Long-term Memory: Explicit & Implicit memory

Read these non-famous names l Valerie Marsh l White Graham l Sebastian Weisdorf l Simon Hodges l Linda Whalen l Adam Barnier l Adrian Marr l Marilyn Lipsius l Lucca Richards l Amanda Robbins l Daniel Tucker l Tyler Anastasio l Harold Evans l Kemp Bundy l Kylie Shea l Pat Ward l Charlie McFadden l Akira Miyake

1 Learning Objective Topics l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

Division of LTM

2 Explicit vs. Implicit memory l Explicit memory ¡ Effortful, conscious recollection ¡ Memory tasks: Recall; Cued-recall; Recognition l Implicit memory ¡ Remembering without awareness ¡ Memory tasks: Word-stem or word-fragment; Perceptual identification; Repetition priming l Procedural memory ¡ Implicit memory for skills and motor movements l Implicit learning ¡ Learn w/o awareness

Learning Objective Topics

l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

3 Semantic vs. episodic memory

Endel Tulving l Semantic l Episodic l General knowledge l Specific learned event l Conceptual l Time-related l Less likely to be forgotten l More likely to be forgotten l Less likely to be l More likely to be emotional emotional l “Is a butterfly a bird?” l “butterfly” on the list? l What are breakfast l What did you have for foods? breakfast?

Three Phases of Episodic Memory

Encoding Consolidation Retrieval

cognitive & neural processes that intially transform an experience into a memory trace

4 Three Phases of Episodic Memory

Encoding Consolidation Retrieval

Process by which recent memories are crystallized into long-term memory

Three Phases of Episodic Memory

Encoding Consolidation Retrieval

Re-accessing information stored in memory

5 Learning Objective Topics

l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

“ I consider that a man’s brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose . . . It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before”

– Sherlock Holmes

6 “The more you put in a brain, the more it will hold.” – Nero Wolfe

Who do you think is right and why?

l You can draw on your semantic memory to help you learn other things faster. ¡ The more you know, the more you can know!

7 Semantic memory research l Structure: How do we represent words and word meanings in memory? l Process: How do we retrieve such knowledge? l Methodology: ¡ Sentence verification task ¡ True or false: “A robin is a bird” ¡ Examine RT ¡ Independent variables: relatedness, frequency, concreteness, repetitions

Sentence verification Answer as quickly as possible either true or false.

l A poodle is a dog. l A squirrel is an animal. l A flower is a rock. l A carrot is a vegetable. l A mango is a fruit. l A petunia is a tree. l A robin is a bird. l A plantain is a vegetable. l Coca-cola is a soda. l Wofford is a college. l Spartanburg is a village. l Psychology is a science.

8 Collins & Quillian Model l Semantic memory network l Structure ¡ Concept nodes connected by pathways ¡ Connections denote a proposition: directional relationship between concepts l Category or “Is a” statement: member of a category l Property statement (P): “has a” l Process ¡ Spreading activation (vs. inactive baseline) l Priming: Temporarily more accessible ¡ Intersection: 2 spreads of activation connect ¡ Decision stage

9 Episodic and semantic dissociation l Difference in experience of retrieval ¡ Episodic: “mental time travel”; remember ¡ Semantic: know l How do episodic and semantic memory influence each other? ¡ Episodic decays over time, retain semantic l Details fade but general fact information is retained ¡ Semantic enhanced with episodic l Better recall of info when associated with personal experiences ¡ Semantic influences attention & detail of episodic memory l Knowledge allows for chunking

Semantic Dementia l Progressive impairment in semantic memory l Relative sparing of episodic memory and other cognitive functions

10 Semantic Dementia l Semantic dementia - progressive damage to temporal lobes

Temporal Neocortex

Semantic Dementia

Int: Have you ever been to America? P.P.: What’s America

Int: What’s your favorite food? P.P.: Food? I wish I knew what that was.

Hodges et al., 1992

11 Learning Objective Topics l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

Not conscious of Nondeclarative memory these forms of long-term memory Information in Conditioning the world

Priming Perceptual Working Long-term Memory (Short-Term) Memory Memory (very short (minutes to term; 1-2 sec (~45 sec years) Motor/Skill maximum) maximum) (Procedural) Learning

12 Priming

• Prime: Stimulus presented earlier in time – (should influence later stimulus processing)

• Target: Stimulus that follows the prime – (should be influenced by the prime)

Prime Other stuff happens… Target

Time

Priming in real life

13 Implicit measures

l Word-stem or fragment completion ¡ See list of words (e.g. rose) ¡ Fill-in with first thing that comes to mind (e.g. r__e) l Perceptual identification ¡ See list of words or pictures ¡ Stimulus flashed (38ms), asked to identify it l Repetition/Perceptual priming ¡ See list of words (e.g. fruit) ¡ Judge if correct (e.g. fruit – apple or fruit – dog) ¡ Faster when previously exposed to word

Conceptual priming l When prime influences your flow of thoughts l Involves activation of concepts stored in semantic memory

14 Repetition/Perceptual priming

l When a prime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features l Priming is implicit because you don’t need to consciously recall seeing the priming stimulus in order for priming to occur

Perceptual priming l Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below?

15 Perceptual priming l What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

Perceptual priming l What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

16 Perceptual priming

l Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right?

Perceptual priming l What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

17 Perceptual priming

l What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

Famous or non-famous? l Don Imus l F l Lucca Richards l NF l Minnie Pearl l F Jacoby, et al. (1989) l Sebastian Weisdorf l NF l Valerie Marsh l NF Probability judge as l Bonnie Blair l F famous: l Tim Robbins l F New famous: 63% l Daniel Tucker l NF l Harold Evans l NF New nonfamous: 32% l Roger Clemons l F Old nonfamous: 38% l Charlie McFadden l NF (chose because l Linda Whalen l NF familiar) l Pierce Brosnan l F l Adrian Marr l NF l Chris Rock l F l Jon Secada l F

18 Ironic effects of implicit memory l False fame effect ¡ Effect of familiarity on recollection ¡ Explicit and implicit memory can work together for better memory ¡ Or can work against each other to create errors l Propaganda effect ¡ More likely to accept information as true if previously exposed to it l Mere exposure effect ¡ Like stimulus more if previously exposed to it

Evidence for separate implicit/ explicit systems? l Evidence from amnesia

19 Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

View Words: ABSENT INCOME FILLY DISCUSS CHEESE ELEMENT

• free recall

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

View Words: Amnesics don’t ABSENT remember word list well INCOME FILLY DISCUSS CHEESE ELEMENT

• free recall

20 Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

View: Then complete the word: ABSENT ABS______INCOME INC______FILLY FIL______DISCUSS DIS______CHEESE CHE______ELEMENT ELE______

• free recall • cued recall: complete word stem with specific word from study list abs____ ??

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

View: Then complete the word: Amnesics impaired ABSENT ABS______on cued recall INCOME INC______FILLY FIL______DISCUSS DIS______CHEESE CHE______ELEMENT ELE______

• free recall • cued recall: complete word stem with specific word from study list abs____ ??

21 Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

View: Then complete the word:

ABSENT ABS______• free recall INCOME INC______• cued recall: complete word stem FILLY FIL______with specific word from study list DISCUSS DIS______abs____ ?? CHEESE CHE______• word stem completion: complete word stem with first word that ELEMENT ELE______comes to mind dis___?? • same cue in cued recall & word- stem completion but only cued recall requires conscious access to past

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

Amnesics do well on word-stem • word stem completion: complete completion task word stem with first word that comes to mind dis___??

22 Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

Amnesics do equally well regardless of whether you • cued recall: complete word stem ask them to consciously with specific word from study list access the past abs____ ?? • word stem completion: complete word stem with first word that comes to mind dis___?? • same cue in cued recall & word- stem completion but only cued recall requires conscious access to past

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory in Amnesia (Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1970; Graf et al., 1984)

Controls do better when refer them to the study list (because they can consciously access the past)

23 Neural basis of priming l What do you think happens in these areas of the brain? ¡ Increased firing? ¡ Decreased firing?

Repetition Suppression l ¼ to 1/3 of the neurons in the inferior temporal cortex showed DECREASED firing to repeated stimuli ¡ Also happens in other visual areas, memory areas, and frontal areas ¡ This can last up to 24 hours!

24 Neural Bases of Priming: Understanding Repetition Suppression

Neural Bases of Conceptual Priming

25 Neural Bases of Priming: Repetition Suppression in Non-Human Primates

Neural Bases of Priming: Repetition Suppression in Non-Human Primates

26 Learning Objective Topics l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

Procedural memory l Procedural memory examples ¡ Riding a bike ¡ Tying shoes ¡ Reading or writing l Memory for motor skills or cognitive skills l Intact in most individuals with amnesia

27 Implicit learning l Task is to trace between 2 outlines of the star while viewing hand in mirror l Amnesic ptnts ¡ Improve over time l Implicit learning ¡ Acquire new information without awareness l Procedural memory ¡ Pursuit rotor task

Learning Objective Topics l Implicit and Explicit Compared l Explicit Memory ¡ Episodic ¡ Semantic l Implicit Memory ¡ Priming ¡ Procedural Memory ¡ Classical Conditioning

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