as considerations objective mental and physical health of people. when choosing SuDS solutions. Green space planning is therefore a crucial task for urban planners aiming at creating sustainable In particular, this paper focuses on the use of an and liveable cities. In order to plan effective approach modelled on Sustainability Appraisal, urban greenery under the constraints of space as practiced in English plan-making, to integrate limitation and surrounding urban disturbances, ‘subjective’ quality of life benefits into a decision- we need to get a better understanding of the making framework driven mainly by quantitative way how we perceive and evaluate the quality data. Using this methodology as a basis, the work of different green spaces. The research wants to explores the moral implications of translating contribute to this understanding by investigating subjective judgements into measures that appear empirically a set of different green spaces objective to other stakeholders. including a classic garden, a neighbourhood park constructed first in Republic Era and a modern The implications for practice lie in the reflections regional botanic park in Suzhou. Interviews and on the nature of evidence-based planning. questionnaire surveys are conducted to assess The conclusions juxtapose the potential of this the respective landscape perception of a broad approach to give quality of life considerations sample of respondents at different time of year. greater agency in decision-making, with the Apart from the holistic perception, we find it extent to which it promotes the acceptance of especially important to investigate the respective objective measures as more ‘truthful’. contributions of visual, acoustic and olfactory perceptions to the overall evaluation. This innovative focus sets our research apart from the mainstream of landscape research, which unreasonably restricts itself to the visual mode of landscape perception. Results will be drawn from comparative analysis from different urban

27 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Darja Marincek Prosenc John McCarthy, Heriot-Watt University

Valorization Of Significance In A Planning Planning for tourism intensification via short Practice Context term commercial visitor accommodation: the case of Edinburgh The purpose of the paper is to focus on significance of place from the site’s identity Many cities globally have expanded short-term to the detail spatial plan, defining the need of rental accommodation (via online platforms) to changes. The new approach is needed that increase tourism revenue. This has led to calls aims to manage change in places by ensuring for more effective regulation because of loss that, while the reconstruction, regeneration of amenity and a change in the character of and redevelopment is taking place, the intrinsic previously-residential areas, with displacement identity of the existing character is not only of the supply of traditional residential letting. recognized, but is proactively used as a reference The case of Edinburgh in this respect is and site-specific guide for new development. significant in view of the scale of such activity We illustrate (with project example) multicriterial and the potential, via the current Planning Bill valorization of each “minimal unit” through considerations, for alteration of the definition of different stakeholders to finally form a synthesis development. The paper explores how regulation map, defining an identity value. might seek to minimise problems while retaining The key objective of the method is to allow all tourism benefits. This is a complex and context- stakeholders, local population and experts of dependent issue as shown by the variation in various fields, a more detailed identification and practice between cities globally this regard, definition of problems in the area. This creates as well as issues of detection, monitoring and general starting points for expert development enforcement. Nevertheless, the experience of solutions, determination of priorities and the basis Edinburgh may be instructive for other cities for policy decisions in spatial planning. facing similar pressures.

Zwelakhe Maseko, University of Zululand Janice Morphet, UCL Ben Clifford, UCL Assessing the impact of natural resource conservation on the livelihoods of the The role of planning in delivering local community of KwaNibela authority provided housing

The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact The role of planning in providing housing in of natural resource management by iSimangaliso England is circumscribed by the Government’s Wetland Park on the livelihoods of KwaNibela approach to the planning system including residents. This study adopted the qualitative policy, as set out in the NPPF and PPG and approach in order to deeply understand the determination of decisions through appeals. perceptions of people concerning natural The research undertaken by Morphet and Clifford resource management and their livelihoods. (2017; 2019a forthcoming; 2019b forthcoming) has This is an ongoing study and the results are demonstrated that local authorities are engaging inconclusive, but the preliminary results show that in the direclt delivery of housing in ways which a majority of people in KwaNibela feel that natural are both using the planning system through resource conservation affects their livelihoods ‘partnerships’ and acting outside it through the negatively since they are deprived access to establishment of wholly owned companies and natural resources and they do not benefit directly joint ventures. These direct actions, using the from natural resource conservation initiatives councils own land or that purchased for this and programmes. purpose is motivated in part by failures in the planning system. The research demonstrates that between 2017 and 2019, the number of

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local authorities which companies has increased there may be potential in differently configured from 57% to 78% while non-stockholding, non- measurements of air quality. This paper asks how company owning councils are also increasing individualised measurements may (and may not) their delivery. This paper will examine these be of value for individuals and planners, using findings in more detail. a participatory lens. It reflects particularly on the potential for a distributed system of measurement and how this might rework the John Myers, London YIMBY present regulatory regime.

Better co-production techniques to strengthen planning Michael Neuman, University of Westminster

Few proposals to strengthen planning have Planning Leadership overcome political opposition to change. I argue one reason is the limited set of techniques used, Planners have a distinctive take on leadership, and that planners should have a wider repertoire well suited for today’s world. It is leadership of the of powers to allow communities’ co-production collaborative and visionary type [that] emerges of better uses of land within strictly-defined readily in a strong planning culture. Planning is constraints to prevent harm to others. a leadership profession. This is due to the set of Examples include NPPF 146(f), permitting skills and knowledge that planners bring to their a neighbourhood development order to approve offices, including, a long-term horizon, a sense of development on their own green belt, but only the broader good, comprehensive consideration if it is still ‘open’. In New Zealand, a landowner of the inter-relationship of complex and dynamic may now waive the protective setback rule activities and their impacts, an inter-disciplinary binding a specific adjoining property. Ellickson’s perspective, and the ability to reconcile suggestion of allowing a vote by individuals conflicting interests. This set of skills also serves, on a single stretch of street to permit more in part, to articulate what characterizes a strong, development is still untried. A fourth rule could positive planning culture. The five general allow the residents of a city block to vote to allow elements of planning leadership are: more development within that block, subject to 1 Future orientation – goals, objectives, restrictions on altering external facades of the strategies, plans block and to preserve light to other blocks. 2 Situational awareness – place knowledge, context, complexity 3 Cultural awareness – place cultures, Lucy Natarajan organizational cultures, interpersonal differences Distributed Air Quality Monitoring? 4 Communications – listening, dialogue, understanding, evidence, images Poor air quality in UK cities is an urgent priority 5 Greater good – public interest, commonwealth, for environmental governance, as it affects general welfare people’s daily lives and long-term health. Citizens are acutely aware of the issues, and agitating for change in a variety of ways. However the Philip O’Brien, University of Liverpool system for collectively dealing with pollution is flawed at its root because, as discussed here, the How do spatial imaginaries order city current system of monitoring pollution focuses on regional development? Exploring the minimum quality and post hoc remediation rather embedding of planning images in local than prevention. So, there is growing interest planning cultures in new technologies that enable personalised monitoring of the environment. Notwithstanding This paper investigates how spatial imaginaries continued debate on the accuracy of such data, become embedded within local planning

29 Abstracts in alphabetical order

cultures, from there functioning as informal is grounded in sustainability imperatives from institutions. Case studies of the Mersey Belt, climate change to health to soil protection to the urbanised space between Liverpool and environmental governance, and this presentation Manchester, and the Métropole Européenne explores initial findings of an engagement based de Lille, are used to explore the factors approach in a ‘post-expert’ era. that are influential in the process of cultural embedding of spatial imaginaries at the local scale. As Valler and Phelps (2018: 699) suggest, Gavin Parker, University of Reading research on local planning cultures focuses Matthew Wargent, Emma Street, University of on programmatic levels, encompassing place Reading histories, development trajectories, boundaries and strategic orientations. This paper examines The role of private expertise and the play of the cultural embedding of spatial imaginaries knowledge in plan-making in England from the perspective of institutional change by arguing, as per Neuman (2012), that planning The influence of private sector planners within images and planning institutions are intertwined the English planning system is increasingly in long-term processes of institutional change, recognised by the planning research community. and adding to this notion by suggesting Yet there is limited in-depth exploration of how that some planning images, such as spatial public-private interactions influence practice imaginaries, can become embedded within a and outcomes. This paper draws on an empirical local planning culture, thereby influencing the exploration of consultant inputs to Local Plans future planning of the area. in an increasingly pressurised and politicised environment. The paper first outlines the comprehensive set of roles that private actors Susan Parham, University of Hertfordshire play within the planning system before setting out a tentative typology of consultants active Planning for health, green infrastructure within planning, nuancing past accounts of and social justice through food - learning consultants as a homogeneous group. In addition from the Edible Cities Network research in to demonstrating the different ‘types’ Letchworth Garden City of consultants, the extent of private sector inputs, and the rationales for consultant use, Given their heritage and contemporary the paper’s core contribution explores how principles, can Garden Cities play a leading private knowledge is produced, modulated and role in bringing together green infrastructure, deployed throughout the plan-making process, healthy cities approaches and socially-inclusive revealing the ‘political work’ that is done by interventions to improve planning in relation purportedly techno-rational agents. to food? This is the question being explored through the Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation/International Garden Cities Institute Ruth Potts, Cardiff University research as part of the EU funded ‘Edible Cities Network’ project. EdiCitNet is a major, five-year A technological turn in planning theory and multi-partner, international research initiative practice? Deciphering the utility of digital developing ‘edible cities solutions’. Letchworth technologies in planning theory and practice as a ‘Follower City in the EdiCitNet partnership is undertaking highly engaged research with a Discussions of the ‘communicative turn’ in ‘City Team’ to develop specific food interventions. planning were a hallmark of planning literature These reflect Ebenezer Howard’s food principles, in the early 1990s and 2000s, reflecting the positively impact on pressing health concerns, growing influence of Habermasian ideology focus on social inclusion and justice issues on conceptualisations of planning practice related to food, and help develop food-based Congruent to these theoretical ruminations, green infrastructure. The food planning research digital technologies rapidly developed and have

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increasingly become part of planning practice. (in)voluntarily disengaged from the process. This Indeed, there now exists a plethora of digital presentation explores the real-world problem of tools, software, hardware, and online systems public disengagement through a Case Study and that can be drawn on to support all facets of presents findings from the analysis of qualitative planning practice. The increasing prevalence and data collection methods, including ethnography integration of technology into planning practice and interviews with publics. The research leads us to ask the question of whether there has uses a new approach by framing the data been a ‘technological turn’ in planning practice analysis around the Bourdieuian concepts of congruent to the ‘communicative turn’ in planning habitus and forms of capital to develop theory, and what the implications of such a turn a deeper understanding of how place meanings are for planning theorists and practitioners. and practices influence patterns of engagement. The presentation will discuss the research contribution to future best practice in public Neil Powe, Newcastle University consultation and consider how the application of Bourdieu’s concepts can assist in developing Planning for retail decline: new directions for a deeper understanding of local knowledge town centres contributions.

The continued growth in retail parks, internet expenditure and other forms of decentralization Gavan Rafferty, Ulster University have increasingly challenged the competitive Neale Blair, Ulster University position of town centres. The traditional revival approach of retail property development An Emergent All-Island City-Region: A “Soft and brand name attraction to town centre/ Space” for Cross-Border Spatial Planning in edge-of-centre locations is no longer viable Uncertain Times? in most places. Challenged by too much retail space and neglect from external investment, A possible UK departure from the EU, no increasingly there is a need to plan for retail functioning Assembly in Northern Ireland and decline. For affluent towns, this may mean a a ‘coming of age’ of spatial planning in Ireland reorientation towards more leisure-oriented (as articulated in Project Ireland 2040) have strategies. Deprived towns, however, require coincided with the emergence of a cross-border further innovation and imagination. Through case city-region concept that strives for appropriate study visits and interviews within a range of town place-based thinking that enhances social, centres suffering from retail decline, this paper economic and environmental wellbeing. The explores strategies for revival emerging and their North West of the island of Ireland, reflecting feasibility to contribute to revival. functional relationships between Derry City and Strabane District Council (NI, UK) and Donegal County Council (Ireland), has witnessed the co- Catherine Queen, University of Exeter design of ‘soft’ cross-border governance to avoid ‘back-to-back’ planning. Drawing together policy Exploring public disengagement from analysis and recent empirical observations to consultation processes for major critically discuss the conceptual and operational infrastructure through a Bourdieuian lens issues of this governance space, the paper investigates the role of planning in this unique Public consultation is an essential requirement cross-border city-region. In particular, the paper of planning for major energy infrastructure as concludes by offering critical reflections on the pomoted by successive UK Governments since opportunities and challenges for spatial planning the communicative turn of the late twentieth operating in a protracted period of political, policy century. There has been limited literature and institutional instability. which considers the comprehensiveness of this consultation in practice for those publics who are

31 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Kat Salter, University of Birmingham Alister Scott, Northumbria University Rachel Holtby, Northumbria University Caught in the middle? The response of LPAs to Neighbourhood Planning in England Mainstreaming Green Infrastructure from theory to practice The LPA has been identified as a “critical but often neglected actor in neighbourhood This paper illuminates the need for improved planning” (Brownill and Bradley, 2017 p34). This mainstreaming of green infrastructure (GI) paper draws on material from 5 case study areas in policy and decision-making. The starting in the SE to explore the response of the LPA to point is that the term “mainstreaming” itself is neighbourhood planning. The paper identifies poorly understood and uncritically used and that LPAs are not only caught in the middle thus requires improved theoretical rigour. This of top down policy directives and the bottom is formalised within an inductively derived up aspirations of communities’, but they also mainstreaming model developed by the author introduce their own technologies of government reflecting different mainstreaming states to steer and influence the NP agenda. 3 according to capacity, capability and overall overarching responses from LPAs towards NP are acceptability. Using examples from GI practice, identified and modalities of power as LPAs seek the mainstreaming continuum is unpacked to reframe and shape the NPs as they are being revealing the importance of leadership, political prepared. It provides an in-depth analysis of how buy in, willingness to experiment outside policies are implemented in practice and how established comfort zones and a collective LPAs seek to reconcile their duties towards NP appetite for social learning. Here the concepts with the need to deliver an up-to-date Local Plan of hooks” and “bridges” are promulgated and to maintain a 5-year land supply. as translational mechanisms to improve mainstreaming efforts and navigate the complex “You know”: researching planning practice environmental lexicon, providing traction for as a practitioner wider engagement as a necessary prerequisite for mainstreaming success. This approach has This paper reflects on the experiences global application to help improve the way that of researching the response of LPAs to GI is respected in planning systems nationally Neighbourhood Planning as a Chartered Town and globally. Planner (MRTPI). The decision to focus was ‘on’ planning (Healey, 1991) was influenced by extensive practical experience working in a Andreas Schulze Baing, University of range of settings. This technical knowledge and Manchester expertise proved useful in gaining access to participants, building up trust and developing Brownfield reuse and change in mobility a deeper understanding of their experiences. patterns: a case study of Northern England This paper reflects on the blurring of roles at times participants directly drew on my In England the reuse of previously developed technical knowledge and expertise leading land for housing has recently seen a growing to a role as a researcher reflecting more an interest by planners and policy makers, with the “advisor” somewhere in between an “insider” introduction of new brownfield registers in 2017. and “outsider.” It discusses the challenges, and One of the reasons for promoting the reuse of opportunities, this can present as participants brownfield land is that it may lead to a change in seek clarity on a planning system which is in a modal share and commuting patterns, important chronic state of flux. considering the challenges of climate change and health.

This paper will analyse the change in mobility patterns around a series of case study locations

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planning practice has been rightly challenged of brownfield reuse across Northern England, by a broad swathe of planning academics. based on NLUD data from the period 2002 However, as a concept integral to planning to 2008. Commuting data from the special practice, it remains too foundational to abandon. workplace statistics will be used to analyse the Failing to develop a workable, more concrete, change in commuting patterns and modal share. understanding of the ‘public interest’ or its civic The aim of the paper is to explore which type and intentions has facilitated the undermining of location of housing development on brownfield planning’s altruism by neoliberal and anti-civic land promises to contribute most to a change rationales. The concept must be examined with towards more sustainable mobility patterns. greater rigour in order to inform a flexible – but not toothless - conception of this key term. This paper will propose to examine whether research Alister Scott, Northumbria University methods such as critical discourse analysis can Rachel Holtby Northumbria University be used to ground such concepts by applying an analysis framework in specific contexts, seeking Mainstreaming Green Infrastructure from to create a purposeful understanding of the theory to practice ‘public interest’. This research will contribute to a better understanding of the integral role of ‘public This paper illuminates the need for improved interest’ in creating better planning outcomes. mainstreaming of green infrastructure (GI) in policy and decision-making. The starting point is that the term “mainstreaming” itself is Mark Smith poorly understood and uncritically used and thus requires improved theoretical rigour. This Missing the bus; local government is formalised within an inductively derived responses to boom and bust in the British mainstreaming model developed by the author bus industry reflecting different mainstreaming states according to capacity, capability and overall Bus services are vital to ensuring accessibility acceptability. Using examples from GI practice, in a vibrant place making agenda. Yet industry the mainstreaming continuum is unpacked deregulation in 1986 instilled chaotic instability revealing the importance of leadership, political as private companies attempt to make profits buy in, willingness to experiment outside and compete with one another. A bus company established comfort zones and a collective ceasing to trade has been a growing recent appetite for social learning. Here the concepts trend, resulting in passenger mayhem as services of hooks” and “bridges” are promulgated are not transferred and those dependent on as translational mechanisms to improve buses face life changing consequences. mainstreaming efforts and navigate the complex Our study employs a realist methodology which environmental lexicon, providing traction for draws on interview transcripts to produce a wider engagement as a necessary prerequisite programme theory depicting why such situations for mainstreaming success. This approach has are so chaotic and identify what local authorities global application to help improve the way that can do. We test (refine and refute) this theory GI is respected in planning systems nationally through a review of a recent example in North and globally. West England and North Wales.

Our findings suggest systemic instability across Richard Shepherd, UNSW the bus industry is exacerbated by austerity and can not be addressed by regulation alone, and Public Interest and the Planning Profession: this situation stops planning being great again. Constructing a Framework for Analysis

The assumption that a ‘public interest’ is satisfied or even addressed through contemporary

33 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Revisiting implementation theory: An be making, with regards to the generation, interdisciplinary comparison between urban distribution and storage of energy. The planning and healthcare implementation research considers the necessary features research for smart energy development, the type of measures that need to be taken to facilitate the Implementation (a complicated, cluttered, decarbonisation of heating and cooling, and the political process of enacting policies, plans and type of interventions that need to be made as we programmes) remains a critical but neglected transition to electric vehicle use. dimension within urban planning research and has notably not advanced since the 1970/80s, being investigated instead on the periphery of Teresa Strachan, Newcastle University other conceptual constructs. Congruent cognitive disciplines (particularly healthcare research) Canny Planners: a methodology for grapple the phenomenon with more gusto; transformative participation offering conceptual frameworks to represent experiences. We present findings of a recently Working with young people on North Tyneside, published comparative review (in Environment & Newcastle University urban planning students Planning:C (36:5)) between urban planning and have employed a series of interactive workshops healthcare implementation theories and ideas to explore local planning issues. In an area to ascertain what new insights might be gleaned experiencing some of the highest childhood both on the phenomenon itself and how theorists obesity levels in the UK, combined with pockets represent it. This is achieved though a qualitative of diminishing life expectancy, the ‘Canny synthesis of the themes and ideas employed Planners’ workshops have prompted classroom within urban planning implementation research debate around the health and environmental which are compared/contrasted to four efforts impacts of hot food takeaways. Utilising in healthcare research. Our findings indicate participatory methodologies including a board some similarity in thinking but highlight several game and a role play activity, the workshops have departures which present implications as to how highlighted the future possibilities when young planning researchers investigate implementation people explore beyond their everyday thinking . to hypothetical scenarios informed by meaningful and reflective dialogue. Ongoing evaluation of Nick Smith, UWE Bristol these workshops suggest that the engagement Hazel Williams, Regen methodologies have begun to raise the young people’s future participatory aspirations based on Planning Smart Energy: Progress to Date a more informed view of their local world.

A smart energy system is a cost-effective, New town aspirations are not enough: sustainable and secure energy system in which Young people’s perceptions of their future renewable energy production, infrastructures choices and consumption are integrated and coordinated through energy services, active users and The twentieth century new towns were planned enabling technologies. Planners have an to address the shortage of homes, employment important role in delivering such a system but and local amenities following the end of the the opportunities for achieving this are often Second World War. In 2017, Newcastle University unclear or are left unfulfilled. Following funding students undertook research with young people from the RTPI SW, a research team comprising in Peterlee, County Durham, to explore the extent Regen, Pell Frischmann, The Landmark Practice to which being brought up in a new town might and the University of the West of England shape their lifetime aspirations and if this was in have been exploring the readiness of the UK any way influenced by their perceptions of the planning system and have identified the type town itself. The results suggested that whilst clear of interventions that planners have, or could aspirations were being cultivated for ambitious

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individual futures at age 10, the young people’s planning practice. To address this gap, this paper perceptions painted an ‘unremarkable’ picture draws on a series of focus groups, more than of the town itself, being the potential platform twenty biographical narrative interviews with for those aspirations. This paper reflects on professional planners and in-depth, ethnographic the complexity of place and health and young studies of four planning organisations, all people’s hopes for the future and asks to what collected as part of a wider project on the role extent place can shape its communities’ fortunes. of the private sector in the delivery of public planning in the United Kingdom. Our analysis contributes to studies of the forms of ‘cultural Olivier Sykes, University of Liverpool work’ through which planners negotiate institutional imperatives, coping with potentially Building an interdisciplinary discipline competing demands as they make sense of their “mission impossible”, or a “possible mission” practices and professional identities (Inch, 2018). for planning? The paper contributes a rich understanding of the ways in which pressures to ‘be commercial’ are A feature of planning is the interconnected and currently disciplining how planners define what it diverse range of challenges it is called upon means to ‘be professional’ and how they relate to to address. As Ritter and Webber (1972) noted, planning’s public interest purposes. many of the problems which planning seeks to address may be characterized as ‘wicked’ in that they are complex, highly interrelated, and defy Juan Carlos Tejeda-Gonzalez, the ‘traditional’ models of ‘expert-led’ definition University Of Colima and resolution which apply to many areas of Gilberto Gallegos Verduzco, Armando Gileta the natural sciences or engineering. Given Lagunes, University of Colima this reality, planners are often called upon to work at the interface of many different kinds of The benefits of using Strategic knowledge and disciplinary spheres drawing from Environmental Assessment for State an eclectic range of theoretical perspectives, Development Plans in Mexico methods, and professional traditions. On a wider front, beyond planning the value of multi-, cross- According to Mexican Planning Legal Framework, and interdisciplinary work is also increasingly states in the country are obliged to make State emphasised. Informed by this context the paper Development Plans (SDP) that would define the explores themes surrounding the nature of direction of the state development for almost planning as an ‘interdisciplinary discipline’ 6 years. Traditionally, all SDPs are written by and how engagement with such questions “hand” and the responsible only has 6 months could be one ways of (re)legitimating the to finish the plan. In our project, an SEA process planning enterprise. developed specifically for the Mexican decision- making and planning system was used to help in the development of SDPs, by working in the Malcolm Tait, University of Sheffield development of a software that would allow Andy Inch, University of Sheffield planners to simplify in time and extent the SDPs Jason Slade, University of Sheffield making process. In this first stage, four of the main methods used in the SEA process were “Don’t think all planners have to act in the programmed in the pre-alfa stage to visualize the public interest”: commercial logics and the bases of software architecture, aiming to define reshaping of professional planning identities the software features and scope. Also, to date, we have not found any software developed for There has been surprisingly little planning this purpose in Mexico. theoretical attention devoted to understanding how commercial imperatives and logics are reshaping prevailing understandings of good

35 Abstracts in alphabetical order

Kaeren Van-Vliet, Sheffield Hallam objectively considering the reality of that area. University These irrational decisions have a negative impact Catherine Hammond, Sheffield Hallam on the future development of small towns. The University governors need to consider the basic conditions of the area, perform a scientific assessment, Responding to context?: A case study and present a clear cultivation strategy. This of public realm in contemporary urban paper presents a scientific operation method for extensions in Northern England. the characteristic development mode of small towns with “explore characteristic– evaluate Since the early 1980s the majority of new homes characteristic– nurture characteristic” as the in England, many in the form of extensions on the mainline, which would be conducive to the steady urban fringe, have been provided by speculative and sustainable development of characteristic house builders. The design of this housing, or small towns in China. lack of design, has been extensively critiqued by the public, planners and politicians and particularly in terms of public realm and response Brian Webb, Cardiff University to spatial and socio-cultural context. Neil Harris, Robert Smith, Cardiff University

Qualitative review of masterplans and application Rural site exceptions in housing delivery: documentation will be used to explore three Between the market and an affordable place inter-related aspects of public realm: green infrastructure, streets, and home to street In an age of austerity and limited housing transition. The aims will be to understand: spatial delivery, many rural areas in the UK are seeking form and role; influence of theory and policy to increase the supply of affordable housing. This on design and; how public realm is negotiated paper explores the role of ‘rural site exceptions’, through the planning process. small sites located within or adjoining existing settlements not allocated in a development The research aims to provide planning practitioners plan to provide affordable housing to meet and academics with an increased understanding local needs. The paper argues the ‘exceptional’ of the role of public realm in integrating new designation of these sites means they sit outside urban fringe development to support planning the traditional plan-led market-based system conceptualisations, policy development and leading to difficulties in affordable housing planning and design implementation. delivery as a result of financial, statutory, and stakeholder ambiguity. Through a policy review of Local Development Plans, the use of a survey, Xueqin Wang, Chinese Academy of stakeholder interviews, and documentary Sciences analysis, this research explores how widely rural Shenghe Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences exception site policy is used across Wales, how Olivier Sykes, University of Liverpool they are defined, their wider relationship to the planning system, and the role of the market in Rational Thinking of the Characteristic affordable housing delivery. Development Mode of Small Towns in China

In the past two years, there has been an increase James White, University of Glasgow, in the construction of characteristic small towns in China. This is a good beginning for the From Main Street to the High Street? development of small towns and would bring Mobilising Planning and Urban Design new opportunities. However, some problems Responses to Address City Centre Decline have developed. One example is the emergence of the “blind town” which means the governors The story of post-war suburbanisation and cultivate a characteristic town blindly without downtown decline in the American city is well-

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versed in the literature. Revitalisation strategies reflection on further work to be done to address in some US cities have recently led to a new the balance of outcomes in these towns. ‘downtown paradigm’ emerging, characterised by an emphasis on ‘urban living’. Towns and cities in the UK largely avoided the post-war decline Yani Wu, Cardiff University experienced in American downtowns but have recent faced a similar unsettling caused, in large Possibilities and Limitations of Chinese part, by a dramatic series of retail closures. In Eco-City Development: Case Study of Sino- this paper we share land use and typology Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China metrics from four mid-sized UK cities to argue that the experience of UK cites appears It is obvious China has devoted significant analogous to that faced in the US some forty political will and economic resources to the years before.We ask whether lessons about development of new-build eco-city planning market intervention, planning incentivisation, and projects, reflecting the government’s goal to typo-morphological innovation are translatable build a ‘human-oriented eco-city’ in which to the UK and, in so doing, make a contribution environmental sustainability and social stability to the critical discourse on ‘comparative tactics’ are mutually reinforcing. By analysing the case and the mobility of planning policies and design study of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City and practice innovations. using the qualitative research method, this research intends to explore to what extent Chinese planning practices allow for the Western Georgia Wrighton, University of planning theories, such as Garden City and Hertfordshire Environmental-Behavioural Study, to adapt it to local circumstances through urban design Taking Forward The Legacy Of New Towns: approaches. It aims to argue that Chinese eco- The Balance Of Stakeholder Power In An Era city planning should be deemed as one of the Of Post-Political Consensus humanistic planning approaches, and its primary goal is to build sustainable and liveable habitat The aim of the research is to explore which for people by taking their daily behaviours stakeholders hold sway in planning and and needs into account. To achieve this goal, regeneration decisions in Harlow and Hatfield considering the interactive relationship between New Towns, and how local social, economic and places and people during planning process is environmental conditions have influenced the an innovative way to improve Chinese eco-city’s power dynamics in these towns. spatial quality. Methods: The case study method has been chosen to facilitate an exploratory study of the social, economic, historical, physical and political/ Wenshi Yang, University of Manchester cultural context to planning and regeneration decisions, and the balance of stakeholder Urban Development in Shrinking Cities in power in Hatfield and Harlow. The data is being Northeast China collected by semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and by analysing local authority planning With the rising international discourse of urban documents. shrinkage, population decline is starting to Results: Primary data is being collected through pose threats to many cities in China. Such interviews and focus groups, and is being phenomenon is especially challenging to the analysed using thematic content analysis and heavy industry based Northeast China. In this discourse analysis. research, urban shrinkage in Northeast China Relevance to practice: The findings of this under the neo-liberal planning system will be research will contribute to knowledge on the examined with a special focus on how actors on predominant stakeholders influencing town the city level behave within the limitation of the planning in these New Towns, and enable some system and utilise opportunities to form tactics

37 Abstracts in alphabetical order

that will lead to possible spatial developments. Policy review, spatial data analysis, semi- structured interview and site observation are applied in the research. The key findings reveal that there is a time lag and an insufficient understanding of reality in local level policy- making and a path-dependent development pattern in the behaviour of local actors. Differentiated spatial development orchestrated by such development mechanism may fail to match with need rising from the ground in shrinking cities.

Daniel Young, Plymouth University Stephen Essex, Plymouth University

Climate change adaptation in the planning of England’s coastal urban areas: priorities, barriers and future prospects

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing society and the spatial planning system plays a crucial role in ensuring that important adaptations to the built environment are evaluated. Drawing upon a mixed-methods research approach, this paper explores the progress that has been made by the planning system in England in addressing the challenge of climate change adaptation in coastal urban areas. The results indicate that the adaptation produced through the planning system remains incremental rather than transformative. It is focused on experienced hazards, especially flooding, and there is a lack of attention being paid to wider impacts of climate change, such as rising average temperatures. Furthermore, it was found that the contemporary contribution of planning to climate change adaptation is seriously limited by the government’s emphasis on housing and economic growth and by the development industry’s emphasis on economic viability.

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Study Tours hear from the planners who are coordinating the ambitious schemes to transform huge areas of Study tour 1 - Walking tour of the Georgian derelict and under-used dockland areas. Quarter and Granby Four Streets This walking tour takes in the diverse urbanism of L8 (perhaps the UK’s only neighbourhood defined Study tour 4 - Walking tour of Planning and by a postcode identity) – from the architectural Pubs in Liverpool City Centre grandeur of the Georgian Quarter, built on the Led by Nigel Lee, former Planning Manager of back of the enormous wealth generated by Liverpool City Council, this unique tour offers the slave trade, to the Granby Four Streets, the the opportunity to see and hear about the last remaining Victorian terraces saved from transformation of Liverpool City Centre which successive comprehensive redevelopment and took place in the early 2000s. Nigel was the now home to the Turner Prize-winning community senior planner for the Council for much of this land trust. The walk will explore the area’s rich period so can provide unrivalled insights into and contradictory history of experimentation the challenges and decision-making processes with planning and regeneration initiatives aimed for sites including Liverpool One, the largest city at resolving the urban manifestations of severe centre regeneration scheme in Europe, and the economic decline, from the ‘slum clearances’ controversial Mann Island development on the and community development projects of the waterfront. This tour will include stops in some of 1960s and 1970s, through responses to the 1981 the historic pubs in the city centre. Uprising or ‘Toxteth Riots’, to the community-led struggle against Housing Market Renewal that gave rise to the community land trust today. Study Tour 5 - Running About The Place with Sam Hayes (University of Salford) A tour with a difference, this running tour involves Study tour 2 - Coach trip and walking tour a gentle run around some of Liverpool’s public of Port Sunlight squares and green spaces. The aim of this tour Port Sunlight model industrial village lies across is to see the city from a different perspective so the River Mersey from Liverpool and was planned that as we run and we experience the various and constructed in the 1890s and 1900s through squares, green areas, streets and thoroughfares the initiative of W. H. Lever, whose factories on our route you are able to look at them with and small port lay adjacent to the residential fresh and critical eyes. We’ll start with a brief area. The study tour will include a guided walk introduction, then do a warm-up and set off. We covering the distinctive topography, landscape will be stopping about half way around for some and estate layout of the earlier and later periods. brief words, before completing the circuit back Although the external appearance of the housing to our starting point for a cool down, where I reflect many different designs, in practice Lever will once again insist on saying something. But built two types: the ‘kitchen’ and the ‘parlour’. it’s a casual affair, so chatting, questions and Restricted to Port Sunlight employees, the village reflections are encouraged throughout (taking contains many socially-purposed institutional account of the need to breathe). Distance: buildings, including the Lady Lever Art Gallery, approx. 5km. Accessibility: This run is suitable some of which have found new uses, such as the for runners who are comfortable with completing present Visitor Centre 5km, but is open to all abilities within that and we will stick together as a group – we won’t be doing any PB chasing. Runners are reminded to dress Study tour 3 - Coach trip and walking tour of appropriately for the weather. regeneration in Liverpool and Wirral This tour will include the Mersey Waters sites, twin regeneration schemes on either side of the River Mersey. Full details are yet to be confirmed but it is hoped there will be an opportunity to

39 Information for delegates

Information for delegates

Badges All delegates will be provided with a conference badge which must be worn throughout the conference for both security and catering purposes.

Catering Lunch and mid-morning refreshments on all days will be served in the South Atrium of the Foresight Centre. The Abercrombie Lecture, Opening Reception and RTPI Awards will take place in the Victoria Building on Monday 3rd September; attendance at this event is included in PhD, Early Bird and Standard Conference Rates.

Conference Dinner at Wreckfish on Tuesday 3rd September The Conference Dinner on Tuesday 3rd September will be held at Wreckfish Bistro in the Ropewalks area of the city. Please note you can only attend the Conference Dinner if you have added this to your registration booking. Dress code is smart casual.

Contact Information Bertie Dockerill, Conference Manager, will be available throughout the conference and can be contacted at the registration or on 07305 303587 during conference hours.

40 Planning Research 2019

Map

Wreckfish Herdman Building Slater Street, Liverpool L1 4BS 4 Brownlow Street, L69 3GP

Quaker Meeting House, Foresight Centre, 22 School Lane, Liverpool L1 3BT 1 Brownlow St, Liverpool L69 3GL

41 Publishing with a purpose

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