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______University of Victoria Faculty of Law Faculty Publications ______
Secwepemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project
Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith and Simon Owen
2018
This article was originally published at: https://www.uvic.ca/law/assets/docs/ilru/SNTC%20Law%20Book%20July% 202018.pdf
Citation for this paper:
Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith and Simon Owen, Secwepemc Lands and Resources Law Research Project (Vic oria: Indigeno s La Research Unit, 2018). Acknowledgment and Terms of Use © 2018 University of Victoria Indigenous Law Research Unit (ILRU) The traditional knowledge shared in this report remains the intellectual property of the community and its members. This knowledge was shared with permission for public educational use. Contributors of this knowledge include: Shuswap Nation Tribal Council Team Community Liaisons and Coordinators: Bonnie Leonard, Tribal Director and Kelly Mortimer, Aboriginal Rights and Title Director Secw pemcts n Language Editor: Dr. Marianne Ignace, Simon Fraser University Indigenous Law Research Unit Dr. Val Napoleon, Jessica Asch, Dr. Hadley Friedland, Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Adrienne Macmillan and Simon Owen
Editors
Jessica Asch and Simon Owen Because this work contains Secwepemc oral historical, cultural information and cultural expressions of yir 7 re stsq e s-kucw the Secwepemc people have intellectual property arising from cultural knowledge derived and passed down by Secwepemc elders and cultural specialists. The SNTC retains all rights, title and interest, worldwide, in and to all ownership and to any intellectual property and other proprietary rights, including copyright, patent and trade secret rights in this work. The Secwepemc Nation and the Secwepemc people, have inherent rights, including ownership of all oral histories and cultural information relating to the Secwepemc contained in this volume, and maintain the intellectual property rights as a Nation, arising from the cultural knowledge as derived from the Secwepemc elders and other Secwepemc knowledge keepers. "This material has been designated as being available for non-commercial use. You are allowed to use this material for non-commercial purposes including for research, study or public presentation and/or online in blogs or non-commercial websites. This label asks you to think and act with fairness and responsibility towards this material and the original custodians."( https://localcontexts.org/tk/nc/1.0) For more information to enquire about uses beyond those outlined above, please contact [email protected]. Secwépemc LANDS AND RESOURCES LAW RESEARCH PROJECT B Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis Project Acknowledgements
We sincerely thank and acknowledge the members of the Secwépemc Nation and the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council who supported this work by sharing their stories, knowledge and experience with us in the summer of 2015 and spring of 2016.
Shuswap Nation Tribal Council Team
Community Liaisons and Coordinators: Bonnie Leonard, Tribal Director Kelly Mortimer, Aboriginal Rights and Title Director
Secwépemctsín Language Editor: Dr. Marianne Ignace, Simon Fraser University
Indigenous Law Research Unit Team
ILRU Director: Dr. Val Napoleon
Research Coordinators: Jessica Asch, Dr. Hadley Friedland
Research Team: Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Adrienne Macmillan,Simon Owen
Authors: Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead (Glossary), Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Simon Owen
Editors: Jessica Asch, Simon Owen
Project Coordinators: Sally Hunter, Renee McBeth
Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis i ii Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis Table of Contents
PROJECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii
ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO THE ILRU-SNTC COLLABORATION ...... 1 A NOTE ON FORMATTING CONVENTIONS AND SPELLING OF SECWÉPEMCTSÍN ...... 2 ILRU ACTIVITIES ...... 3 Phase 1: Developing Research Questions and Initial Research ...... 3 Phase 2: Initial Community Interviews ...... 4 Phase 3: Preliminary Analysis ...... 5 Phase 4: Follow-up Community Interviews ...... 5 Phase 5: Integrated Analysis ...... 5 Phase 6: Framework Revision ...... 6 Phase 7: Reworking and Editing Analysis, Casebook and Glossary ...... 6 Phase 8: Community Validation and Consultation ...... 6 INTRODUCTION TO THE LANDS AND RESOURCES FRAMEWORK ...... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TO THE ANALYSIS...... 9 ANALYSIS: SECWÉPEMC LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE LAW ...... 12 1. General Underlying Principles ...... 12 2. Legal Processes ...... 18 a. Territorial Protocols and Practices ...... 18 b. Harvesting Protocols and Practices ...... 21 c. Procedural Steps for Making and Maintaining Agreements or Resolving Conflicts ...... 26 d. Authoritative Decision-Makers ...... 34 3. Relationships, Responsibilities and Rights ...... 38 a. Land ...... 38 b. Other Territorial Groups ...... 48 c. Community ...... 58 4. Consequences, Enforcement and Teaching ...... 70 a. Consequences ...... 70 b. Enforcement ...... 74 c. Teaching ...... 77
Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis iii STORIES AND CASE BRIEFS
INTRODUCTION ...... 85 THEMATIC INDEX TO CASE BRIEFS ...... 86 Theme: Harvesting resources and hunting ...... 86 Theme: Accessing or visiting land ...... 86 Theme: Addressing environmental dangers ...... 86 Theme: Addressing distribution of knowledge and resources ...... 87 Theme: Protecting the vulnerable ...... 87 Theme: Caring for resources ...... 88 Theme: Legal processes and governance ...... 88 Theme: Misuse of land or wasting resources ...... 88 Theme: Individual responsibility ...... 88 Theme: Learning about or from the land ...... 89 Theme: Peacemaking and interactions with other groups ...... 89
The Bush-Tailed Rat ...... 90 Case Brief: The Bush-Tailed Rat ...... 91 The Fishes and the Cannibal ...... 92 Case Brief: The Fishes and the Cannibal ...... 93 The War with the Sky People ...... 96 Case Brief: The War with the Sky People ...... 97 Coyote and His Son or The Story of Kallʼallst ...... 100 Case Brief: Coyote and his Son or The Story of Kall̓allst ...... 101 Coyote and Wolf ...... 104 Case Brief: Coyote and Wolf ...... 105 Old-One and the Sweat-House ...... 108 Case Brief: The Old One and the Sweat-House ...... 109 Story of Huʼpken ...... 110 Case Brief: Story of Hu'pken ...... 111 Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind ...... 114 Case Brief: Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind ...... 115 Coyote and Fox ...... 118 Case Brief: Coyote and Fox ...... 119 Story of Coyote and the Swans ...... 120 Case Brief: Coyote and the Swans ...... 121 TlE ʼsa and his Brothers ...... 122 Case Brief: TlEēʼsa and his Brothers ...... 126 Story of the Salmon-Boy ...... 130 Case Brief: Story of the Salmon-Boy ...... 131 Coyote and Salmon ...... 134 Case Brief: Coyote and Salmon ...... 135 Coyote and the Black Bears ...... 136 Case Brief: Coyote and the Black Bears ...... 137
iv Table of Contents The Liberation of the Chinook Wind ...... 138 Case Brief: Liberation of the Chinook Wind ...... 140 Story of TcotcUʼlca ...... 142 Case Brief: Story of Tcotcu̓lca ...... 144 Wolf and Wolverine ...... 146 Case Brief: Wolf and Wolverine ...... 147 Story of Porcupine ...... 148 Case Brief: Story of Porcupine ...... 149 Story of Famine ...... 152 Case Brief: Story of Famine ...... 153 Story of Tsowaʼuna ...... 156 Case Brief: Story of Tsowa̓una ...... 157 Old-One and the Brothers ...... 158 Case Brief: Old-One and the Brothers ...... 159 Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon ...... 162 Case Brief: Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon ...... 163 Story of the One Bound and Grasshopper ...... 164 Case Brief: Story of the One Bound and the Grasshopper ...... 165 Story of Grasshopper ...... 166 Case Brief: Story of Grasshopper ...... 167 Coyote and Holxoliʼp ...... 168 Case Brief: Coyote and Holxoli̓p ...... 169 The White Arrow of Peace ...... 170 Case Brief: White Arrow of Peace ...... 173 Coyote and His Hosts ...... 176 Case Brief: Coyote and his Hosts ...... 178 Case Brief: Coyote and the Grouse Children ...... 180 Case Brief: How Coyote Broke the Ice Dam ...... 181 The Water Monster Story ...... 182 Case Brief: Water Monster ...... 188
Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis v SECWÉPEMCTSÍN LANDS AND RESOURCES LAW GLOSSARY
INTRODUCTION ...... 195 1. FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS AND TERMS ...... 196 a) yecwmenúlʼecwem – taking care of the land...... 196 b) Qwenqwent ...... 198 2. SECWÉPEMC COMMUNITIES: ...... 198 3. RESOURCES: ...... 199 a) Minerals ...... 199 b) Ttsreprép – Trees [noun]: ...... 199 c) Speqpéq – berries [Noun], ...... 200 d) Melaʼmen – Medicine [noun] ...... 200 e) ticwtsʼe – bagged animals, ...... 201 4. LAND ...... 202 a) Some Important Landmarks in Secwépemcuʼlecw ...... 202 b) Rivers, lakes, creeks: ...... 203 c) Mountains ...... 203 d) Other Significant Places ...... 203 5. FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS ...... 204 Part One: General Underlying Principles ...... 204 Part Two: Legal Processes ...... 204 a) Territorial Protocols and Practices: ...... 204 b) Harvesting Protocols and Practices: ...... 204 c) Procedural Steps for Making and Maintaining Agreements or Resolving Conflicts ...... 205 d) Authoritative Decision Makers ...... 206 Part Three: Relationships, Responsibilities and Rights: ...... 206 a) Land ...... 206 b) Other Territorial Groups ...... 207 Part Four: Consequences, Enforcement and Teaching: ...... 208 a) Natural and spiritual consequences of not accessing and sharing resources in a respectful way ....208 b) Human enforcement of legal principles relating to accessing and sharing natural resources ...... 208 c) Teaching ...... 208
vi Table of Contents Analysis
Secwépemc Lands and Resources Law Analysis vii Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Secwépemc
ANALYSIS The SNTCpartneredwiththeUniversityofVictoriaʼs IndigenousLawResearchUnit(ILRU),directedbyDr. Val The ILRUpartnershipwithSTNCfocusedonthearticulationofSecw Tribal Council(SNTC)byelders,atvariousEldersMeetings,toestablishaSecw The motivationforthisworkwasadirectiontothe Aboriginal Rightsand Title DepartmentattheShuswapNation 1 What followsisafirstattemptatarticulatingSecw We workbyfollowingaparticularmethodology, whichanalyzesnarrativesandconversations withcommunity In otherwords,thiscollaborationisaboutarticulatingSecw analysed byourILRUteamandaglossaryofSecw Secw conversations with23Secw of Secw of translationtoothers. operates onadailybasis,asnotedbyBonnieLeonard: our nationformanagingownnaturalresourcesinawaythatthenon-aboriginalpeoplewillunderstand.” down throughgenerations. This analysisgatherstogethersomeofthesenarrativestoexploreSecw ways, throughthewisdomandteachingsoforalhistoriesstoriesthathavebeenlearned,lived,passed Napoleon, inordertocarryoutthisgoalofarticulatingSecw 2 renaissance ofIndigenouslaws.We believeIndigenouslaws needtobetakenseriouslyaslaw. We supportand 3 is adedicatedresearchunitattheUniversityofVictoriaʼs FacultyofLawthatiscommittedtotherecoveryand in thesummerof2015. is guidedandenrichedbythevoicesSecw members anddrawsoutlegalprinciplesfromthem. This approachrecognizesthatSecw principles andprocessesinordertocollaborativelymeettodayʼscomplexchallenges. partner withIndigenouspeoplesandcommunitiestoresearch,ascertain,articulate,restatetheirownlegal principles andprocessesinrelationtolandnaturalresources. The analysisoflawthatisoffered inthesepages law regime.
InterviewofCommunityMemberandSNTC Tribal Director BonnieLeonard byKirsty Broadhead and AdrienneMacMillan InterviewofCommunityMemberandSNTC Tribal Director BonnieLeonard by KirstyBroadhead and AdrienneMacMillan (10 July2015)Simpcw, BritishColumbiaat1[SimpcwInterview#5:BonnieLeonard]. (07 July2015)AdamsLake,BritishColumbia at3[AdamsLakeInterview#2:BonnieLeonard]. Ibid é pemc lawisfoundedupon,inspiredbyandresponsibleforSecw at 1. ...almost, like, naturally, becausewe were broughtupinthatway. But[ourlaws] were never é create someSecwépemcnatural resourcelaws [fromthisresearch]. ways –andsomeoftheseways comefromourstories. AndsowhatI’mhopingtodoisbeable to codified inthatway. Who makes ourdecisions onhow we manageourresourcesintraditional pemc lawsrelatingtolandsandresourcesbasedonourILRUteamʼsanalysisof30stories 1 SNTC The maingoalunderlyingthiswork,asnotedby Tribal DirectorBonnieLeonard,isto“prepare Introduction to theILRU-SNTCCollaboration é pemc witnesses. Accompanying thisanalysisisacasebookcontainingallthestories é pemc communitywitnesseswhoparticipatedininterviews é pemc lawsfromanIndigenouslegalresearchperspective é pemctsín termsrelatingtolandsandresources. é é pemc lawsthatarealreadyinpracticeforthepurposes pemc lawsrelatedtolandandresources. The ILRU é pemc lawsrelatingtolandsandresources. é pemcúĺecw. Itisexpressed,amongother 3 Secwépemc
é é pemc lawalready pemc naturalresource Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemc legal 2
1 ANALYSIS y̓ w̓ m̓, g̓w n̓, l̓ r̓ (rare) g̓ (rare) resonant Glottalized
r y g w m gw n, l Plain resonant pemc speaker Cindy Belknap pemc speaker Cindy é pemc language experts at the time. pemc language experts é ll x s c h xw cw Fricative
pemctsín, the Shuswap language, used throughout used throughout the Shuswap language, pemctsín, é t̓ 7 k̓ p̓ q̓ tsʼ k̓w q̓w Glottalized stop pemctsín orthography, however, which for the most part follows Western Western which for the most part follows however, pemctsín orthography, é t k p q ts kw pemc teachers and learners throughout the territory. The spelling conventions The spelling learners throughout the territory. pemc teachers and qw é Plain stop and Spelling of Secwépemctsín of and Spelling A Note on Formatting A Note Conventions pemctsín (ES) follow those set out by Dr. Kuipers and Secw those set out by Dr. pemctsín (ES) follow é pemc speaker May Dixon from Canim Lake, and other Secw pemc speaker May é Labial Palatal (similar to English a in tan) - ES = a Alveolar Laryngeal e schwa (similar to English a in alone or e in enough - e schwa (similar to English a in alone a (similar to English a in father) ES = ah a (similar to English a in father) ES = ES deletes unstressed e in the surroundings of syllabic l, m, n and semi-vowels w and y. ES deletes unstressed e in the surroundings beam, becomes retracted to ia before throat sounds i (similar to the ee in feet or the ea in – (similar to the o in rod or the augh in naught) to o before throat sounds u (similar to the oo sound in noon); retracted Velar-plain Uvular-plain pemctsín spelling conventions. The chart below was developed by Dr. Marianne Ignace. by Dr. The chart below was developed pemctsín spelling conventions. Dental-lateral Velar-rounded é Uvular-rounded Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Pharyngeal-plain Pharyngeal-rounded this book follow those of the Practical Alphabet of the language developed in the early 1980s by linguist Dr. Aert in the early 1980s by linguist Dr. Alphabet of the language developed of the Practical this book follow those for Eastern Secw Band developed a different Eastern Secw different Band developed a Kuipers, Secw 2. Consonants 2. Secw é
(Williams) from Enderby, also developed during the 1980s. Since the 1990s, Chief Atahm School at Adams Lake Adams Atahm School at the 1980s. Since the 1990s, Chief also developed during (Williams) from Enderby,
The Sounds of Secwépemctsín written in the practical alphabet Secwépemctsín written in the The Sounds of 1. Vowels 1. This orthography is used by Secw This orthography is The conventions for spelling the Western Dialect (WS) of Secw the Western for spelling The conventions Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 2 The ILRUteamʼsprimaryresourceforthestorieswasJames Teitʼs, “TheShuswap,”in The intentionbehindthefirstquestionwastodrawoutlegalprinciplesrelatinglandandresourceissuessuch as The ILRUoriginallyselectedafewstoriesfromBouchard andKennedyʼsShuswapStoriesforanalysis. Expedition: and Museum ofNatural History Memoirof theAmerica Traditions ofthe Thompson River Indiansof 11 10 British Columbia. British 7 4 Where therearen’tclear disputesorconflictsconcerninglandsresources, whatrelationships, Question 2 Question 1 Phase 1: Developing Research QuestionsandInitialResearch and Kennedybecauseoftheirhistorygatheringclaiming possessionovermaterialfromSecw access, harvesting,useandinheritance. The secondquestion wasdesignedtoexplorethoselegalprinciplesthat early 1900s. concerning landsorresources? shared bytwocommunitywitnessesduringourvisitstoSecw 2008, Resources, CaseBriefing, andInterview Preparation Research Questions Secw Secw Resources Law: animals usedandplants? our researchquestions. The ILRUteamcameupwithtworesearchquestionstonarrowthefocusLandsand our interviews.Leontold Paul Michel,forexample,explainedthatBouchardand Kennedy wouldtakearichstoryandcondenseitinto Publicly availablestories,translatedintoEnglishfromSecw with permissionfromhispeopleatCsta̓len(AdamsLake),gavearivetingretellingofthe Bouchard andDorothyKennedypublishedintheirbook How dopeoplewithintheSecwépemclegaltraditionrespondtodisputesorconflicts to theChiefandCouncilsofUpperNicolaOkanaganIndianBands.Finally, theILRUteamanalyzedstories many communitymembersexpressedthattheydidnot want toengagewiththestoriesasrecordedbyBouchard may bewithinstoriesaboutlandandnaturalresourcesthatdonotinvolveconflict. responsibilities, andrightsdopeoplewithintheSecwépemclegaltraditionhave toland, water, has thisprojectgreatlybenefitedfromthesharingoftheseSecw 8 9 6 5
Interview ofAdamsLakeInterview Community MemberPaul Michel Eds, RandyBouchard andDorothy Kennedy, Water Monster, The FishLake Accord, White Arrow ofPeace Ibid, James Teit, “TheShuswap”inFranzBoas,ed, Indian Bands(August2002,amendedAugust 2003)at1-2[ IV(Leiden,EJBrill/NewYork,II, Part 1909)at443-813;JamesTeit, GEStechert: (31 July2015)Simpcw, BritishColumbiaat1-2[ [Pithouse Interview#9: PaulMichel] Kamloops, BritishColumbia at20-28[ Kelly AnnConnor(4July2013)at28-32 [ by Dr. RonIgnace,2008.Reproduced from Massachusetts: RiversidePress, 1898). Fox andCoyote andtheBig Wind, é é 6 andthe p.447. pemc narrativesareresponsivetomanyhumanlegalissues,sostartingthisprojectrequiredusnarrow pemc lawisaliveandbeingtaughtinIndigenouscommunities everyday. 5 The ILRUalsoreviewedthe told byPaulMichel,InterviewofAdams Lake CommunityMemberPaulMichelbyKirstyBroadhead and AdrienneMacMillan(9July2015) Fish Lake Accord 4 Teit wasananthropologistwhojourneyedtoSecw , originallyrecorded withIkeWillard byRandyBouchard andDorothy Kennedy andpublishedin researched ManualandLynne byBernadette JorgesenforsubmissiontotheChiefand CouncilsoftheUpperNicolaandOkanagan The Fox andCoyote andtheBig Wind toldbyLeonEustache,InterviewofSimpcw CommunityMemberLeonEustachebyKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan Water Monster White Arrow ofPeace , researchedbyBernadetteManualandLynne Jorgesenin2002 Tribal andLegal CaseBook–SecwépemcStories Traditions: StsmémeltProject Tek’wémiple7 Research, Shuswap Stories Publications of PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History, MemoiroftheAmerican Fox andCoyote andtheBig Wind ]. White Arrow ofPeace byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (30July2015)Kamloops,BritishColumbia at1-3. ILRU Activities The FishLake Accord (Vancouver: CommCeptPublishing, 1979) ]. Traditions ofthe Thompson River Columbia IndiansofBritish é ]. ]. Shuswap Stories pemctsín, servedasthestartingpointforthiswork. é pemcúĺecw, PaulMichelandLeonEustache,during , 8 , originallyrecordedwithIkeWillardbyRandy é taughttohimbyhiselderChrisDonald.Paul, pemc stories,butthesestoriesillustratethat é pemcúĺecw in1887,1888,1892andthe Secwépemc , re-transcribedbyDr. RonIgnacein Shuswap Stories Lands andResources Law Analysis The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Water Monster
7 (1979). Re-transcribed forsubmission é (Cambridge, pemcúĺecw.
10 . However, 9 Notonly Created by Vol. 11
3 ANALYSIS As 12 Water Monster Water sa Travels the Land* Travels sa the Land* Travels sa Story of Tcotcu’lca Story of Story of Porcupine Story of Porcupine Story of Porcupine
Stories Discussed Coyote and Holxoli'p Coyote E E Story of Grasshopper Coyote and His Hosts and His Coyote Coyote and Black Bears and Black Coyote Tl Tl The Fishes and the Cannibal Witness 1 Shirley Bird Paul Michel Tina Donald Tina Pat Matthew Anne Michel Ronnie Jules Witnesses Dr. Ron Ignace Dr. Leona Calhoun Daniel Calhoun Randy Williams Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard Nathan Matthew Julie-Ann Antoine Julie-Ann Julianna Alexander Julianna Richard LeBourdais Dr. Marianne Ignace Marianne Dr. by Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan (09 July 2015) by Kirsty Broadhead ecw on two separate occasions in July 2015. During the firstpemcúĺecw on two separate occasions in July é Where Splatsín Chief Atahm School Chief Simpcw Band Office Shuswap Nation Tribal Tribal Shuswap Nation Skeetchestn Indian Band Council Office (Kamloops) Interview July 6, 2015 July 8, 2015 July 9, 2015 July 7, 2015 July 10, 2015 Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Kamloops, British Columbia at 6-7 and 17-18. [SNTC Interview #4: Paul Michel]. SNTC Interview #4 Interview of Adams Lake Community Member Paul Michel Member Paul Community Interview of Adams Lake Simpcw Interview #5 Splatsín Interview #3
Skeetchestn Interview #1 Skeetchestn Interview #1 Adams Lake Interview #2 legal principles and reasoning in those decisions. Using this same method for stories helps our researchers this same method for stories helps our reasoning in those decisions. Using legal principles and legal principles that emerged in all stories, and then organized those principles into a framework. They also They those principles into a framework. emerged in all stories, and then organized legal principles that partners in their interviews. prior to visiting a community and talking to community members about law. about law. and talking to community members prior to visiting a community rigorously engage with them as legal cases. It also helps them think deeply about the stories theyʼve looked at them think deeply about the stories with them as legal cases. It also helps rigorously engage they are a more transparent and accessible place to start. and accessible place more transparent they are a using an adapted “case brief” method. This method is used to teach students how to analyze Canadian law This method is used to teach students brief” method. using an adapted “case when and where conversations took place. The three witnesses who wished to remain confidential are listed when and where conversations took place. witness consented to participation and to being audio recorded. The interviews listed below show which stories stories which show below listed interviews The recorded. audio being to and participation to consented witness discuss all the stories at each interview), the witnesses interviewed, andwere discussed (it was not possible to decisions made by judges in law school. The case brief method allows legally-trained people to draw out the allows legally-trained people to The case brief method judges in law school. decisions made by developed interview questions based on their work with the stories and the preliminary analysis. Doing the the stories and the preliminary analysis. questions based on their work with developed interview case briefing work helped the students come up with more specific and thoughtful questions for our community specific and thoughtful questions helped the students come up with more case briefing work short version, which is an act that disrespects the story, the person who told it, and the teachings within it. within the teachings told it, and who the person the story, disrespects act that which is an version, short visit, they conducted five three-hour interviews to discuss the stories they had reviewed and case briefed. Eachvisit, they conducted five three-hour interviews Once they briefed all the stories, the ILRU student researchers developed an preliminary analysis of the developed an preliminary analysis all the stories, the ILRU student researchers Once they briefed a result, the ILRU team decided to not use the stories collected by Bouchard and Kennedy and used, instead, and used, Bouchard and Kennedy stories collected by to not use the ILRU team decided a result, the or legal principles, catching the teachings fall very short of wholly they may the stories and, although account of s ʼ SNTC the for Researcher Senior and/or Leonard, Bonnie Director, Tribal SNTC The 7. and 4 1, Witness as Phase 2: Initial Community Interviews Interviews Initial Community Phase 2: Aboriginal Rights and Title Department, Kelly Mortimer, were present at the interviews. were Department, Kelly Mortimer, Title Aboriginal Rights and s recordings are a more representative are a more representative ʼs recordings Teit that understand We of the same stories. ʼs versions Teit James 12 The ILRU student researchers, Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne Macmillan analyzed the stories and materials stories and materials analyzed the Adrienne Macmillan and Kirsty Broadhead student researchers, The ILRU The ILRU student researchers visited Secw The ILRU student researchers visited Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 4 The studentresearchersreturnedtoSecw 13 14 Justice andReconciliationprojecttheILRUdidin2012. After thesecondsetofinterviews,ILRUstudentresearchers tookallthedatafromteninterviewsandtheir After theinitialvisit,studentresearcherstranscribedinterviewstheyconductedandbeganintegratingthat Cree and Anishinabek responses tohumanissuesofharmandviolence,wasusedunalteredforthe Accessing Phase 5: IntegratedAnalysis Phase 4: Follow-up Community Interviews Phase 3: Analysis Preliminary Stsm organized withinalegalframework. The original ILRUframeworkemergedfromHadleyFriedlandʼsLLMworkon of theplacesspokenaboutinstoriesandattendaSecw community partners,ourstudentresearchershadtheopportunitytotravelaroundSecw were conductedwithsomeoftheoriginalwitnessesaswellnewparticipants. Thanks toourSNTC focused conversationsonSecw interviews helpedthestudentspreparefortheirsecondvisit. The goalwasforthesecondvisittohavemore information intothepreliminaryanalysis.Collectingandsynthesizingprovidedinfirstcommunity preliminary legalanalysisofthestoriesandworkeditinto anintegratedanalysis. The integrated analysiswas
Adams LakeInterview#7 Skeetchestn Interview#6 Accessing Justiceand ReconciliationProject: Prepared FinalReport, byHadleyFriedland,Research Coordinator (4Feb2014) Tribal Case Book– Online: Indigenousbar.ca
é pemc lawrelatingtolegalprinciplesoflandandresources. Splatsín IndianBand Tribal CouncilOffice Simpcw BandOffice Chief Atahm School Skeetchestn Indian Shuswap Nation (Kamloops) Where Band é pemcúĺecw foranotherfivethree-hourinterviews. These interviews 13 The sameframeworkwasalsousedforSNTCʼs Dr. MarianneIgnace Julianna Alexander é Marissa Eustache Julie-Ann Antoine Garlene Dodson Doreen Kenoras Christine Simon Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard Bonnie Leonard pemc gatheringinWilliamsLake. Daniel Calhoun Dr. RonIgnace, Leon Eustache Witnesses Ronnie Jules Pat Matthew Tina Donald Paul Michel Shirley Bird Witness 4 Witness 7 ,
Secwépemc Coyote andFox andtheBig Wind Story of Story The OneBoundand Beaver andPorcupine Coyote andHisHosts Story ofGrasshopper Story Coyote andhisHosts Coyote andHolxoli’p Coyote andSalmon Stories Discussed é Story ofPorcupineStory Story ofPorcupineStory ofPorcupineStory pemcúĺecw toseesome Water Monster Lands andResources Law Analysis Grasshopper
5 ANALYSIS pemcúĺecw with é pemc Elders Council meeting to é
pemc communities. Seven witnesses were sent the Analysis, Casebook and Analysis, were sent the pemc communities. Seven witnesses é ecw, the ILRU team attended a Secw pemcúĺecw, é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law legal framework with the ability to respond to land and resource issues. Hadley Friedland developed a new developed a Hadley Friedland and resource issues. to respond to land with the ability legal framework be implemented or used in Secw the many elders who were there, and answer the questions they had about present and discuss the research with not quoted in the Analysis. not quoted in the had told us. During these meetings, we also received feedback on the draft Analysis, and discussed how it could also received feedback on the draft had told us. During these meetings, we relating to human harms and conflict. The ILRU researchers recognized that this project needed a more specific project needed recognized that this ILRU researchers The conflict. human harms and relating to the relationships, responsibilities and rights between people and the land, other groups and their own communities. and the land, other groups and their and rights between people the relationships, responsibilities the process and the products. the draft Analysis, Casebook, and Glossary. The ILRU team met in-person with 16 of the 23 community members The ILRU team met in-person with 16 of the 23 community and Glossary. Analysis, Casebook, the draft to add to the final analysis. The accompanying Casebook was assembled and edited by the same research team. Casebook was assembled and edited by the same research team. The accompanying to add to the final analysis. t fit in the existing framework, which was used for analyzing research questions for analyzing research which was used existing framework, ʼt fit in the and stories didn the interviews framework that could better describe the balancing of interests that accompany land and resource issues, namely and resource issues, accompany land of interests that describe the balancing that could better framework Between April 25 and 28, 2016, the ILRU research team (Jessica Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith, Asch, Kirsty Broadhead, Georgia Lloyd-Smith, (Jessica April 25 and 28, 2016, the ILRU research team Between During the ILRU visit to Secw who participated in the interview process, to ensure that we had correctly recorded and understood what they who participated in the interview process, which was edited also by the ILRU team. Finally, student researcher Kirsty Broadhead assembled a glossary to assist people when reading the analysis, student researcher Kirsty Broadhead assembled a glossary Finally, developed by the students and edited by the broader research team. The Casebook also contains a thematic index The Casebook also contains a thematic by the broader research team. developed by the students and edited of all the questions used to analyze the stories, which was developed and edited by Jessica Asch and Simon Owen. stories, which was developed and edited by Jessica of all the questions used to analyze the collected within the new analytical framework and reviewing all of the interview transcripts, stories and case briefs all of the interview transcripts, stories new analytical framework and reviewing collected within the Owen and Georgia Lloyd-Smith and ILRU Research Coordinator Jessica Asch, with oversight and advice from Asch, with oversight and advice Jessica Lloyd-Smith and ILRU Research Coordinator Owen and Georgia Phase 8: Community Validation and Consultation Validation Community Phase 8: Phase 7: Reworking and Editing Analysis, Casebook and Glossary and Editing Analysis, Reworking Phase 7: Phase 6: Framework Revision Framework 6: Phase ILRU Director Dr. Val Napoleon and Research Coordinator Hadley Friedland. This involved re-imagining the data This involved Hadley Friedland. Napoleon and Research Coordinator Val ILRU Director Dr. Gifted with much encouraging and helpful feedback, we revised the draft Analysis. Gifted with much encouraging and helpful feedback, we revised the draft Glossary for their review. Five of those witnesses provided feedback by email or phone. The remaining witness was Five of those witnesses provided feedback by email or phone. Glossary for their review. Adrienne Macmillan and Simon Owen) and Sally Hunter, ILRU Coordinator, returned to Secw ILRU Coordinator, and Sally Hunter, Adrienne Macmillan and Simon Owen) This is the first ILRU project using this revised framework. project using this revised framework. This is the first ILRU The Casebook contains all of the stories reviewed by the students for this project, along with the case briefs initially reviewed by the students for this project, along with the case briefs initially The Casebook contains all of the stories The final Analysis was drafted, edited and assembled over the fall of 2015 by ILRU legal Researchers Simon assembled over the fall of 2015 by ILRU Analysis was drafted, edited and The final Through the process of creating the integrated analysis, it became apparent that some of the information from of the information apparent that some analysis, it became the integrated process of creating Through the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 6 The legalanalysisthatfollowsisorganizedaroundaframework. This frameworkisusedtohelpclarifythelegal 1. GeneralUnderlying Principles: What underlying orrecurrentthemesemerge inthestories 4. Consequences, Enforcement and Teaching: 3. Relationships, ResponsibilitiesandRights: 2. LegalProcesses: categories, eachonefocusingonaparticularaspectofSecw and interviews that are important tounderstandingand interviews morespecificpointsoflaw? thatareimportant principles andprocessesnecessaryforrespondingtotheresearchquestions. The frameworkcontainsseveral · · · · · · · · · c. Community: c. Teaching: d. Authoritative Decision-makers: c. Procedural Stepsfor MakingandMaintainingAgreementsorResolvingConflicts: a. Consequences: a. Land: a. Territorial Protocols andPractices:
b. Other Territorial Groups: b. Enforcement: b. Protocols Harvesting andPractices: Rights of people in the Community: What should individuals beabletoexpect regardingaccesstoneeded Whatshould individuals Rights ofpeopleintheCommunity: Responsibilities toothersintheCommunity:Whatareresponsibilities relatedtonaturalresources Responsibilities Relationships within the Community: What are the significant relationshipsrelatedtonaturalresourceswithin Whatarethesignificant withintheCommunity: Relationships Rights ofother Territorial withoverlapping/adjoiningterritoriesexpect Groups:Howshouldothergroups Responsibilities toother Territorial Groups:Whataretheresponsibilitiestoothergroupswithoverlapping/ Introduction to theLandsandResources Framework Relationships with other Relationships Territorial Groups:Whataretherelationshipswithothergroupsoverlapping/ Rights of the Land: How should people be able to expect otherstotreattheland? peoplebeabletoexpect Rights oftheLand:Howshould Animals? Plants?Water? Responsibilities totheLand:Whatarepeopleʼsresponsibilitiesland? Animals? Plants?Water? Are there Relationship withtheLand:Whatarerelationshipsbetweenpeopleandland? Animals? Plants?Water? adjoining territories? How should people act when they need to access resources within another group ʼs adjoining territories? and sharingnatural resources? certain territoryorresources? others withinthecommunity?Leaders?Vulnerable/those inneed? certain individuals,familiesorclanswhohaveparticularresponsibilitiestocareforterritoryresources? of naturalresourcesbetweenfamiliesorgroups? this group?Leaders?Vulnerable/those inneed? resources? Are therecertainindividuals, familiesorclanswhoshouldexpecttoaccesscontrol territory? following thelegalprinciples relatedtoaccessingandsharingnaturalresources? resources withinanothergroupʼsterritory? take toresolveconflictsand/orestablishandmaintainagreementsforappropriateaccessstewardship respectful andsustainableway, orofnotdoingso? harvesting? people toactintheirterritories?Howshouldexpectbetreatedwhentheyneedaccess What areeffective wayspeoplelearnorteach othersaboutthelegalprinciples relatedtoaccessing What are consequences people have designed and implemented toensure othersare andimplemented What areconsequencespeople havedesigned Whatarethenaturalandspiritual consequencesofaccessingandsharingresources ina Whohasthefinalsay?Whereandoverwhatresources? How do people demonstrate respectforeachotherʼsterritories? Howdopeopledemonstrate How do people demonstrate respect for the natural resources they are Howdopeopledemonstraterespectforthenaturalresourcestheyare é pemc lawregardinglandandnaturalresources: Secwépemc Lands andResources Law Analysis Whatstepsdopeople
7 ANALYSIS pemc Lands and Resources Laws. é pemc law as it relates to land and resources. pemc law as it relates to land and resources. é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law indication of the source material used to answer the question. These tables can be used as quick reference guides These tables to answer the question. indication of the source material used in the published stories the students reviewed and the interviews they conducted during one summer. Further summer. they conducted during one the students reviewed and the interviews in the published stories interpretations and opinions within communities and between communities of the same tradition. We believe that believe We communities of the same tradition. opinions within communities and between interpretations and research will help explore differences, fill in gaps, and deepen understandings. Most importantly, the principles that the principles deepen understandings. Most importantly, fill in gaps, and differences, research will help explore rich ongoing debates about legal principles are a sign of health and vitality of these legal traditions. health and vitality of these legal traditions. about legal principles are a sign of rich ongoing debates to the legal principles and processes that are explored in greater depth in the discussion sections that follow. that are explored in greater depth in the discussion sections that follow. to the legal principles and processes for others to find, understand and apply those principles to current issues or activities. principles to current and apply those to find, understand for others we identify in this analysis need to be discussed within each community to further determine whether they resonate community to further determine need to be discussed within each we identify in this analysis Secw with peopleʼs aspirations and expectations regarding For each question in the framework, we have included a table providing a general re-statement of law and an For each question in the framework, we category of the framework that we used to organize the work. This analysis is offered as simply a starting point for as simply a This analysis is offered to organize the work. category of the framework that we used Secw communities to use in further developing or inferences that we make to help answer the research questions. We fully expect there will be differing expect there will be differing fully questions. We make to help answer the research or inferences that we of the project. It is not intended to be a codification of law, like a penal code or legislation. Nor does it claim to be an does it claim to be or legislation. Nor like a penal code of law, to be a codification It is not intended of the project. after legal principles of relevant ʼ best understanding the legal researchers synthesizes legal memo A communities. summaries. The principles identified in each section of a summary are the ones that could be identified most clearly ones that could be identified most clearly in each section of a summary are the The principles identified summaries. and is not intended to be one. Rather, it gives some examples of the legal principles that stood out in each it gives some examples and is not intended to be one. Rather, authoritative statement of law, like a court judgment. Rather, this summary is like a legal memo back to our partner memo back to is like a legal this summary Rather, like a court judgment. statement of law, authoritative it simpler in a way that makes information principles. It organizes with those and sustained engagement a serious It is also important to make clear that this analysis is not a comprehensive or complete statement of legal principles this analysis is not a comprehensive or complete statement of legal principles It is also important to make clear that We have done our best to identify debates between witnesses where they arise, and clarify the assumptions witnesses where they arise, and clarify our best to identify debates between have done We legal summary and between in each sections will differ the length and depth of the various also note that We The analysis that follows is designed to help answer the research questions that were developed at the beginning at the beginning were developed that questions the research answer to help is designed follows that The analysis Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 8 Third, weexplorethewayspeopleresolveconflictsand reachagreementsrespectinglandsandresources. A number This executivesummaryintroduceseachsectionofthe Analysis withashortexplanationoftherelevantlegalthemes This sectionexploresSecw 1. GeneralUnderlying Principles 15
In thissection,wediscusslegalprinciplesthatarefoundationaloranimating. These principleshelpinformthe a particularlypowerfulmethodofgainingstrength,focus, andsuccess,bothinharvestingforoverallwell-being. and supporttheneedsofSecw and feastsareoftenusedtoacknowledge,establish,maintainrespectfulrelations.Existingagreements,such as authority ofgroupstogovernthemselves,andhowmutuallyhonourthedistinctivenessintegritydifferent and guidepoststhatservetohelppeopledecidehowbalancetheirrelationships,responsibilitiesrightsin a and givesreadersapictureoftheoverallanalysis. specific sitesorwaysofusingtheland. The practiceofsweat-bathingisreflected, inbothstoriesandinterviews,as Second, weexplorelegalprotocolsandpracticesregardinghowSecw Six principlesareintroducedasgeneralunderlyingprinciples.First,thestoriesandcommunitywitnessestellusthat good foundations forongoingrelations.Secw given toindividualsaccording totheirabilities.Whenworkingthroughissueswithanother grouporcommunity, itis 2. LegalProcesses good orbad.Fifth,relationsofrespect,bothbetweenpeoplenationsandtheland,create the community isactivelyinvolved intheprocess. Through thiscommunity-based work,specifictasksoractionscanbe or elitesarenotactinginisolation whenmakingdecisionsonbehalfofthecommunity. Inothercases,thebroader opportunity tocontributetheir voices.Familiescanproviderepresentativesinsuchdeliberations, sothatleaders consultation isacorefeatureofdecision-making,inwhich peopleaffected byaproblemordecisionaregivenan of stepsareidentified,whichmaybeemphasizeddifferently accordingtothesituation.We learnthatcommunity groupsʼ laws. This canbeexpressedinvariousways,dependingonthecontext.Protocolsinvolvinggifts,ceremonies, clearest pathwaysforlearningaboutandlivingSecw other sectionsoftheanalysisareapplied. Finally, welearn thatcarefullyobservingtheenvironment,andtrainingtodevelopknowledgeskills,areimportant dangers, whichhumanscanoftenmanage,butnevercompletelydisappear. deeply mean.Fourth,Secw Four sectionsstructurethispartoftheanalysis.First,welookathowpeopleinSecw throughout themanythousandsofyearsitshistory. Butassocietychanges,sotoocanlawschangetobestreflect that helppeopleunderstandandevaluatehowthemorespecificpointsofSecw the FishLake Accord, provideongoingteachingsforhowtobuildand sustainrelationsofrespectontheland,with territorial groups,andwithinhomecommunities. respectfully harvested.Communitywitnessestellusthat gratitudeisanessentialpracticehere,andcanbeexpressed important thatgroupssincerely voiceandunderstandeachotherʼsintereststobestresolvedisputes anddevelop in offerings, prayers,andsimpleexpressionsfromtheheart.Specific practicesorceremoniesarealsoconnectedto respect forterritoriesorareasofknowledgethatarenottheirown.We learntheimportanceofrecognizinglegal interpretation andapplicationofotherprinciplesintheanalysis. These principlescanbethoughtofasmeta-principles methods forlearningandapplyinglegalprinciplesthatrespectfully sustainoneʼsself,community, andtheland. need ordanger whencommunitiesmustact toprotecttheirinterestsagainst thewishesoractions ofothers.Finally, harm ordestroythegiftsthatlandprovides.Second,lawhasexistedasaguidingforceinSecw humans areabletoinfluencetheenvironment–bothmoresafelyorproductivelyusenaturalresourcesand be learnedandappliedinEnglish,Secw principled andlegitimatewaywithregardtothreecoreareasofthelawʼsapplication:landresources,other land andbetweenpeoples.15
The FishLake Accord, supranote 7at1-2. Executive Summary totheAnalysis Executive Summary é é pemc legalprotocols,practices,proceduresanddecisionmakers. These aretheguides pemc lawacceptsthatpeoplehavethefreedomtomaketheirownchoices–whether é pemc peopleandSecw é pemctsín providesarichercontextforunderstandingwhattheselawsmost é pemc lawrecognizes, however, thattheremay be timesofextreme é pemc law. Finally, thelandalwayspresentschallengesand é pemcúĺecw. Third, whileSecw é pemcúĺecwʼs naturalresourcesare é Secwépemc pemc lawthatarediscussedinthe é é pemc legalprinciplescan pemc legaltraditionshow Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemc society
9 ANALYSIS pemcúĺecwʼs pemc law. é é ecw itself, effects pemcúĺecw itself, effects é pemcúĺecwʼs laws. From this knowledge é pemc legal tradition are expected to learn from the pemc legal tradition are expected to learn é pemctsín concept of qwenqwent, which refers to humility pemctsín concept of qwenqwent, which é pemc legal tradition have with land (including animals, plants, pemc legal tradition have with land (including é ecw, and the right of outside groups to have access to the pemcúĺecw, é pemc legal tradition, may make authoritative decisions, and the authoritative decisions, tradition, may make pemc legal é pemc law grants to guests and other territorial groups, including the right of well- pemc law grants to guests and other territorial groups, including the right of é pemc law asserts other groups must be recognized as self-governing entities. Within this recognition, pemc law asserts other groups must be recognized as self-governing entities. pemc law understands that legal responsibilities are designed to nurture and protect the rights the land and pemc law understands that legal responsibilities é é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law kwpi7) use their authority, when required, to coordinate conflict avoidance and resolution, as well as required, to coordinate conflict avoidance when leaders (Kuku̓kwpi7) use their authority, land, and teach others about the land, in order to best understand Secw land, and teach others about the land, s ways can lead to resolutions we cannot reach on our own. we cannot reach lead to resolutions the landʼs ways can time, observing be helpful. With patience may be shared when requests are properly made, and also when a need or inequality arises. These responsibilities arises. be shared when requests are properly made, and also when a need or inequality beings alike. This fact underlies all laws about respecting the integrity and well-being of Secw This fact underlies all laws about respecting the integrity beings alike. people grow into their own roles, and provide advice and guidance when conflicts develop within communities. And And communities. guidance when conflicts develop within own roles, and provide advice and people grow into their meaning outsiders to be protected while in Secw however, is an awareness that groups (especially those with overlapping or adjoining territories) are however, made at both these levels, between levels, and among groups. Elders guide responsible decision-making, help Elders guide responsible decision-making, levels, between levels, and among groups. made at both these interdependent; the actions of each will impact the lives and choices of others. Territorial groups, therefore, have Territorial interdependent; the actions of each will impact the lives and choices of others. responsibilities to maintain relations of mutual benefit and respect, including communicating and listening to each responsibilities to maintain relations of mutual benefit and respect, including observe Secw resources they need, provided they make appropriate requests and otherwise resources and non-human beings. It also informs an understanding that the land, Secw resources and non-human beings. It also rights people have with and to the land, other territories and their own communities. rights people have with and to the land, resources necessary for community health. Two holders of authority help guide and inform the decisions that are guide and inform the decisions that holders of authority help Two for community health. resources necessary responsibilities that sustain such relations. People in the Secw responsibilities that sustain such relations. to lead their people in inter-community negotiations and disputes over land and resource use. in inter-community negotiations and to lead their people to be over-harvested, for example, or the right to protection and self-sustainability. to be over-harvested, for example, or the right to protection and self-sustainability. themselves and future generations through healthy seasonal and reproductive rhythms. themselves and future generations through s creation, application, and authority. the lawʼs creation, application, and authority. these connections can be understood as legal relationships, with accompanying responsibilities and rights. We as legal relationships, with accompanying responsibilities and rights. We these connections can be understood Beginning with the relationships people in the Secw Beginning with the relationships people water, and specific places), we learn first that the Secw and specific places), water, Fourth, this section explores who, in the Secw section explores Fourth, this People also have a responsibility to protect the land and make sure that non-human beings are able to sustain People also have a responsibility to protect contexts within which these decisions may be made. Four groups are identified as holding decision-making decision-making are identified as holding made. Four groups decisions may be which these contexts within safety and well-being. necessary for personal including what is resources, or developed of personally-harvested s laws, interests, and needs. Guests and hosts have different obligations in this regard. Resources should otherʼs laws, interests, and needs. Guests and hosts have different comes a responsibility to follow or apply these laws in daily life. One important expression of law in regard to land these laws in daily life. One important expression of law in regard to land comes a responsibility to follow or apply community witnesses also teach of interconnection within an environment that sustains human and non-human within an environment that sustains human and non-human community witnesses also teach of interconnection Secw Secw 3. Relationships, Responsibilities and Rights Responsibilities and Relationships, 3. t be solved by human action, trust and trust human action, by ʼt be solved can that simply challenges faced with when that, stories indicate some authority in regards to land and resources. At the most basic or local level, individuals and families control the use and families control level, individuals the most basic or local At resources. in regards to land and authority are mirrored in the rights Secw all its beings share. These rights are, in essence, reflections of the responsibilities introduced above – the right not These rights all its beings share. and resource use is that people should not seek to obtain more or other resources if there is no genuine need. and resource use is that people should and human dependency, is key to understanding legal principles and practices of respectful relations. Stories and key to understanding legal principles and practices of respectful relations. is and human dependency, assume decisions relating to lands and resources require a balancing of the relationships, responsibilities and assume decisions relating to lands and At the broader level, communities control the use of resources that are communally harvested, and the land and that are communally harvested, communities control the use of resources At the broader level, A relationship with the land characterized by the concepts of qwenqwént and interconnection develops legal relationship with the land characterized by the concepts A Turning to the legal principles informing relationships, responsibilities, and rights with other territorial groups, to the legal principles informing relationships, responsibilities, and rights with other Turning This part of the summary explores the interconnections between people, land, and resources, with a focus on how between people, land, and resources, explores the interconnections This part of the summary Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 10 The finalareaofthissectionexploresisthecommunityitself.Respectfulrelationshipswithincommunity, in The analysisconcludeswithanexplorationofhowlegalteaching,trainingandpracticeareessentialtomaintaining, Third, deprivation,ornotgettingwhatoneneedswants,isexploredasacommonnegativeconsequenceoflegal 4. Consequences, Enforcement and Teaching In thefinalsectionofanalysisweexplorewaysinwhichalllegalprinciplesareupheldorreinforced.We and relationshipsbetweenthosewhoarecapablevulnerable. These setsofrelationships and thebenefitsthesepracticesbringtotheirlives.Finally, storiesthemselvesareidentifiedaslivingteachings that and othershowtoactinbetterwayssothatharmsarenotrepeated. Two important,andnon-punitive,meansof enforcing Secw violations. Importantly, deprivationmayaffect notonlythepersonorgroupthatviolatesalegalprincipal,butothers suffering, orharm.We identifyseverallegalfeaturesoftheseconsequencesinthestoriesandinterviews.First, Secw generations. We seehowcommunitymembersteachothersaboutthelawandtocultivatetheirown community andnotharmit. These responsibilitiesareequallyreflectedinpeopleʼsrightsascommunitymembers connect allmembersofacommunity. Responsibilitiesidentifiedinstoriesandinterviewsincludehelpingtocare choose towithdrawresourcesorsupportfromthosewhopersistinviolatinglegalprinciples. choices concerningtheuseofcollectively-valuedlandandresources.Finally, inextremecases, communitiesmay caused, andcraftresolutionsthatdonottooseverely(orleniently)punishthosewhohavecausedtheharm. outer abundance:onefeelsbetteraboutʼsharvest,forexample,andharvestitselfwilllikelybebetter. consequences tendtobeproportionaltheconduct:bothtypeanddegreeofharm,forinstance,will conduct thatupholdslegalprincipleshasbeneficialresultsandviolatesleadstoloss, directly orthroughtheaidofothers),andallpeoplehaverighttotheirbasicneedsmet(eveniftheymay Enforcement methodsmust,crucially, respectpeopleʼsinherentdignity, andmustalsohelpteachbothwrongdoers understanding andsharingSecw usually matchtheconductthatviolateslaw. Second,welearnthatpositivelegalconductcreatesbothinnerand for oneʼsbelongingsandnottakingwhatdoesbelongtoyou,teachingothersaboutthelawhelping for andcontributetocommunitywell-being,sharingresourceswiththosewhoaskorareinneed,caring future. the Secw them cultivatetheirownskillsandknowledge,usingoneʼsgiftsofskillpowertobenefitthe the contextofsharingandusinglanditsresources,dependonmutualassistance.Keyrelationships take theircourse.Communitypressureisalsoshownaseffective atencouragingpeopletomakeresponsible they disregardthelegalresponsibilitiesorprinciplesthatapplyinagivensituation. identified hereincluderelationshipsbetweenfamilymembers,leadersandtheirpeople, is akeyconcept.Whencommunitiesrespondtowrongdoing,theymustcarefullyassesstheharmthathasbeen instead oraswell.Fourth,weseethatpeoplemayinjurethemselvesevenothers(particularlythevulnerable) if not befulfillingtheirownresponsibilitiesatthetime). may overlapandchangeovertimeindifferent situations,buteachinformstheresponsibilitiesandrightsthat must besharedandpassedonfortheSecw knowledge, skillsandroles.Witnessesalsosharehowthey practiceSecw learn, first,thatSecw é pemc lawalsoexpressestoolsandteachingsforitsenforcementbyhumans.Here,aswell,proportionality é pemc legaltradition.Inthisunderstanding,allSecw é pemc lawaresimplybytellingpeopleaboutitusingstories,andlettingnaturalconsequences é pemc lawsaresupportedbytheconceptofnaturalandspiritualconsequences,inwhich é pemc legalprincipleswithinandbetweencommunities, as wellacross é pemc legaltraditiontosustainindividualsandcommunities intothe é pemc havetherighttoaccessresources(whether é pemc legalprinciplesonadailybasis, Secwépemc Lands andResources Law Analysis
11 ANALYSIS Splatsín
The The proposition The proposition The proposition Adams Lake Interview Adams Lake ’sa and his Brothers. ’sa E pemc legal tradition: é pemc society, individuals can act independently pemc society, é Splatsín interview #3: Randy Williams. Randy Splatsín interview #3: Coyote and his Son, Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, and his Son, Origin Canyon, of the Chilcotin Coyote The proposition that dangers and challenges of Bush-Tailed Rat, Story of Famine, The Fishes and the Rat, Story of Famine, Bush-Tailed General Restatements of Law General Restatements pemctsín provides a richer understanding and transmission of law: pemctsín provides a richer understanding é The proposition that although individuals understand the importance The proposition that respect underlies all relationships among people and ’sa and his Brothers, Wolf and Wolverine, Old-One and the Brothers, The Fishes the Brothers, Old-One and Wolverine, and Wolf and his Brothers, ’sa E between people and the environment: proposition that Secw members (for both better and worse): members (for both natural forces are ever-present: that the natural world is in constant flux, in which humans are influenced and influential is in constant flux, in which humans that the natural world that law is embedded in and has evolved through thousands of years of learning: that law is embedded in and has evolved of the collective as fundamental in Secw and make their own free choices in the Secw and make their own free choices in the Respect: Respect: Humans Influence and are Influenced by Environmental Change: Environmental and are Influenced by Humans Influence Natural Forces Can Be Dangerous: Can Be Dangerous: Natural Forces Secwépemc Law Evolves and is Integrated with Secwépemc History: and is Integrated with Secwépemc History: Evolves Secwépemc Law Secwépemc Language Is Important to Understanding Secwépemc Law: Is ImportantSecwépemc Language Law: Secwépemc to Understanding Individual Agency: Individual Agency: and the Cannibal, Coyote and his Hosts, Coyote and Fox, Story of Coyote and the Swans, and the Swans, Story of Coyote and Fox, Coyote and his Hosts, and the Cannibal, Coyote People, The Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Coyote and the Swans, Splatsín Interview and the Swans, The Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Coyote People, Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander, Adams Lake Adams Lake Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Alexander, Julianna Interview #3: Anne Michel. Interview #2: Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Skeetchestn Interview #6: Ron Ignace. Interview #6: Skeetchestn Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Story of Porcupine, Simpcw Interview #5: Nathan Matthew, SNTC Interview #4: Paul Michel, Paul SNTC Interview #4: Nathan Matthew, Simpcw Interview #5: Story of Porcupine, #3: Shirley Bird, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Splatsín Interview #3: Randy Randy Interview Splatsín #3: Alexander, Julianna Bird, Splatsín Interview Shirley #3: #3: #7, Tl #7, Coyote and the Black Bears, Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, Coyote and Holxoli’p, Story of and Holxoli’p, Coyote Origin Bears, of the Chilcotin Canyon, and the Black Coyote Cannibal, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Tl Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation Cannibal, Williams, SNTC Interview #4: Paul Michel. Paul SNTC Interview #4: Williams, Tcotcu’lca, Story of the Salmon-Boy, Story Story of Hu’pken, of Grasshopper. Tcotcu’lca, Story of the Salmon-Boy, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, The War with the Sky with the Sky War The OriginWind, of the Chilcotin Canyon, of the Chinook The Liberation
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Analysis: Secwépemc Land and Natural Resource Law Resource Natural and Land Secwépemc Analysis: understanding more specific points of law? more specific understanding What underlying or recurrent themes emerge in the stories and interviews that are important to that are important the stories and interviews themes emerge in or recurrent What underlying 1. General Underlying Principles General Underlying 1. Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 12 The abilityofhumanstoaltertheenvironmentisalsoreflected instories.Forexample,Coyote, The propositionthathumansaffect andareaffected byenvironmentalchange,forbetterorworse,emergesin Son, 16 17 18 The proposition thatthenaturalworld isinconstantflux, inwhich humansareinfluencedandinfluential
Witnesses alsospeakabouthowlandmanagementpracticeshaveshiftedovertimeandthishasimpacted the environment. RandyWilliamstalksaboutthisinthecontextofcontrolledburning: Discussion: Shirleyʼs commentsjointhoseofmanyotherwitnessesexpressingtheirconcernsabouthumansnegativeimpact on theearth.Julianna Alexander specificallyraisesconcernsabouthumanactivities,suchashydroelectric damming andlogging,theimpactofthoseactivitiesonabilityearthtosustainitself: His wordsunderscoretheimportanceofretainingnotjust theknowledgeaboutlandmanagementtechniques,but i. HumansInfluence, andareInfluencedby, Environmental Change: that peoplecancorrecthuman impactsontheearth.Later, RatandMousehearCoyoteʼssononthecliff and high andchangesthesmoothness ofitsrocks,inordertotraphissonatthetop.However, thesamestoryshows how touseitproperlyandresponsibly. humans havedonetotheearth,itsanimalsandresources. As ShirleyBirdsays: members (for bothbetterandworse). both thestoriesandinterviews.Manywitnessesexpressthisprincipleincontextoftheirconcernaboutwhat
Interview ofSplatsínCommunity Member ShirleyInterview Bird Interview ofSplatsínCommunity Member JuliannaInterview Alexander Interview ofSplatsínCommunity MemberRandy Interview Williams (08 July2015)Splatsín,BritishColumbia at2 (08 July2015)Splatsín, BritishColumbiaat12 (08 July2015)Splatsín, BritishColumbiaat24 usesmagictotransformtheenvironmentforhisbenefit. Outofjealousyandgreed,hecausesacliff togrow You lookatitnow; everything isdying. Ourtreesaren’thealthy. That’s whathelpsprovide our You know, you’re anything. puttingtreesuptherethataren’tworth Becauseittakes 100years for a We’re totellthese hydro trying peoplenomoredams, nomoreloggingwheresensitive habitatis… We can’tlive withoutthewater. That’s thebiggestproblem Iamhaving now right is[to]protectthe years even and then you cut them down again. They don’t give the trees a chance to give oxygen. oxygen. You lookatthepoorantsonground, theground isn’thealthy, neitherisourrocks. You everything becamestrongerand moreinabundance andthat…Andnow thenon-natives inthe I know thattherewas thatwas burning burning, done. Controlledburns. Becauseafterthat different torealize thatwe gotsomuch forestries bugs arejuststarting anddiseasebecausewe don’t understand. Isitjustbecausethey aresogreedy? Dothey notunderstandwhatpainisall what my mothertalked about,why dothey destroy theirmother? Why her? dothey hurt They water andifyou messaroundwiththeswamps, [you messaroundwith]thejobsofdifferent plants water now. right It’s beinglimitedbecauseofthebaduse, they aretakingtoomany treesout,too are not managing our lands properly so they are going to start working with us to try todothat,but with ustotry working sotheyare notmanagingourlandsproperly aregoingtostart all? Sosheprays oneday tocometogether, maybe peoplewillfinditintheirhearts like you say about? Dothey notunderstandwhatitisaboutalife cycle?Dothey notunderstandanything at unity, whenwillthatever comeaboutwhenwe togethertounderstandhow canwork tohelpour mother. this year won’t beagoodyear becauseit’s dry. hardtocontrol. Sodry…yeah, no worm, there’sno worm, noant,there’s nobeetle, there’s noplacefor insects... The swamps the purify many. They’re killingtoomany plants, toomany animals…Andifyou take away thewater there’s they learn toleavethey learn italone? They mixit,they mixit,why? To make itworse. Iunderstand now tree tobe100years old,but they’re puttingtreesinthere–they arereadywhatin…five years, ten look atthehighway -why dowe needit? There’s somuch chemicalsontheground -why don’t in thereandbugs inthereandeverything thewater thatcouldpurify andgives oxygen. [I]t’s ourresponsibilitytomake surethosethingsaren’tgettingdamagedandit’s nothappening. 16 [Splatsín Interview #3: [SplatsínInterview Shirley Bird] [Splatsín Interview #3:[Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander] [Splatsín Interview #3:[Splatsín Interview Randy Williams]. byKirstyBroadhead and AdrienneMacMillan byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan … . .
Secwépemc 18 Lands andResources Law Analysis Coyote andHis 17 13 ANALYSIS
Fox and Origin of the From these accounts, these accounts, From Knowledge is used 19 24
21 as Sturgeon learns how to open and as Sturgeon learns how to open and . . people collectively build a ladder from people collectively build a .
pemc identity: é Liberation of the Chinook Wind, of the Chinook Liberation
26
He sings and dances to cause swans to lose their He sings and dances to cause swans 23 [The Fishes and the Cannibal]. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Memoir Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific pemcúĺecw: [Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon] [Liberation of the Chinook Wind] of the Chinook [Liberation Sky People] with the War [The The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific [Story of Coyote and the Swans]. [Story of Coyote é [Coyote and his Son]. [Coyote 25 Today, salmon can now climb the steep falls, but this is only salmon Today, 22 The Jessup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural Expedition: The Jessup North Pacific The Fishes and the Cannibal, The War with the Sky People, Sky the with War The pemc. é ed. Franz Boas pemc law and its centrality to Secw é Story of Coyote and the Swans. Story of Coyote “The Shuswap,” supra note 12 at 31-32. Paul clarified his understanding of this story in conversation with ILRU researcher Simon Owen, April 29, supra note 12 at 31-32. Paul clarified his understanding of this story ILRU researcher in conversation with in James Teit, “The Shuswap,” ed. Franz Boas in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap,” ed. Franz Boas in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap,” ed. Franz Boas The Jesup North Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural Pacific in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap,” ed. Franz Boas in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap,” ed. Franz Boas in James Teit, : Julianna Alexander, supra note 17 at 19. : Julianna Alexander, 20 in James Teit, in James Teit, , Coyote places a dam or rock across the river, Coyote places a dam or rock across in order to prevent salmon from ascending the pemc law grows remain, even as new human problems emerge. Julianna Alexander articulates the Alexander articulates human problems emerge. Julianna pemc law grows remain, even as new é pemc history, and the law has evolved through that practice. The legal principles and processes upon and the law has evolved through that practice. pemc history, (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: GE Stechert 1909), Vol II, Part VII at 624 GE Stechert 1909), Vol (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: II, Part VII at 749 GE Stechert 1909), Vol (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 670-671 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol GE Stechert, 1909) at 638 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol [T]here’s a story about why Chase doesn’t have rattlesnakes, but Kamloops area has rattlesnakes. rattlesnakes. area has Kamloops but rattlesnakes, doesn’t have Chase a story about why [T]here’s because that’s really who I am. I can’t get away from it. I can’t get away really who I am. because that’s it gives our history, it gives us our experience, it gives us who we really are. And that’s my identity my And that’s really are. us who we it gives us our experience, it gives our history, it gives practice because it gives love, it gives us our traditional culture and language…it gives spirituality, spirituality, culture and language…it gives us our traditional it gives love, because it gives practice snakes... It was brothers were fighting and then they threw it, right. There’s a marker between Chase and between a marker There’s it, right. threw fighting and then they were brothers It was We need to live with the law in order for us to make it… We need if for our everyday concepts and concepts our everyday need if for We it… us to make in order for with the law need to live We Tk’emlúps and [the brothers] threw the snakes this way to Kamloops and this way there is no there and this way to Kamloops way this the snakes brothers] threw Tk’emlúps and [the é pemc society has engaged in the creation and practice of law throughout the many thousands of years pemc society has engaged in the creation é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law History (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: GE Stechert 1909), Vol II, Part VII at 642 GE Stechert 1909), Vol History (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: GE Stechert 1909), Vol II, Part VII at 622-623 GE Stechert 1909), Vol (Leiden: EJ Brill/ New York: 2016, in Victoria. History History History History Splatsín Interview #3 Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon Sky People with the War The The Fishes and the Cannibal and the Swans Story of Coyote Coyote and his Son Coyote Michel, Paul SNTC Interview #4: Wind of the Chinook Liberation
because of erosion and the passage of time. In time. of passage the and erosion because of non-human beings. Knowledge serves to help in non-human beings. Knowledge serves mouth of the canyon and reaching the Secw mouth of the canyon and reaching the inappropriately by Coyote in resolve to help him by returning the cliff to its original height and shape through their songs. through their shape height and original to its cliff the him by returning to help resolve the earth to the sky, enabling them to attack the Sky People. the earth to the sky, ii. Secwépemc Law Evolves and is Integrated with Secwépemc History: with Secwépemc History: and is Integrated Evolves Secwépemc Law ii. unforeseen dangers. In this case, the warmth brings with it the risk of forest fires. In this case, the warmth brings with unforeseen dangers. 26 22 23 24 25 20 21 Humans also influence, and are influenced by, changes in the climate. In changes in the climate. and are influenced by, Humans also influence, who previously bringing warm weather to all people, warmth from the Heat People, thereby Hare, by stealing the which Secw we can infer that humans not only have the power to change the environment, but also undo harmful changes. environment, but also to change the only have the power that humans not we can infer of Secw consistent, ongoing practice of Secw Finally, some stories talk about how special knowledge allows some people to impact the land, resources and some stories talk about how special knowledge allows Finally, of how a fight between two brothers (who, for Paul, represent the geological, biological, and physical forces of the and physical forces geological, biological, represent the (who, for Paul, between two brothers of how a fight Secw Some stories plainly speak of how human action can change the land. Most dramatically, Paul Michel tells a story Paul Michel land. Most dramatically, can change the how human action plainly speak of Some stories suffered in the cold. The same story reminds us, however, that changes to the earth carry with them new and that changes to same story reminds us, however, The in the cold. suffered shut rock and counteract the cold in order to defeat a cannibal that has killed many people. shut rock and counteract the cold in order environment) impacted where rattlesnakes live in Secw rattlesnakes live impacted where environment) ability to fly, allowing him to capture them more easily. allowing ability to fly, The proposition that law is embedded in and has evolved through thousands of years of learning. of learning. thousands of years through has evolved in and is embedded that law The proposition 19 Chilcotin Canyon Two stories talk about humans building structures to impact the land and its inhabitants. In the humans building structures to impact stories talk about Two Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 14 Julianna expandsonthedepthandhistoryoflawinSecw Although thestoriesandhistoriesusedinthiscasebook,evenvoicesofwitnesses,areconveyed The proposition thatSecwépemctsínprovides aricher understanding andtransmissionoflaw. Anne MichelalsotalksabouthowtheSecw society andlaw: Secw Secw English, somewitnessestalkabouthowSecw 29 28 27 Matthew explains,“inthelanguage…youʼdgetaveryrichunderstandingaboutboundariesofbehaviour iii. for SecwépemcLanguageUnderstanding IsImportant SecwépemcLaw: that arerequiredforagoodSecw 32 31 30 mean Secw been developed: people respondtoandintegratenewcircumstances. As Julianna Alexander sayswith respect tohowlawshave language development:
ofSimpcwCommunity MemberNathanMatthewInterview Splatsín Interview#8: JuliannaAlexander, supranote 27at20. ofAdamsLakeInterview Community MemberAnneMichel #3:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander ofSplatsínCommunity Member JuliannaInterview Alexander Adams Lake,BritishColumbiaat21 Simpcw, BritishColumbiaat10 Splatsín, BritishColumbiaat19-20 Ibid é é at3. pemc lawhasendurednotwithstandingthecolonialexperience,whichattemptedtobreakdownSecw pemc lawisandalwayshasbeendynamic.LegalpracticesevolvedevelopthroughtimeasSecw And Iguessthatbiggestoneiscalled you“intrinsic”- know whatthatmeans?Itjustmeans essence ofwhatyou’re totalkabout. trying You lose, injustastraight translation ofwords… the It all has its spiritual entitiesandvaluesIt allhasitsspiritual andhow you respectitandhow itfitsinwithus-andthe I guess–mightbedifferent ways todealwiththeftnow thanwhenthey didlong agoby done alot,like we arepracticing more…for ourway hereit’s winterdancingandwe arere-learning whole ideaorunderstandingofwords inSecwépemctsín.” connected right from theland,water,connected right theanimals, theair, uptothehumans... all theteachingsand…we dobaths,bathing,mostofus…simplybecauseall ceremonial,ritual ancestors…hundreds andhundredsofyears ago. That’s why we’re stillhere, we stillpractice daily adoptions orresidential[schools]. Butwe went outofourway toheal. So, you know, we didn’tlose and ourexperiences. Even thoughthatwe’ve hadsomeinterferences like…child welfare, or animals. You know, itallhasitsplaceandlaw anditallhasreasonfor itandthey’re all these things we know, we say… to children when we’re them, rearing “don’t do this, don’t do that.” the ceremony. that training, we justmisplaceditfor while[because]we didn’tpractice. Butnow we are. We’ve in SecwépemctsínthanEnglish. Sowhenyou translate it,insomecasesyou losethewhole implementing new andoldlaws. belonging tothecentral natureofourfamily…we alotofwhatyou inherit know throughother [Y]ou know, we lived andourculture accordingtoourconceptsandlaw andouroral history [M]y father said, “you know, Nathan,there’s somany we thingsaboutourworld canexplain better [W]hat works, we keep -whatdoesn’t,they don’t. Andthey changeaccordingtothechanges, é pemc waysarenotused. 28 [Simpcw Interview #5:[Simpcw Interview NathanMatthew}. [Splatsín Interview #8:[Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander] [AdamsLake #2: Interview AnneMichel]. , supranote17at15. é pemc life.” 29 30
é byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (10July2015) byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(07July2015) pemc use“whiteman”waystodealwiththings,however, thisdoesnot 31 byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(29July2015) é Herecountssomethinghisfathersaidtohimduringaprojecton pemc lawismoredeeplyexpressedinSecw . é pemc lifeinoursecondinterviewwithher: 32 Secwépemc
Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemctsín. As Nathan 27 é é pemc pemc 15 ANALYSIS
Vol II, Vol
33 Vol II, Vol pemctsín. é Coyote Coyote 45 Coyote and Coyote
pemc concepts inconcepts pemc 41
é 35 34 TlEēʼsa defeats and pemc law and society, individual pemc law and society, é Coyote and his Hosts, Coyote pemc laws.
é 40 Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, 44 ’sa and his Brothers, ’sa pemctsín can express legal principles that are hidden pemctsín can express é TlE sa and his Brothers]. The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific pemc law to the youth who may not speak Secw pemc law to the youth who may not speak
[Old-One and the Brothers]. Bears]. and the Black [Coyote The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific E é The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Memoir History Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific 36 [Coyote and His Hosts]. and His [Coyote [Story of Porcupine] [Tl The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural Expedition: The Jesup North Pacific The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific [Wolf and Wolverine]. and [Wolf The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific [Coyote and Fox]. [Coyote by Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan (27 July 2015) Skeetchestn, British Columbia at 21 by Kirsty Broadhead a cannibal uses magic to capture and kill people so Sturgeonʼs brother speaks to the agency of the four brothers with respect to sharing a speaks to the agency of the four brothers the two peoples are peoples the two translation. in the English enemies as described Coyote and the Black Bears, Black and the Coyote 43 s capacity to convey the essence of humility and respect: the essence of humility and respect: pemctsínʼs capacity to convey supra note 17 at 7. é neither animal decides to share his harvest with the other, depriving the other with the other, neither animal decides to share his harvest note 25 at 638. note 22 at 642. , supra note 12 at 8. supra note 24 at 670-671. in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, StoryPorcupine, of in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, pemc laws are accessible and understandable. In doing so, these witnesses are acting uponpemc laws are accessible and understandable. Old-One and the Brothers
in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, é in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, 38 in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, The Fishes and the Cannibal, Wolf and Wolverine, and Wolf In 39 Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 643 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 638 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol [I]n our language, if I were to speak about myself to you, I have to speak in the diminutive – I have – I have to speak in the diminutive I have to you, myself to speak about if I were [I]n our language, have, necessarily, the grasp because he was coming from the English language. coming from the English because he was the grasp necessarily, have, to make myself humble, small… the language won’t allow me to do it differently – it’s like a law a law like – it’s me to do it differently allow small… the language won’t humble, myself to make not methods. But that’s an English word. There are English words and thoughts because he didn’t didn’t he because thoughts and words English are There word. English an that’s But methods. not Now, they were, kind of, separated from each other, but they weren’t necessarily enemies. But that’s that’s But enemies. necessarily weren’t they but other, each from separated of, kind were, they Now, where he got “well why would they be separated, why wouldn’t they talk?” so he put the English English the put he so talk?” they wouldn’t why separated, be they would why “well got he where word“enemies” And in. then he believed that the troubles all arose from“ignorance”- but really not. It’s similar, but it’s not ignorance, so that he just used an English word. And then at the end it goes goes it end the at then And word. English an used just he that so ignorance, not it’s but similar, It’s embedded in the language. But if I speak about you, I have to speak about you, high praise and lift praise high to speak about you, I have about you, But if I speak embedded in the language. you up, ok? That’s why language is important. why That’s ok? up, you In “our language is really direct it doesn’t hide anything… it’s just got so much honesty in it.” just got so much it’s direct it doesn’t hide anything… “our language is really “the methods of one party…” well it would be the philosophy, right. It’s a really profound philosophy, philosophy, profound really a It’s right. philosophy, the be would it well party…” one of methods “the ’sa and his Brothers ’sa 37 pemc legal principles outlined below, including the responsibility of those more capable within a community to including the responsibility of those more capable pemc legal principles outlined below, Story of Coyote and the Swans, Story of Coyote
é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law E 42 Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 633 Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 671-672 Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: [Skeetchestn Interview #6: Ron Ignace]. Interview #6: [Skeetchestn Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 644-651 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 627-630 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 658-659 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol History History Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, supra supra Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, The Fishes and the Cannibal, and His Hosts Coyote and Fox Coyote supra and the Swans, Story of Coyote Bears and the Black Coyote SNTC Interview #4: Paul Michel Paul SNTC Interview #4: Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Ron Ignace Dr. Member Community Interview of Skeetchestn Tl Wolverine and Wolf Old-One and the Brothers Story of Porcupine
help those in need, and teaching others in order to pass on and uphold Secw help those in need, and teaching others harvest: only the last of the brothers decides to share with Old-One when he asks for food and tells each brother he harvest: only the last of the brothers decides to share with Old-One when he in translation. For Julianna Alexander, Alexander, in translation. For Julianna is hungry. 34 35 36 37 38 39 33 their own free choices in the Secwépemc legal tradition. in the Secwépemc free choices their own transforms evil beings he encounters using his unique strengths, even when his brothers caution him against transforms evil beings he encounters iv. Individual Agency: The proposition that although individuals understand the importance individuals understand that although of the proposition The Individual Agency: iv. By way of example, in of example, By way Dr. Ron Ignace discusses Secw Dr. Paul Michel raises issues with this limited expression of what is actually occurring in the story: occurring in of what is actually this limited expression raises issues with Paul Michel decides to act alone to stop him, and is killed by the cannibal in his efforts. English. This is particularly relevant for transmitting Secw This is particularly relevant English. of needed food. can ensure Secw Secw collective as fundamental in Secwépemc society, individuals have the ability to act independently and make and independently act to ability the have individuals society, Secwépemc in fundamental as collective Other witnesses offer examples of how the structure of Secw examples of how Other witnesses offer agency is a recurrent theme in the stories. For example, in agency is a recurrent theme in the stories. acting. While language revitalization is happening, the kind of careful and thoughtful translation these witnesses demonstrateWhile language revitalization is happening, 45 40 41 42 43 44 s community is a value embedded in both Secw Although responsibilities to oneʼs community is a value embedded in Fox, These examples also illustrate that thoughtful translation is important when conveying complex Secw complex conveying when important is translation thoughtful that illustrate also examples These Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 16 The aspirationofspeaking,teachingandactinginrespectfulwaysisundoubtedlyfoundational.However, howto Story ofGrasshopper,Story Salmon-Boy, of theBush-Tailed Rat, and Holxoi’p The proposition thatthedangers andchallengesofnaturalforces areever-present. 49 48 47 46 Witnesses alsospeaktoindividualresponsibilityfortheconsequencesofchoices.Forexample,in Grasshopper ishungrylaterinthestory, thecommunityrefusestosharewithhim. vi. NaturalForces CanBeDangerous: v. Respect: The proposition thatrespectunderliesallrelationshipsandinteractions amongpeopleand and themysteriouspowerofaspiritin One messageconveyedinmanyofthestoriesisthatwhiledangersrelatingtolandorresourcescanbe Secw Respect routinelyemergesasathemeformanyofthewitnesses.Whetheritislearningaboutorlivingout cannibal isdefeated. Finally, thegrizzlybear, transformedby Tl determine whatisrespectfulorhowtoenforcealawofrespectnoteasywithoutspecificfocuson communities andtheland.Forexample,RandyWilliamstalksaboutsignificanceofwaterasfollows: diminished throughconcertedcommunityorindividualeffort, theyarenotlikelytoentirelydisappear. In for himandhiscommunity. We seeindependentdecisionsinvolvingthesharingofharvestsaswell,in taken forgranted. if peopleactfoolishlytowardsit. is actedonindifferent contexts,forexampleinharvestingcertainresources, usingthelandornegotiatingwitha neighbour. Forthisreason,werecognizerespectasanunderlying oranimatingprinciplethatinfusesallofthelegal between peopleandtheenvironment. principles andpracticeswediscussinthisanalysis. presence known,andthewarmth,althoughwelcomed,arriveswithaddeddangerofoccasionalwildfires. peopleʼs well-being. law, respectemergedascentraltotheunderstandingoflegalrelationshipsbetweenpeopleandothergroups,their 56 55 54 53 52 51 50
Tl Liberation ofthe Chinook Wind, supra The FishesandtheCannibal, supra “ #3:Splatsín interview Randy Williams, supra ofGrasshopper Story of Story Tcotcu ofHu’pken Story oftheSalmon-BoyStory of Story Tcotcu Coyote and Holxoli Vol VII(Leiden:EJ Brill/NewYork: II,Part 1909)at655 GEStechert, Vol VII(Leiden:EJ Brill/NewYork: II,Part 1909)at710-711 GEStechert, Vol VII(Leiden:EJ Brill/NewYork: II,Part 1909)at690 GEStechert, Vol VII(Leiden:EJBrill/NewYork: II,Part 1909)at718-720 GEStechert, (Cambridge, Mass:Riverside Press, of theBushTailed 1898)at 46[“TheStory Rat”]. The Story oftheBush The Story Tailed Rat[NkamtcinEmux]” E é pemc legaltraditionthatnaturalforcesmustalwaysberespected, andtheirchallengesneverdismissedor ’sa and hisBrothers, supra Ceremonies went withwater becausewater was scaredspirit. Andcreation. Andthegiver ofalllife respectful way[s]. and itwas ofhumble thespirit and cleansing. Becausethewater cangothroughrock you cansee through theGrand Canyon and everything andanything. like thatthroughearth Butyet itcrawls on its belly, humbles itselfbelow allthingsandyet it’s acleansingspirit. So, itwas always taughtwith 46 48 and Story of andStory Tcotcu’lca
’ ’ Story ofHu’pken Story lca lca, supra inJamesTeit, “TheShuswap”inFranzBoaz,ed. inJamesTeit, “TheShuswap”inFranzBoaz,ed. ’ p inJamesTeit, inJamesTeit, “TheShuswap”in FranzBoaz,ed. 53 54 in JamesTeit, “TheShuswap”inFranzBoaz,ed. note47at718-720. Similarly, thedangerofscarcityin Grasshopperrefusestohelpduringthesalmonharvest,decidingplayinstead. Likewise,thecold,in forexample,theftsstillcontinueaftertheculpritisdetected,buttheyarelessdisruptiveto note37at 644-651. 52 Traditions ofthe Thompson River Columbia IndiansofBritish note24at670-671. note21at 624. 49 56 and There is,asshowninstoriessuchthese,anawarenessembeddedthe note18at28. 47 Story of Story Tcotcu’lca. The FishesandtheCannibal all involve Coyote making independent decisions that have consequences independentdecisionsthathaveconsequences allinvolveCoyotemaking inJamesTeit
E ēʼsa in Liberation oftheChinook Wind, Traditions ofthe Thompson River Columbia IndiansofBritish The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican Tl [Story ofGrasshopper]. [Story oftheSalmon-Boy].[Story The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican E The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican [Story ofHu’pken]. [Story of [Story Tcotcu ’sa andhisBrothers The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican 50 Story ofFamineStory ’ lca]. retainssomeofitsstrengthevenafterthe (Cambridge,Massachusetts:RiversidePress, 1898)at632. , stillhasthepowertokill,butonly continuestomakeitsseasonal remainsathreatinspecificsituations, Secwépemc
Lands andResources Law Analysis
Story ofthe Story The Story The Story 51 When 55
17 ANALYSIS In this this In 57 which tells tells which during the interviews may ”59 Story of Porcupine, Story of Porcupine, Coyote and Coyote Story of Porcupine, Story of Porcupine Fish Lake Accord. Fish Lake
In either instance, the two groups are negatively negatively are groups two the instance, either In 58
pemctsín version of the story says the two have different philosophies philosophies different have two the says story the of version pemctsín é General Restatements of Law General Restatements note 29 at 24. note 12 at 8. Paul Michel clarified his understanding of this story in conversation with ILRU researcher Simon Owen on note 12 at 8. Paul Michel clarified his understanding of this story in conversation with ILRU researcher note 33 at 671-672. recognizes them as self-governing within their own territories: self-governing within their own territories: recognizes them as establish or maintain relationships of respect: or maintain relationships of respect: establish about how the land and resources should be shared: about how the land and resources should his Hosts, Coyote and Holxoli’p, SNTC Interview #4: Paul Michel, Adams Lake Interview #2: Interview #2: Lake Michel, Adams Paul Interview SNTC #4: and Holxoli’p, Coyote his Hosts, Recognizing Authority and Integrity: Integrity: and Recognizing Authority and acknowledge publicly and feasting ceremonies Gifts, and Feasts: Ceremony Gifts, Following Existing Agreements: Existing Agreements: Following s authority and not pretending to know their laws or practices pretending to know their laws or practices peopleʼs authority and not Acknowledging other Story of Porcupine, Simpcw Interview #5: Pat Matthew, Simpcw Interview #10: Pat Matthew, Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #10: Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: Story of Porcupine, Territories are respected when groups follow existing agreements outlining their understandings are respected when groups follow existing agreements Territories Anne Michel, Skeetchestn Interview #6: Garlene Dodson. Interview #6: Anne Michel, Skeetchestn Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Jules. Interview #2: Adams Lake
ii. i. iii. [in the story]… bowed down is such an English word…it’s [about] recognition. is such an English word…it’s [in the story]… down bowed “…body language is very important in our ways… I’m thinking of more acknowledging is what I saw is what I saw of more acknowledging I’m thinking “…body language is very important in our ways… Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law cause friction, and thus they agreed to maintain separate areas. to maintain separate areas. cause friction, and thus they agreed April 29, 2016 in Victoria, saying that this separation could have been consensual, in recognition of the potential that their respective powers or ways of life could respective of the potential that their saying that this separation could have been consensual, in recognition April 29, 2016 in Victoria, Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, supra Interview #2: Adams Lake Story of Porcupine, supra Story of Porcupine, Michel, supra Paul SNTC Interview #4:
59 57 58 mutual ignorance and wants to address the conflict so they can all live without continual interference. Swan formally continual Swan interference. without live all can they so conflict the address to ignorance wants mutual and not adequately capture what happens during the meeting of the two peoples. She notes not adequately capture what happens during the meeting of the two peoples. invites Elk and his people to come to his territory, and feasts them when they arrive. The feast is a public ceremony and feasts them when they arrive. invites Elk and his people to come to his territory, influencing each other, either out of ignorance or because of those different philosophies. either out of ignorance or because of those different influencing each other, their laws and practices recognizes them as self-governing within their own territories. their own within and practices recognizes as self-governing them their laws to make a living. Paul Michel notes the Secw to make a living. Paul Michel notes the a. Territorial Protocols and Practices and Protocols Territorial a. s authority and integrity in their efforts to resolve a conflict. each otherʼs authority and integrity in their efforts the story of how two peoples recognize that recognizes and establishes public memory of the meeting taking place between the two peoples. that recognizes and establishes public memory of the meeting taking place the conflict and provides for an easier and happier life for all. i. Recognizing Authority and Integrity: Acknowledging other people’s authority and not pretending to know to know authority and not pretending other people’s Acknowledging and Integrity: Recognizing Authority i. ʼs territories? respect for each other demonstrate How do people Demonstrating respect for neighbouring groups is directly tied to acknowledging them as self-governing communities communities self-governing as them acknowledging to tied directly is groups neighbouring for respect Demonstrating with authority over their own laws and practices. We draw this principle directly from practices. We with authority over their own laws and Following the feast, Swan and all his people kneel before Elk and Swan gives Elk all of his knowledge and advice. Following the feast, Swan and all his people kneel before Elk and Swan gives Discussion: s ability ability s ʼ other each with interfere and time long a for enemies been have groups two English, in translated is it as story, and that they are not enemies, but rather simply separated. and that they are not enemies, but rather 2. Legal Processes Legal 2. According to the English version of this story, Swan, chief of one of the peoples, believes their troubles arise from Swan, chief of one of the peoples, story, According to the English version of this According to Anne Michel, the English translation of kneel or bow in According to Then Elk and his people kneel before Swan and Elk gives Swan all his ideas and knowledge. This brings an end to and knowledge. Then Elk and his people kneel before Swan and Elk gives Swan all his ideas Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 18 The importanceofrecognizingtheauthorityandintegritybehindotherpeopleʼspracticesratherthanmerely As PatMatthewnotes,giftingisawaytomakeagreementsandbuildnewrelationshipswithothers: Alliance aroundtheissueofsalmonharvestingonFraser River. As PatMatthewrecalls: Gifting, inparticular, acknowledgestheimportanceandlegitimacy ofotherterritorialgroupsandbridgesdifferences. Gifting andceremonyhaveplayedasignificantroleinbuilding anunderstandingwiththeLowerFraserFishery We infergiftingisanimportantpartofestablishingrelationshipsrespectregardinganumberissues,including Gifts, ceremoniesandfeasting publicly acknowledge andestablish ormaintainrelationshipsofrespect. In otherwords,peopleshouldnotimposeontheirhostsʼgenerositybyassumingknowledgeorimposingways In otherword,theliteraltranslationdoesnotreflectthatmeetingisaboutrecognizingeachʼsauthorityand attempting toimitatethemeachtime. Remaining deferentialtoknowledge,lawsandpracticesduringvisitswithhostsiskeyinGarleneDodsonʼs on them.We infersimilarpracticeswouldlikelyoccurinmeetings withgroupsoutsideofSecw community, evenwithinSecw People buildandmaintainrespectfulrelationshipsthrougharangeofprotocolsthatacknowledgeoneanother. Man, Beaver-Man,andKingfisher-Manintheirhomes.Duringeachvisit,Coyotebenefitswhentheyshare ii. Gifts, Ceremony andFeasts: those relatingtonaturalresources. reflections ofthesamestory. Shediscussestheimportanceofbeingquietandlisteningwheninvitedtoa imitating thesepracticesisdiscussedin integrity, andcommunicatingsharingtheirknowledgeinterests. knowledge withhim,butthenheattemptstocopytheirpractices.Coyoteisultimatelyinjuredandmockedfor knew nothingabout!” 63 62 61 60 64 laws andpracticestheneedtoactivelylistenlearnwhatunderliesthempriorassumingcompetence. like Holxoli̓pin
Interview ofSimpcwCommunity MemberPatInterview Matthew ofSimpcwCommunity MemberPatInterview Matthew Coyote andHolxoli Coyote andHisHosts, supra DodsonnéeJules ofSkeetchestn (Garlene) Interview Community MemberBernadette Simpcw, BritishColumbiaat15-16 Simpcw, BritishColumbiaat7 Skeetchestn, BritishColumbiaat12 you know, gocrazy fishing…[when] somebodyjustdonethatfor you… So Ithinkthatwas pretty go down totheLower Fraser theproblem song and andhedescribed uphereand hedidadrum I waswhereourpeople…were atwar reading…stories but…one sidebroughtgiftsandstufffor I thinkonethingwe didwhen [they] cameup, Tina [Donald]organized songandaprayer adrum way ourrelationshipandthey rememberthat,eldersor whomever tostart and…Ithinkitactually we gave themgiftsandacknowledged themfor down theirwork there…so that’s oneofthethings: sort ofaprocessIthink.sort …it’s hardtofightwithsomebodywhenthey’ve provided you agift. It’s an acknowledgement …whenIgodown giftsfromourareaanditgoesalong tothecoastwe bring and that was pretty important …they acknowledgedand thatwas prettyimportant that,andhow canyou…go back homeand, makes abigdifference in…themacceptingyour proposal orwhatever itisyou’re todo. trying the othersidedidn’tacceptthem,thenthatmeanshe’s notaccepting theproposaleither. ...that’s the othertohave adiscussionortalkaboutyour relationshiportomake proposal. Andthen,if to Tk’emlúps… we usedtobeinvited togoto…the meetingsthere. Butwhenwe didwe would sit if you give peoplegiftsandallthatIthinkthat’s important. very todothosetraditions.important Andthenoneothertimewe hadoneofoureldersfromBonaparte back andlisten. [E]ven thoughwe’re peopleherefromSkeetchestn go allSecwépemcandyou seeourterritory… Coyote andHolxoli’p ’ p, supra 62 Highlightinghisfoolishnessreinforcestheimportanceofrespectingintegrityothersʼ note46at632. note41at627-628. 60 [Simpcw Interview #5:[Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew]. [Simpcw Interview #10:[Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew]. [Skeetchestn #6: Interview Dodson]. Garlene é pemcúĺecw:
. late,“whatafoolIwastoattemptdoingthing As Coyoterecognizes,too 61 Similarly, CoyoteloseshiseyestoRavenwhenhetriesjuggle eyes Coyote andhisHosts. byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (31July2015) byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (10July2015) Inthatstory, CoyotevisitsFat-Man,Fish-Oil- byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(27July2015) 64 Secwépemc
Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemcúĺecw aswell. 63
19 ANALYSIS he says: 66 pemc territory to é
Story of Porcupine, pemc and Syilx/Okanagan é
(09 July 2015) Story Porcupine: of 65 by Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan (07 July 2015) by Kirsty Broadhead note 64 at 7. [Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Jules]. Interview #2: [Adams Lake
68 note 7 at 1-2. [SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais]. [SNTC Interview #4: provides land and resource rights to the Sylix Chief PElkamuʼloxʼs people in Secw provides land and resource rights to [Elk’s people] were feasted…which is protocol, feasted by the bird people. And then at the end the bird people. by is protocol, feasted feasted…which people] were [Elk’s it says the laws made at this council are those that govern the animals and birds today. So they So they animals and birds today. the are those that govern made at this council the laws it says know we know, We around us. other nation that’s any for that today still have I think we down. laws people provide gifts or welcomes and all that. It sort of sets the tone for a good relationship, for a a for sort It a good relationship, tone for of sets the and all that. welcomes gifts or people provide made lot of laws there. And somehow or another they remember those things. They pass those They remember those things. or another they And somehow there. made lot of laws where our boundaries are and how we are going to interact with [them], with even with the Gitxsan. with the Gitxsan. with [them], with even are going to interact we where our boundaries are and how good start and I think that’s important.good start and I think that’s We have an agreement with them at our tribal council office. I think that’s how it was done. it was how I think that’s with them at our tribal an agreement council office. have We The other part is… the feast. … it always makes a difference when there’s tradition involved, involved, tradition there’s when a difference makes it always … partThe other is… the feast. 67 Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Kamloops, BC at 2, 6 Adams Lake, British Columbia at 24 Simpcw Interview #5: Pat Matthew, supra supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: Ronnie Jules Member Community Interview of Adams Lake Accord, supra The Fish Lake Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan Interview Member Richard LeBourdais by of Community
previously negotiated to manage their relations around resources. For example, the 18th century Fish Lake previously negotiated to manage their 65 66 67 68 happening. As Pat Matthew says in reference to the Matthew says in reference As Pat happening. respectful relationships between territorial groups. respectful relationships between territorial iii. Following Existing Agreements: Territories are respected when groups follow existing agreements agreements existing follow are respected when groups Territories Existing Agreements: Following iii. feasting itself as a protocol, particularly when forming agreements. In reference to the protocol, particularly when forming agreements. feasting itself as a declarations. They also create public and collective memory of those agreements that then shape the ongoing that then shape the ongoing and collective memory of those agreements They also create public declarations. communities to this day. sustain themselves. People rely on this agreement to guide relations between Secw sustain themselves. People rely on this outlining understandings about how the land and resources should be shared. the land and resources about how outlining understandings s territories by following existing agreements that they have each otherʼs territories by following existing agreements Communities demonstrate respect for Gifting may occur in the context of a feast, which is significant because feasts are public way of recording what is what way of recording public feasts are because significant which is of a feast, context in the may occur Gifting Accord, As Ronnie indicates, gifts, ceremony and feasts often operate in the context of developing formal agreements or in the context of developing formal gifts, ceremony and feasts often operate As Ronnie indicates, Again, the feast and gifting provide a space to build a good relationship with another group. Ronnie Jules speaks of group. Ronnie Jules with another build a good relationship a space to feast and gifting provide Again, the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 20 If you don’thave anything tooffer aprayer willdo.” do take…things frommotherearth,” 74 73 72 71 70 Offerings donothavetobeaspecificgiftorparticularlygrand. Although anumberofwitnessesnotetheuse showing gratituderecognizeswhattheearthprovidesandisameansofreciprocatingitgivesyou. Discussion: Several witnesseshighlighttheimportanceofshowinggratitudewhentakinggiftsfromland.Initssimplest way, Randy Williamsexpressesthesameprincipleinrelationtoharvestingdandelion,whichisusedformedicine: caught eachyeartoshowgratitudeforthegiftofannual migrationthathelpstosustainSecw you donʼthavemuchtooffer, youmightlimitwhatharvest. The witnessusestheexampleofgrabbing only How dopeopledemonstraterespectforthenaturalresourcestheyareharvesting? Providing offerings for thegiftsyou takefrom thelanddemonstratesgratitudetoland. i. Gratitude, Offerings andPrayer: tobacco forofferings, the outer, drier barkwhenharvestingfromabirchtree. b. Protocols Harvesting andPractices 69
SNTC Interview#4:Richard LeBourdais, supranote69at42. Interview ofSimpcw CommunityMemberWitness1byKirsty Broadhead andAdrienne Macmillan(10July2015)Simpcw, BritishColumbia at9[SimpcwInterview Adams LakeInterview #7:Witness4,supranote72at11. I #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, supra #3:Splatsín Interview Shirley Bird,supra Shirley Bird,supra Adrienne MacMillan(09July2015)Kamloops, BritishColumbiaat37 Lake #7: Interview Witness 4]; #5: Witness1]. 69 at40. nterview ofAdamsLakenterview Community Member Witness 4by MacMillan KirstyBroadheadandAdrienne iv. iii. ii. i.
I asked my momandshewould belike … “The dandelionsaregoodfor thestomach. Medicine that livingplant?” Becausewhenwe talkaboutourrelations, allofitisourrelations, all,we arein for thestomach.” Andonceshetoldme… “oh whathave you given that,whathave you asked harmony withitall. harmony Tcotcu’lca, Story oftheSalmon-Boy,Tcotcu’lca, Story #4: SNTCInterview RichardLeBourdais. #4: Paul Michel. One andtheSweat-House, Water Monster, #4: SNTCInterview RichardLeBourdais, SNTCInterview #4:SNTC Interview Paul Michel. Skeetchestn #6: Interview Simon,Skeetchestn #6: Christine Interview BonnieLeonard,Skeetchestn Shirley Bird, Splatsín Interview #3:Shirley Bird,SplatsínInterview Randy Williams, AdamsLake #7: Interview Witness 4,AdamsLake Interview #6:Interview DanielCalhoun,AdamsLake #2: Interview RonnieJules, #6: Interview Ignace, Marianne Interview #7:Interview RonnieJules, #4: SNTCInterview #5: BonnieLeonard,SimpcwInterview Witness 1. Richard LeBourdais, Skeetchestn #6: Interview #8: Dodson, SplatsínInterview Garlene Shirley Bird, Observation and Training Sweat-bathing Specific Practices, CeremoniesandUses Gratitude, Offerings andPrayer demonstrates gratitudetotheland: with theland,itsresources andnon-humanbeings: harvesting andusingdifferent resources: note16at13; 71 onewitnesstalksaboutleavinglunchmeatifyouhave no tobacco.
Adams Lake #7: Interview RonnieJules : Sweatbathingprovides strength, focusandsuccessforhuntinghealth: Interview ofCommunity MemberandShuswapInterview Nation Tribal Council Tribal DirectorBonnieLeonard 70 note16at13. note 18at29. ShirleyBirdexplains,
: Careful observationandtrainingenablesyoutointeractmore respectfully General RestatementsofLaw: : Providing offerings forthegiftsyoutakefrom thelandto SNTC Interview #4:SNTC Interview RichardLeBourdais, #3: SplatsínInterview 69
[SNTC Interview #4:[SNTC Interview BonnieLeonard]; #4: SNTCInterview RichardLeBourdais, supra at11-12; Splatsín Interview #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, #4: SNTCInterview : Peoplehavespecificpracticesandceremonies for 73 RichardLeBourdaistalksaboutoffering thefirstsalmon “you aretooffer somethingback toher. Tobacco orwater. Splatsín Interview #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, supra SNTC Interview #4, Story of Hu’pken, Story of ofHu’pken, Story #4,Story SNTC Interview (28July2015)AdamsLake,BritishColumbia at11 Secwépemc note18at30; 72 Lands andResources Law Analysis Another saysthat if byKirstyBroadhead and é pemc life. Splatsín Interview #3:Splatsín Interview Old- “When you 74 [Adams note
21 ANALYSIS “taking When talking When talking
“animal for giving “animal for
75 “to let your other animals that you don’t want want don’t you that animals other your let “to
79 For example, when hunting, Richard LeBourdais notes that the hunting, Richard LeBourdais notes For example, when 77
80 76 “you have to have a good feeling otherwise it doesn’t work.” it doesn’t otherwise a good feeling to have have “you
note 69 at 40-41. note 72 at 11. note 72 at 37. He also says that you say your prayers prayers your say you that says also He note 74 at 9. 78 according to Bonnie Leonard. according to Bonnie harvest today – give a quick thanks. I mean, some people do ceremony before they go out and they before ceremony I mean, some people do thanks. quick a – give harvest today is based what everything - that’s traditions or family practices family all based on I guess it’s hunt. they just took it…you offer something and you have this gratitude. this have and you something offer just took it…you they there to eat and use and whatever. there to eat and use resource] like this and used it and didn’t pray or didn’t say thank you or didn’t make an offering… an offering… or didn’t make thank you say or didn’t pray and used it and didn’t this like resource] Now people tend to get very long-winded when they are saying their prayers, but it was very it was but their prayers, are saying people tend to get very long-winded when they Now around here, right? Your core family. Your right?around here, simple. Giving your thanks so that you could provide for your family…That’s how our people how family…That’s your for provide could thanks so that you Giving your simple. what was I doing?” …I hear some people say “oh it didn’t work for me?” They just got [the just They me?” “oh it didn’t work for people say …I hear some I doing?” what was grows on the earth, grateful and thankful. You know, just be thankful because it’s there to use. It’s It’s there to use. be thankful because it’s just know, You on the earth, and thankful. grows grateful And then you wonder why, oh it didn’t work on me, it worked for somebody else, and say “what, and say else, somebody for it worked oh it didn’t work on me, why, wonder you And then You’ve got to pray because Creator gave us all this stuff... You got to be thankful for whatever whatever for got to be thankful You us all this stuff... Creator gave because got to pray You’ve at 12. at 41-42. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Simpcw Interview #5: Witness 1, supra Simpcw Interview #5: Adams Lake Interview #7: Witness 4, supra Interview #7: Adams Lake Ibid Bonnie Leonard, supra SNTC Interview #4: supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4: Ibid
be different depending on a familyʼs tradition: be different 80 what you take from the land and to the land itself. what you take from the land and to the For this witness, prayer is also key aspect of showing gratitude: For this witness, prayer first thing you do is offer tobacco and say a few words to the Creator to thank the Creator and the Creator to thank the Creator and the tobacco and say a few words to the offer first thing you do is Offerings and prayer are often made to the Creator for not solely providing the food to harvest, but also for providing the food to harvest, but often made to the Creator for not solely and prayer are Offerings aspect of the act. As a witness explains, As a witness the act. aspect of says: the same witness harvest resources, to in their efforts who are unsuccessful about people Witnesses emphasize the use of prayers differently. For one, a simple prayer is sufficient to give thanks, but it may For one, a simple prayer is sufficient to give thanks, differently. Witnesses emphasize the use of prayers [to know you are there] – [for example] Grizzly bear.” Grizzly bear.” example] are there] – [for you [to know his life so we may feed ours.” ours.” feed may we so life his
75 76 77 78 79 Although providing an offering is an aspect of gratitude, many witnesses view the feeling of gratitude as the critical the critical as of gratitude the feeling view witnesses many of gratitude, is an aspect an offering providing Although care of the earth” This underscores that there is a range of practices that all fulfill the underlying purpose of showing gratitude for This underscores that there is a range Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 22 Although providingofferings andprayersmayvaryaccordingtopersonfamily, somewitnessesdidspeakof According tosomewitnesses,harvestingmedicineplantsoftenattractsspecialprotocols,suchasspecificprayers Williams talksabouthowresources,suchasochre,copperandobsidianwereminedorharvestedbyspecific Garlene Dodsonseesself-preparationandcleansingascriticalwhenharvestingmedicinesuchsage: Calhoun, specific practicesthatpeopleuseforharvestingandusingcertainanimalsresources.Forexample,Randy Shirley Birdspeaksofaspecificceremonyinvolvingmedicinetreeinwhichpeoplesingtotheensurethey Specific protocolsalsoexistinrelationtoporcupines. According toPaulMichel,althoughhumansrarelyhuntthem, Specific protocolsexistfordifferent animalsaswell,particularlywithrespecttowhentheymaybehuntedand and usingdifferent resources. do nothavetocutitdownharvestitsroots.Shesays: Marianne Ignacereflectsonherunderstandingoftheparticularobligationhumanshavetobears,whichshe for whatpurpose.Forexample,peoplerarelyhuntbearsmeat. ii. SpecificPractices, CeremoniesandUses: People have specificpracticesandceremoniesfor harvesting this mayshiftintimesofneed: in additiontogratitude.Forexample,RichardLeBourdaisnotes: 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 people, suchashuntersormedicineinparticularceremonies. 91 90 92 learned fromanelder:
25 Skeetchestn [Skeetchestn #6: Interview Simon] Christine Columbia at25. Interview ofSkeetchestnInterview Community MemberDr. Ignace Marianne Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supra Skeetchestn #6: Interview RonIgnace, supra ofSkeetchestnInterview Community MemberDanielCalhoun Skeetchestn #6: Interview Simon Christine ofCommunity MemberandSNTC Interview Tribal DirectorBonnieLeonard ofSkeetchestnInterview Simon Community MemberChristine ofSplatsínCommunity MemberShirleyInterview Bird Skeetchestn #6: Interview Dodson,supra Garlene #4:SNTC Interview RichardLeBourdais, supra #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, supra SNTC Interview #4:SNTC Interview Paul Michel,supra You know, there’s lotsofprayers involved andwhenyou’re picking medicineplantsbecausethat Secwépemc don’thuntporcupine. Onlyifyou areabsolutely[in need] -nomoregameand you know, humble andgrateful for whatthey’ve gottooffer you. Soyou have tooffer something. going todoyou any good. You have tohave that,you know, that,connection. Andyou have tobe, It’s reallyimportant. quills for ourartwork. Butwe’ll onlyusethemfor [food] ifwe’re ofstarvation. atthebrink down andthere’s itdown ahallthatwe bring to-we wash itwithmedicinewater, make sure…doa cleansing andfor thefloorwe usemedicines. a belieflongtimeagowas -whenpeoplehave twinsthey were supposedtobebear childrenso apologize tothebearfor having killedit. Just like you talktoaperson. Andthere’s anotherthing, more food tohunt…the nameofporcupineis “the animal,they arelike agift” totheSecwépemc medicine plant has to work formedicine planthastowork you… Alotofpeoplecanpick themandusethem,but they’re not the ones to help bring thatmedicinetreedown.the onestohelpbring Onecomesdown, we goclockwise it we bring then you get up in the morning andyouthen you take getupinthemorning ashower before you gotouchthat[sageplant]. And that’s how humanshadarelationshipwithbears. people becausewe would onlyeatthemwithstarvation. We don’thuntporcupine; we’ll usetheir it andsingtooffer ittobaccoandwe give itgifts. It’s justabeautifulceremony andyou are before… you take thatanddoanoffering. [Y]ou don’tseeany saporanything, you know, comingout. Butwe talktoitandsay, andpray to [I]f apersongoesouttherethey can’tbedrinking. orusingdrugs,you Can’tbedrunk know. And [W]hen [theelder’s] dad…used togohuntingblack bear…heusedtosingasongthebear 88 Dr. RonIgnace [Interview #6: [Interview Ignace]. Marianne 89 andRonnieJules 82
note12at9. at26,supranote86. . note18at27. note36at26. note67at26-28. note69at41. note61at6. byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(29July2015)at25-26. 90 byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(27July2015)Skeetchestn, BritishColumbiaat26. byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(27July2015)Skeetchestn, BritishColumbiaat26 alldiscusstheparticularhumanpracticesrespectingbears.Dr. byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (27July2015)Skeetchestn,BritishColumbia at 83
84 byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(27July2015)Skeetchestn, British 91 85 BonnieLeonard, 81 Secwépemc 86 ChristineSimon, Lands andResources Law Analysis 92 87 Daniel
23 ANALYSIS
as Water will as Water pemc law, law, pemc é “mysterious powers” He then tells Water to draw He then tells Water “supplications,” 96
In that story, four warriors are chosen to In that story, 94 “relief from pain, for health, long life, lightness health, long life, “relief from pain, for
95 The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific [Old-One and the Sweat-House]. …. Water Monster. Water 97 note 69 at 41-42. Old-One teaches the people Old-One teaches the sweat houses and how to build sweat bathe. Old- This story recounts the origin the sweat-house and power of and its importance 93 note 12 at 8. . in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, note 9 at 20-25. of those that seek it. He then tells the Fir-Tree to help the people with its Fir-Tree of those that seek it. He then tells the “When you sweat-bathe, pray to Scwelu’s that you may be healthy, and obtain success in hunting and be healthy, may that you to Scwelu’s pray sweat-bathe, “When you ̓s Old-One then meets the Scwelu or spirit of the sweat-house or bath. Scwelu̓s refers to the deity Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 642-643 II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol [S]weat lodge is a philosophy. It’s as your dream life unfolds. You never bring up sweat lodge in our bring up sweat never You unfolds. life dream as your It’s lodge is a philosophy. [S]weat high-context language. We can say so much with just our words…. so much can say We language. high-context have to talk so long to explain what a sweat lodge is. But because English is low-context, they they is low-context, But because English lodge is. what a sweat to explain to talk so long have language unless you are sharing what meaning you’ve derived from your latest round of sweat latest round of sweat from your derived are sharing what meaning you’ve language unless you a – we’re And that’s not a thing. it’s within yourself; a philosophy It’s within yourself. But it’s lodge. ancestors, say your prayers to the animals, then you go out. And, uh, yeah, sure enough. Go out - sure enough. And, uh, yeah, go out. then you to the animals, prayers your say ancestors, come back with a deer strapped behind the saddle… with a deer strapped come back describe it as the thing outside of yourself. There’s a signifier and a meaning to a thing outside There’s describe it as the thing outside of yourself. yourself. So all of these translations are huge. are huge. So all of these translations yourself. You get 50 people together in the English language and – what’s a sweat lodge? Oh my god, they god, they Oh my lodge? a sweat English language and – what’s get 50 people together in the You You’ve got to go sq’ilye – go sweat. Go clean yourself, your mind, say your prayers to your to your prayers your say mind, your Go clean yourself, – go sweat. got to go sq’ilye You’ve “guardian” pemc use fir-branches, bathe in cold water, and sweat bathe. water, pemc use fir-branches, bathe in cold é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Ibid. Michel, supra Paul SNTC Interview #4: supra Monster, Water Old-One and the Sweat-House History supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4:
Old-One and the Sweat-House,
94 95 96 97 93 people carefully prepare one for him. The warrior enters and does four rounds of prayer: for mother earth, for The people carefully prepare one for him. be the both historically and today. Having a single story detailing the importance and protocol involved in a practice importance and protocol involved in Having a single story detailing the today. both historically and s self-preparation in the sweat lodge provides, as Paul Michel describes, the focus and The fourth warriorʼs self-preparation in the sweat lodge provides, as Paul Michel describes, the monster. help defeat a water monster that has been killing people in their community. The first three warriors head out help defeat a water monster that has been killing people in their community. that will help him kill the monster. his task. He has visions for three nights, and each provide him with information information that enables his success. immediately to kill the monster and fail. The fourth warrior takes his time, and waits for insight on how to accomplish to how on insight for waits and time, his takes warrior fourth The fail. and monster the kill immediately to the creator, the people, and his family. Following this practice, the warrior sets out and successfully slays the Following this practice, the warrior the people, and his family. the creator, themselves internally to enable their success in harvesting or hunting: themselves internally to enable their success iii. Sweat-bathing: Sweat bathing provides strength, focus and success for hunting and health. and health. hunting success for and focus strength, bathing provides Sweat Sweat-bathing: iii. females and the female entities, for male entities, and finally, the warrior round, which is a prayer to connect to the warrior round, which is a prayer females and the female entities, for male entities, and finally, underscores its significance. when the people use its branches to wash themselves. The final line of the story explains that this is why the The final line of the story explains that this is why the wash themselves. when the people use its branches to depending on the human relationships with them. However, these are the ones these witnesses shared with us witnesses shared are the ones these these However, with them. on the human relationships depending interviews. during our Richard LeBourdais speaks about the current importance of sweat-bathing for people to cleanse and prepare Richard LeBourdais speaks about the Sweat-bathing is an important practice of self cleansing, particularly in preparation for hunting, as outlined in particularly in preparation for hunting, important practice of self cleansing, Sweat-bathing is an Secw bodies, heal their wounds and refresh them, and answer their sickness from peoplesʼ bodies, heal their wounds and refresh One tells them: as Paul Michel reminds us: and tells them to grant the people their desires when they pray for the people their desires when they and tells them to grant In We see Paul Michelʼs point revealed his telling of the We and gambling.” of body, fleetness of foot, wisdom, wealth, and success in hunting, gambling, and war.” in hunting, gambling, and success wisdom, wealth, of foot, fleetness of body, Old-One and the Sweat-House There are, of course, other particular protocols for plants, animals and other resources within Secw within other resources and animals for plants, protocols particular other are, of course, There The morning after the third night, he tells his community that his vision told him to enter the sweat lodge, so the The morning after the third night, he tells his community that his vision told The entire meaning and importance of the sweat-bath may be difficult to translate into English without many words, the sweat-bath may be difficult to translate into English without many words, The entire meaning and importance of Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 24 The interviewsdiscusstheimportanceofpassingdownrespectfulapproachestohuntingnextgenerations. Story of Story Tcotcu’lca 102 101 100 Instead, herollsthesalmonupinablanketand,overfewdays,itslowlyturnsbackintohisgrandson.Inthis and non-humanbeings. This isevidentin Observing theenvironmentenablespeopletointeractmoreeffectively andrespectfullywiththeland,resources, eventually becomesasuccessfulhunter, amassinggreatstoresofresourcesunderhersupervision. The Wolf, in Several storieshighlighttheimportanceoftrainingasawayensuringthatharvestingisdonecarefullyand and non-humanbeings. Careful observation andtrainingenables peopletointeractmorerespectfully withtheland, itsresources of food,whichheshareswithhiscommunityinafeast. of asalmonhehascaughtishumaninappearance.Basedonthisobservation,doesnotsplitanddrythefish. For example,RichardLeBourdaisrecallshisfatherteachinghimtomakeanoffering whenhuntingmooseordeer: iv. Observation and Training: training, Tcotcu̓lca isabletofeedhisentirecommunity. respectfully. In instance, thegrandfatherʼsvigilancesaveshisgrandsonlife. Thereafter, thegrandfatherreceivesanabundance 99 98
of Story Tcotcu’lca, supra Ibid #4:SNTC Interview RichardLeBourdais, supra ofHu’pken, supra Story oftheSalmon-Boy,Story supra at40-41. “the firstplategoesinthefirefor oureldersandthat[is]justrespectI’ve learned.” offerings. has taughthisdaughterstopay respecttotheanimalsandfishthey catchandeatby providing Story ofHu’pken Story 102 , teachesthepoorhunterwhatheneedstodobeasuccessfulhunter. ByfollowingtheWolfʼs note49at710-711. note 47at718-720. note48at690.
, agrandmotherprovidestrainingtolazyboywithnohuntingskills. note69at40. Story oftheSalmon-BoyStory 100
, inwhichthegrandfatherobservesthateye Secwépemc Lands andResources Law Analysis 101 He, in turn, He, inturn, 99 Hu̓pken 98
25 ANALYSIS
Water Water Adams Problems that canʼt be In times of extreme need or danger, when In times of extreme need or danger, Communities or groups should talk together Communities or groups should talk together The Fishes and the Cannibal, Water Monster, Monster, Water The Fishes and the Cannibal, ’sa and his Brothers, Fishes and the Cannibal, and his Brothers, ’sa E Story of Porcupine, Fish Lake Accord, Simpcw Interview #5: Interview Accord, Simpcw #5: Fish Lake Story of Porcupine, People should seek as broadPeople should seek as of community consultation General Restatements of Law: General Restatements Families are key representativescommunity deliberations: in Simpcw Interview #5: Nathan Matthew, Origin of the Chilcotin Canyon, Origin Canyon, of the Chilcotin Nathan Matthew, Simpcw Interview #5: The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Tl Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation possible, prior to taking action, rather than acting in isolation on behalf of the community: action, rather than acting in isolation possible, prior to taking intervention, given time: resolved through human intervention or immediate action may be resolved through non-human resolved through human intervention or immediate action may be resolved negotiation fails or is not possible, communities may act unilaterally to protect their collective negotiation fails or is not possible, communities s interests to provide a foundation for dispute resolution and to articulate and identify each otherʼs interests to provide a foundation for Members within a community work should collectively identify how to respond to a conflict or Members within a community work should danger and select the best individuals to respond: danger and select the best individuals developing an ongoing relationship: survival: Consulting with Community: Consulting with Community: Being Open to Non-Human Resolutions to Problems with Time: Time: with Being Open to Non-Human Resolutions to Problems Consulting with families: Consulting with families: Collectively Identifying Solutions and Individuals to Implement Community Solutions: and Individuals to Implement Community Identifying Solutions Collectively Identifying Interests and Negotiating Agreements: Agreements: Identifying Interests and Negotiating Acting Unilaterally to Protect Community Survival: Survival: Community to Protect Acting Unilaterally Michel, Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel. Interview #2: Michel, Adams Lake Monster, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, The Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Porcupine, The Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Porcupine, Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation Monster, Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, Adams Lake Interview #7: Witness 4, Skeetchestn Interview #1: Interview #1: Witness 4, Skeetchestn Interview #7: Anne Michel, Adams Lake Interview #2: Lake Pat Matthew, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald, SNTC Simpcw Interview #10: Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Matthew, Pat Ron Ignace, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Ron Ignace, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander, SNTC Interview #4: Paul Paul SNTC Interview #4: Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais, Skeetchestn Interview #6: Ron Ignace. Interview #6: Skeetchestn Richard LeBourdais, Interview #4: Story of Porcupine, Coyote and his Son, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Coyote and His Hosts Wind, Coyote of the Chinook The Liberation and his Son, Coyote Story of Porcupine, (Coyote and the Grouse Children), Simpcw Interview #5: Nathan Matthew. and the Grouse Children), Simpcw Interview #5: (Coyote Water Monster, Adams Lake Interview #7: Ronnie Jules. Interview #7: Adams Lake Monster, Water Water Monster. Monster. Water Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Jules, SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais, Skeetchestn Skeetchestn Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4: Jules, Ronnie Interview #2: Adams Lake
i. ii. iii. iv. vi. v. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law c. Procedural Steps for Making and Maintaining Agreements or Resolving Conflicts Conflicts Resolving or Agreements Maintaining and Making for Steps Procedural c. access and stewardship of natural resources between families or groups? or groups? families between resources of natural stewardship access and What steps do people take to resolve conflicts and/or establish and maintain agreements for appropriate for agreements and maintain establish conflicts and/or to resolve do people take What steps Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 26 The extentofcommunityconsultationdependsonthescopeandsizeproblemisfacing, 106 105 104 103 109 108 107 (the persistentcold),butconsultswiththecommunitybefore acting. We caninfertheimportanceofcommunityconsultation fromstoriesthatwarnagainstactingalone,evenwhena Community consultationsometimesplaysacriticalroleindetermininghowtheentirecommunityshouldrespond to alone andfaceadangerouscannibal,hiskilledinthe process. according toDr. RonIgnace: a seriousissue,suchaswar, epidemicsordisease: example, in successfully killsthecannibal andhisfamily. Discussion: Seeking broadcommunityconsultationandinputisanimportantfirststepwhenattemptingtoresolveany Stories alsoillustratetheimportanceofcommunityconsultation priortoactingonbehalfofthecommunity. For Richard LeBourdaissharesthisunderstanding,sayingthatlegitimateproblemsolving,historically, includedeveryone: challenge facingthecommunity. RonnieJulesnotestheparticipatorynatureofSecw Paul Michelexplainshowtheentirecommunitygetstogethertodiscussgetridofwatermonster, which Many storiesincludecommunityconsultationasaproceduralstep.Inhistellingof Birds holdacouncilanddecidetheywillalltrytolearnthe magicofthecannibal.OnceSturgeonachievesskills i. ConsultingwithCommunity: People shouldseekasbroad ofcommunity consultationaspossible, prior to defeatthecannibal,communitydevelopsaplanand cooperatestocarryitout. The community, together, to takingaction, ratherthanactinginisolationonbehalfofthecommunity. is restrictingaccesstoimportantresources: historically, notinghowitismoreeffective thandecision-makingprocessesimposedbyCanadianlaw: person ismotivatedbycommunitywell-being.In
[Skeetchestn #1: Interview RonIgnace] The FishesandtheCannibal, supra Liberation oftheChinook Wind, supra Water Monster, supra #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra ofSkeetchestnInterview Community MemberDr. RonIgnace #4:SNTC Interview Richard LeBourdais, supra Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supra Say, itwas war orsomething,aproblem thataffected everybody -somethingbeyond ourcontrol- So whenthepeoplehave aproblem… theSecwépemcpeople-they geteveryone together. your important decisionsaredoneby thepeople…Ifchiefandcouncilaren’tcalling your important In theolddays you’d have apotluck meetingbetween communities last[ing]for weeks andweeks Everyone hasavoice intheSecwépemctraditions, sothey gotthewholecommunity together. So with massdeath. community broughttheirissuesforward andresolved them…” and you satthereuntilyou managedtoresolve itwasn’t justachief’sdecision, or theconcerns… nephews andthenieceschildrenteenagers…everyone together–andallday meetings, way thenthepeoplecallameetinghereandgetcouncilgoingright again. they would gettogether, theNation,and…cometosomeconsensusorterms. Especiallyifthere’s the strongperson’s decisionortheweak person’s decision. Itwas acommunity decisionandeach they talked aboutthischallengeofwater monster. they gottheeldersandthey gottheparentsand theunclesandauntscousins family, itmay bethewholefamily. Itmay bethewholecommunity. Itdependsonhow bigtheissue is andwhoaffected. like, epidemicsordiseases, you know… how toprevent epidemics [and]how tohelpeachother [I]t dependsontheissuethatyou’re goingtobedealingwith…itmay beamemberwithinthe [Y]ou justdon’tletthechiefandcouncilmake adecision–it’s doneby andwiththepeople–all The Liberation oftheChinook Wind note9at20-21. 106 note24at670-671. note21at624. 105 . note67at7. note69at6. note27at21. byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(06July2015)Skeetchestn, BritishColumbiaat5 , Fox gains knowledge about how to solve a community problem , Foxgainsknowledgeabouthowtosolveacommunity problem The FishesandtheCannibal, 107 109 108 After Sturgeonʼsbrotherdies,theFishesand
104 Sturgeonʼsbrotherdecidestoact Secwépemc Water Monster é pemc decision-making, Lands andResources Law Analysis 103 , forexample,
27 ANALYSIS We infer We “where Porcupine Porcupine “[T]hatʼs 118 111 . 110 In other words, 116 pemc law. For pemc law. é Story of Porcupine
to fish or hunt. the witness adds, having a family “get ready” 112
Story of Grasshopper, 113
Referring to 114 115 note 27 at 14. note 69 at 6. note 29 at 6. note 29 at 23. note 106 at 4. “the foundation of our laws is the extended family… everyone had to participate everyone family… is the extended of our laws “the foundation s people and fails. Later, he can presumes , Coyote ʼs people to Elk an invitation deliver fails. Later, and note 72 at 27. note 12 at 10. “nobody is lazy.” Julianna Alexander talks about thisAlexander talks of every day practice of law: in the context Julianna 117 note 33 at 671-672. and Story of Porcupine pemc], the people decide who is best,” Paul Michel says, reflecting on says, reflecting is best,” Paul Michel people decide who pemc], the é [T]alking about something…on the reserve…they always had a rep[resentative] from the family… from the family… had a rep[resentative] always [T]alking about something…on the reserve…they your somebody, on our land - like and everything and life [when] talking about the land, and family the matter. return to resolve [you’d] brought their issues forward and resolved them and that’s how we would move forward. With, you With, you forward. move would we how that’s them and and resolved forward brought their issues know, something like the Fish Lake Accord agreement. Accord agreement. the Fish Lake something like know, person’s decision or the weak person’s decision. It was a community decision and each community community each and decision community a was It decision. person’s weak the or decision person’s uncle or your dad maybe... And they talked to all the aunties and the uncles, and the brothers to all the aunties and the uncles, talked And they dad maybe... uncle or your and sisters, your mom and dad, you know, everybody. And they had a consensus all the time. had a consensus all the time. And they everybody. know, mom and dad, you your and sisters, Deliberations would continue until they are done... maybe [you’d] go home in the evening, but but go home in the evening, [you’d] maybe are done... until they continue would Deliberations It sort of reflects back to how we done that. You know, it wasn’t just a chief’s decision, or the strong decision, or the just a chief’s it wasn’t know, You that. done It sort we to how of reflects back Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander, supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Story of Porcupine, supra Story of Porcupine, Michel, supra Paul SNTC Interview #4: Anne Michel, supra Interview #2: Adams Lake Anne Michel, supra Interview #2: Adams Lake Witness 4, supra Interview #7: Adams Lake Ibid. supra Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Skeetchestn
supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4:
representative at meetings helps ensure everyone knows it is time to representative at meetings helps ensure ii. Consulting with Families: Families are key representatives in community deliberations. representatives in community key are Families with Families: Consulting ii. family representation in community gatherings helps protect families from harm and ensures they contribute to the helps protect families from harm and ensures they contribute to family representation in community gatherings families to consult with. However, there is also an expectation that families will participate in the process. there is also an expectation that families families to consult with. However, from these statements that when resolving conflicts about accessing resources, it is important for leaders to identify from these statements that when resolving conflicts about accessing resources, community. Richard LeBourdais, reflecting on this approach says: on this approach reflecting Richard LeBourdais, Some see the participation of families as central to the maintenance and protection of Secw Some see the participation of families Swan asks the people who should take the message instead and the community chooses Porcupine. the community chooses instead and take the message the people who should Swan asks Similarly, in the in Similarly, spokespeople or leaders attend meetings to speak for and report back to the family, and that this helps ensure that and that this to speak for and report back to the family, spokespeople or leaders attend meetings successfully delivers the message, which leads to a meeting between the two peoples that resolves their conflict. that resolves their the two peoples to a meeting between which leads delivers the message, successfully example, Dr. Ron Ignace believes example, Dr. very [Secw all community members in important community work and decisions. Anne Michel, for example, says: Anne Michel, for example, community work and decisions. all community members in important Consulting with families can be key to provide representation, but also ensure the cooperation and participation of provide representation, but also ensure the cooperation and participation Consulting with families can be key to in that extended family.” in that extended Michel says that this type of community process is the real “democracy,” and the “democracy,” type of community process is the real Michel says that this Another witness also brings up the idea of family representation at important meetings. This witness says family This witness says of family representation at important meetings. Another witness also brings up the idea 118 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 our law comes from, it comes from being a child – when you’re one year old to maybe seven years old.” years seven old to maybe one year comes from, it comes from being a child – when you’re our law “nobody goes hungry” “only way you could be… a group, a community, a family.” a community, a group, could be… you “only way Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 28 124 123 122 121 120 119 127 126 125 his Son, In the In manystories,communitiesidentifythestepstoresolveaconflictoraddressdanger. This mayinclude are alldefeated. The fourthwarrior, overthecourseoffourdaysandnightsvisions preparation, gainsthe arrow toholdbacktheColdPeoplewhileHareuseshisknowledgeburstbagholdingwarmwind. straight andtruepowerful”spear, andthentosweatbathe. The communityfindsmastertoolmakerstomakethe story, noteshowimportantitistohavetherightpersoncarryoutaplan: son, Kalla̓llst,fromCoyoteʼstrap. Smaller groupsmayalsocollaboratetocarryoutaplan,as Similarly, throughlengthydeliberationsin Swan returnstotellthecommunitythatcannibalandhisfamilyarehomeasleep,thenentire communityʼs assistance,heisabletodefeatthewatermonster. canoe, paddleandspear, andbandstogethertoassist thewarriorinallothertasks.Withhisnewtoolsand community goestothecannibalʼshome.Oncetheyarrive,Sturgeonusesmagic,whichallowshisentire community sendsSwantoscoutoutthecannibalʼshome,asisonlyonewhoneverharms. Fishes andBirdsfacetheongoingthreatofacannibaldeterminecollectivelythattheyshouldalltrytolearn Finally, thepeoplekillcannibalandhisfamily. warriors bestsuitedtothetaskofkillingawatermonsterthatisthreateningallpeople. fall intotheriverbelow. four grousemothersin iii. Collectively identifyingSolutionsandIndividuals toImplementCommunity Solutions: task. This leadstoameetingbetweenthetwopeoplesand,ultimately, peace. the other, attemptstodobattlewiththemonster. The firstthreetryindividualapproachesand,actingimmediately, Members withinacommunity shouldcollectively identifyhow andselect torespondaconflictordanger to enterthecannibalʼshome.Whentriesusehismagickillthem,Sturgeonisablestophim. take revengeonCoyoteafterheplaysatricktheirchildren. the bestindividualstorespond. identifying peopletocarryoutspecificrolesintheirplans.In is walkingalongtheedgeofacliff, andCoyotegetsmorestartleduntilfinallyBlueGrousecauseshimto how todefeathim. knowledge necessarytodefeatthemonster. Hisvisionsdirecthimtouseanewcanoe,swiftpaddleand“a
The Water Monster, supra Coyote andHisHosts, supra Liberation oftheChinook Wind, supra Coyote andhisSon,supra The Water Monster, supra #5:Simpcw Interview Nathan Matthew, supra ofPorcupine,Story supra Ibid The FishesandtheCannibal,supra Story ofPorcupine,Story at22-25. MouseandBush-Tailedto returnacliff Ratcontributetheir powers toitsoriginalstateandrescueCoyoteʼs Just it’s inpractical terms, tohave persontogoandtalk onyour reallyimportant theright behalf– screwed thewholethingup, themessage, andatewhatever food hehad. [the wrongperson]candoalotofdamage. ImaginewhatCoyote would have done; hewould have 119 Once Sturgeon masters the magic of the cannibal, the community thendevisesaplan. OnceSturgeonmastersthemagicofcannibal,community The note33at671-672. note9at22. note9at22. note 19at622-623. Coyote andtheGrouseChildren note41at622-629. s community selects Porcupine tobeamessengerElkʼsafterCoyotefailsinthe SwanʼscommunityselectsPorcupine note24at670-671. note21at624. 125 note31at8. In The Liberation oftheChinook Wind, Water Monster, (toldaspartofCoyoteandhisHosts),worktogetherto thecommunityisabletonarrowdownandselectfour Water Monster The FishesandtheCannibal, 127 121 EachmothertakesaturnstartlingCoyoteashe
illustrates. FoxneedsHaretousehisbowand 122 Secwépemc NathanMatthew, reflectingonthis 123
124 120 Similarly, in Eachwarrior, oneafter forexample,the Lands andResources Law Analysis
Coyote and 126 The
29 ANALYSIS pemc é pemc interests in the é 131
pemc articulated their need to é This requires articulating and understanding pemc bands is an essential requirement for pemc bands is an essential requirement é 132 128 130 by Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan (31 July 2015) by Kirsty Broadhead Tina Donald describes Donald how the Secw Tina 134 Pat Matthew talks about how the two peoples overcome their about how the two peoples overcome Pat Matthew talks in ignorance 133 note 17 at 20. 129 note 64 at 17. note 64 at 17. note 64 at 8. [Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald] [Simpcw Interview #10: note 33 at 671-672. Swan invites Elk and his people to meet to discuss how to dispel a conflict that prevents each to dispel a conflict that prevents each his people to meet to discuss how Swan invites Elk and “everyone’s got their own way of doing things...” way got their own “everyone’s [W]e did the exchange with Lower Fraser Fisheries Alliance. They came up here we showed them showed came up here we They Fisheries Alliance. Fraser Lower with [W]e did the exchange [T]hat’s how they connected and some of these chiefs from all over could speak 10, 15, 20 these chiefs from all over connected and some of they how [T]hat’s [A]ctually, it says here “each people gained full knowledge of each other and became able to each other and became able of gained full knowledge “each people here it says [A]ctually, be able to formulate a better agreement of some kind. a better agreement to formulate be able languages and that was their communication. But Chinook was the biggest language that was But Chinook their communication. languages and that was than our whole community got the year before. You know these fish - you have the opportunity for have these fish - you know You before. got the year than our whole community to one individual and said, “you know the amount of fish that you just put in your boat. That’s more That’s boat. just put in your the amount of fish that you know “you to one individual and said, then yours. So, unless you set the table for that kind of thing, then, you’re just dealing with the just dealing with the kind of thing, then, you’re that for table set the unless you So, then yours. both might to them or you a better proposal to formulate might be able are coming from…you they understand their side or what they’re up against or what their interests are or their objectives – and – are or their objectives up against or what their interests or what they’re understand their side connected them all because a lot of it was… Sign language…and body language and you know. know. Sign language…and body language and you was… connected them all because a lot of it devise.” I mean…you can’t really negotiate with someone or deal with them unless you really you with someone or deal with them unless can’t really negotiate I mean…you devise.” every fish that comes by here.” fish that comes by every our fish and then we went down and looked at their fishery on the on the lower Fraser and…talked and…talked at their fishery Fraser and looked on the on the lower down went our fish and then we other party, just out of ignorance… So, if you know what the other person’s interests are or where person’s what the other know if you So, just out of ignorance… other party, That, that was part of how that dispute, as I understood, was dealt with as well. dealt part as I understood, was That, that was that dispute, of how at 18. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Simpcw Interview #5: Pat Matthew, supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: supra Story of Porcupine, supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Ibid supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: Tina Donald Interview Member of Simpcw Community Simpcw, British Columbia at 15 British Columbia at 15 Simpcw,
but more of an information exchange. negotiate some form of equitable distribution of fish to the Sto̓lo: negotiate some form of equitable distribution harvest of fish in future years. relationships. negotiation of a memorandum of understanding between the Lower Fraser Fisheries Alliance and the Secw between the Lower Fraser Fisheries negotiation of a memorandum of understanding interests and negotiate agreements. The first step is this process to determine whether agreement can be made, can be made, whether agreement process to determine first step is this The negotiate agreements. interests and individual and common interests among those bands. individual and common interests among recognizes that iv. Identifying Interests and Negotiating Agreements: Communities or groups should talk together should talk to groups or Communities Agreements: Negotiating and Interests Identifying iv. Building peace and fostering relations within communities or among neighbours requires people to identify their people to identify neighbours requires or among relations within communities and fostering Building peace Historically, the Chinook language was a tool for overcoming language barriers in order to identify interests: the Chinook language Historically, s positions. This approach This ʼs positions. each other to really understand to articulate and attempt communities which requires Fisheries Commission respecting the salmon harvest. As Pat Matthew points out, itʼs not a governance agreement, salmon harvest. Fisheries Commission respecting the order to devise a better relationship: order to devise a better community from “procuring a living.” community from “procuring articulate and identify each other’s interests to provide a foundation for dispute resolution and ongoing ongoing and resolution dispute for a foundation provide interests to articulate other’s each and identify effectively negotiating with governments and other territorial groups. effectively s interests to negotiate agreements is the current to each otherʼs interests to negotiate agreements is One example of articulating and listening Julianna Alexander notes that establishing unity among the 17 Secw Alexander notes that establishing Julianna 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 In Story of Porcupine, The hope is that this memorandum of understanding will take into consideration the Secw The hope is that this memorandum of understanding will take into consideration Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 30 “weeks andweeks andyou satthereuntilyou managedtoresolve theconcerns.” The Fish Lake Accord 140 139 138 137 136 135 Chief Kwolilaandhishalf-brothertheSylixPElkamuʼlox,whichprovideslandresourcerightsin Chief PElkamuʼloxspeoplefromongoingharms.RonIgnacenotesthefollowingabout and Syilx(Okanagan). The FishLake Accord isthe Understanding anotherʼsinterestsandnegotiatingagreementstakestimeeffort. ReflectingonStoryof Secw ceremonial summer, orsolstice: Porcupine, RichardLeBourdaiscommentsthat,inthe During thesemeetings,groupswoulddetermineadivisionofresourcesbasedontheirarticulationdifferent needs: Dr. RonIgnaceidentifiesaparallelbetween the importanceofgatherings,specifically, fornegotiatinginterestsaroundsharedresources,example,during relation to
SNTC Interview #4:SNTC Interview RichardLeBourdais, supra Skeetchestn #6: Interview RonIgnace, supra The FishLake Accord,supra Ibid. #3:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra #4:SNTC Interview Richard LeBourdais, supra é pemc territorytoPElkamuʼloxspeoplesustainthemselves. “we arerelated.” Seehere, toactlike they Deerandthe talkaboutthetwo -theBirdstrying …the bigwar chiefthatwas waging war ontheShuswap andsohewent therehumbly andsaid They said “…they aregoingtobepoorthisyear they aren’tgoingtohave up any berries,itssodry Those gatherings were soimportant.Those gatherings and… Ithadtodowithfishingandhuntingberries This speaksabouttheFishLake Accord… differences. different practices for ceremonial…resolutionsfor decisionsorstufftohelpyou spiritually, to way wherethefishcomeup, they cancomedown andwe cansharefish. Itwas always about fish. They cancomemaybe toLumby, they cancomedown hereintheOkanaganandother medicines. there, they cancomethisway andwe willtrade. Orthey…Williams Lake ishaving problems [with] them… Yeah, eachotherout. sothey sorted toactlike birdsanditwasn’ttrying working. They’re mixed up. Sohewent outthereandsaw know where to go when you are short ofsomething.know wheretogowhenyou ofhow areshort they Anditwas usedthelandand part how you couldtrade, how you couldhelponeanother, oneanother, support even thoughwe had [W]hat thistalksaboutisactually ‘how thepeacetreatyismadebetween two warringnations’… Story ofPorcupine:Story 136 137 continues to guide relations between Secw between relations guide to continues
note7at1-2.
note36at14. note69at2,6. note69at6. note17at20. Story ofPorcupineStory “unbroken pact” 139 “old days,” é andthe pemc and Syilx/Okanagan communities to this day. communitieswouldhavemeetingsthatlastedfor fromthe18thcenturybetweenKamloops 138 Itwasnegotiatedasameanstoprotect Fish Lake Accord Secwépemc 135
Julianna Alexander alsonotes betweentheSecw Lands andResources Law Analysis Fish Lake Accord é in pemc 140
31 ANALYSIS
144 Water Monster, Water The Liberation of the Chinook of the The Liberation sa lies to the Grisly Bear sisters to ēʼsa lies to the Grisly E or the water monster in , Tl , 143 145 … ’sa and his Brothers ’sa E Tl Fishes and the Cannibal, note 7 at 14. note 21 at 624. From this story we can infer that obtaining resources non-consensually From this story we can lead to note 24 at 670-671. 141 note 37 at 644-651 note 9. Once he reveals his lie to the sisters, however, they tell him that they would have shared the arrow they tell him that they would lie to the sisters, however, Once he reveals his 142 [W]e should…have some of the tribal council, chiefs or…[the witness] and meet with the parks, [W]e should…have [that] goes out to everybody… newsletter [can] put forth in a nice two-page our…history [and] laws, harassed if you go to…the old…areas where there [are] fences - now there [are] “no trespass” “no trespass” there [are] - now fences go to…the old…areas where there [are] if you harassed for us and it hurts our elders’ hearts. We don’t want to lose that – we can gain it back…. the elders can gain it back…. to lose that – we don’t want We hearts. us and it hurtsfor our elders’ top parks personnel, RCMP, even…have a two-day workshop where everybody has tables and has tables workshop where everybody a two-day even…have top parks personnel, RCMP, And [there]… we forestry. conservation officers and fisheries DFO, then presents their interests: signs. Some of them could be taken down, even those gates. those gates. even down, Some of them could be taken signs. can’t…teach the kids because they can’t go in there. Our gathering areas are now “out of bounds” “out of bounds” Our gathering areas are now can’t go in there. can’t…teach the kids because they names to the mountains... the native will put the names, Everybody stating that this is where you can [harvest], we’re not in treaty. And you will not be And you not in treaty. can [harvest], we’re Everybody stating that this is where you RCMP, fisheries, elders, conservation officers, which shows where we fish, hunt and gather. gather. fish, hunt and where we which shows conservation officers, elders, fisheries, RCMP, In the last 15 years those gates have been blocking our people from going in there…and now we we our people from going in there…and now been blocking gates have those In the last 15 years In the North, they started the treaty, what 25 years ago? This has slowed development in the North. in the North. development This has slowed ago? what 25 years In the North, started they the treaty, Secwépemc for fishing, hunting and gathering. fishing, hunting and gathering. Secwépemc for And in the meantime, this has sped up development in the South, in areas historically used by in the South, in areas historically used by this has sped up development And in the meantime, ’sa and his Brothers, supra and his Brothers, ’sa E Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law , the Cold People make the people suffer and constantly shiver by making the cold winds blow over “Indian blow over “Indian making the cold winds shiver by and constantly people suffer People make the , the Cold Liberation of the Chinook Wind, supra of the Chinook Liberation Tl Adams Lake Interview #7: Ronnie Jules, supra Ronnie Jules, Interview #7: Adams Lake The Fishes and the Cannibal, supra supra Monster, Water
happen to address this issue: harm. These stories lead us to question whether serious dangers or imminent threats to the environment, where the where environment, the to threats imminent or dangersserious whether question to us lead stories These harm. may similarly require unilateral action in some instances. harmful agents are not open to negotiation, in their skin. resources through talks and negotiation are not effective or possible. For example, in For example, or possible. effective negotiation are not through talks and resources fails or is not possible, communities may act unilaterally to protect their collective survival. collective their protect to unilaterally act may communities not possible, fails or is two enter the house of the Sunshine and steal a bag with the Chinook Wind. The Heat People try to stop Fox and The Heat the Chinook Wind. of the Sunshine and steal a bag with two enter the house to act to ensure long-term community survival if negotiation is not successful. Hare, but are unsuccessful. when action is required to protect community survival and negotiation is not possible. In these stories, neither the survival and negotiation is not possible. In these stories, neither the when action is required to protect community officers. Ronnie Jules notes exactly what he believes should witness speaks of being stopped by conservation without consent when possible. For example, in without consent when People may respond to extreme danger or imminent threats to their community or environment without negotiation, or imminent threats to their community or environment without negotiation, People may respond to extreme danger cannibal or a water monster are open to or interested in negotiation, but rather seem intent on continuing causing to or interested in negotiation, but rather seem intent on continuing causing cannibal or a water monster are open conflict, but may be necessary in extreme instances (such as needing some source of heat to survive). as needing some source of heat to necessary in extreme instances (such conflict, but may be country.” Fox and Hare take action to obtain warm weather by travelling south to where the Heat People live. The live. where the Heat People south to warm weather by travelling action to obtain Fox and Hare take country.” community, identifying key individuals to act, identifying interests, listening to all sides, negotiating, and the intention community, get them angry, knowing this will make their hair fall out and allow him to collect the arrow-points loosely embedded out and allow him to collect the arrow-points knowing this will make their hair fall get them angry, stone with him if he had asked. stone with him if he in such as the dangers posed by the cannibal Other stories explicitly emphasize people should attempt negotiation rather than creating harm or conflict by acting negotiation rather than creating harm emphasize people should attempt Other stories explicitly ability to access resources. Specifically, the a witnessʼ ability to access resources. Specifically, a current issue arose involving In the midst of an interview, v. Acting Unilaterally to Protect Community Survival: In times of extreme need or danger, when negotiation negotiation when danger, need or of extreme In times Survival: Community to Protect Unilaterally Acting v. We can infer from some stories that people may act unilaterally if procedural steps to maintain peace or distribute to maintain peace if procedural steps may act unilaterally stories that people infer from some can We We see aspects of several procedural steps alive in this process identified by Ronnie, including consultation with see aspects of several procedural We
141 142 145 143 144 Wind Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 32 The fourthwarriordecidesnottoheadoutimmediately, saying Water Monster 148 147 146 151 150 149 and getting to the hard work” Witness NathanMatthew, reflectingonCoyoteʼslazinessinStoryofPorcupine,suggeststhat vi. BeingopentoNon-HumanResolutionsProblems with Time: Problems thatcan’tberesolvedthrough and ridsthecommunityofalong-standingharm. are goneforever. This meansthatpeoplehavetocanoearoundtheoutsideoflakeavoidmonster, a steepwaterfall.Overtime,however, thewaterfallerodesandallowssalmontoswimupstreamsustain story, CoyotepreventssalmonfromreachingSecw gets togetherandidentifiesfourwarriorsthattheywillsendtofacethemonster. The firstthreewarriorssetout Secw concrete planforslayingthemonster. The communityassiststhewarriorinpreparingaftereveryvision,andseems warrior hasatthistime. As hesleeps,fourthwarriorreceivesanumber ofvisionsthatbringhimclarity, vision,anda which takesmanyportages,orhikearoundthelaketohuntcollectberriesandmedicine. to respecthisneedfortimeandpatience.Whenpreparationsarecomplete,thefourthwarriorslaysmonster to resolvingproblems.Inthisstory, aWater Monsterlivesinside amountainandcomesdownfrominsidethe time. refers totheliteraldarkness,assunisgoingdowninstory, butmayalsoreflectthelackofknowledge immediately andareallkilledontheirfirsttry. human intervention orimmediateactionmayhuman intervention beresolvedthrough non-humanintervention, giventime. may bebeyondtheabilityofpeopletoresolveinaparticularmoment. mountain andupthroughthemiddleoflaketocapsizepeopleʼscanoes.Oncecanoescapsize, people. We inferfromthisstorythat,withoutfurtherhumanintervention,thewateritselfresolvesproblemover
Ibid Ibid Ibid Water Monster, supra oftheChilcotin Canyon,Origin supra #5:Simpcw Interview Nathan Matthew, supra é at22-25. at21. 21. pemc legaltraditionsmayencounteranenvironmentalproblemthatappearstohavenosolution. isanotherexampleoftheimportancemakingtimeandbeingopentonon-humancontributions note9at20-21. is an essential aspect of most problem-solving processes. note22at642. note31at7. 149
151
é pemcúĺecw bydammingtheChilcotinCanyonsoastocreate “I won’t go forth indarkness.”“I won’t goforth Origin oftheChilcotin CanyonOrigin Secwépemc 146 Some problems, however, Lands andResources Law Analysis 148 150 The community “getting thejobdone This statement indicateshow 147 Inthis
33 ANALYSIS , also Vol II, Vol ̓lca Tcotcu Coyote and Wolf and Coyote Story of the Salmon-Boy In Story of Tcotcu’lca, In Story of
When the boy returns, the two 152 158 lca, Coyote and Wolf, Story of the Wolf, and lca, Coyote 157 ú The predators in the story 153 “catch and cure all the fish you can, while I go and can, while “catch and cure all the fish you . The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American History Museum of Natural The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific [Coyote and Wolf] and [Coyote Story of Famine, Water Monster, Simpcw Interview #10: Leon Simpcw Interview #10: Monster, Water Story of Famine, She reinforces this practice as actualizing a legal principle with the Individuals and families control Individuals and families are responsible for the use and 155 General Restatements of Law: General Restatements Story of Hu’pken, Story of Tcotc Story Story of Hu’pken, of , decides to use the wealth that he has acquired to feast others, and makes , decides to use the wealth that he has Story of The One Bound and Grasshopper, War with the Sky People, Sky People, with the War The One Bound and Grasshopper, Story of “fill[s] all the lodges with meat.” note 135 at 11. Communities control and are responsible for the use of communally- Leaders, when required, coordinate community conflict resolution processes, note 48 at 690. Elders guide responsible decision-making, and the resolution of role-allocation, Story of Hu’pken
note 47 at 718-720. note 49 at 710-711. 154 harvested resources, and the land and resources necessary for community health: and the land and resources necessary harvested resources, facilitate and are the final authorities in inter-community negotiations and disputes over land facilitate and are the final authorities in of personally-harvested or developed resources, including what is necessary to personal or developed resources, including of personally-harvested conflicts within communities: safety and well-being: safety and well-being: and resource use: Individuals and Families: Communities: Elders: Leaders: Leaders: Matthew, Adams Lake Interview #7: Witness 4, Skeetchestn Interview #1: Daniel Calhoun, Interview #1: Witness 4, Skeetchestn Interview #7: Adams Lake Matthew, Eustache, Splatsín Interview #3: Randy Williams, Skeetchestn Interview #1: Julie-Ann Julie-Ann Interview #1: Skeetchestn Williams, Randy Splatsín Interview #3: Eustache, Nathan Simpcw Interview #5: Story of Porcupine, of Peace, White Arrow Accord, Fish Lake Salmon-Boy, Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald. Simpcw Interview #10: Salmon-Boy, SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais. SNTC Interview #4: Grasshopper, Water Monster. Water Grasshopper, Antoine, Skeetchestn Interview #1: Ron Ignace, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Skeetchestn Antoine, The Story of the Bush-Tailed Rat, Story Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Hu’pken, of The Story of the Bush-Tailed in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, We infer from these statements that individuals who have harvested or otherwise acquired those We “when we go out fishing, you only take what you need…and then you harvest for those that can’t for those that can’t for harvest for need…and then you you what only take go out fishing, you “when we
156 i. ii. iii. iv. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Story of the Salmon-Boy, supra Story of the Salmon-Boy, Story of Tcotu’lca, supra Story of Wolf and Coyote Donald, supra Tina Simpcw Interview #10: Ibid. Ibid. Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 637-638 Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York:
Story supra of Hu’pken,
becomes a successful hunter and particular decisions about who in the community will receive more of the bounty. particular decisions about who in the make individual decisions over the how they will use the prey they have caught, choosing not to leave the skins for they will use the prey they have caught, choosing not to leave the skins make individual decisions over the how invite all the people and feast them for many days. s community freezer, which Tina Donald describes as being stocked with fish for Tina which in practices such as Simpcwʼs community freezer, resources themselves choose to give these resources to those in need. the humans to use. i. Individuals: Individuals control and are responsible for personally-harvested or developed resources, resources, or developed personally-harvested for and are responsible Individuals control Individuals: i. and well-being. safety what is necessary to personal including Many stories speak about individuals holding the power to make decisions about the resources they have. For Many stories speak about individuals d. Authoritative Decision-Makers Authoritative d. once the boy is no longer a salmon, he directs his grandfather to comment that Similarly, families have the ability to control what they have harvested. For example, in families have the ability to control what they Similarly, Discussion: example, Hu̓pken, in elders, single parents, and others in need. ability to control what they have harvested themselves. This is demonstrated Interviews also touch on individualsʼ ability to control what they have harvested themselves. Who has the final say? Where and over what resources? over Where and the final say? Who has hunt. In two months’ time, I shall return and we shall give a feast to the people.” a feast I shall return time, shall give and we months’ In two hunt. themselves.” 158 152 153 154 155 156 157 Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 34 s individual The guidanceprovidedbyeldersisrecognizedashelpful,evenessential,toappropriatelyusingoneʼsindividual The entirecommunityisalsoresponsibleforrespondingtodangerstheorbarriers The communityistypicallyresponsibleforthoseresourcesnecessarytheʼshealth. we make sure that we have it right.” it have we that sure make we 164 163 162 161 160 159 166 165 the Bush-Tailed Rat, Ultimately, thecommunityworkstogethertokillmonsterthatisimpedingtheiraccesshunting,berryand experienced asalosstoeveryonelivingthere,andallcommunitymembershelpfindpunishthethief. The strengths and making responsible decisions at both the individual and community level. Leon Eustache reflects on the strengths andmakingresponsibledecisionsatboththeindividualcommunitylevel.LeonEustachereflectson the seems tohavefoodforhisfamilyandisnotsharingwithothers. The communitythenconfrontsCrow, whoadmits Randy Williamsspeaksofeldersashavingprimaryresponsibility foridentifyingandpromotingpeopleʼsgifts, guided byhisgrandfather, acquires theknowledgenecessarytodefeataforcethatisharmingcommunity. and thelandresources for necessary community health. Communities control andareresponsible for theuseofcommunally-harvested resources, confront aforcethatiskillingunwarytravelersandcommunitymembers. community in finding asolutionin contribute tothecommunityharvest. whether inspecifickindsofresource-workorleadership: Elders guideresponsible decision-making, role-allocation, andtheresolutionofconflictswithincommunities. iii. ii. Communities: through afamine. the that Hu̓pkenhasgivenhimfoodtosharewiththecommunityCrowkeptforhisfamilyalone.Finally, in role ofeldersasguides: resources. This principleisshownin resources heldincommon. medicine groundsacrossthelake.
Story ofGrasshopper Story
Interview #10:Interview LeonEustache] Part VII(Leiden:EJBrill/NewYork:Part 1909) at700-701 GEStechert, Interview ofSimpcwCommunity Member LeonEustache Interview Water Monster, supra The FishesandtheCannibal,supra ofGrasshopper,Story supra ofHu’pken, supra Story oftheBush “The Story Tailed Rat”,supra Splatsín Interview #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, supra ofFamineStory - thishalf-man,half-female monsterthatwould justchasethemaway fromthelake… they talked, And thenthey listenedtotheway thepeopledecide, they listentotheeldersandparents who theeldersandthat’s whoheseenwould be thenext leader. That would befair andjust. and totheteenagerschildren. uncles andtheauntscousinsnephews andthenieceschildren nations. Hedidn’ttake hissontopassthatonto. Hetookhisnephew Chilaheetza,becausethat’s to bethenext the[hunters]…andthat’s ones, andthefishermen, how they were trained andeven talked, talked throughtheday andthey listenedtotheeldersandthey listenedtotheparents… teenagers. Everyone together-andallday they talked aboutthischallengeof Water Monster Elders: if therewere bloodlines ofleaders, like you lookatNicolawhowas asenkukpi7,ofthosethree [Skills androles]were passed on…[the]basket makers tooktheonesthat elderssaw were going [T]hey gotthewholecommunity together. Sothey gottheeldersandthey gottheparentsand Story ofHu’pken Story inJamesTeit, “TheShuswap”inFranzBoaz,ed.
160
note 9at20-21. tospyonCrowbecauseit sendsFlyingSquirrel Acting inthecommoninterest,community Water Monster, for example, illustrates the authority and responsibilities communities haveforprotecting responsibilitiescommunities forexample,illustratestheauthorityand note49at710-711. note51at655. “the elders are always a part of what we do… anything we do here - we talk to them first and . , thecommunitydecidesnottosharewithgrasshopperbecausedid 159 note24at670-671. In this case, a loss of any of the property held in the underground house is Inthiscase,alossofanythepropertyheldinunderground alsoassertsauthorityovertheresourcespeopleneedtosustainthemselves note54at46. 164 note18at27. astoldbyPaulMichel: 161 This principle is also reflected in the the in reflected also is principle This The FishesandtheCannibal
byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(Jul31,2015)Simpcw, British Columbiaat11 163 [Story ofFamine] [Story The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican
. , inwhichthecommunitydecidestogetherhowto 162 Story ofFamine.Story The communityisalsoresponsiblefor Secwépemc 165 Lands andResources Law Analysis Here,young Tekie ̓tcen,
The Story of The Story 166 [Simpcw Vol II,
35 ANALYSIS 167 “the elders would always always “the elders would 168 story in which master canoe master canoe in which story In that story, an angry man with a In that story, “you know, if you have a family, you you a family, have if you know, “you 173 The Jesup North Pacific Expedition: Memoir of the American Museum The Jesup North Expedition: Pacific 172 Water Monster Water
The witness adds, “made them work together… because everybody lived in lived work“made them because everybody together… elders by Kirsty Broadhead and Adrienne MacMillan (06 July 2015) Skeetchestn, British Columbia at 16 by Kirsty Broadhead “because he’s the chief. He’s looking after the community, all the looking after the community, He’s the chief. “because he’s 170 note 17 at 17. note 31 at 10. note 106 at 10. note 72 at 3. in James Teit, “The Shuswap” in Franz Boaz, ed. in James Teit, “didn’t get along,” “didn’t get 171 Story of The One Bound and Grasshopper. Story of Julianna Alexander remembers elderly women, in particular, providing guidance to chiefs on Alexander remembers elderly women, in particular, Julianna 169 note 9 at 21-23. Vol II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: GE Stechert, 1909) at 655 [StoryGrasshopper]. of The One Bound and II, Part VII (Leiden: EJ Brill/New York: Vol 175 The witness also notes that the chief is the one to make decisions about what is happening because The witness also notes “is aware of all the behavior of his community.” of all the behavior “is aware [W]hen it was very severe, the elderly women sat, and did their best to come up with a solution. elderly the best to come up with a solution. sat, and did their women very severe, [W]hen it was [Leaders] are the spokespeople and they are the ones that take the leadership in terms are the ones that take of and they [Leaders] are the spokespeople happen otherwise. There is an assumption that there is a spokesperson and a leader for quite a and a leader for is an assumption that there is a spokesperson There happen otherwise. large group of beings. large group Leaders: Leaders, when required, coordinate the resolution of community conflicts, and facilitate and conflicts, the resolution of community coordinate when required, Leaders, Leaders: make decisions and…use the protocol to get things done.” decisions and…use the protocol to get things done.” make resolving things based on what they understand to be appropriate [Reaching out] protocol… resolving things based on what they It just wouldn’t respect in order to do that. and even requires someone in a position of leadership women’s advice and direction. women’s 174 And then they would take it to the chiefs. And the chiefs would carry And the chiefs would on the sentence of the elderly it to the chiefs. take would And then they “[i]t’s probably most important probably that has the support to…a leader to “[i]t’s get things done, of people to at 13. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Ibid. Adams Lake Interview #7: Witness 4, supra Interview #7: Adams Lake Skeetchestn Interview #1: Ron Ignace, supra Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Skeetchestn supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: supra Nathan Matthew, Simpcw Interview #5: The One Bound and Grasshopper Story of Water Monster, supra Monster, Water [Skeetchestn Interview #1: Julie-Ann Antoine]. Julie-Ann Interview #1: [Skeetchestn
Interview of Skeetchestn Community Member Julie-Ann Antoine Julie-Ann Member Community Interview of Skeetchestn Ibid,
of Natural Historyof Natural
lied and the community turns him into an ordinary grasshopper. kicking the man. Grasshopper kicks the man so hard that his leg and foot fall off. Grasshopper then goes to the off. kicking the man. Grasshopper kicks the man so hard that his leg and foot fall how to deal with those who offended community standards: who offended how to deal with those makers, spear makers, and paddle makers are all instrumental in preparing the fourth warrior for his task. preparing the fourth all instrumental in paddle makers are makers, and makers, spear s interests to other communities and nations. Nathan their peopleʼs interests to other communities and inter-group negotiations and representing resources and harvesting. the chief iv. Matthew says: Nathan adds Dr. Ron Ignace explains how community expectations are communicated by elders: community expectations are communicated Ron Ignace explains how Dr. chief and claims that the man knocked off his legs. The chief then gathers the people to investigate Grasshopperʼs his legs. chief and claims that the man knocked off Through the investigation, the chief learns that Grasshopper has The One Bound what happened. claim and asks and act as final authorities in inter-community negotiations and disputes. and act as final authorities in inter-community story to make his complaint. The witness says, story to make his complaint. violent temper is bound by his people when he became too hostile. Grasshopper finds the man bound and starts when he became too hostile. Grasshopper finds the man bound and starts violent temper is bound by his people Community leaders (Kukpi7) are key decision makers in coordinating dispute resolution processes, overseeing Community leaders (Kukpi7) are key We infer that the role of elders exists in the context of most conflicts or issues, including those relating to lands, most conflicts or issues, including those role of elders exists in the context of infer that the We Within communities, elders are valued as important for guiding individuals into peaceful relationships. As Julie-Ann As relationships. into peaceful for guiding individuals are valued as important elders Within communities, When talking about this story in our interviews, a witness comments on why Grasshopper goes to the chief in the When talking about this story in our interviews, a witness comments on why
people.” people.” the consequences.” the consequences.” make sure you get all the family together. And [for] this chief…that was his family. He is appointed to look after his his family. this chief…that was And [for] together. get all the family sure you make Antoine explains, when people when people Antoine explains, remind you…that you have a duty to look after each other and help each other…otherwise [you’re] going to suffer going to suffer [you’re] other and help each other…otherwise a duty to look after each have you remind you…that community so they had to learn to get along so they put them to work together.” learn had to to work put them together.” so they get along so they to community community." community." 175 174 168 169 170 171 172 173 167 This leadership role is clear in s unique gifts is seen in the is seen in gifts ʼs unique people of promoting The importance Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 36 177 176 181 180 179 178 what is now the northwest portion ofSylixterritory.” portion what isnow thenorthwest Within aframeworkofcommunity-leddecision-making,leadershaveimportantrolespromotingandfacilitating While manyofthedecisionsnotedinthishistoryaremadebyindividualsorsmallgroupspeople,ultimate Chief) soughtouthisbrotherPElkamuʼlox(headOkanaganChief),afterhearingthattherehadbeenmany In angry andchasestheother, knockingdowntheladder. This trapstheirpeopleinbattleandwhenstart attacks onPElkamuʼloxandhisfort.HispeoplewarnKwol Saliʼlx (Sylix)andgonorthwithhimbecausehewillalwayshaveproblemsthere. over whetherornottoacceptthepeaceoffering madebytheSecw PElkamuʼlox recognizeshimandwelcomesinashisguest.Kwol Leadership forpeacemakingamongnationsorpeoplesisillustratedbytheoralhistory than isnecessary. the fishhurlthemselvestoground,injuringandforeverchangingtheirform. Although theymay their peopletogethertofaceacommonenemy. The twochiefsarelefttoguardthebottomofaladderbeingused role thatleadersplayincreatingpeaceamonggroupsconflict.Swan,usingproperprotocols,invitesElkand his responsibility ofstoppingthecycleviolencerestswithleaders,forexamplePrincetonChiefwhohasauthority not justlocalresponsestoconflicts. They alsoreachouttoothercommunitiesorauthorities have stilllostthebattle,chiefsʼfailuretomaintaingoodrelationsultimatelycausegreaterharmtheirpeople needed. Forexample,the before theothertooffer theirwisdom. people tomeetdiscusshowdispeltheconflictthatisharmingthem.Eachleaderandhiskneeldown by theirpeopletobattletheSkyPeople. The twostartmakingfunofeachotherandonethechiefsbecomes losing totheSkyPeople,onlybirdsareableescapeunscathed.Somewarriorsfightandbecomestars,while land andresourcerightstoPElkamuʼloxspeopleinSecw
The War withtheSkyPeople,
Skeetchestn, BritishColumbiaat11-12 Interview ofSkeetchestnInterview Community MemberDanielCalhoun The War with theSkyPeople, supra Story ofPorcupine,Story supra White Arrow ofPeace, supra #4:SNTC Interview RichardLeBourdais, supra The FishLake Accord,supra note33at671-672. note6at28-32. note7at1-2. Fish Lake Accord note23at749. [Skeetchestn #1: Interview DanielCalhoun]. weseehowleaderscanfailinthisresponsibility. note69at2,6. 181
“establishes ofPElkamu’lox therights andhisdecedentstooccupy byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan(06July2015) 178 The oralhistoryisanaccountofwhenKwoli̓la(Kamloops é í pemc territorytosustainandprotectitselfthisday. la thathewillbeattackedifapproachesthefort,but é pemc. í la persuadesPElkamuʼloxtoleavehisfortin The Story ofPorcupineThe Story Secwépemc 176 The FishLake Accord Inthisstory, twoleadersgather White Arrow ofPeace
Lands andResources Law Analysis 177 forhelpwhen also showsthe provides . 180
179
37 ANALYSIS
182 : Story of Tcotcu’lca, Coyote and Salmon, Old-One and Coyote Tcotcu’lca, Story of General Restatements of Law General Restatements note 18 at 28. note 74 at 13. 183 humility and human dependence informs the relationship between humans, Story of Tcotcu’lca, Coyote and Salmon, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation and Salmon, Coyote Tcotcu’lca, Story of pemctsín word with no direct translation into English. It is a foundational principle of pemctsín word with no direct translation pemcúĺecw impacts the lawʼs creation, application, and authority: é é non-human beings and the environment: non-human beings ecosystem: Qwenqwent: Qwenqwent: Interconnection: Humans, land and non-human beings are interconnectedlarger and interdependent within a Secw and the Sweat-House, Coyote and Wolf, Story of the Salmon-Boy, Simpcw Interview #5: Simpcw Interview #5: Story of the Salmon-Boy, Wolf, and Coyote and the Sweat-House, Interview #7: Witness 4. Interview #7: Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Splatsín Interview #3: Shirley Bird, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Adams Lake Adams Lake Alexander, Julianna Bird, Splatsín Interview Shirley #3: Splatsín Interview #3: Coyote and His Hosts (How Coyote Broke the Ice Dam), The Story of the Bush-Tailed Rat, The Story of the Bush-Tailed the Ice Dam), Broke Coyote and His Hosts (How Coyote Witness 1, Splatsín interview #3: Randy Williams, Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, Interview #2: Adams Lake Williams, Randy interviewWitness 1, Splatsín #3: Water Monster, Simpcw Interview #10: Leon Eustache, Splatsín interview #3: Randy Randy interview Splatsín #3: Leon Eustache, Simpcw Interview #10: Monster, Water Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Williams,
b) i. ii. a) [I]t means to be pitiful and it doesn’t mean that they’re incapable or unable - it is embedded in or unable incapable that they’re [I]t means to be pitiful and it doesn’t mean life…it was the spirit of humble and cleansing, because the water can go through rock you can see you go through rock can and cleansing, because the water the spirit of humble was life…it
people: we’re qwenqwent because we’re down here and the animals and the birds and the tmicw here and the animals and the birds and the tmicw down because we’re qwenqwent we’re people: that’s a word that’s used quite a bit, kind of, to keep people humble. to keep used quite a bit, kind of, that’s a word that’s are up here because we depend on everything to survive, but without us they would thrive. They They thrive. would without us they but to survive, depend on everything are up here because we with respectful way[s]. don’t need us around here, so…learning more songs and dances and just different ceremonies… so…learningdon’t need us around here, more songs and dances and just different on its belly, humbles itself below all things and yet it’s a cleansing spirit. So, it was always taught always it was So, a cleansing spirit. it’s all things and yet itself below humbles on its belly, our language, in our way - it’s in our prayers and songs. That’s what we believe as humans or as believe what we That’s and songs. in our prayers - it’s in our way our language, Ceremonies went with water because water was scared spirit, and creation, and the giver of all scared spirit, and creation, and the giver was because water with water Ceremonies went – through the Grand Canyon and everything like that - through earth and anything… But…it crawls that - through earth like But…it crawls and anything… and everything Canyon – through the Grand pemc law that informs the relationship between humans and the environment. A witness from Simpcw A between humans and the environment. pemc law that informs the relationship é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Splatsín interview #3: Randy Williams, supra supra Williams, Randy Splatsín interview #3: Simpcw Interview #5: Witness 1, supra Simpcw Interview #5:
beings and the environment. resources and non-human beings. recognizing the significance and power of land, resources and non-human beings in relationship with people. In recognizing the significance and power of land, resources and non-human for example, Randy Williams says: regards to water, a. Land a. i. Qwenqwent: Humility and human dependence informs the relationship between humans, non-human the relationship between humans, Humility and human dependence informs Qwenqwent: i. Here, we see qwenqwent informing what it means for people to have a respectful relationship with the land, Here, we see qwenqwent informing what it means for people to have a respectful Relationship with the Land: What are the relationships between people and the land? Animals? Plants? Water? Plants? Water? Animals? and the land? between people What are the relationships with the Land: Relationship Secw Discussion: explains qwenqwent like this: Qwenqwent is a Secw Qwenqwent, then, is about modesty or humility. In the context of lands and resources, qwenqwent includes Qwenqwent, then, is about modesty or humility. 3. Relationships, Responsibilities and Rights and Responsibilities Relationships, 3.
183 182 Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 38 Tcotcu’lca These storiesillustrateJulianna Alexanderʼs words, 187 186 185 184 190 189 188 we’re goingtosuffer. Ifwe don’tfollow theland,we’re goingtosuffer asapeople.” Another aspectofqwenqwentisfeaturedin Again, respectandhumilityinformtheactionsof Tcotcu̓lca, asherecognizesthatisrelyingonthewolfforhis We can see the importance of qwenqwent, although it is not directly articulated, in Coyote, inthestory In thatstory, Old-Oneteachespeoplehowtosweatbatheandmakehouses.tellsthatifthey according toherunderstandingofSecw and scavengestheremainsofanimalswolfhaskilled. Anne Michelexplains Tcotcu̓lcaʼs actionsinthisstory and gambling.Old-OnethenaskstheScwelu̓sWater tohelppeoplewhentheypraythemandtheFir Tree Qwenqwent isreflectedinstorieswhichhumansareassistedbynon-humanbeings.Forexample, Ultimately, Tcotcu̓lca becomesagreathunterforhispeople,butonlybecauseofthewolfʼsinterventionand salmon. Onedayhepassesunderneaththestickswheretheyarehangingandhishairgetscaughtinoneofthem, Similarly, in flesh. CoyoteandWolf make adecisionthatisharmfultohumans,buthumansarepowerlessimpactthisdecision. connecting theirhealthandsuccesstobeinghumbleprayingtheScwelu̓sresourcesassociatedwith own survival. one ofthesalmonandthrowsitinriver. Itthencomesto lifeandswimsaway, alongwithalltheothersalmon demonstrates thathumansare,attimes,dependentonthelandandnon-humanbeingsaskingformore Eventually, thewolfconfronts Tcotcu ̓lca andaskswhathehasbeendoing. The wolfthenrecognizesthat Tcotcu̓lca which makeshimangry. This happensfourmoretimesandhegetsangriereverytime.Heultimatelytearsdown follow hisinstructionsandpraytotheScwelu̓s(sweat-housedeity),theywillbehealthysuccessfulathunting the sockeyeinsteadofkingsalmontoavoidpossible dangers. take theskinsoff the animalstheyhunttogetherbeforeeatthembecausetheskinscouldbeusefulto the sweat-house. to helppeoplebywashingthemwithitsbranches.We caninferthatthisstoryremindspeopleofqwenqwent,by than oneneedscanresultinhavingnothingtheend. jealousy andcuriosityultimatelyleavesthecommunityhungryagain. This isalessoninqwenqwent,asit that heisdrying. Although itseemsCoyoteisincontrolofthefishhehassplittodryonracks,moment resources huntedby Tcotcu ̓lca backintoanimals. Tcotcu̓lca turnsintoawolfandleavesthecommunity. Coyoteʼs in thesestoriesisdirectlyconnectedtothedecisionsthat animalsmake,illustratinghumansʼdependenceonthem. instructions. The storyendswithCoyotestealingthetoolswolfhasgiven Tcotcu ̓lca, whichturnsallthe humans. Coyote,humans. however, convinces Wolf that it would be too much trouble to take the skins off before eating the has beenpoorandhungryforalongtime,teacheshimhowtobesuccessfulhunterhiscommunity. becomes angryandthrowsafishonthegroundforgettingcaughtinhishair, hisentirecatchreturnstotheriver.
Vol VII(Leiden:EJ Brill/NewYork: II,Part 1909)at637 GEStechert, Story oftheSalmon-Boy,Story supra Coyote and Wolf, supra Old-One andtheSweat-House, supra #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra Coyote andSalmon Adams Lake #2: Interview AnneMichel, supra of Story Tcotcu’lca, supra All thiswas legal…what[Tcotcu’lca]isdoinghewaiting untilthewolf isfinishedandhe respectful tothewolf… like tokillthewolf orsteal,attack you himwhilehe’s didn’ttry eatingthis nice biggame. He’s justtakingwhathecould. just takingwhat[heneeds]…picking uptheleavings andeatingsomething. AndIthinkthatwas , afamineforcesfamilytotravelthelandfindgame. Story oftheSalmon-Boy,Story inJamesTeit, “TheShuswap”in FranzBoaz,ed. Coyote andSalmon, note155at637-638. note47at718-720. note48at690. note94at642-643. note29at32-33. a lost child is safeguarded by the salmon people, and sent home in the care of alostchildissafeguardedbythesalmonpeople,andsent homeinthecareof note27at19. é isalsoatthemercyofhisharvest. pemc law: Coyote and Wolf. [Coyote andSalmon]. “all thelaws areinplacetoprotectusandifwe breakthem The Jesup North PacificThe JesupNorth Expedition: MuseumofNatural History MemoiroftheAmerican 185 189 Inthisstory, Wolf suggeststoCoyotethatthey 190 184 The ability to access resources or travel safely Oneman, Tcotcu ̓lca, followsahuntingwolf, 186 Inthatstory, Coyoteisdryingmany Secwépemc 187 Old-One and the Sweat-House. Lands andResources Law Analysis Story of Story
188
39 ANALYSIS How Coyote Broke Broke Coyote How The Liberation of the Chinook of the Chinook Liberation The Similarly, Similarly, 193 195 Additionally, 192 . ) tells of how the actions of two sisters with powerful magic, of two sisters with powerful magic, ) tells of how the actions pemc, prevent the interior people from sharing in the salmon interior people from sharing in the salmon pemc, prevent the Coyote and Salmon Coyote é 191 and 196 note 17 at 12. note 16 at 2. pemcúĺecw. Coyote and his Hosts Coyote é note 21 at 624. note 41 at 630. Story of Tcotcu’lca Story of note 187 at 637. note 47 at 718-720.
(contained within 194 babies going to have? What about the next generation? What’s my grandchildren going to have? going to have? grandchildren my What’s generation? What about the next babies going to have? because they’re taking far too much trees out which is killing too many plants and animals. … plants and animals. trees out which is killing too many too much taking far because they’re to have in place for them? What am I going have ready for them? ready for am I going have What them? in place for to have the worm, don’t forget the worm, the worm turns the earth. And if you take away the water there’s there’s the water away the worm,the worm, the worm take don’t forget turns And if you the earth. then, next animal does certain things everyday and the mice have something to do everyday. … to do everyday. something and the mice have animal does certainthen, next things everyday no worm, there’s [no] ant, there’s no beetle. And then the swamps: the swamps purify the water the swamps And then the swamps: no beetle. [no] ant, there’s no worm, there’s and if you mess around with the swamps…those plants in the swamps…and bugs in there and bugs plants in the swamps…and mess around with the swamps…those and if you where are they going to get water? What about their homes, what about the food, what are their food, what about the What about their homes, going to get water? where are they Everything has a cycle, every ant has a job to do, you know, it it does certain things everyday. And it it does certain things everyday. know, you ant has a job to do, every Everything has a cycle, I am scared of what’s happening up to date. What’s happening with mother earth... I worry happening with mother earth... about What’s happening up to date. I am scared of what’s everything that could purify the water, which gives out oxygen…as well ponds, or the beaver dams. dams. or the beaver ponds, well oxygen…as out which gives that could purify the water, everything our animals, our trees, everything you know I look around. I worry about those poor animals, I look around. know you everything our trees, our animals, What’s going to be left for them? You know what’s going to be in place for them? What am I going them? going to be in place for what’s know You them? for going to be left What’s We can’t live without the water. That’s the biggest problem I am having right now… Its being limited right now… I am having the biggest problem That’s without the water. can’t live We You know they all play a role.... all play they know You Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law shows how humans interact with, and influence, a dynamic shows how humans environment. Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Story of Tcotcu’lca, supra Story of and Salmon, supra Coyote Wind, supra of the Chinook Liberation supra and His Hosts, Coyote Bird, supra Shirley Splatsín Interview #3:
beings and resources in Secw humans, animals and the land, as Shirley Bird expresses: humans, animals and migration. impact the harvests in impact the harvests humans, land and non-human beings are interconnected and interdependent within a larger ecosystem. ecosystem. a larger within and interdependent beings are interconnected and non-human land humans, ii. Interconnection: Interconnection: ii. water use: within a natural world that is in constant flux. It is important to remember, for example, that it is Coyoteʼs actions that for is important to remember, that is in constant flux. It within a natural world who live in a territory downstream from the Secw who live in a territory Secwépemcúl’ecw impacts the law’s creation, application, and authority. application, creation, the law’s impacts Secwépemcúl’ecw Embedded in this relationship, then, is the importance of respecting the integrity and well-being of all non-human Embedded in this relationship, then, is the importance of respecting the integrity a) Humans, land and non-human beings are interconnected and interdependent within a larger ecosystem. within a larger and interdependent beings are interconnected and non-human land a) Humans, sustainability of the environment and non-human beings. We can see that this concern is one that exists for both can see that this concern is one We environment and non-human beings. sustainability of the In the interviews, the impact people have on the earth is mostly discussed within a context of concern for the mostly discussed within a context of impact people have on the earth is In the interviews, the Indeed, Julianna Alexander talks about the impact of humans within an ecosystem in context of her concerns about Alexander talks about the impact of humans within an ecosystem Indeed, Julianna Interconnection is distinct from the relationship of qwenqwent, as it acknowledges that human actions are influential, human actions it acknowledges that of qwenqwent, as the relationship is distinct from Interconnection the Ice Dam 196 191 192 193 194 195 Wind This recognizes the extent to which the land relies on the actions of human beings for its own health and survival. This recognizes the extent to which the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 40 This fundamentalrelationshipbetweenthelandandlaw comesupinmanywaysthestoriesandinterviews, The extentofinterconnectionbetweenthehumansandcertainland,resourcesnon-humanbeings excrement shallbevaluable asamedicine.” Rat, 199 198 197 rat, andshallstealonlyalittlebitattime. You shalleatrosehipsandprickly pears. You shallgathersticks andyour As onewitnesssays, A numberofstoriesalsohighlighttheinterdependent natureofhumanstotheland,non-humanbeingsand Water Monster: While thepeoplepunishBush-Tailed Rat,wecaninfer thattheyrecognizehissurvivalisinherentlyvaluable, as beingessentialtotheoriginsandvitalityofSecw and hecanstillbeusefultothecommunitybyprovidingmedicine.Similarly, in as Secw One suchplaceisSpottedEagleMountain,animportantgatheringplace,andawherepeoplecanfind sacred tobaccoandhavespiritualexperiences. Secw Similarly, thesheersizeofSecw creation, applicationandauthority. WitnessesobservethecloserelationshipbetweenSecw 203 202 201 200 formation oflawaboutthoserelationshipsdependsonwherepeopleareinSecw the importanceofrelationshippeoplehavewithcertainlandandresources,asJulianna Alexander explains: the peoplepunishGrasshopperbyturninghimintoagrasshopper, butnotethatheisstillusefulasbaitforfishing. resources byidentifyingtheutilityofallcreaturesinthisecosystem.Forexample, helps explainthemorespecificprinciplesandprocesses thattheSecw human connectiontocertainplaces: b) Secwépemcúl’ecwimpactsthelaw’s creation, application, andauthority. punish Bush-Tailed Rat asfollows:
Bush-Tailed Ratisstealingresourcesfromhiscommunity. The peoplesetatrapandcatchhim. The people Splatsín Interview #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra #3:Splatsín interview Randy Williams, supra #10:Simpcw Interview LeonEustache, supra Water Monster, supra “Tsawalk: ANuu-chah-nulth Worldview” Adams Lake #7: Interview Witness 4,supra oftheBush “The Story Tailed Rat”,supra é pemcúĺecw isnotjusttheplacewhereSecw Saskum Lake thenpeopleunderstandthatthey’re ortheDunnLake Mermaid, tiedtotheland, Indigenous peoplesareunique[in]how we understandtheworld. We’re sointerconnectedtoour Richard Atleosay? “Tsawalk” –we areallone saying “all my relations” andwherethatgot reallycommonin Turtle Islandisbecausewe areall always comesforemost inalotofstories. related. Notjustthehumans, but everything we’re relatedto... not allinthesamekindofarea: we have areaswhereit’s arid dry, you know, and,ofcourse, [in those areas]they’re goingtorespectwater more... those [resources]andwhatkindoflaws they have inplacethatarea[isdifferent] because we’re they’re [that]relatetothem…your tiedtothisarea[and]thosestories relationshiptotheland laws of…thebush, oftheforest, ofourlands, ofourwaters. We areoneinthesame. What does land. Ourlandandourlaws areallthesame. We don’tseparate it. We’re withinthe intertwined [W]e utilize …words andskills…accordingtoterritory, areaorplace. …how thosepeoplerespect [P]eople understandwherethey arefromandthey know thatarea…ifyou mentionanamelike é pemc, andinSecw note9at27. “it shows usthat[they] justdidn’tlethimgofor nothing. Heisgoodfor something,for bait.” é pemcúĺecw. byEugeneRichard Atleo (2004) note54at46. é pemcúĺecw meanstherearevariationsinclimatesandgeographies. This impacts note72at6. note18at23-24. They threw himoutsideamongtherocks, andsaid, you“Henceforth shallbea note165at6-7. note27at20. 197 202
201 é é
pemc toliveorcallhome;itsexistenceimpactsthelawʼs pemc law. As PaulMichelsaysduringhistellingofthestory 199 . We areallone. And there’s of alonghistory 203 200 é pemc legaltraditionupholdsforlivingwell, The OneBoundandGrasshopper Secwépemc é pemcúĺecw. This includesa The Story oftheBush-TailedThe Story Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemc lawandterritory 198 ,
41 ANALYSIS People Coyote and Fox, and Fox, Coyote
204 People should protect the land from unnecessary harms People should protect the land from unnecessary ’sa and his Brothers, Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Interview #2: Adams Lake and his Brothers, ’sa People are responsible for respecting the laws relating People are responsible for respecting E Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Splatsín Interview Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3:
Tl
General Restatements of Law: General Restatements Coyote and Salmon, Coyote and his Hosts (Coyote and the Grouse and his Hosts (Coyote and Salmon, Coyote Coyote note 17 at 9. Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald, Splatsín Interview #3: Shirley Bird, Shirley InterviewTina Donald, Splatsín #3: Simpcw Interview #10:
Coyote and the Black Bears, Wolf and Wolverine, Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Simpcw Interview #10: Wolverine, and Wolf Bears, and the Black Coyote reproduce: reproduce: their laws and learn about their laws. their laws and learn to lands and resources: Sustain Themselves and Reproduce: Themselves and Reproduce: Sustain People are responsible for teaching and learning about and from the land in order to transmit and from the land in order to transmit for teaching and learning about People are responsible should not over-harvest resources or waste resources already in their control: should not over-harvest resources or and consider the future of the land, resources and non-human beings in their use of the land. and consider the future of the land, resources Responsibility to Teach and Learn about the Land to Learn the Law: and Learn about Teach Responsibility to the land: and learn from Teach Responsibility to Follow the Law: the Responsibility to Follow Teach and learn about the land: Teach Responsibility to Not Seek More or Other Resources When There Is No Need: When Other Resources Responsibility to Not Seek More or Can and Other Resources the Land and Ensure that Animals Responsibility to Protect To protect the land: protect To and can sustain themselves ensure that animals and other natural resources To Donald, Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, Simpcw Interview #5: Pat Matthew. Pat Anne Michel, Simpcw Interview #5: Interview #2: Donald, Adams Lake Eustache, Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Jules, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander, Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Ronnie Jules, Interview #2: Adams Lake Eustache, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: Splatsín Interview #3: Shirley Bird, SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais. Bird, SNTC Interview Shirley #4: Splatsín Interview #3: Splatsín Interview #3: Randy Williams. Williams. Randy Splatsín Interview #3: #8, Splatsín Interview #3: Shirley Bird, Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander. Julianna Splatsín Interview Bird, Shirley #8: #8, Splatsín Interview #3: Children), Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Splatsín Interview #8: : Randy Williams, Williams, Randy : Splatsín Interview #8: Alexander, Julianna Children), Splatsín Interview #3: Coyote and the Black Bears, Simpcw Interview #5: Witness 1, Simpcw Interview #10: Leon Witness 1, Simpcw Interview#10: Simpcw Interview #5: Bears, and the Black Coyote Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel. Interview #2: Adams Lake Jules, Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Alexander, Julianna Interview Anne Michel, Splatsín #3: Interview #2: Adams Lake Jules,
b) b) i. ii. iv. iii. a) a) medicines and people and plants and animals. It’s always oral tradition, and the laws like you’re studying oral tradition and…that’s what it means. what it means. and…that’s tradition studying oral you’re like and the laws tradition, oral always It’s you know, to see the value of this tradition or the Splatsín or the Secwépemctsín way they see they the Secwépemctsín way or the Splatsín or of this tradition to see the value know, you You know, as my knowledge…gets passed down. There’s a lot of knowledge that gets passed on. that gets passed on. a lot of knowledge There’s passed down. knowledge…gets as my know, You being guided through, and you’re know, you experiencing learning, you’re you’re training, You’re Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3:
interconnection. Learning about the land is critical for responsible use and management, and for safeguarding the interconnection. Learning about the land is critical for responsible use and families or clans who have particular responsibilities to care for certainparticular who have for territory to care responsibilities or resources? clans families or teaching and learning about and from the land in order to transmit their laws and learn about their laws. to transmit their laws the land in order and learning about and from teaching i. Responsibility to Teach and Learn About and From the Land to Learn the Law: People are responsible for for are responsible People the Land to Learn the Law: From and Learn About and Teach Responsibility to i. 204 a) Responsibility to teach and learn about the land. a) Responsibility to teach Discussion: Responsibilities to the Land to Responsibilities environment for future generations. What are people’s responsibilities to the land? Animals? Plants? Water? Are there certain individuals, certain Are there individuals, Water? Animals? Plants? to the land? responsibilities people’s What are Julianna Alexander speaks about the importance of her role in teaching the laws relating to the land through oral tradition: Julianna The responsibility to teach and learn about and from the land emerges from both relationships of qwenqwent and The responsibility to teach and learn about and from the land emerges from Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 42 The responsibility to learn and keep learning about the laws relating to the land is ongoing. Stories help with this process: Julianna also notes how not learning from the land has impacted the knowledge base of recent generations of law learners: Julianna Alexander speaksoftheimportanceland-basedlearningandhownotbeingonlandimpacts that shown tothem.” Alexander noteswithrespecttowater: As thisquotesuggests,thosewithknowledge,suchaselders,haveaparticularresponsibilitytopassontheir train like theseboys andyou have toknow aboutthatasare ifitispoisonousornotgoodbad–andthey learn Itʼs alsoimportanttolearnaboutthepowerofdifferent resourceswheninteractingwiththem,as,Julianna Experiential learning,orlearningfromtheland,arisesinanumberofinterviewsandstories.Forexample, witnesses discusshowtheboyslearnfromtheirtravelsin Learning aboutthelandiscriticaltounderstanddangerouslocationsandwhatskillsareneededinteractwithland: 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 families. travelled alone. knowledge relatingtotheirland. b) Responsibilitytolearnandteach from theland. boys andgirlsareencouragedtolearnaboutthelandwhentravelling,althoughhistorically, boys,asinthestory, learning process:
#3: SplatsínInterview Julianna Alexander, supra #3: SplatsínInterview Shirley Bird,supra Ibid. #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra Ibid Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supra TlE Ibid #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra at15; at16. ’sa andhisBrothers, supra They don’thave any creativitybecausethey’re notexperiencing allthat stuff outside, building sticks That was how they didit,isthatthey tookcareofchildren andthey taughtthemallthesevalues. ou kno, if y arm then y e – y v ater. e t wa f o s e p y t l l a , t a h t t c e p s e r o t ave h u yo – ze e e r f l l i w u yo n e h t m r wa s s e r d t ’ n o d u yo f i ow, n k u Yo You have to respect the water or you can drown, you know. There’s certain places maybe you shouldn’t And helpsmerecognize theresponsibilitiesIhave, for whoIam. AndIamgrateful for these 210 Whereas; you know, andthenthey’re how, outsideandthey learned you know, testingthedirt, you don’thearthesounds -thewater, thewind,allthingsthatare supposedlyhelpingyour out therepicking and doingstuffthey berries need todo, you know. or moundswhatever you do. Irememberdoingthat…Imakingfishusingleaves, eating it,rocks, whatever, weeds. You know? Doingtheirown stuff-wherewhenthey’re indoors different things, here. You have tobuild your creativityandwe’re notdoingthatbecausewe’re six sensesdevelop. For danger, different mechanismsthat…you’d require. Andtheseare alllaws stories tocomeabout andit’sstories goodtohearandlearn. …And,like Isay, and… Iamstilllearning again different. maybe something living, some creature, some mythical creature. You have to respect that property, that we have thatwe’re nottaught. Just aboutcommonsenselaws aroundthinking,respectand, they don’tdothat,having -gettingdirty, barefeet outinthedirt you know, it’s in somuch morerich that energyofthewater orfireairsnow andicehave you different have properties tobeaware of. forbidden andprohibitedareaswhatkindofskillstopractice andpasstheteaching. little kidsaremissingit. Even ourteenagersandsome ofourparentsbecausethey’re notsitting it-disciplineandguidance, they’relearning commonlaws allnatural, ofevery normal day life and… limiting theirspaces, you know, [to]four walls. Then they don’t hear, they don’theartheanimals, fromfeelinglearning thatenergy. its goodfor myself to…lookback and…I’llreadthemagainandI’llgetsomething atthesestories be, or, for some reason people believe in different entities in the water - could be a hole in the water, [T]he elderstelluswhatitwas like for themandtheirchildrenway back sowe know allthese Julianna resourcesdirectlyfromtheland: about Alexander expressestheusefulnessoflearning Adams Lake #2: Interview AnneMichel,supra 209 211 orlearnedlocallywiththeir granniestolearn Anne Michelnotesthatgirlstravelledwiththeir 205 note37at644-651. note16at14. note67at14. note27at11-12. note27at20. note17at9. 212 note29at15. Tl E ’sa andhisBrothers. 213 Secwépemc 208 RonnieJulesnotesthat Lands andResources Law Analysis 206 207 207 “you… 43 ANALYSIS ecw. pemcúĺecw. Randy é 214 In this instance, Coyote plays a 219 216 includingwhen the responsibilities certain people have (told as part of Coyote and his Hosts) shows how non-human 215
note 27 at 20. note 69 at 42. note 18 at 29. ’sa and his Brothers, ’sa
218 note 16 at 14. E 217 Tl in which Coyoteʼs abuse of a single all of the fish salmon leads he has caught to throw note 41 at 628-629. note 187 at 637. “never forgetting to offer – offer thanks for, out of respect for all that we know.” know.” we all that of respect for out for, thanks – offer to offer forgetting “never Coyote and the Grouse Children and the Coyote [W]hen you say your prayers you tell [Grizzly Bear] “I’m going to be here in your area and this is “I’m going to be here in your tell [Grizzly Bear] you prayers your say [W]hen you back to mother earth…and the prayers and the things to do before I go out. To talk to the animals if To I go out. the things to do before and to mother earth…andback the prayers beings: respectfulness and thankfulness. beings: that, things can happen. there is any more left out there that are healthy. more left out there there is any need to go with [that]. If I am to get back into hunting, what I am to do. And to remember to offer And to remember to offer into hunting, what I am to do. If I am to get back need to go with [that]. need its help and its medicine, then its medicine, its malama. So the different things like that. …it …it that. things like the different So its malama. then its medicine, medicine, need its help and its Maybe it’s the responsibility to help me understand…the responsibility for pipe carrier…and for pipe carrier…and for the responsibility to help me understand…the responsibility for it’s Maybe was our traditional law to be respectful. Cause that’s one of the laws that teaches us to be human that teaches one of the laws Cause that’s respectful. to be law our traditional was others who are gifted. Also a hunter – to remember what their ceremony said and the songs that their ceremony Also a hunter – to remember what others who are gifted. your territory. You respect me and I’ll respect you and we’ll get along”…sometimes, if you don’t do don’t if you get along”…sometimes, and we’ll respect me and I’ll respect you You territory. your So she says if you just take [it] and kill it, it’s just a dead plant. But if you ask it and tell it why you you it and tell it why ask But if you just a dead plant. [it] and kill it, it’s just take if you So she says Coyote and Salmon, Coyote Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Coyote and His Hosts, supra and His Hosts, Coyote Splatsín Interview #8: Julianna Alexander, supra Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #8: supra Williams, Randy Splatsín Interview #3: Bird, supra Shirley Splatsín Interview #3: and Salmon, supra Coyote supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4:
learning specific protocols connect to roles in community or activities, such as hunting: learning specific protocols connect to beings can peacefully share territory: beings can cause great harm they do not respect the integrity of other beings. possible lessons to take from nasty trick on the grouse children by putting gum in their eyes while they are sleeping. When the children wake nasty trick on the grouse children by putting gum in their eyes while they are into the river. a cliff their mothers set a trap and cause Coyote to fall off After their mothers find them, home. have challenges learning from the land within current learning environments. learning environments. the land within current learning from have challenges respect for the land: respect for the land: themselves back into the river. ii. Responsibility to Follow the Law: the Law: to Follow Responsibility ii. 219 214 215 216 217 218 up they can no longer open their eyes. They wander and get separated from one other, and cannot find their way They wander and get separated from one other, up they can no longer open their eyes. People are responsible for respecting the laws relating to lands and resources. relating respecting the laws for are responsible People when harvesting dandelion for medicine: when harvesting dandelion with their community and environment. As Julianna Alexander notes, this is deeply related to the idea of showing Alexander notes, this is deeply related As Julianna and environment. with their community For example, Richard LeBourdais talks about this responsibility in the context of how human and non-human For example, Richard LeBourdais talks From this we infer the responsibility to teach from the land to the extent possible, as the younger generation may generation younger as the possible, the extent land to from the to teach the responsibility this we infer From Similarly, the story Similarly, seen in Underlying this responsibility is the also idea of respecting the integrity of other living beings in Secw Underlying this responsibility is the also Once people have learned the laws of the land either from people or through experiential learning, they have people or through experiential learning, learned the laws of the land either from Once people have a responsibility to follow what they have learned. This includes following protocols for harvesting or interacting This includes following protocols what they have learned. a responsibility to follow s teaching him to give thanks and be respectful his motherʼs teaching him to give this responsibility with a story about Williams illustrates
A number of stories talk about this responsibility by describing the harmful consequences of not doing so. This is the harmful consequences of not doing so. number of stories talk about this responsibility by describing A The responsibility to follow law is deeply entrenched in the stories. For example, Shirley Bird speaks about the The responsibility to follow law is deeply Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 44 This quoteillustratesthedynamicnatureoflawovertime.Italsounderscoresrealizationthatpractice Julianna Alexander alsorecognizestheshiftsthathavehappenedwithresourcemanagementanduseover recent As onewitnesssuccinctlysaysaboutSecw A numberofSecw to, kindof, over-harvest oronlytake asmuch asyou need.” In a newrobefromtheirskins.Hetearsuptheheiswearingandtries,unsuccessfully, tokillthebears. As a One specificlegalteachingcanbeisolatedasaseparateresponsibility. Boththestoriesandinterviewsreinforce stories involvingCoyote.Forexample,in of law, inrelationtolandsorresourcesalwaysinvolvesbalancingpeople ʼs responsibilitiestothelandwiththeir Fox thenenduresCoyoteʼsattemptstokillhimfornotsharing. doesnʼt andeatsthemallup.Coyotesselfishnesslaziness,weinfer, resultsinCoyotebeingleftwithnothing. Fox comesandstartstoeatthem.Coyotewakesafewtimesaskssavehimsomerockrabbits,but People shouldnotover-harvest resources orwasteresources already intheircontrol. 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 Leon Eustachereflectsonhisunderstandingofthisprincipleinthecontextharvestingberriesormedicine: iii. ResponsibilitytoNotSeekMoreorOtherResources When There isNoNeed: the responsibilityofcaringforresourcesthathumansdependonbyonlytakingarenecessary. than heneeds. As Anne Michelcommentsaboutthestory, “ifyouneed[arobe]donʼtkillallthree[bears]...” responsibilities totheirfamilies,communitiesandneighbours. result ofhisactions,heisleftwithoutanyrobeandcalled“foolish”inthestory. history, inwhichpeoplehavebeendrawntoover-harvest andevenhoardresourcesasameansofsurvival: he wastestheresourcesalreadyhaswhentearsuphisexistingrobe,butisalsobecauseseeksmore by rockrabbits.Coyotedecidestokillandeatallthemall.Heleavestherabbitscookwhilehesleeps, Coyote andtheBlack Bears
Splatsín Interview #8:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra Adams Lake #2: Interview AnneMichel,supra Coyote andtheBlack Bears, supra Coyote andFox, supra Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supra #10:Simpcw interview LeonEustache, supra #5:Simpcw Interview Witness 1,supra you’re forced todothesethings. off thatbush. You leave somefor thebearsandsomefor theanimalsthatarethere.” Yeah, same doing allthose…we’re doingitfor allofthewrongreasons, but atthesametimewe’re doingit with medicines…you’re taughtwhichmedicinesandyou don’tover harvest. again…taking andtakingtaking. What we needtobedoingisgiving,giving. Like, for Because we’re witnessingachange inhow we harvest. We’re tobesomethingwe’re trying not, fish, even thefish,we’re always supposedtoonlytake whatwe need,nothoarding it,selling life…have topay higher-pay your gas, andyour phoneand,you know, allthatotherstuff. It’s like like you berries see-we tellthem, “oh you don’t…justpick, you know, you don’ttake every berry because we have andbecausewe’re tosurvive forced to, because…we want tolive thiscertain [Y]ou don’t harvest itall.[Y]ou don’tharvest Yeah, you don’ttake everything thatisthere-you leave some. Andthen, é pemc stories,asRonnieJulessays, note42at633. note44at638. , Coyote comes upon a mother bear and her two cubs and decides heshouldmake bearandhertwocubsdecides , Coyotecomesuponamother note74at9. note165at11. note29at27. note67at27. note27at3. 226 Coyote andFox, é pemc laws, “lead tothateffect oftakingtoomuch,” “well Iguessthemostbasiconeisthatwe were taughtnot Coyotehappensuponanundergroundhouseinhabited 220
223
Secwépemc 224 We inferthatCoyoteisbecause 221
Lands andResources Law Analysis
222 such asthe 225
45 ANALYSIS protecting 230 mentem, which means tomentem, which means é 227 and articulates this responsibility as being an and articulates this responsibility as being 231 228 232 pemc territory. é note 18 at 25. note 135 at 7. note 16 at 2.
233 234 areas in Secw 229 pemctsín concepts are important in considering this responsibility. The first is tkn are important in considering this responsibility. pemctsín concepts é [P]rotecting the land and water… because a lot of what I do is not only related to coho but it’s it’s but what I do is not only related to coho because a lot of and water… [P]rotecting the land laws to protect it. And the non-natives have no laws. So those are some of the consequences for So those are some of the consequences for no laws. have And the non-natives to protect it. laws not responding. to those that crawl and even to those that live in the water and to the root people, the rock people, people, the rock and to the root people, in the water to those that live and even to those that crawl the physical form. Of the whole thing and the fish, the water and everything like that. And not doing that. like and everything Of the whole thing and the fish, the water form. the physical of the highest law And that’s us. upholding our responsibility that the Creator gave not that, we’re mother earth suffering. She needs a lot of help. And for the other races to help, [to] listen. To help help To [to] listen. to help, the other races And for She needs a lot of help. mother earth suffering. talking to the kids about the different things that they can do as a little child to high-school student can do as a little that they things the different talking to the kids about us get things put into place to help us understand what we are trying to do. To understand…how to understand…how To are trying understand what we us get things put into place to help us to do. to those our finned ones and to our winged ones and from our four-leggeds understand everything Now we have the consequence of protecting the grizzly bear there because [people] come from have we Now accesses into there. revive and to, to help…keep that life cycle going the way it used to be. It’s not going to be perfect to perfect be to going not It’s be. to used it way the going cycle life that help…keep to to, and revive sasquatch. the and even and the little people, all. about protecting the land for the future and why we want to do that.” want we why the future and land for about protecting the will be gone, too, and exploited, like they do with the mushrooms…and because we don’t have the don’t have because we do with the mushrooms…and they like and exploited, too, will be gone, Speak for those that can’t speak for themselves, right from the conception of the spirit going into themselves, speak for those that can’t Speak for We can’t wait for others; we need to do something today, to have something put in place. I see something put in place. to have need to do something today, we others; for can’t wait We Alberta and they take its life so they can sell its parts and everything…cause now there’s road its parts there’s can sell now so they and everything…cause Alberta its life take and they And so if we don’t protect our medicines and everything that are on those sacred mountains, they they that are on those sacred mountains, don’t protect our medicines and everything And so if we at 25. at 22. at 23. at 22. at 25. Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Ibid Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald, supra Tina Simpcw Interview #10: Bird, supra Shirley Splatsín Interview #3: supra Williams, Randy Splatsín Interview #3: Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid
ʼ greater access to them, For example, right now there is focus on protecting the grizzly bear because of hunters law. landʼs interests. s natural resources. Second, yucwminte re tmicw, which means taking care of the land. Yucwminte re Yucwminte care of the land. which means taking Second, yucwminte re tmicw, preserve Earthʼs natural resources. non-human beings in their use of the land. beings in their non-human resources in certain places, such as spotted eagle mountain, resources in certain places, such as spotted tmicw is a phrase Tina Donald uses in her classroom teachings about coho salmon. It means, she says: uses in her classroom teachings about Donald Tina tmicw is a phrase iv. Responsibility to Protect the Land and Ensure that Animals and Other Resources Can Sustain Sustain Can Other Resources and that Animals Ensure Land and the to Protect Responsibility iv. 234 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 People should protect the land from unnecessary harms and consider the future of the land, resources and resources unnecessary of the land, consider the future harms and the land from protect should People He goes on to talk about some of the consequences of not fulfilling this legal responsibility in the context of medicines: He goes on to talk about some of the consequences of not fulfilling this legal directly connected with the responsibility to not seek more than you need, but is more about actively protecting the than you need, but is more about with the responsibility to not seek more directly connected characteristics, and rhythms. Randy Williams speaks about the responsibility to protect and speak for all of creation: of all for speak and protect to responsibility the about speaks Williams Randy rhythms. and characteristics, a) Responsibility to protect the land. to protect a) Responsibility Randy Williams also talks of this same responsibility in the context of protecting medicine grounds, Randy Williams also talks of this same Shirley Bird talks about this responsibility in the context of her concerns about the state of the environment today: Shirley Bird talks about this responsibility according to Randy Williams: Themselves and Reproduce: and Reproduce: Themselves The legal responsibility to protect the land shifts as specific dangers emerge, illustrating the dynamic nature of the The legal responsibility to protect the land shifts as specific dangers emerge, This responsibility can take many practical forms, and flows from the knowledge of non-human beingsʼ own needs, This responsibility can take many practical The responsibility to protect the land is linked to both relationships of qwenqwent and interconnection. It is also interconnection. of qwenqwent and both relationships the land is linked to to protect The responsibility Two Secw “inherent right to protect” Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 46 Tina Donaldsays, This responsibilityisconnectedtotheideaofensuringharvestingpracticesprotectsurvivalspecies. As The responsibilitytoprotectfuturegenerationscaneven,asin three…you have tomake surethecubsaregoingto–ifyou leave them–thatthey aregoingtosurvive” [emphasis by witness] In thisquote,weinferthatthelackoflawstoprotectmedicines,otherresources,non-humanbeingsandland any individual.Inthisstory, eventhoughWolverine is“reducedtostarvation,”hedoesnotcompletelyexhaustthe Discussion: Rights oftheLand See abovediscussionsonresponsibilitiestothelandforoftheserights. our community, veryfewpeopletakecowmooseordoes,andifyoudo,onlythereallyneedydo…” cubs violateshisresponsibilitytoensurethesurvivalofthatbearfamily. However, thereareexceptionstothisresponsibilityincircumstancesofneed.OneSimpcwwitnessexplainsthat“in 239 238 237 236 235 How shouldpeoplebeable toexpect others totreattheland?Animals?Plants? Water? this story, Anne MichelarticulatestheresponsibilitythatCoyoteisnothonouring: refer toaninabilityprotectagainstexploitationunderCanadianlaw, notSecw inappropriately attemptstokillamotherbearandtwocubscreaterobethathedoesnotneed. reproduce. b) Responsibilitytoensurethatanimalsandothernaturalresources can sustainthemselvesand beaver populationinhisterritory. Instead,hemovesawaytosearchforothersustenance. practice demonstratessensitivitytotheneedsoffishreproduce.Similarly, in
Wolf and Wolverine, supra Simpcw Interview #5:Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew, supra Adams Lake #2: Interview AnneMichel,supra Coyote andtheBlack Bears, supra #10:Simpcw Interview Tina Donald,supra 237 ii. i.
We inferthat inadditiontoattemptinguseresourcesunnecessarily, attackingamotherandher The RighttobeProtected andSelf-Sustainability: The RighttonotbeOver-Harvested: seek moreorotherresourceswhenthereisnoneed. themselves andreproduce. responsibility toprotectthelandandensurethatanimalsotherresourcescansustain “..when we’re gafffishingonRaftRiver totargetthemales…” we try note38at671-672. note44at638. note 64at11. note135at11. note29at27. General RestatementsofLaw: This canbeinferredfromtheresponsibilitytonot Wolf and Wolverine, This canbeinferredfromthe Coyote andtheBlack Bears, Secwépemc é pemc law. “if transcendthesurvivalneedsof you needityou don’tkillall 235
This selectivefishing 238 Lands andResources Law Analysis
236 Reflectingon 239 Coyote
47 ANALYSIS ʼs version of Story of Teit in pemc and their neighbours, and é “kneel down” s translation of this story, two groups of ʼs translation of this story, Teit According to Fish Lake Accord, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation Accord, Fish Lake 240 . General Restatements of Law: General Restatements note 29 at 24. Other territorial groups are self-governingOther territorial groups their own laws and and have Story of Porcupine decisions and actions Groupsʼ decisions and actions land and resourcesrespecting the impact groups
note 33 at 671-672. Story of Porcupine, Fish Lake Accord, White Arrow of Peace, Adams Lake Interview #2: Interview #2: Adams Lake of Peace, White Arrow Accord, Fish Lake Story of Porcupine, interests: with overlapping and adjoining territories: with overlapping and interview #10: Tina Donald, Simpcw Interview #10: Pat Matthew, Skeetchestn Interview #6: Ron Interview #6: Skeetchestn Matthew, Pat Tina Donald, Simpcw Interview #10: interview #10: Mutual Recognition: Mutual Recognition: Interdependence: Interdependence: Lake Interview #7: Witness 7. Interview #7: Lake Interview #10: Pat Matthew, Splatsín Interview #3: Randy Williams, Pithouse Interview #9: Paul Michel. Paul Pithouse Interview #9: Williams, Randy Splatsín Interview #3: Matthew, Pat Interview #10: Ignace, SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais, Splatsín Interview #3: Julianna Alexander, Adams Alexander, Julianna Splatsín Interview #3: Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4: Ignace, Coyote and his Hosts (How Coyote Broke the Ice Dam), The War with the Sky People, Simpcw with the Sky People, War The the Ice Dam), Broke Coyote and his Hosts (How Coyote Anne Michel, Adams Lake Interview #2: Ronnie Jules, Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald, Simpcw Tina Donald, Simpcw Simpcw Interview #10: Ronnie Jules, Interview #2: Lake Anne Michel, Adams pemc territory during the interview process: [Y]ou acknowledged us, that you’re in Secwépemc territory. She acknowledged and it just felt good. good. and it just felt She acknowledged in Secwépemc territory. that you’re us, [Y]ou acknowledged
how body language is very important. In in our ways… Like I’m thinking of more acknowledging is is acknowledging more of thinking I’m Like ways… our in In important. very is language body how if I’m talking with you… and, you know, I could see it, but the English, the English I translated as real, real, as translated I English the English, the but it, see could I know, you and, you… with talking I’m if what I saw. And bowed down, is such an English word. But you know…yes, its recognition, you know, know, you recognition, its know…yes, you But word. English an such is down, bowed And saw. I what Each people gained full knowledge of the other, and together became able to plan doing what was to plan doing what was together became able and of the other, Each people gained full knowledge you know, [but] when you [were] talking I could see, I could see how it was. 241 We know. I think that the word bowed is what got me. The English word. But I could see, I could see see could I see, could I But word. English The me. got what is bowed word the that think I know. We é
pemc law recognizes other territorial groups as being self-governing people, with their own law and interests. pemc law recognizes other territorial i. ii. é Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, supra Interview #2: Adams Lake Story of Porcupine, supra Story of Porcupine,
ʼs student researchers acknowledged that they were guests She connects this to the way in which ILRU legitimacy. s ability to make a living. Swan, the chief time and interfere with each otherʼs ability to make a living. Swan, the chief people have been enemies for a long in Secw ideas and knowledge. reflected in the way in which the Story of Porcupine finishes: respectfully recognizes each other during their meeting, as well as acknowledges the otherʼs land, laws and knowledge.respectfully recognizes each other during their meeting, as well as acknowledges b. Other Territorial Groups Territorial Other b. to his territory, and feasts them when they arrive. After the feast, Swan and all his people kneel before Elk. Swan and feasts them when they arrive. to his territory, i. Mutual Recognition: Mutual Recognition: i. Mutual recognition is foundational to the relationship between the Secw Mutual recognition is foundational to the 241 240 Porcupine is literal and not precise. Instead, what the story is trying to articulate is the sentiment that each groupPorcupine is literal and not precise. Instead, what the story is trying to articulate of one of the peoples, believes that the troubles have arisen from ignorance of each otherʼs ways. Swan wants to of one of the peoples, believes that the Relationships with other territorial groups are established and maintained through mutual recognition. This is mutual recognition. Relationships with other territorial groups are established and maintained through gives Elk all of his knowledge and advice. Then Elk and his people kneel before Swan and Elk gives Swan all his Then gives Elk all of his knowledge and advice. Secw Discussion: Relationships with other Territorial Groups Territorial with other Relationships address the conflict so both peoples can live without continual interference, so invites Elk and his people to come live without continual interference, so invites Elk and his people to come address the conflict so both peoples can Other territorial groups are self governing and have their own laws and interests. laws their own and have are self governing Other territorial groups What are the relationships with other groups with overlapping/adjoining territories? territories? overlapping/adjoining with with other groups the relationships What are What we infer from Annaʼs reflection is that the English translation of What we infer from Anne Michel notes that what Swan and Elk are doing in the story is recognizing each otherʼs authority and Anne Michel notes that what Swan and This legal principle is alive in the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 48 The agreementformalizesrelationshipsofmutualrecognitionbetweenthetwopeoples.RonnieJulesseesa be. Ifwe didn’twe would getattacked fromallsides.” In otherwords,themutualrecognitionandagreements formedthroughthisrelationshipareflexibleenoughto about the salmon harvest addresses the interests of many nations in a common resource that passes through many another peoplewithinSecw Recognizing othersasself-governingandcreatingagreementstoformalizelegalrelationshipsdoesnotmeanthere Relationships ofmutualrecognitionarealsoevidentinagreementssuchasthe consideration forothernations.Forexample,atKettleFalls,agatheringareahistoricallyusedbymanynations, Finally, once formal mutualrecognitionisestablished,itbecomesthebasisforcontinuingrelationships. As Anne were made. However, RandyWilliamsalsoemphasizesthattheSecw However, ashealsosays,sometimesthesefightsbecame,historically, howtreaties totradeandshareresources 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 Michel expresseswhenspeakingabouttheagreement between SwanandElkinStoryofPorcupine: territories. the Secw relationships tosharelandandresourceswhileacknowledgingtheirpartnersʼlands,lawsinterests. relationships withothergroupssurroundingthem: is anabsenceofdisputeoverlandorresources. As RandyWilliamssays: meet thechangingneedsofpeople,whichreflects dynamicnatureofthelaw. negotiations respectingsalmonharvestingontheFraserRiver. been shownasanunsustainableoption. people wouldleavedriedsalmonfortheonesthatarrivedlatertoharvest.PaulMichelidentifiesthisaspect of parallel betweenwhatthetwogroupsdointhisstorytorelationshipsestablishedbySecw
Ibid Adams Lake #2: Interview AnneMichel,supra #9:Pithouse Interview Paul Michel, supra White Arrow ofPeace, supra #3:Splatsín Interview Randy Williams, supra #10:Simpcw Interview Tina Donald,supra The FishLake Accord,supra Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supra ofPorcupine,Story supra note33 at26. There [were] timeswhenwe fought, like whenthey wantedandtake toexpand over theirterritory The laws madeatthecouncilarethosewhichgovern animalsandbirdsatthepresentday... And thenattheenditsays thelaws made atthiscouncilarethosethatgovern theanimalsand our fishgrounds, whichisacommonthingbecause[of]itsbetter resources…expansion would around us. We know, we knowareandhow whereourboundaries we aregoingtointeract with and hispeople, andwould beeasiertoletthathappen,share thatresource. right. Afterthisthey lived did much easierandhappierthanbefore andthemethodsofoneparty not comeintoconflictwiththoseoftheother. think that’s how itwas done. We have one. things. They passthoselaws down. Ithinkwe stillhave thattoday for any othernationthat’s new problem comes, they aregoingtomeetagain, “look at,here’s this.” Andthat’s that’s justthe people andtheirwhatever theswan was. And that continues. Andthensomecatastropheor it’s anew word, it’s anew…relationship. It’s aboutapproachingproblems asacommunity. himself and… said, “this will be part ofSecwépemc himself and…said, “this willbepart birds today. So…they madealotoflaws there. Andsomehow oranotherthey rememberthose be like the story oftheKinbasketbe like chief. thestory …whenhewent over therewithhis, andhe established beginning, nottheend. To say “hey we aregettingalongnow” that’s finished. Closethebook. Its [them], witheven withtheGitxsan. We have counciloffice. anagreement withthematourtribal I [T]hey’d stillcontinue -they areonspeakingterms. Then they withtheiranimal aregoingtowork é 245 pemc legalidentityasbeingshapedbythecommunityʼsphysicallocationandsubsequentneedtobuild 247 Both agreements rest on the assumption that all parties are self-governing and need to establish formal Bothagreementsrestontheassumptionthatallpartiesareself-governingandneedtoestablishformal Inthe White Arrow ofPeace note6at28-32. note7at1-2. é at671-672. pemc territory. note11at4. note135at15;SimpcwInterview#10:Pat Matthew, supranote65at15. note18at26. note29at24. note67at24. 248 244 oralhistory, has arrivingatanunderstandingmayoccurafterviolence By contrast, the current memorandum of understanding being negotiated Bycontrast,thecurrentmemorandumofunderstandingbeingnegotiated “we are the most diplomatic friendly peoplebecausewe“we hadto arethemostdiplomaticfriendly 243 249
é pemc havealwaystraded,sharedandactedwith ú l’ecw,” you know, becausehehadthenation The FishLake Accord Fish Lake Accord Secwépemc provides access to resources to providesaccesstoresources 246
Lands andResources Law Analysis é and the present andthepresent pemc withothers: 250
242 49 ANALYSIS “we are “we (contained
pemc territory é 257 pemc Chief to the Syilx Chief: é How Coyote Broke the Ice Dam Broke Coyote How were historically used as a common form pemc and Syilx/Okanagan communities to this pemc and Syilx/Okanagan communities é pemc by virtue of their location on it. How much the pemc by virtue of their é The story 256 from the 18th century between the Kamloops Chief Kwolila from the 18th century between the Kamloops “trade beads” “trade pemc in their fishery plans: “unbroken pact” “unbroken é , one groupʼs decision to hoard a resource impacts another group of people. s ability to harvest. She says she pointed this out by telling them: She says she pointed this out by telling pemcʼs ability to harvest. note 69 at 2, 6. é an note 36 at 14. 254 note 65 at 15. note 135 at 15. two groups from the earth join forces and build a ladder to the sky to attack the sky two groups from the earth join forces and build a ladder to the sky to attack
note 21 at 624. 252 note 23 at 749 pemc, prevent the interior people from sharing in the salmon migration. pemc, prevent the interior people from also tells of how the actions of two sisters with powerful magic, who live in a territory also tells of how the actions of two sisters é note 7 at 1-2. note 41 at 630.
is another example of an interdependent relationship. In fact, Dr. Ron Ignace sums up relationship. In fact, Dr. is another example of an interdependent
251 The Fish Lake Accord, The Fish Lake We assume the Sky People pose some danger to both peoples and require the two to respond together. assume the Sky People pose some danger to both peoples and require the two to respond together. We [S]o then we can…maybe have more of those exchanges about conservation and, you know, know, about conservation and, you more of those exchanges have can…maybe [S]o then we here.” here.” they make a plan we want to have, make sure they have us in mind [and] what our objectives are us in mind [and] what our objectives have sure they make to have, want we a plan make they around conservation. 253 got the year before. You know these fish – you have the opportunity for every fish that comes by fish that comes by the opportunity every for have these fish – you know You before. got the year “[Y]ou know the amount of fish that you just put in your boat. That’s more than our whole community more than our whole community That’s boat. just put in your the amount of fish that you “[Y]ou know 258 Coyote and his Hosts) Coyote Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law The War with the Sky People, supra Sky People, with the War The Simpcw interview #10: Tina Donald, supra Simpcw interview #10: supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #10: supra Ron Ignace, Interview #6: Skeetchestn Accord, supra The Fish Lake supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4: supra and His Hosts, Coyote 255
Wind, supra of the Chinook Liberation
The War with the Sky People, War The The Liberation of the Chinook Wind of the Chinook The Liberation people. interdependence and working together, the actions of the chiefs underscore the great impact one group can have on interdependence and working together, to sustain itself. This continues to guide relations between Secw to sustain itself. the colonial period. Julianna Alexander explains that the colonial period. Julianna the Fish Lake Accord by using the phrase that was spoken by the Secw Accord by the Fish Lake ii. Interdependence: Interdependence: ii. 258 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 while the fish hurl themselves to the ground, permanently disfiguring themselves. Although first recognizing their their recognizing first Although themselves. disfiguring permanently ground, the to themselves hurl fish the while within day. downstream from the Secw For this reason, the memorandum of understanding, as one witness describes, focuses largely on conservation and one witness describes, focuses largely memorandum of understanding, as For this reason, the of currency, which could be exchanged among different groups for valuable goods, including meat when local which could be exchanged among different of currency, Fraser are able to catch significantly more fish than the Secw catch significantly more fish than the Fraser are able to on each other. In this respect, their relationship is one of interdependence. This interdependence is both economic is both This interdependence of interdependence. relationship is one this respect, their In on each other. of others for whom it causes much suffering and hardship. of others for whom it causes much suffering on the salmon harvest. adjoining territories. adjoining lo fish directly impacts the Secw Sto̓lo fish directly impacts start losing the battle to the Sky People, only the birds are able to escape unscathed. Some warriors die fighting, start losing the battle to the Sky People, only the birds are able to escape ensuring that others consider the Secw Other witnesses speak of economic interdependence through cooperation and collective management during Other witnesses speak of economic interdependence through cooperation lox, provides land and resource rights to PElkamuʼloxʼs people in Secw and the Sylix Chief PElkamuʼlox, provides land and resource rights another if its people do not take care when looking after shared resources (in this case, a structure people rely on). another if its people do not take care when looking after shared resources (in angry and chases the other chief, knocking down the ladder in that process. This traps the warriors and when they angry and chases the other chief, knocking down the ladder in that process. and political. In In delighting in having the cold wind blow over the country People seem to be acting maliciously, the Cold In this story, In other words, the agreement must take into account the interdependence of groups and their collective reliance into account the interdependence of groups and their collective reliance In other words, the agreement must take Groups’ decisions and actions respecting the land and resources impact groups with overlapping and and overlapping with groups impact resources land and the respecting and actions decisions Groups’ When people use or access the same lands or resources, their actions respecting those land and resources impact land and resources respecting those resources, their actions the same lands or use or access When people A current example of interdependence is the current negotiations around salmon harvesting on the Fraser River. As salmon harvesting on the Fraser River. is the current negotiations around current example of interdependence A related.” The two chiefs, left to guard the bottom of the ladder, start making fun of each other. One of the chiefs becomes start making fun of each other. The two chiefs, left to guard the bottom of the ladder, Tina Donald explains, a key issue is equality of access to salmon. She notes that people in the lower parts of the notes that people in the lower parts is equality of access to salmon. She Donald explains, a key issue Tina The Fish Lake Accord The Fish Lake Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 50 The responsibilitytocommunicatelawsandinterestsis an obligationtoothernations. This isthecasewhether differences.” always abouthow you couldtrade, how you couldhelponeanother, oneanother, support even thoughwe had When discussingresponsibilitiestootherterritorialgroups, wearetalkingaboutSecw What aretheresponsibilitiestoothergroups withoverlapping/adjoining territories?How shouldpeopleact another groupwishestoaccess resourcesinSecw Discussion: Responsibilities toother Territorial Groups a) Responsibilitytocommunicate needsandinterests. game wasscarce,aswellnewresourcesoranimalssuchhuskydogsandreindeer. community tobringvegetablesthembecauseofaneed.Inexchange,thatprovidedwithfish. People shouldcommunicatewhattheyneedtoothergroups andrespectothersintheirinteractionswiththem. when they needtoaccessresources withinanothergroup’s territory? when theSecw 262 261 260 259 i. Responsibility toCommunicate Laws andInterestsAcceptKnowledge and Resources withRespect to theirneighbourswithrespectlandsandresources in ageneralsenseaswellthelegaldutiesthatarise the developmentpoliticalandeconomicrelationships. for theIntegrityofOthers’ Lands, Laws andInterests: notes, thisisnecessaryfordeveloping continuingrelationshipswithothers:
Adams Lake,British Columbiaat19 sometimes theywouldbedecorated. Interview ofAdamsLakeInterview Community Member Witness 7 Ibid Ibid #3:Splatsín interview Julianna Alexander, supra at20. at20-21.
ii. i. 260
ShealsonotestheuseofChinooklanguageasawaytocommunicateamongpeoples,enabling é #2: RonnieJules. Simpcw Interview #5:Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew, #10: SimpcwInterview Pat Matthew. Old-One andtheBrothers, #3: SplatsínInterview Julianna Alexander, AdamsLake Interview Interview #6:Interview RonIgnace. #6:Interview Ignace, Marianne Skeetchestn #6: Interview Dodson,Skeetchestn Garlene #5:Interview NathanMatthew, #10: SimpcwInterview #10:Tina Donald,SimpcwInterview Leon Eustache. Brothers, #4: SNTCInterview RichardLeBourdais, AdamsLake #2: Interview AnneMichel, a) Shareresourcesorknowledgewhentherequestismadeproperly: Responsibility toShareResources orKnowledge whentheRequestisMadeProperly a) To communicateyourneedsandinterests: Responsibility toCommunicate Laws andInterestsAcceptKnowledge and b) To acceptknowledgeandresourceswithrespectfortheintegrityofothersʼlands,laws b) Shareresourcesorknowledgewhentheneedaninequityarises: and interests: or theNeedanInequalityArises: People shouldsharewithotherswhentheyaskforresourcesproperlyoritisneeded. People shouldcommunicatewhattheyneedtoothergroupsandrespectothersintheir Resources withRespectfor theIntegrityofOthers’ Lands, Laws andInterests: interactions withthem. pemc needtoaccessanothergroupʼsterritory. [Adams Lake #7: Interview Witness 7] Story ofPorcupine,Story Coyote andhisHosts, Coyote andHolxoli’p, Skeetchestn note17at21.Juliannasaysthattradebeads were madefrom rocks thatdriedanddangledfrom tree roots, and General RestatementsofLaw: byKirstyBroadhead andAdrienneMacMillan (28July2015) é pemc territoryorviceversa. As Simpcw witnessPatMatthew 261
. Another witnesstalksaboutarecenttriptheytookupto
Simpcw Interview #5:Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew, Simpcw Secwépemc
é Tl pemc legalresponsibilities Fish Lake Accord, E 259 ’sa andhis Lands andResources Law Analysis Inherwords,
“it was 262
51 ANALYSIS
263 264 266 “you acknowledge that you’re just a guest that you’re acknowledge “you
265 … note 92 at 8. note 61 at 12. 268 note 165 at 16. note 135 at 16. note 64 or Simpcw Interview #5: Nathan Matthew, supra 31 at 12 (unclear in transcript). note 64 or Simpcw Interview #5: Nathan Matthew, note 64 at 8. pemc interests: é 267 [E]ven through we’re all Secwépemc and you see our territory… all Secwépemc and you people here from Skeetchestn through we’re [E]ven [Y]ou can’t really negotiate with somebody, or deal with them unless you really understand their side side their understand really you unless them with deal or somebody, with negotiate really can’t [Y]ou [O]ne of the things that I try to do here, in our community, is invite those management people to those management is invite [O]ne of the things that I try in our community, to do here, because…they don’t know or understand what we’re trying to do, right? But we’ve never really really never right? trying But we’ve to do, what we’re or understand don’t know because…they because there is always that negative impact that people pass on to their kids. Kids should know Kids should know impact that people pass on to their kids. that negative because there is always have you, so that they have an understanding of where we’re coming from and not just always coming from and not just always an understanding of where we’re have so that they you, have know, the meetings there. But when we did we would sit back and listen. sit back would did we But when we the meetings there. know, knowledge that was handed down from our grandparents, great-grandparents, great-great- great-grandparents, from our grandparents, handed down that was knowledge know how we live and how we depend on the fishing resource or the forestry resource, or what depend on the fishing resource or the forestry resource, we and how live we how know them as friends…to come here in our community, go out on the land you know. To our first fish our first To know. go out on the land you them as friends…to come here in our community, that understanding. have so that they talk to our staff and our youth sent it out to them to say “here are our principles or our guidelines.” are our principles“here or our guidelines.” to say sent it out to them and what they’re up against or what their interests are or their objectives [are] – and then yours. – and [are] or their objectives their interests are against or what up they’re and what shaking our fist at them trying to get fish back here. You know, [get them to] talk to our elders or know, You shaking our fist at them trying here. fish back to get ceremony to see the different things that we are doing with them in the community…so that they that they are doing with them in the community…so things that we to see the different ceremony come here. You know, the ones that are up here in DFO and forestry and the RCMP and whatnot, know, You come here. Elk gave all his ideas and knowledge, see, because we have our ideas and we have our have our ideas and we have because we see, all his ideas and knowledge, Elk gave everything we do here because we see how we are tied to the fish, the animals the plants we see how do here because we we everything here has some meaning to us in some way. everything I think [the guidelines are] more importantI think [the guidelines to fish and hunt and stuff when other nations come in go to Tk’emlúps… when we go in and we’re invited to go sit in, we used to be invited to go to, you you to go to, used to be invited to go sit in, we invited go in and we’re Tk’emlúps… when we go to grandparents - we use that. - we grandparents And [then] they have an understanding of the respect we have for, and we acknowledge it in acknowledge and we for, have of the respect we an understanding have And [then] they Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Skeetchestn Interview #6: Garlene Dodson, supra Interview #6: Skeetchestn Simpcw Interview #5: Pat Matthew, supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: supra Leon Eustache, Simpcw Interview #10: Donald, supra Tina Simpcw Interview #10: supra Marianne Ignace, Interview #6: Skeetchestn
b) Responsibility to acknowledge you are a guest and accept knowledge and resources with respect for the with respect for and resources are a guest and accept knowledge you b) Responsibility to acknowledge respect to the harvesting of resources by visitors and also provide scientific, ecological and/or traditional reasons provide scientific, ecological and/or of resources by visitors and also respect to the harvesting the development of a relationship, according to Dr. Marianne Ignace: Marianne Ignace: the development of a relationship, according to Dr. integrity of others’ laws, needs or interests: needs or interests: laws, integrity of others’ Matthew also notes that they are also important for expressing the needs and interests of a community to visitors: of a community needs and interests for expressing the are also important notes that they Matthew also 268 263 264 265 266 267 underpinning those guidelines. underpinning those to communicate needs and interests: the benefit of fulfilling the responsibility Leon Eustacheʼs reflection explains Dodson in her reflection on the Story of Porcupine, she notes: with them. For example, Tina Donald talks about her meetings with representatives of the Canadian Government Donald talks about her meetings with Tina with them. For example, whose decisions impact Secw when in their territories. This means listening and learning from your host. This is articulated well by Garlene listening and learning from your host. This means when in their territories. Finding ways to explain needs, interests and laws to outsiders also provides an opportunity to build relationships and laws to outsiders also provides an opportunity to build relationships Finding ways to explain needs, interests community members in Simpcw have developed guidelines around hunting and fishing, although these have not although these hunting and fishing, guidelines around have developed members in Simpcw community gone to the broader community for approval. Although these guidelines are viewed as helpful for enforcement, Pat for enforcement, viewed as helpful these guidelines are Although for approval. broader community gone to the Respecting the integrity of a neighbouring group includes the responsibility to understand their laws and knowledge Respecting the integrity of a neighbouring group includes the responsibility In other words, publishing guidelines like these could help communicate laws and community expectations with communicate laws and community guidelines like these could help In other words, publishing Communicating your needs or interests can be done by publishing information about your laws. For example, your laws. For example, information about done by publishing or interests can be your needs Communicating s land, it is critical for that person to acknowledge they are a guest. This allows When a person is in a neighbourʼs land, it is critical for that person to acknowledge they are a guest. and that you don’t have rights it starts to resources on that territory…not but giving something back, a don’t have just once by and that you on.” build relationship that you Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 52 This principleisrevealedalsointhenumberofstoriesaboutco-optingpracticesotherswithouttakingtime This underscorestheimportanceofrespectfullylisteningwhileavisitorinanotherʼscommunityandacknowledges The storycontinues: The storycontinueswithcoyotevisitingthehousesofFish-Oil-Man,Beaver-Man,andKingfisher-Man.Eachvisit The undercurrentofthisresponsibilityisthatitimportant nottoactoutofignoranceorexpectpeople I was toattemptdoingathingIknew nothingabout!” else, ok?.” and hewindsuphurt.” beaver man,fishoilmanandlikewise, he’s toldthesamething,but hedoesn’tlisten. todowhatthey Hetries do We inferfromGarleneʼscommentthatthisistheappropriateresponsewhenaguestwithinSecw Garlene Dodsonspeakstoinherreflectionofthe Coyote andHolxoli̓p,makingvulnerabletotheenvironment. As Coyoterecognizes,toolate, Coyote attemptstomimichishostsʼways.Eachtimeheismockedandinjuredbecauseofdisrespectfulactions. Canadian governmentofficials,andthelessonsCoyote receivesinhistravels.Ignoranceis,fact,whatDr. Ron and effort tolearntheprinciplesunderlyingthem.Manyofstoriesaboutbeingdeferentialothergroupsʼ Ignace identifiesin greater knowledgeinvolveCoyote.Inthesestories,Coyoteignorantlyimitateshishostsʼandfaces consequences fordoingso.Forexample,CoyoteandhisHostsstartswithtravellingtheearthhungry. Dr. RonIgnace,indiscussing thisstory, focusesonCoyoteʼsfailuretolistenhishosts: 274 273 272 271 270 269 that theknowledgeofahostisembeddedintheirhistory. into eachotherinawaythatcanhelpguidetheirongoing relationship. invited aguesttotheirterritory. respectfully iftheyareignorantofyourlaws. This iswhatunderliesthedevelopmentofguidelines,meetingswith its own–evenimproperlytakingoneachotherʼscustoms: knowledge andadvice.Oncethegroupsareabletodirectly meetinaspiritofmutualrecognition,theygaininsight beyond. At itsheart,thisresponsibilityisaboutrespectingtheintegrityandknowledgeofpeoplewhohas belittle anotherʼsknowledgeorlawsbypresumingtobeablecopytheirwayswithoutmakingtheeffort tohumbly begins withthehostprovidingresourcestoCoyotethroughadifferent methodofharvesting. As withFat-Man, learn moredeeplyaboutwhatunderliesparticularpractices. This connectsdeeplytothepracticeoflisteningthat
Story ofPorcupine, Story supra Skeetchestn #6: Interview RonIgnace, supra Coyote andHolxoli’p, supra Skeetchestn #6: Interview RonIgnace, supra Coyote andHisHosts, supra Coyote andHisHosts, supra (Skia’uzkelestî’mt). There was nothingtoeatinthehouse, andhethought, “What willthisoldman give metoeat?” The manknew histhoughtsand,makingthefireblaze brightly, hesatwithhis what?” saidCoyote. Andthemananswered, “My back, ofcourse.” Coyote refusedatfirst; but the saying, “You toimitateme, but try you cannotdoit. You fool! Don’tyou know itisIonlywhocando Now hethoughtcoulddothesamething: so, makingabigblaze, hisback tothefire. heturned But hisback burned; hairmadethemanangry, andthesmellofburning whothrew himoutside, mark wasmark leftontheman’s body. Hefound thefood was good. very man invited himtoeathisback. Coyote saidtohimself, “I willbitehisback tothebone, right and that?” kill him.” Goinguptotheman,hetookabigbite; but thepiececameaway inhismouth,andno bare back closeinfrontofit. Hisback becamesoftandgreasy, andheasked Coyote toeat. “Eat [Coyote] saw ahouse, entered,andfound itinhabitedby anoldmancalledFat-Man 273 Chief Swan identifies this problem and takes steps tohelpresolveitbymeetingandoffering ChiefSwanidentifiesthisproblemandtakessteps uphis 270
Story ofPorcupineStory note33at671-672. 271 note46at632. note41at627. note41at627-630. Inasimilarstory, CoyoteloseshiseyeswhenhetriestojugglethemlikeHolxoli̓pin note36at15. note36at17. s attempt to live in ways that are notproperly groupʼsattempttoliveinwaysthatare ascontributingtoeach Story ofPorcupineStory 272 Inthesestories,Coyoteteachespeoplethattheymustnot toyourself,“Be true tobelike somebody don’ttry notedabove. 274 Secwépemc “…he goes, meet[s]… Lands andResources Law Analysis é pemcúĺecw or “what afool 269
53 ANALYSIS “it always makes a makes “it always pemc territory. In most cases, In most pemc territory. é , that she believes this would be sa lies to the Grisly Bear sisters to ēʼsa lies to the Grisly E ’sa and his Brothers ’sa In that story, Tl In that story, E 276 Tl 278
279 pemc hospitality, as Richard LeBourdais identifies: pemc hospitality, é pemc representatives organized a drum song and prayer. Pat Matthew song and prayer. pemc representatives organized a drum é 281 , Anne Michel affirms that when people want something, they Anne Michel come to , For example, when representatives of the Sto̓lo Nation came to visit and For example, when representatives of ’sa and his Brothers. ’sa 275 note 69 at 11. note 29 at 12. 280 “if they went to Bonaparte… they would see somebody there, you know, and know, you to Bonaparte… went there, see somebody would “if they they E note 65 at 15-16. Tl note 64 at 7. She notes, in reference to 277 note 37 at 644-651. ’sa and his Brothers ’sa E Tl [A]nd that was pretty important … they acknowledged that, and…how can you go back home go back can you that, and…how pretty important[A]nd that was acknowledged … they [W]hoever takes them, you know, [tells them], “don’t go over there because you know we’ll be over be over we’ll know you there because go over “don’t [tells them], know, them, you takes [W]hoever but you need to recognize us…We manage our resources. We don’t want anybody else to come in anybody don’t want We manage our resources. us…We need to recognize you but here.” It’s your area, you know… [or] “that old grizzly is down that river you know.” You may not say not say may You know.” you that river “that old grizzly is down [or] know… area, you your It’s here.” important to do those traditions. and, you know, go crazy fishing… somebody just done that for you right. So I think that was pretty So I think that was right. you fishing… somebody just done that for go crazy know, and, you and decimate what we have. we and decimate what why “don’t go over there” and you may. and you there” over “don’t go why Secwépemc were caretakers of our territory and our lands… We will share, certainly, to a point, to a point, certainly, will share, territory of our We caretakers Secwépemc were and our lands… ’sa and his Brothers, supra and his Brothers, ’sa . E Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Simpcw Interview #10: Pat Matthew, supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #10: Adams Lake Interview #2: Anne Michel, supra Interview #2: Adams Lake Ibid Ibid. supra Matthew, Pat Simpcw Interview #5: SNTC Interview #4: Richard LeBourdais, supra Richard LeBourdais, SNTC Interview #4: Tl
proper recognition will be greeted with Secw proper recognition recalls: the Need or an Inequity Arises: People should share with others when they ask for resources properly or or properly resources for ask when they with others should share People or an Inequity Arises: the Need the same responsibility elsewhere, those resources without permission. those resources without the community and ask. For example, when people ask for huckleberries, she reflects that they are directed to the community and ask. For example, ii. Responsibility to Share Resources or Knowledge about the Land when the Request is Made Properly or Properly is Made the Request when the Land about or Knowledge Resources to Share Responsibility ii. 281 277 278 279 280 275 276 Nevertheless, as Anne Michel notes, the responsibility does not stop at just showing where certain resources are. Anne Michel notes, the responsibility does not stop Nevertheless, as when elders visited the lower Fraser, Secw when elders visited the lower Fraser, when it is needed. when it is Following protocols is one way to make a request appropriately, as Pat Matthew observes: as Pat Matthew a request appropriately, Following protocols is one way to make out of a sense of hospitality. get them angry, knowing that angering them will make their hair fall out and allow him to collect arrow-points, which their hair fall out and allow him to knowing that angering them will make get them angry, Reflecting on a) When the request is made properly. the request is made When a) guest where to go in order to protect the interests of the community or the guest from harm: guest where to go in order to protect someone who knows where to harvest them. That knowledgeable person then shows the guest where to pick them, That knowledgeable person then shows them. someone who knows where to harvest are loosely embedded in their skin. Once he reveals his lie, the sisters tell him they would have willingly shared the lie, the sisters tell him they would have in their skin. Once he reveals his are loosely embedded is the alternative to seeking out asking properly assume, as in the story, asked for some. We arrow stone had he We see this sentiment echoed in see this sentiment We Asking properly to be shared with acknowledges the legitimacy and integrity of Secw the legitimacy and with acknowledges to be shared Asking properly somebody would take them to where these rocks are.” are.” them to where these rocks take somebody would when they’ve provided you a gift…” a gift…” you provided when they’ve difference when tradition is involved… it sets the tone for a good relationship… it’s hard to fight with somebody it’s a good relationship… it sets the tone for is involved… when tradition difference The responsibility to share resources or knowledge arises out of the relationship of interdependence. the relationship of arises out of or knowledge to share resources The responsibility The person with knowledge about the land would also be responsible for restricting what they share, or directing the land would also be responsible for restricting what they share, or directing The person with knowledge about the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 54 Jules recallshisfamilyʼsdisplacementfromtheCstalnect̓etmicwandarrivaltoliveamongsttheirSexqeltkemc (Kwol Witness accountsshowthisresponsibilityhasarisenintimesofenvironmentalorpoliticalpressure.Ronnie We seeneedtriggeringthisresponsibilityinthe Implicit inbothofthesestatementsistheinferencethat people whoweredisplacedbecauseofcolonialpoliciesor One whenasked,andisrewardedwithanabundanceoffood,abrandnewcanoe,ironaxe. economic forcesweretakeninbyotherSecw share inthelandandresourcesbecauseaneedarose. sometimes shareeveninthefaceofotherdifferences. Shereflectsongatheringswheredifferent communities Resources arealsosharedwhenaneedorinequalityisevident. As Julianna Alexander describes,groups other: discuss thefairdistributionofresources: PElkamuʼlox willalwayshaveproblemsifheandhispeoplestaywheretheyare. PElkamuʼlox andhisfort.Kwol Finally, 286 285 284 283 282 unsuccessful intheirattemptstofindasuitabletreebuildcanoe. The fourthbrothershareshisfoodwithOld- the other, tellingthemeachthatheishungry. The firstthreebrothersdonotsharefoodwithOld-One, andare that arisefromsharingresourceswiththevulnerable.Instory, Old-Oneasksfourbrothersforfood,oneafter that responsibility. relatives. infer fromthisaccountthatKwol non-existent. Inthiscontext,accordingtoJulianna,Secw b) When theneedoraninequalityarises. land andresourcerightstoPElkamuʼloxspeopleinSecw
Splatsín Interview #3: SplatsínInterview Julianna Alexander, supra Adams Lake #2: Interview RonnieJules, supr Old-One andtheBrothers, supra The FishLake Accord,supr #3:Splatsín Interview Julianna Alexander, supra í la) seekingouthisbrotherPElkamuʼlox(theheadOkanaganChief),afterhearingofthemanyattackson …any kindofdisputelike thatheathmental,emotional,physical, you spiritual know, they found a Old-One andtheBrothers extinct by theway, asthegovernment would say. They arejustlivingamongus. Andsothat’s one I thinkthat’s why we endedupwithalotofdifferent orpeoplelivingindifferent reserves places- way to…trade for thatinformation, orthey would even theirson give uptheirdaughtertomarry so…that wasn’t adisputeresolution,but itwas amust resolution. Becausethey asked ifthey could a happy optionalproblem solvingway. With human’s medicinesandplantsgoods-that’s how ofhow theyand thatwas dealtwiththator, part viseversa, like theFishLake Accord. They found that was oneofthebiggestthings. They always shared,even thoughthey maybe didn’tgetalong, true theytrue arestillliving,withotherbands. thing thatpeoplehave toremember: the[Canadian]government says they’re extinct, but that’s not the otherthingslike thedamsthatwere built andeverything -peoplemoved fromtheretohere it went. haven’t gotenoughfood over here.” Or “our plantsaredepletedandsick. Doyou have something?” but they they enoughtosay trusted well, “hey, ah,we have enoughfood over here,” or “hey, we be withyou, live withyou becausethere’s nooneelsethereorwhatever. You know, they’re not because they managedtogosomewhere and build afamily there…Iknow the[Canadian]law and [T]hey hadmeetings, like Isaid,they hadtheseceremonialthingsandthey always sharedand 285 Julianna todisplaceanddeclarecommunities governments Alexander recallsthedecisionsofcolonial 282 a note7at1-2. note39at643. í la persuadesPElkamuʼloxtoleavehisfortandgonorthwithhimashebelieves í la seesaneedtoassistandshareresourcestakesactionoutofsense is a tale of generosity that illustrates this obligation by highlighting therewards isataleofgenerositythatillustratesthisobligationbyhighlighting a note67at4-5. note17at21. note17at17. é pemc communities.Inthiscontext,theywereoutsiders allowed to Fish Lake Accord. 286 é é pemc peoplealwaysmanagedtoaccommodateeach pemc territoryinaplacewherethepeoplearesafe.We 283 The oralhistoryrecountstheKamloopsChief Secwépemc The FishLake Accord Lands andResources Law Analysis 284
provides
55 ANALYSIS Coyote Coyote In that story, a lost child is In that story, pemc territory and also the é
291 Finally, we infer a right to hospitality from Finally, Story of the Salmon-Boy. 290 Guests have the right to be protected while Guests have the right 287 288 the members of two local houses join together to defeat a Coyote and his Hosts (How Coyote Broke the Ice Dam), The the Ice Dam), Broke Coyote and his Hosts (How Coyote Other groups have a right to receive resources when they ask a right to receive resources when they Other groups have General Restatements of Law: General Restatements note 92 at 8-9. Fishes and the Cannibal, Coyote and his Hosts, Story and his Hosts, of the Salmon- Coyote Fishes and the Cannibal, note 24 at 670-671. note 48 at 690. pemcúĺecw: é note 41 at 627-628. The Fishes and the Cannibal, In ecw. Many witnesses talk of this right in the context of the relationship between “guest” Many witnesses talk of this right in the context of the relationship between pemcúĺecw. 289 é properly or there is a need: properly or there is in Secw The Right to Safe Passage and Hospitality: and Passage The Right to Safe The Right to Resources: The Right to Resources: Boy, Skeetchestn Interview #6: Marianne Ignace. Interview #6: Skeetchestn Boy, Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Adams Lake Interview #7: Witness 7, Simpcw Interview #10: 7, Simpcw InterviewWitness #10: Interview #7: Adams Lake Wind, of the Chinook Liberation Pat Matthew, Simpcw Interview #10: Tina Donald. Tina Donald. Simpcw Interview #10: Matthew, Pat In that story, Coyote is travelling and encounters many different people. In each instance, the host is people. In each instance, the host Coyote is travelling and encounters many different In that story,
i. ii. belong to the country so they don’t have relatives there. …They’re from the outside. And they don’t And they from the outside. …They’re there. relatives belong to the country don’t have so they house then you give back…you make presents. make back…you give house then you have rights to hunt, to pick berries, to fish like Secwépemc people would have and that’s why you you why and that’s have would Secwépemc people berries, to fish like rights to hunt, to pick have in here, like the trading people, Secwépemc people fed them and even gave them their girls as gave them and even people fed Secwépemc people, the trading like in here, their wives and the expectation, then, is that if you’re treated well as a guest in somebody else’s as a guest in somebody else’s treated well then, is that if you’re and the expectation, their wives that come to visit… they’re qwenqwent, they’re pitiful. And the reason they’re pitiful is they don’t don’t pitiful is they reason they’re And the pitiful. they’re qwenqwent, that come to visit… they’re here. country, in our own as strangers themselves would take pity on them and invite them in. And then you feed them because they can’t provide for for can’t provide them because they feed And then you them in. pity on them and invite take would What the role is between the host, the people who live in a place, and the guests from outside in a place, who live the host, the people What the role is between You’re at the mercy of your hosts in a way and so in those days when those first Seme7u’w’i came when those first Seme7u’w’i came and so in those days hosts in a way of your at the mercy You’re
Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law Coyote and his Hosts, supra and his Hosts, Coyote Ibid. supra Story of the Salmon-Boy, The Fishes and the Cannibal, supra
Skeetchestn Interview #6: Marianne Ignace, supra Marianne Ignace, Interview #6: Skeetchestn
possible dangers. hospitality, but also of safe passage. This theme is taken up in This but also of safe passage. hospitality, they are in Secw i. The Right to Safe Passage and Hospitality: Guests have the right to be protected while in Secwépemcúl’ecw. the right to be protected Guests have and Hospitality: Passage The Right to Safe i. How should other groups with overlapping/adjoining territories expect people to act in their territories? How How territories? their in act to people expect territories overlapping/adjoining with groups other should How Both stories and witnesses speak to the importance of ensuring that well-meaning outsiders are cared for when importance of ensuring that well-meaning outsiders are cared for when Both stories and witnesses speak to the Because of this recognition that visitors are vulnerable, we see their rights as encompassing not just one of Because of this recognition that visitors are vulnerable, we see their rights 291 287 288 289 290 welcoming to Coyote, and offers him resources even without being asked. welcoming to Coyote, and offers cannibal that is harming unaware outsiders who cross its path. She expresses this right in terms of recognizing the vulnerability of guests in Secw She expresses this right in terms of recognizing should people expect to be treated when they need access to resources within another group’s territory? within another group’s to resources need access be treated when they to expect should people Discussion: Rights of other Territorial Groups Territorial of other Rights same knowledge of or entitlements to resources: same knowledge of or entitlements to safeguarded by the salmon people, and sent home in the care of the sockeye instead of the king salmon to avoid safeguarded by the salmon people, and sent home in the care of the sockeye ʼ lands: expectation of being treated well in others and “host.” For example, Dr. Marianne Ignace speaks of recognizing the needs of outsiders, who do not have the Marianne Ignace speaks of recognizing and “host.” For example, Dr. and his Hosts. Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 56 Two cases expresslyillustratetheSecw Chinook Wind, Although Secw Other groups have arighttoreceiveresources whenthey askproperly orwhenthereisaneed. access arisesin One witnessnotesatimewherethesharingoflandsandresourceswascommonitmaynothavebeen are unsuccessful. Although thetwostealheat,itisimportanttonotetheydonotdepriveHeatPeopleof even whenthereisextremeneed,therighttoaccessresourceswithoutconsentlimitedbylegalprinciple that salmon. The memorandumsetsout,inadditiontootherthings,aresponsibilityconsiderbothconservationand shiver.295 FoxandHaredecidetotravelsouththeHeatPeople,whoarehoardingwarmair. The twoenter Secw Secw Secw Similarly, thecurrentdiscussionsaboutsalmonharvestalongFraserRiveracknowledgesarightof obligation tomakearequestinmostcircumstances. circumstances, actionmaybetakentoredistributeresourceswithoutconsent.Forexample,in what theyneed,onlyensuretheneededwarmthcanbesharedbySecw Nevertheless, thestoriesandinterviewsdiscussedinresponsibilitytoshareresourcessuggestthereisan 295 294 293 292 ii. The RighttoAccessResources: that hasbeenpreventingthesalmonfrommigrating. the houseofSunshineandstealabagwithChinookWind. The HeatPeopletrytostopFoxandHare,but necessary toaskpermission: performs agoodturnforallofthepeopleslivingalongFraserRiverbybreakingweiratriverʼsmouth between theSecw people mustnottakemoreresourcesthantheyneed.
This agreement hassincebeensignedbythe parties.
Liberation oftheChinook Wind, supra #10:Simpcw Interview Pat Matthew, #10: supra note65at15andSimpcw Interview Tina Donald,supra Coyote andhisHosts, supra Adams Lake #7: Interview Witness 7,supra é é é pemc harvestingneedsinfuturefishingplans. pemc andLowerFraserFishery Alliance isaboutensuringthatsalmonaresharedinamoreequitableway pemc totheirfairshareofsalmononit.Specifically, thememorandumofunderstandingbetween Okanagan, we picked inLillooetorwent fishinginLillooet… berries [B]efore we were allonepeople, we never orstufflike that,we picked hadterritories inthe berries theColdPeoplemakecoldwindsblow, causingharmtothepeoplewhosuffer andconstantly é pemc lawdoesrequiregueststoseekconsentforresourceuseinmostcases,urgent How Coyote Broke theIceDam é pemc andtheFirstNationsonLowerFraser, whoarecurrentlythebiggestharvestersof note41at629-630. note21at624. note264at26.
é pemc righttoobtainaccessresources. The generalprincipleofequal (contained within 293 294
Coyote andhisHosts note135at15. 292 é pemc aswell.Fromthisweinferthat
Secwépemc
). Inthisstory, Coyote Lands andResources Law Analysis The Liberation ofthe
57 ANALYSIS 300 la travels travels la í
299 “the foundation “the foundation
pemc society. We identified We pemc society. é ’sa and his Brothers, Fish Lake Accord, Fish Lake and his Brothers, ’sa E sa is dependent on the information his “mother” ēʼsa is dependent on the information his E Tl s disrespect of his brother, Fox. Coyote recounts Coyoteʼs disrespect of his brother, ’sa and his Brothers, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation and his Brothers, ’sa E Tl Story of Hu’pken, Tl Story of Hu’pken, Community well-being assistance. depends on mutual General Restatements of Law: General Restatements recounts the story of two related chiefs. The Kamloops Chief Kwol recounts the story of two related chiefs. ’sa and his Brothers, ’sa E Fish Lake Accord, Story of Porcupine, War with the Sky People. War Accord, StoryFish Lake of Porcupine, Tl note 106 at 4. In note 8. Another witness spoke of family being core in establishing different protocols when familyAnother witness spoke of different being core in establishing note 74 at 9. la persuades PElkamuʼlox to leave his fort in Sali̓lxw and go north for protection. 298 í 296 note 37 at 644-651. 297 note 7 at 1-2. Fish Lake Accord Fish Lake note 49 at 710-711. 301 Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind and the Big and Fox Coyote pken is abandoned by his community, but his grandmother, also left behind, teaches him but his grandmother, , Hu̓pken is abandoned by his community, s mother/aunt forgets to tell him critical information, she sends her grandson to tell him. ēʼsaʼs mother/aunt forgets to tell him critical information, she sends her grandson c) Those Capable to those Vulnerable: to those Vulnerable: Those Capable c) b) Leaders to Community: b) Leaders to Community: Dependence and Interdependence: Interdependence: Dependence and Another: to One a) Families Members Interview #10: Tina Donald. Interview #10: Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind, Skeetchestn Interview #1: Ron Ignace, Simpcw Interview #5: Witness 1. Simpcw Interview #5: Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Wind, Skeetchestn Big and the and Fox Coyote Water Monster, Story of Famine, Fishes and the Cannibal, Story of Tcotcu’lca, StoryTcotcu’lca, Simpcw and the Cannibal, Story Fishes Hu’pken, of of StoryFamine, of Monster, Water based on family practices or family traditions - that’s what everything is based around here, right? is based around here, what everything - that’s traditions or family practices based on family give a quick thanks. I mean, some people do ceremony before they go out and hunt. I guess it’s all I guess it’s go out and hunt. they before people do ceremony I mean, some thanks. a quick give Giving your thanks so that you could provide for your family…That’s how our people harvest today - our people harvest today how family…That’s your for could provide thanks so that you Giving your E Your core family. Your ’sa and his Brothers, supra and his Brothers, ’sa
E Lands and Resources Law Analysis Lands and Resources Law i.
Coyote and Fox and the Big Wind, supra and the Big and Fox Coyote The Fish Lake Accord, supra The Fish Lake Skeetchestn Interview #1: Ron Ignace, supra Ron Ignace, Interview #1: Skeetchestn Witness 1, supra Simpcw Interview #5: Story supra of Hu’pken, Tl
body and he is left with no clothes. Coyoteʼs final thoughts are that he has not been good to his brother and that he must go talk to him. harvesting: resources. Responsibilities and rights flow from these relationships. resources. Responsibilities and rights 301 300 three central relationships of dependence and interdependence in the interviews and stories relating to land and and interdependence in the interviews and stories relating to land and three central relationships of dependence to find his brother, the head Okanagan Chief PElkamuʼlox, after hearing that there have been many attacks on to find his brother, i. Dependence and Interdependence: Community well-being depends on mutual assistance. depends on mutual well-being Community Dependence and Interdependence: i. c. Community c. 296 297 298 299 Leaders? Vulnerable/those in need? Vulnerable/those Leaders? Dependence and interdependence are fundamental to all relationships within Secw Dependence and interdependence are Finally, the story of Finally, Coyoteʼs They fly off decides to steal Foxʼs fancy clothes, then climbs up a mountain to see them flow in the wind. PElkamuʼlox and his fort. Kwol a) Family Members to One Another. Members a) Family Several stories underscore the special obligations that arise from the relationship within families. For example, in obligations that arise from the relationship within families. For example, Several stories underscore the special Discussion: Relationships within the Community within the Relationships essential skills for his survival. What are the significant relationships related to natural resources within this group? within this group? to natural resources related the significant relationships What are When Tl When (aunt) provides him to kill the cannibals, and depends on his brothers to rescue him and help him on his journey. him and help him on his journey. (aunt) provides him to kill the cannibals, and depends on his brothers to rescue of our laws, our kinship ties.” our kinship ties.” of our laws, Story of Hu’pken The first key relationship is among family members. Dr. Ron Ignace calls the extended family the Ron Ignace calls the extended members. Dr. The first key relationship is among family The oral account of the Secwépemc
ANALYSIS 58 This responsibility to This responsibility useknowledgeorskillsto in acommunityalsoarisesinterviews provide for those vulnerable There areanumberofstoriesinwhichcertainpeopleobligatedtousetheirstrengthorknowledgeaddress Liberation oftheChinook Wind, (Kwelaa̓llst) haveknowledgethatisnecessarytothesuccessofstrongestmemberscommunity. Tl In In the and stories. Tina DonaldnotesthecommunityfreezerinSimpcw, whichisstockedwithfishforelders,single also makesuseofhisparticularpowerstodefeattheevilbeingsharmingcommunity. example, inthe easier forthewholecommunity. c) Those Capable to Those Vulnerable. sustenance forhispeople. skins andotherscrapstosurvive. Relations betweenthecapableandvulnerableencompasstwokindsofdependence:thosestrongorskilledto danger inacommunityʼsenvironment.In disagreement betweentheirtwopeoples. well fed. with Porcupine and Crow. When he asks Crow how his community is doing, Crow tells him they are all starving, and who relyonit. Hu̓pken thengivesresourcestoCrowsharewiththecommunity. Leaders, asnotedabove,arekeydecision-makersandtheircommunitiesdependentondecisions.For famine, whichisharmingthehumans. those whoareweaker, andthosewithresourcestowithout. to maintainthestructurethatwasbuildensuresafetyoftheirpeople,whichhasadevastatingeffect onthose to helpthecommunitydefeatcannibalin the resourcesorabilitytodoso. 305 304 303 302 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 have specificrolesbecauseofspecializedknowledgeandexpertise. his challenge. b) Leaders toCommunity. parents, andothersinneed. Story of Story Tcotcu’lca,
Tl The War with theSkyPeople, supra ofPorcupine,Story supra The FishLake Accord,supra Story ofHu’pken, supra Story of Story Tcotcu’lca, supra Ibid. #10:Simpcw Interview Tina Donald,supra The FishesandtheCannibal,supra ofFamine,Story supra Water Monster, supra Liberation oftheChinook Wind, supra E Water Monster, ’sa andhisBrothers, supra 312 Hu̓pkenin 307 304 Fish Lake Accord, Certainindividuals–themastercanoemaker, spear maker, paddlemaker, andclothingmaker– note9at21-25. note166at700-701. note49at710-711. thefourthandonlysuccessfulwarriorreliesonentirecommunitytohelphimpreparefor Tcotcu̓lca becomesasuccessfulhunterand“filledallthelodgeswithmeat,”sothatare note33at671-672. note47at718-720. Story ofHu’pken Story note7at1-2. note37at644-651. 302 310 Swanʼsefforts toinviteElkdiscusstheirdifferences, in note23at749. note24at670-671. note21at624. She also notes that when fishing itiscriticaltoharvestforthosewhodonothave Shealsonotesthatwhenfishing aretheonlyoneswhohaveskillsrequiredtoliberatewarmthandmakelife 306 311 note135at11. 313 s decision to accept Kwol PElkamuʼloxsdecisiontoaccept
Laterinthestory, hisresources Hu̓pkenbecomesagreathunterandshares 308 isabandonedbyhiscommunity, a fewfish butRavenandCrowleavehim Sturgeon and Swan are the key community members with knowledge able are thekeycommunitymemberswithknowledge SturgeonandSwan 303 Tl E Finally, in Fishes andtheCannibal. ’sa andhisBrothers, The War withtheSkyPeople, boththeold(Tl In Story ofFamineIn Story 309
í laʼs offer togonorthprovidessafetyand Secwépemc E ēʼsaʼs “mother”)andtheyoung Black BearandWolverine fail Story ofPorcupine,Story , Tekie̓tcen trainstokill 305 Lands andResources Law Analysis FoxandHare,in endsthe E The ēʼsa
59 ANALYSIS ’sa ’sa
E Dr. Dr. 315 314
’sa and his Brothers, and his Brothers, ’sa E Tl People are responsible for People are responsible People are responsible for helping People are responsible Story of Porcupine Adams Lake Interview Adams Lake Story of Porcupine
People are responsible for the transmission of People are responsible for the transmission “that’s how people helped one another.” people helped one another.” how “that’s
Story of Grasshopper, Story of Hu’pken, Story of The One Bound The One Bound Story Story of Hu’pken, Story of of Grasshopper, General Restatements of Law: General Restatements note 106 at 10. note at 18. The Story of the Bush-Tailed Rat, Story of Tcotcu’lca, Coyote and Fox, Coyote and Coyote and Fox, Tcotcu’lca, Coyote Rat, Story of The Story of the Bush-Tailed ’sa and his Brothers, The Story of the Bush-Tailed Rat, Story Old-One of Hu’pken, The Story of the Bush-Tailed and his Brothers, ’sa Story of Tcotcu’lca, Story of Hu’pken, The Liberation of the Chinook Wind, Tl Wind, of the Chinook The Liberation StoryTcotcu’lca, Story of Hu’pken, of