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Schisandra Chinensis, Five Flavor Berry, a Traditional Chinese Medicine and a Super-Fruit from North Eastern China

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Schisandra Chinensis, Five Flavor Berry, a Traditional Chinese Medicine and a Super-Fruit from North Eastern China Pharmacogn. Commn. 2021;11(1):13-21. A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the field of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Review Article www.phcogcommn.org Schisandra chinensis, Five Flavor Berry, a Traditional Chinese Medicine and a Super-Fruit from North Eastern China Wenli Sun1,2, Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1,2, Qi Cheng1,2,* 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, CHINA. 2Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building Chuangye Road, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, CHINA. ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this review was to summarize the most The most important pharmacological effects of Schisandrol B are anti- important traditional and modern health benefits ofSchisanda berry. allergy, liver protection and anticarcinogenic effects; Schisandrin A has Methods: We used PubMed, Science Direct and Google to search for role in liver protection and anti-carcinogenic effect; γ-Schisandrin has liver and collect scientific publication for a full evaluation of current evidence protection and anti-carcinogenic effect, Gomisin N has anti-proliferative, in the literature indicating the potential role of Schisanda berry. Results: pro-apoptis HepG2 cells, anti-hepatitis, anti-HIV, anti-carcinogenic effect; The traditional Chinese medicine (TCMs) is essential components of and Schisandrin C has protect liver, anti-HIV, anti-catchinogenic effect and alternative medicines. Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. anti-hepatitis. The treatment with natural herbal medicine which are also (Magnoliaceae) or Wu-Wei-Zi, which means the fruit of five tastes is a super-fruit and non-synthetic drug is recommended. commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The five tastes Key words: Traditional Chinese Medicine, S. Chinensis, Gomisin, of Schisandra berry refer to its influence on the five visceral organs in the Schisandrin, Lignans, Polysaccharides. body. It is one of the oldest medicinal plants used in East of Asia, especially traditional Chinese medicine. S. chinensis is mainly distributed in provinces Correspondence: in northern China including Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. S. chinensis Dr. Qi Cheng can treat lung-Qi and kidney-Yin deficiencies, relieve coughs and asthma 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural and stop persistent diarrhea. S. chinensis has been used to treat sleep Sciences, Beijing 100081, CHINA. disorder in traditional Chinese medicine and a tonic for kidney and brain 2Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building Chuangye Road, in traditional Chinese medicine. Its extracts may apply as a preservative Jiaxing-314000, Zhejiang, CHINA. and as an additive to increase the flavor, taste and nutritional value of Phone no: +86-13051039294 food. The five important components of S. chinensis are Schisandrol B, E-mail: [email protected] Schisandrin A, γ-Schisandrin, Gomisin N and Schisandrin C. Conclusion: DOI: 10.5530/pc.2021.1.4 INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Herbal medicines are medicinal products contain active ingredients The main active chemical constituents of Schisandra include lignans aerial, underground parts of plants or/and other plant materials,1-5 and and polysaccharides.36-39 Sovova et al.40 Reported that lignans of herbal medicines contain variety of pharmacologically active plant dibenzo[a,c] cyclooctadiene type (gomisins), are present in all parts constituents.6-13 The genus ofSchisandra (Schisandraceae) comprising 23 of the plant especially in seeds which is up to 5% dry weight. Nine species which have been distributed in East of Asia. Schisandra chinensis compounds were isolated from the supercritical CO2 extraction has been used because of multiple pharmacological activities alone or of Schisandra chinensis and their structures were identified as in the combination with other drugs for many years.14,15 It is one of the chrysophanol, schisandrin B, β-sitosterol, schisandrin C, schisandrol A, oldest medicinal plants used in East of Asia, especially traditional Chinese angeloylgomisin H, daucosterol, 1,5-dimethyl citrate and shikimic acid.41 medicine.16-18 Chinese magnolia vine (Schisandra chinensis) is used in Dai et al.42 isolated Five compounds were from the fruits of Schisandra both traditional and modern Chinese medicine.19,20 It is calledomiza chinensis. Their structures were established as dihydrophaseic acid- in Korean, gomishi in Japanese and wu wei zi in Chinese because 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (I), benzyl alcohol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl it has five tastes, namely salty, sweet, sour, astringent and bitter.21,22 S. (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (II), benzyl alcohol-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl Chinensis is mainly distributed in provinces in northern China including (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (III), (+)-isoscoparin (IV) and quercetin- Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.23-25 It was registered in the list of health 3-O-β-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (V) based foods by the Ministry of health of the People ,s Republic of China in 2002 on the analysis of spectral data of IR, FAB-MS and NMR. The most as it was increasingly used as food stuff.26,27 It can use as both medicine important ingredients of the drug are vitamins C and E, essential oil and food.28 It is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia and indexed as a and lignans found especially in the seeds and these compounds are tonic and sedative and also listed in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing book, responsible for various pharmaceutical activities.43 Choi et al.44 found year 1596 (2697 BC) as the important drug which helps in coughs and that phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Schisandra chinensis led prevents asthma.28-30 It is with high safety and is officially listed as health to the isolation of 13 lignans including schisandrene (13), a new lignin food by State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA).31 It was abundant based on a dibenzocyclooctadiene backbone with an exocyclic double in orient with related records traced back before Christ.32,33 It is round or bond. On the basis of their research, the structure-activity relationships oblate in shape and 5-8 mm in diameter and the surface of the fruit is red of the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans showed that the exocyclic or dark red in color, wrinkly and glossy and the pulp is very soft, faint methylene functionality was essential for antioxidant activity. Essential in smell and sour in taste.34 The most important information about its oils, triterpenoids, polysaccharides, vitamins, bioelements, phytosterols characteristics is shown in Table 1. In this review-article, we try to show and organic acids are other important ingredients of this traditional the importance of S. Chinensis and survey on chemical constituents, medicinal plant.45,46 The presence of gentisic acid and flavonoids: traditional health benefits and modern pharmaceutical benefits of it. hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin and quercetin also reported.47 The two Pharmacognosy Communications, Vol 11, Issue 1, Jan-Mar, 2021 13 Sun, et al.: Traditional and Modern Pharmaceutical Benefits of Schisandra chinensis Table 1: Information about characteristics of S. chinensis.35 Table 3: Chemical composition of the fruit essential oil from Schisandra chinesis (Turz.) Baill.56 Alias Wuweizi, Beiwuweizi Limonene Shape of fruit Irregular round or oblatoid β-Phellandrene p-Cymene Surface Soft and glossy γ-Terpinene Diameter of single fruit 6-8 mm Terpinolene Color of fruit Vivid red, with white-frost on its Terpinen-4-ol surface Thymol methyl ether Fruit maturation period July-October Bornyl acetate Cycloisosativene Distribution Northern or northeastern China and eastern Asia. Ylangene α-Cubebene β-Bourbonene Table 2: The five important components from S. chinensis fruit.55 Sativen Name Formula Molecular weight Melt point β-Elemene α-Santalene Schisandrol B C23H28O7 416 80°C o Bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1-ene,2-isopropyl-5-methyl-9-methylene Schisandrin A C24H32O6 416 114 C o α-Gurjunene γ-Schisandrin C23H28O6 400 126 C β-Farnesene Gomisin N C H O 400 126 oC 23 28 6 Caryophyllene Schisandrin C C H O 384 122 oC 22 24 6 γ-Cadinene α-Cedrene most important lignin analogs isolated from Schisandra chinensis are α-Bergamotene gomisin C (GC) and gomisin G (GC) which can reach up to 0.79 mg/g Epizonarene and 0.69 mg/g, respectively.48 Schisandrin and schisandrin B are the most abundant lignin constituents in the berries. Among the phenolic Bicyclogermacrene acids that have been detected in S. chinensis fruit dominate derivatives α-Muurolene of benzoic acid.49 Gao et al.50 introduced Schisandrin, Schisandrol B, γ-Muurolene Deoxyschisandrin, Gomisin H and Schisandrin B as the five major 2-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene lignans in S. Chinensis oils. Ma et al.51 Identified seven compounds β-Chamigrene including schizandrin, schisandrol B, Schisantherin B, schisantherin A, schisanhenol, deoxyschizandrin and schisandrin B as the main α-Himachalene antioxidants in Schisandra chinensis. Chemical structure of Gomisin α-Chamigrene C (GC) and Gomisin G (GG) is shown in Figure 1. They have same Acoradiene molecular weight and similar chemical structures. They possess a bulky β-Cadinene benzoyl at the same position, while the methylenedioxy group locates at different positions.52 Chemical structure of Gomisin C and Gomisin G Isoledene are shown in Figure 1. Chemical structures of shizandrin and gomisin A Cuparene are indicated in Figure 2. Chemical structures of dibenzocyclooctadiene β-Himachalene lignans a) schisandrin, b) schisandrin B and c) schisandrin C are Nerolidol presented in Figure 3. Chemical structure of phytosterols components identified in S. chinensis oil are shown in Figure 4. Chemical structure of β-Neoclovene Deoxyschisanrin is indicated in Figure 5. The five important components δ-Cadinene from S. chinensis fruit are shown in Table 2. Chemical composition of the Tricyclo[4.4.0.0(2,7)]dec-3-ene-3-methanol,1-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl)- fruit essential oil from Schisandra chinesis (Turz.) Baill is shown in Table Longipinene 3. Mineral analysis of S. chinensis by inductive coupled plasma optical Calamenene emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) is shown in Table 4.
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