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Integrovaná Produkcia a Ochrana Ovocných Drevín

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Integrovaná Produkcia a Ochrana Ovocných Drevín Trnavský samosprávny kraj a Slovenský zväz záhradkárov Integrovaná produkcia a ochrana ovocných drevín 02.03.2013 Zostavovatelia: prof. Dr. Jozef Vida, CSc., Mgr. Jozef Behul Vydavateľ: Úrad TTSK Náklad: 200 ks ISBN: 978 – 80 – 971300 – 0 – 8 Neprešlo jazykovou korektúrou. Za obsah a odbornú stránku textov zodpovedajú autori. Obsah 1. Ing. Tibor Mikuš, PhD., Príhovor predsedu Trnavského samosprávneho kraja ............................. 5 2. Ing. Marián Varga Integrovaná produkcia a perspektívne odrody ovocia ............................. 7 3. Prof. Dr. Jozef Vida, CSc. Integrovaná produkcia a ochrana drevín v záhradách ............................ 22 4. Ing. Ivan Tománek Ošetrovanie ochrana viniča – konvenčne alebo biologicky? ................ 35 5. Mgr. František Machovec Liečivé kríky .......................................................................................... 44 6. Ing. Alena Pivolusková Okrasná záhrada ako priestor pre posilnenie duše a tela ........................ 93 Vážení priatelia, záhradkári, v januári tohto roku sme podpísali Memorandom o partnerstve a spolupráci s Okresným výborom SZZ v Trnave a dnes tu máme prvé spoločné odborné podujatie. Touto konferenciou chceme prispieť k lepšej informovanosti a získaniu nových poznatkov pre tých, ktorí svoj voľný čas venujú zmysluplnej práci pri pestovaní ovocných drevín, zeleniny alebo kvetov vo svojich záhradkách. Zem sa dedí po otcoch a je našou povinnosťou odovzdať ju ďalšej generácii v lepšom stave, v akom sme ju zdedili. Len zdravý environment je základom zachovania ľudskej existencie a správneho rozvoja spoločnosti. Všetko, čo boli schopní vyrobiť naši predkovia, sa musíme naučiť vyrábať sami. Sebestačnosť vo výrobe potravín je aj znakom prehlbovania národnej bezpečnosti. Trnavský samosprávny kraj venuje veľkú pozornosť environmentálnej politike a ochrane prírody. V roku 2007 sme začali projekt s názvom Mladé stromy pre Slovensko, v ktorom odvtedy každoročne pokračujeme. V našom regióne za každého zamestnanca Úradu Trnavského samosprávneho kraja a organizácií v zriaďovateľskej pôsobnosti kraja sadíme ročne jeden strom. Tieto stromčeky už prinášajú ľuďom radosť a zároveň prispievajú k zdravšiemu životnému prostrediu. 5 Je pritom treba využívať najnovšie vedecké a odborné poznatky a skúsenosti z praxe. V našom kraji máme špeciálne stredné školy, ktoré sa venujú príprave a výchove odborníkov v poľnohospodárstve. Je mimoriadne dôležité, aby sa toto vzdelávanie realizovalo duálnym systémom. To znamená poskytovanie najnovších poznatkov v teoretickej výučbe a získavanie vedomostí a zručností v praxi. Máme podpísaných veľa zmlúv, dohôd a memoránd s občianskymi združeniami, spoločenskými inštitúciami a organizáciami v našom kraji, ale vysoko si ceníme práve spoluprácu so zväzom záhradkárov, pretože svojou činnosťou prispievajú ku kultivovaniu krajiny a skrášľovaniu životného prostredia. Je našou prioritou, aby obyvatelia regiónu žili v zdravom prostredí a bola zachovaná jeho fauna a flóra aj pre budúce generácie. Preto patrí vďaka všetkým, ktorí sa o našu prírodu starajú. Ing. Tibor Mikuš, PhD. predseda Trnavského samosprávneho kraja 6 Integrovaná produkcia a perspektívne odrody ovocia Ing. Marián Varga Anotácia: Príspevok sa týka intenzívneho pestovanie ovocia v systéme integrovanej produkcie. Podstatou tohto systému je minimálne zaťažovanie životného prostredia, k čomu sa vhodne využívajú nové typy rastlín prostredníctvom šľachtiteľských procesov a technologických zásahov pri pestovaní. Kľúčové slová: ovocie, integrovaná produkcia, nové odrody, rezistencia, biologický materiál Slovenské ovocinárstvo Ovocné sady na Slovensku prešli za posledných 20 rokov veľkými zmenami. Na Slovensku eviduje ÚKSÚP v roku 2012 už iba 7 300 ha produkčnej výmery ovocných sadov. Výmera sadov stále klesá. Z toho je iba okolo 2 500 ha sadov ktoré majú aspoň priemernú technickú vybavenosť a v nich dopestujeme okolo 45 000 ton ovocia. Pritom potenciál Slovenska je mať takýchto sadov okolo 5 000 ha a v nich dopestovať cca 200 tisíc ton kvalitného ovocia. Potom budeme sebestační a pasívna bilancia sa prudko zníži. V každom prípade to musia byť ovocné sady v systéme integrovanej produkcie. Veľká výmera starých sadov je s nízkou až žiadnou produkciou ovocia. Sadov s modernou technológiou máme iba necelých 2000 ha. Napriek tomu v týchto sadoch dopestujeme ročne 80% všetkého ovocia a vo veľmi dobrej kvalite. Ťažiskový bod celého rozvoja ovocinárstva je v tom, že sa postupne konvenčný spôsob ovocinárskej výroby nahrádza integrovaným pestovaním. Našim cieľom je, aby sme na Slovensku v budúcich rokoch stále väčšou mierou zavádzali ekologické pestovanie ovocia. 7 Iba v dobrých sadoch s kvalitnou technológiou dokážeme aj v sťažených podmienkach dopestovať ovocie vo vysokej kvalite. Integrované a ekologické pestovanie musíme uplatňovať aj v našich záhradách a začína to tým, že vysádzajme zdravý biologický materiál s vysokou vnútornou biologickou hodnotu. Šetrenie peňazí na úkor vnútornej biologickej hodnoty stromčekov pri vysádzaní našich záhrad sa záhradkárom v neskorších rokoch vypomstí. Ozdravené stromy majú až o 30% vyššie úrody, sú bez vírusových ochorení, a ak udržíme ich dobrý zdravotný stav, budú rodiť dlhšie. Hlavný princíp integrovaného a ekologického pestovania je neustále zlepšovať imunitný systém v rastline prostredníctvom biologických látok. Ak je potrebné liečenie, aj to vykonávame s pomocnými látkami, ktoré sú izolované z prírody. Celý pestovateľský cyklus ovocných stromov v maximálnej miere zaraďujeme do rôzneho rastlinného spoločenstva, a plne využívame variabilitu v šľachtiteľských procesoch pri tvorbe nových typov rastlín. Ovocný strom má mať priaznivé klimatické podmienky počas celého života, a preto od kvitnutia až po zber ovocia im minimalizujeme stres. Vysádzanie ovocných stromov v záhradách z biologického materiálu, ktorý je pripravený na urýchlený nástup do rodivosti, odporúčame pre každého záhradkára. Ovocné výsadby jadrovín založené z bežných ovocných stromčekov (takzvaných špičiakov) vstupujú do rodivosti v treťom až štvrtom roku po výsadbe. Avšak ak vysadíme stromčeky s predčasným bočným obrastom a stromčeky s bočným rodivým obrastom, prvú úrodu pozbierame hneď v prvom roku po výsadbe, najneskôr v druhom roku po výsadbe. V posledných rokoch nám trh prináša ďalšie nové produkčné odrody, ktoré sú významné pre pestovanie. V kombinácii s kvalitným dopestovaním v ovocnej škôlke sú to také odrody, pri ktorých je vnútorná biologická hodnota vyššia. Pri tvorbe nových odrôd sledujeme kvalitatívne vlastnosti, ako sú chuť, farba, dozrievanie, skladovateľnosť a prirodzená odolnosť voči chorobám a škodcom, ale aj intenzita rastu stromov, diferenciácia kvetných pukov, pravidelná a dobrá rodivosť i nižšie nároky na rez týchto stromov. 8 Nové perspektívne odrody jabloní: OPAL (Golden Delicious x Topaz) Právne chránená v EÚ od 30.1.2006 Rast: stredne silný, dobre obrastá, koruna je rozložitá Rodivosť: skorá, stredne vysoká, pravidelná Skladovateľnosť: do apríla Dozrievanie: začiatok októbra – o niečo neskôr ako odroda Golden Delicious, konzumná zrelosť od novembra Plod: stredný, guľovitý, šupka pri stopke mierne hrdzavá, niekedy so slabým oranžovým líčkom, dužina žltá, pevná, krehká, jemná, stredne šťavnatá, sladká, veľmi aromatická Odolnosť voči chorobám: rezistentná proti chrastavitosti (Vf), odolná voči múčnatke Charakteristika: odroda vhodná pre intenzívne pestovateľské systémy ako Golden Delicious, vhodná do teplých, suchších oblastí s kvapkovou závlahou. V úrodnosti a chuti je OPAL excelentnou odrodou vhodnou pre suché a teplé oblasti, odporúča sa pre komerčné pestovanie LUNA (Topaz x Golden Delicious) Právne chránená v EÚ od 07. 04. 2008 Licenčné práva pre SK: Plantex (SK) Rast: vzrastom pripomína Golden Delicious Rodivosť: skorá, vysoká, pravidelná, potrebná prebierka plodov - podporí veľkosť plodov Skladovateľnosť: do apríla, nemá sklon k vädnutiu 9 Dozrievanie: prvá polovica októbra, krátko po odrode Golden Delicious, konzumná zrelosť od novembra Plod: guľovitý, bez hrdzavosti, žltá základná farba zriedka prekrytá slabým oranžovým líčkom, dužina pevná, krehká, veľmi šťavnatá, rozplývavá, sladko navinulá, aromatická Odolnosť voči chorobám: rezistentná proti chrastavitosti (Vf), malá náchylnosť k múčnatke Charakteristika: nároky na pestovanie podobné ako Golden Delicious, vhodná pre záhradkárov i pre intenzívne komerčné pestovanie na podpníku M9 v teplejších a stredných polohách SIRIUS (Golden Delicious x Topaz) Právne chránená v EÚ od 24. 08. 2007 Rast: silný, koruna rozložitá, stredne hustá Rodivosť: stredne skorá, stredne vysoká, pravidelná, nevyžaduje prebierku Skladovateľnosť: do apríla Dozrievanie: prvá polovica októbra, krátko po odrode Golden Delicious, konzumná zrelosť od novembra Plod: stredný až veľký, guľovitý, šupka okolo stopky mierne hrdzavá, zelenožltá až žltá, výnimočne so slabým oranžovým líčkom, dužina pevná, krehká, veľmi šťavnatá, rozplývavá, navinulo sladká, výrazne aromatická, jemnej konzistencie Odolnosť voči chorobám: rezistentná proti chrastavitosti (Vf), odolná voči múčnatke Charakteristika: odroda do teplých a stredných polôh, najvhodnejším typom sa javí voľný zákrpok alebo štíhle vreteno na slabo rastúcich podpníkoch ORION (Golden Delicious x Otava) Právne chránená v EÚ od 30. 01. 2006 10 Rast: silný, po nástupe do rodivosti stredný rast, je to triploidná odroda, Rodivosť: stredne skorá, pomerne vysoká, pravidelná, nevyžaduje prebierku plodov Dozrievanie: začiatok októbra, niekedy spoločne s Golden Delicious, konzumná zrelosť od konca októbra
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