Le Chocolat Dans Tous Ses États Stéphanie Daverio

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Le Chocolat Dans Tous Ses États Stéphanie Daverio Le chocolat dans tous ses états Stéphanie Daverio To cite this version: Stéphanie Daverio. Le chocolat dans tous ses états. Sciences pharmaceutiques. 2005. hal-01731888 HAL Id: hal-01731888 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01731888 Submitted on 14 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm \ UNIVERSITE HENRI POINCARE - NANCY l 2005 FACULTE DE PHARMACIE LE CHOCOLAT DANS TOUS SES ETATS THESE Présentée et soutenue publiquement Le 13 Avril2ÜÜS Pour obtenir Le Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Pharmacie Par Stéphanie DAVERIO Née le 3 JUILLET 1979 Membres du Jury: - Président MIe Françoise HINZELIN, Maître de Conférence - Directeur Mme Blandine MOREAU, Assistant - Juge M. Michel ARMAND, Artisan Chocolatier FACULTE DE PHARMACIE UNIVERSITE Henri Poincaré - NANCY 1 Membres du personnel enseignant 2004/2005 Doyen Chantal FINANCE Vice Doyen Francine PAULUS Président du Conseil de la Pédagogie Pierre LABRUDE Responsable de la Commission de la Recherche Jean-Claude BLOCK Directeur des Etudes Gérald CATAU Responsable de la Filière officine Gérald CATAU Responsables de la Filière industrie Jean-Bernard REGNOUF de VAINS Isabelle LARTAUD Responsable de la Filière hôpital Jean-Michel SIMON M. VIGNERON Mie BESSON Suzanne M. MARTIN Jean-Armand Mie GIRARD Thérèse M. MORTIER François M. JACQUE Michel M. MIRJOLET Marcel M. LECTARD Pierre M. PIERFITTE Maurice M. LOPPINET Vincent M. BONALY Roger M. HOFFMAN Maurice Mme FUZELLIER Marie-Claude Mme POCHON Marie-France Mie IMBS Marie-Andrée M. ASTIER Alain Pharmacie clinique M. ATKINSON Jeffrey Pharmacologie cardiovasculaire M AULAGNER Gilles Pharmacie clinique M. BAGREL Alain Biochimie Mie BATT Anne-Marie Toxicologie M. BLOCK Jean-Claude Santé publique Mme CAPDEVILLE-ATKINSON Christine Pharmacologie cardiovasculaire Mme FINANCE Chantal Virologie, immunologie Mme FRIANT-MICHEL Pascale Mathématiques, physique, audioprothèse Mie GALTEAU Marie-Madeleine Biochimie clinique M. HENRY Max Botanique, mycologie M. JOUZEAU Jean-Yves Bioanalyse du médicament M. LABRUDE Pierre Physiologie, orthopédie, maintien à domicile Mme LAURAIN-MATTAR Dominique Pharmacognosie M. LALLOZ Lucien Chimie organique M. LEROY Pierre Chimie physique générale M. MAINCENT Philippe Pharmacie galénique M. MARSURA Alain Chimie thérapeutique M. MERLIN Jean-Louis Biologie cellulaire oncologique M. NICOLAS Alain Chimie analytique M. REGNOUF de VAINS Jean-Bernard Chimie Thérapeutique M. RIHN Bertrand (Professeur associé) Biochimie Mme SCHWARTZBROD Janine Bactériologie, parasitologie M. SIEST Gérard Biochimie M. SIMON Jean-Michel Droit officinal, législation pharmaceutique M. VIGNERON Claude Hématologie, physiologie Mme ALBERT Monique Bactériologie - virologie Mme BANAS Sandrine Parasitologie M. BOISBRUN Michel Chimie Thérapeutique Mme BOITEUX Catherine Biophysique, Audioprothèse M. BONNEAUX François Chimie thérapeutique M. CATAU Gérald Pharmacologie M. CHEVIN Jean-Claude Chimie générale et minérale M. CHILLON Jean-Marc Pharmacologie M CLAROT Igor Chimie analytique Mme COLLOMB Jocelyne Parasitologie, conseils vétérinaires M. COULON Joël Biochimie M. DANGIEN Bernard Mycologie M. DECOLIN Dominique Chimie analytique M. DUCOURNEAU Joël Biophysique, audioprothèse, acoustique M. DUVAL Raphaël Microbiologie clinique Mme FAIVRE Béatrice Hématologie M. FERRARI Luc Toxicologie Mie FONS Françoise Biologie végétale, mycologie M. GANTZER Christophe Virologie M. GIBAUD Stéphane Pharmacie clinique Mie HINZELIN Françoise Mycologie, botanique M. HUMBERT Thierry Chimie organique M. JORAND Frédéric Santé, environnement Mme KEDZIEREWICZ Francine Pharmacie galénique Mie LAMBERT Alexandrine Biophysique, biomathématiques M. LAMPRECHT Alf Pharmacie galénique Mme LARTAUD Isabelle Pharmacologie Mme LEININGER-MULLER Brigitte Biochimie Mme L1VERTOUX Marie-Hélène Toxicologie Mme MARCHAL-HEUSSLER Emmanuelle Communication et santé Mme MARCHAND-ARVIER Monique Hématologie M. MENU Patrick Physiologie M. MONAL Jean-Louis Chimie thérapeutique M. NOTTER Dominique Biologie cellulaire Mme PAULUS Francine Informatique Mme PERDICAKIS Christine Chimie organique Mme PERRIN-SARRADO Caroline Pharmacologie Mme PICHON Virginie Biophysique Mme SAUDER Marie-Paule Mycologie, botanique Mie THILLy Nathalie Santé publique M. TROCKLE Gabriel Pharmacologie Mme ZINUTTI Colette Pharmacie galénique Mme GRISON Geneviève Pratique officinale M. COCHAUD Christophe Anglais Mme BEAUD Mariette Biologie cellulaire Mme BERTHE Marie-Catherine Biochimie Mme MOREAU Blandine Pharmacognosie, phytothérapie Mme PAVIS Annie Bactériologie SERMENT DES ApOTHICAIRES --+-- Je jure, en présence des maîtres de la Faculté, des conseillers de l'ordre des pharmaciens et de mes condisciples: D'honorer ceux qui m'ont instruit dans les préceptes de mon art et de leur témoigner ma reconnaissance en restant fidèle à leur enseignement. D'exercer, dans l'intérêt de la santé publique, ma profession avec conscience et de respecter non seulement la législation en vigueur, mais aussi les règles de l'honneur, de la probité et du désintéressement. De ne jamais oublier ma responsabilité et mes devoirs envers le malade et sa dignité humaine; en aucun cas, je ne consentirai à utiliser mes connaissances et mon état pour corrompre les mœurs et favoriser des actes criminels. Que les hommes m'accordent leur estime si je suis fidèle à mes promesses. Que je sois couvert d'opprobre et méprisé de mes confrères si j'y manque. --+-- « LA FACULTE N'ENTEND DONNER AUCUNE APPROBATION, NI IMPROBATION AUX OPINIONS EMISES DANS LES THES ES, CES OPINIONS DOIVENT ETRE CONSIDEREES COMME PROPRES A LEUR AUTEUR », A notre Directeur de Thèse, Madame Blandine MOREAU, Assistant Vous nous avez accompagnés dans la réalisation de ce travail. Nous vous remercions particulièrement pour votre rigueur et pour le temps que vous nous avez consacré. Veuillez trouver dans ce travail le témoignage de notre profond respect et de toute notre reconnaissance. A notre Président de jury, Mademoiselle Françoise HINZELIN, Maître de conférence Vous nous avez fait l'honneur d'accepter la présidence de ce jury. Nous vous remercions pour l'aide et le soutien que vous nous avez apportés lors de la réalisation de ce travail. Que ce travail soit le témoignage de notre gratitude et de notre profond respect. A notre juge, Monsieur Michel ARMAND, Artisan chocolatier Nous vous remerCIOns d'avoir accepté de participer au jury de cette thèse, d'examiner et de juger ce travail malgré vos nombreuses obligations. Nous vous remercions pour l'accueil chaleureux que vous nous avez réservé et pour l'aide que vous nous avez apportée. Veuillez trouver en ce travail 1'expression de notre profonde reconnaissance. A TOUS CEUX QUI ONT PERMIS ET PARTICIPE, DE PRES OU DE LOIN, A LA REALISATION DE CET OUVRAGE. A mes parents, Considérez ce travail comme ma plus grande reconnaissance pour votre soutien, votre patience et votre confiance. Avec tout mon amour. A mes grands-mères, Avec toute mon affection et toute ma tendresse. A Sébastien et Isabelle et à Mathieu, Pour tous les moments de complicité partagés et pour tous ceux qui suivront. A toute ma famille A tous mes amis. Pour tous les bons moments passés ensemble, sur les bancs de la faculté ou ailleurs. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ~ 1 .6 1ERE PARTIE: HISTOIRE DU CHOCOLAT 7 1. Etymologie 7 II. Période précolombienne: le nectar des dieux 7 A. Les Olmèques 7 B. Les Mayas 8 C. Les Toltèques et les Aztèques 10 III. Les aventuriers espagnols 12 A. Christophe Colomb 12 B. Hernan Cortés 13 1. Le cacao: une monnaie, un aliment 14 2. Les plantations de cacaoyer 15 IV. Le pouvoir du chocolat 16 V. Le chocolat parcourt le monde 17 A. L'Espagne 18 B. Les Pays-Bas 19 C. L'Italie 19 D. La France 20 E. La Suisse 21 F. L'Allemagne et l'Autriche 21 G. La Grande-Bretagne 22 H. Les Etats-Unis d'Amérique 23 VI. De la fève à la confiserie 24 A. De la fève à la boisson 24 1. Une bouillie mousseuse 24 2. La version espagnole 27 B. De la boisson à la confiserie 27 1. La presse de Van Houten 27 2. Les industriels entrent en jeu 28 3. Du chocolat qui se mange 29 VII. Le chocolat et l'Eglise 30 A. Le chocolat brise-t-ille carême ? 30 B. Le chocolat de Chiapa 31 C. Des stimulants dangereux 31 1 VIII. Le chocolat et la médecine 32 A. De bons et de méchants effets 32 B. L'« aliment de Vénus» 33 1. Au temps de la Conquête 34 2. La défense de la morale 34 3. De célèbres adeptes 34 2EME PARTIE: BOTANI DE 35 1. Classification 36 II. Morphologie 36 A. L'arbre, ses racines et ses tiges 36 B. Les feuilles 38 C. Les fleurs 40 D. Les fruits 45 E. Les graines 48 III. Biotope 49 A. Climat 50 B. Situation 50 C. Terrain 51 D. Parasites et maladies 53 IV. Différentes variétés de cacaoyer 53 A. L'habitat 54 1. Variété Criollo 54 2. Variété Forastero 54 3. Variété Trinitario 55 B. Les cabosses 55 C. Les graines 56 D. Le cacao 56 3EME PARTIE: FABRICATION 58 1. Obtention de la fève de cacao 58 A. Récolte 58 B. Ecabossage et extraction 59 C. Fermentation 61 D. Séchage 64 E.
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