Rev. Mus. Argentina Cienc. Nat., n.s. Z(li: 1-15,2000 Duenos Area ISSN 1514-5158
Biogeographic delimitation of the Subantarctic subregion and its provinces
Juan J. MORRONE
Museo de Zoologfa, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 70-399, 04510 Mexico D.F., Mhxico.
Abstract: The Subantarctic subregion, which belongs to the Andean region of the Austral kiiigdom, comprises the austral Andes from 37" south latitude to Cabo de Piornos, the archipelago oFsouthern Chile and Argentina, and the Malvinas, South Georgia, and Juan Ferndndez islands. The Subantarr::ie subregion comprises six provinces: Maulo (southern Ciiiie and Argentina, between 31-37" south latitude), Valdivian (southern Chile and Argentina, south of the Mauic province, reaching 47" south latitude), Magellanic forest (southern Chile from 47" south latitude to Cabo de Ilornos, and southern Argentina in small portions of westcrn SanLa Cruz and Tierra del Fuem), Magellanic moorland (southern Chile and Argentina,limited by the Marellanie forest urovinee
(Chilean islands of Masatir~raor Robinson Cmsoe, Masafuucra or Alcjandro ~ekirk,and Santa Clara, situated in the Pacific ocean, 600 km west of Valpar.aiso, at 33' south latitude).
Key words: Subantarctic, biogeography, South America.
The Subantarctic subregion basically Lopretto, 1994; Maury et al., 1996), which could compriscs the austral Andes and several small evidence a former connection between these islands of southern Argentina and Chile areas. (Morrone, 1996d, 1999). Its reinarkable biota has My objective is to formalize a new attracted the attention of several authors. Some biogeographic scheme for the Subantarctic of them (Monrds, 1958; Kuschel, 1960; Cabrera subregion, providing the taxa endemic or & Willink, 1973; Cabrera, 1976; Crisci et a/., characteristic to it and its provinces. 1991; Morrone, 1996c, d) emphasized the distinctiveness of the Subantarctic biota and its MATERIAL AND METHODS close relationship with the Australasian biota. Cabrera (1976) listed several plant genera Distributioilal data for this study were distributed in the Subantarctic subregion as obtained from the literature. Names and weil as in Australia, New Zealand, and/ or New classification of the bird and mammal taxa follow Gninea, namely, Abrotanella, Aristolelia, Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Nowak (19911, Astelia, Carpha, Donatia, Drapetes, Eucryphia, respectively. For the subregion and each Caimardia, Laurelia, Lomatia, Luzuriaga, province, the distribution of an endemic taxon is Marsippospermum, ~Vothofagus, Oreobolus, represented as an individual track (see Morrone Orites, Phyllacne, Pseudopanax, Rostlzowia, & Crisci, 1995; Craw et al., 1999). Schoenus, Selliera, Tetrachondra, and Veroni- ca. RESULTS Within South America, the Subantarctic subregion has been placed in the Andean region Subantarctic subregion (Morrone, 1999),where it is considered to be most (Figs. 1, 2) closely related to the Central Chilean subregion The Subantarctic subregion (Morrone, 1999) (Morrone, 1994b; Morrone etal., 1997; Troncoso comprises the austral Andes, from 37' south & Romero, 1998). In addition, this subregion latitude to Caho de llornos, including the shows also some biotic relationships with the archipelago of southern Chile andArgentina, the Parana subregion of the Neotropical region Malvinas or Falkiand islands, South Georgia (Kuschel, 1960; Cabrcra, 1976; Morrone & island, and Juan Ferntindez islands. It comprises 2 Reursta del Museo Argentina de CIenczus Naturales, n. s. 2 (I), 2000 six provinces (Fig. 1).The track ofGermainiellus 1989); Araliaceae: Pseudopanax (Cahrera, 1976). (Fig. 2) is representative of the subregion. Asterales. Asteraceae: Ahrotanella, Eriocaulon, Leucheria coerulescens, L, diernii, L. !nagnu, Synonyms. Moist Andean zone (Shannon, Macrachacnium,Perezia nutans, and Triptilion acizillae 1927: 3), Chilean district (Cabrera &Yepes, 1940: (Cabrera, 1976; Katinas et al., 1992; Katinas, 1995). 161, Subantarctic forests (Soriano, 1950: 331, Campanulales. Donatiaeeae: Doriatia (Cabrera, 1976). Subantarctic province (Cabrera, 1951: 23, 1953: Fagales. Nothaiagaceae: Nothofagus (Cranwell, 1964; 107, 1.958: 200, 1971: 37, 1976: 72; Cabrera & Fleming, 1964; Humpbries, 1981; Humphries & Willink, 1973: 97; Morrone, 1994b: 191, 1996c: Parenti, 1.986; Humphrios et al., 1986; Grehan, 1991; 106; Posadas et al., 1997: 2; Carpintero, 1998: Seherg, 1991; 1511 & Jordan, 1993; Linder & Crisp, 148; Roig, 1998: 140),AustraIcordilleran domain 1995). Laurales. Gomorlecaccae: Go,norteca iCabrera, (Ringuelet, 1955b: 841, Subantarctic Ibrests 1976); Monirniaeeae: Laurelia (Cabrera, 1976). region (Hueck, 1957: 401, Araucanian subregion Malvales. E1aeoeaqaceae:Aristotelia chilensis (Coode, 1984). Myrtalcs. Myrtaceae: Tepualia (Cahrera, 1976); (Monrds, 1958: 145; Ringuelet, 1961: 156; Onagracoae: Epilobiun~australe, E. niuale, E. Rapoport, 1968: 751, Austral-cordilleran domain puberulum, and Fuchsia inirgellanica (Solomon, 1982; (Ringuelet, 1961: 1601, Andean-Patagonian Belly, 1989);Thymeleaci,ae i)ropetrs (Cabrera,1976). forests (Ragonese, 1966: 351, Chilean province Proteales. Proteaceae:/i'i~tii~~i/triumand Orites (Cabre- (Fittkau, 1969: 6421, SouthernAndes (Sick, 1969: ra, 1976; Weston & Crxip, 1987, 1994, 1996). 4651, Subantarctic domain (Cahrera, 1971: 36; Restionales. Restionaceat: (Ellsrnore, 1991). Rosales. Cahrera & Willink, 1973: 96; Cabrera, 1976: 711, Eucrmhiaeeae: Eucwphi(i (Ciibrera, 1976).Santalales. Nothofagus centre (~Miiller, 1973: 1551, Patagonian province (Ringuelet, 1975: 1071, Andean Subantarctic region (Rivas-Martinez & Veronica (Cabrere, i976). ANNELID^ Mirudinea. Glossiphoniiformes. Glossiphoniidae: Glossiphonia Tovar, 1983: Chilean subregion (Flint, 1.98% ~msrmhrinaandflelobdella scutifera (Ringuelet, 1985). 11, Valdivian-Magellanian region (Rivas- Hirudiniiormes. Americobdellidae: Arnrricobdella Martinez & Navarro, 1994: map), Subantarctic (Ringuelet, 1968); Semiscolecidac: Patagoniobdella area (Coscaron & Goscaron-Arias, 1995: 7261, (Ringuelet, 1985). ARTNROPODA. Arachnids. Altoandean province (Roig, 1998: 139), and Araneae. Anyphaenidae: Acanthoceto cinereus, A, pi- Subantarctic subregion (Morrone, 1999: 13). chi, Aporatea, and Ferreria (Gerschman de Pikelin & Vegetation. Forests with dominant species Schiapelli, 1975; Ramirez, 1997); Dipluridae: belonging to the Austral genera Nothofagus, Seotinoecus (Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin, 1968); Mimetidae: Onolus (Platnick; 1993). Opiliones. Dacrydium, Saxegothaea, Auslrocedrus, Caddidae: Austropsopilio (Cokendolpher & Maury, Pilgerodendron, and Fitzroya (Rothkiigel, 1916; 1990). Pseudoscorpionida. Chthoniidae: Skottsberg, 1921, 1960; Cahrera, 1971, 1976; Austrochthonius chilensis (Vitali-Di Castri, 1975); Cabrera & Willink, 1973). There are also Vachoniidae: Beierohisium (Qitali-Di Castri, 1970). moorlands and other areas lacking Nothofagus, Chilopada Geophilomorpha. Geophilidae: e.g., the Juan Fernandez, South Georgia, and Schendyluides (Pereira et al., 1997; Pereira, 1998). Malvinas islands. Inclusion of the latter within Crustacea. Anomapoda. llyoeryptidae: Ilyoeryptus the Subantarctic subregion, however, was breuidentatus (Paggi, 1998). Capepoda. postulated by Ringuelet (1955a) and supported Canthocamptidae:Aitheyella crenulata (Menu Marque by more recent cladistic biogeographic analyses & Bosnia, 1986). Decapoda. Aegiidae: Ae& alaealufi and A. dertticulata (Morronc & Lopretto, 1994; (Morrone, 1993a; Morrone et al., 1994; Posadas Morrone, 1996b). Hexapoda. Coleoptera. Attelabidac: et al., 1997). Minurus (Morrone & Posadas, 1998); Belidae: Taxa. FUNGI. Cyttariales. Cyttariaceae: Atractuc/ius,Diconlylus, and 1Fichophtalmus(Kuschol, Cyttaria darwinii, C, berteroi, C, hooheri, C, hariotii, 1959; Vanin, 1976; Morrone & Roig-Juiient, 1995; C. espiriosae, C. johowii, and C. exigua (Elumphries et Morrone, 1996d); Carabidne: Antarctiula, al., 1986; Crisciet al.. 1988: Sebers, 1991: Itoin-Juiient, Aiitarctonoinus, Baqpus iAmthynwJ, Bcrnhidarenas, Ceroglossini, Creobius, Cascellius, Falsodromius, Merizodus, Nothar~illus, Nothocascellius, Psevdomi~adops,and Systaiosornini (Jeannel, 1938, ~. 1962; Straneo, 1951; Erwin, 1972; Reichardt, 1977; Cyperaceae: Carpha, Oreobolw, andschoenus (Cabre- RoigJuiient, 1992a, b,1994b, 19958, b, 1998; Morrone ra, 19763. Juncales. Juncaceae: Marsipposperinu,n and et al., 1994);Chlysomelidae: Sirnomela (Manriis, 1958); Rastkowia (Cahrera, 1976). Liliales Liiiaceae: Astelia, Cleridac: Ettry,nrtoputn spp. (Soiervicens, 1986, 1987; Lwuriaga, and Piiilesia (Cabrera, 1976). Restionales. Morrone et el., 1994); Curculionidae: Antarctobius, Centrolepidaeeae: Cai~nardia(Cabrera, 1976). Antiionomus ornatiis species group, Aterpini, Magnoliopsida. Apiales. Apiaceae: Azorella Atrici~onotus pacificus, Dasydrna hirtella, filamentosa,A. lycopodioides, and A. selago (Martinez, Falhlartdiellas, Falklandius generic group, ubregion and ctsprouznces 3
Hypsochila argyrodile (Field & Herrera, 19771. Neuroptera. Memerobiidae: Conchopterella, Gayomyia, Hemerobius chilensis, H. nehoi, H. stcnopterus, and Megalomus nigratus (Oswald, 1993; Monserrat, 1996, 1997). Odonata. Austropetaliidae: Rheopetalia rex (Carle, 1996);Cordu1idae:Rialla uillosa (Muzh, 1995); Libellulidae: Sympetrunz uillosurn (Muzbn, 19951; Neapetalidae: Neopetalia punctata (Muzbn, 1995); I'etaluridae: Phenes r. raptor (Muzbn, 1995). Orthootera. Tristiridae: Tropidostethini (Cigliano, 198961. Plecaptera. ~mphipnoidae(MU& & Magelianic Bachmann, 1998); Eustheniidae: Neuroperla forest escheridingi and Neuroperlopsis patris (Bachmann, 19951; Notonemouridae: Neofulla, Neonemura, and Udamocercia (Bachmann, 19951. Trichoptera. Hydrobiosidae (Angrisano, 1995); Hydropsychidae: Srnicridea dreora, S. rrrircronata, S. penal, and S. pucara (Flir~L,1989). VF,KTEBRATA. Amphibia. Anura. Leptodactylidae: B
Willink, 1973: 99; Cabrera, 1976: 731, Valdivian Roig-Juiient, 1995; Morrono & Posadas, 1998); region (O'Brien, 1971: 2031, Maule district (Ca- C1eridac:Eurymetopum frigidus,E.gayi, andE.uittula brera & Willink, 1973: 98), Valdivian area (Solervieens, 1886); Curcuiionidae: Argorhinus (Artigas, 1975: map), Valdivian province (Rivas- albolineatus, A. bouiei, A. nitens, A. suturnlis, Martinez & Navarro, 1994: map), Maule (Roig- Antl~onumusaruucanus, A. cl~ilicoln,Araucarietus, Amucarius chilensis, A. major, A. medivs, A. minor, Juiient, 1994b: 181), and Maule province Caluertius, Cylydrori~i~~vsiriaeyuatus, Dosyden~a (Morrone, 1999: 14). aiin~~cella,Ei~i~~giu~,Eu~~1~~tesselati~s,Genio~~~e~nnus Vegetation. Transitional temperate forests, chilie,isis; Hybreoleptops aureosignatw, Lan~iarhinus with some biotic elements from the Central horridus, Listroderes breuirostris,Megialorr~etidesspp., Chilean subregion. Dominant piant species are Megalov~elisandigena, Nothofagi,ioides, Ornuides Acaenu pinnatifida, Alstroemeria aurantiucu, validus, Planus, Polydrusus roseus, Rhyepl~erresb.ayi, Aristotelia chilensis,Boccharisconcaoa, Berberis R. lateralis, Tartarisus perforatipennrs, and T. buxifolia, Boquila trifoliata, Chusquea couleu, subfnscintus (Kuschei, 1952, 1966; May, 1967; Riihm, Cortaderia pilosu, Cryptocaria mammosa, 1987; Clark & Burkc, 1988; Morrone, 199Za, 199Ga, e; Escallonia uirgata, Lapageria rusea. Laureliu Morrone & Roig-Juiienl. 1995); Endornychidae: Chileobius cekalouici aiiri (:, notatus (Pakaluk & semperuicens, Myrtus luma, Nothofagits Slipinski, 1990); Megalapodidae: Palopitagoides alexandri, N domlieyi, N leoni, obliqua, N. N. (Kuschcl & May, 1996); Ncnionychidae: Mecomaeer, pltmilio, Pernettya mucronala, Perszu lingue, Na,o~ornoei.r gcrmaini, Ithynclcitornacer, and Podocarpus nnbigena, Rhaphidha~nnzus lthyriciiito~naterinus(Kusi:hel, 1954, 1959, 1983; spinosum, andRibes magellanica (Cabrera, 1971, Morrone & Roig-Juiient, 1995). Ilyrnenoptera. 1976; Cabrera & Willink, 1973). There are small Brudynobaenidae: Bradynobaenus australis (Genisc, areas with forests ofAraucaria araucana (Peiia, 1086); Formicidae: Pogonomynnez uerrniculatus 1966; Cabrera & Willink, 1973). (Kusneaov, 1978). Lepidoptera. Choreutidae: Nyr Taxa. CONIFEROPHWA. Coniferopsida. (I-Ieppncr, 1982); Cossidae: Andesiana, Austrocossus, Coniferales. Araucarinceae: Araucaria araucana (Ca- Sel~ausisea,S~~rcossus,andl%ilariglaw (C-entili, 1989; brera, 1976; Cabrera & Willink, 1973; Covas, 1995b). Schoorl, 1989);Palaepbatidao: Metapiiatus cirrhus,M. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Magnoliopsida. Asterales. siriuatus,Palaephatus latus, andP,leueao.utus (Davis, Asteraceae: Chaelanti~eralinearis var taltalensis, C. 1986). Odonuta. Austrupetaliidae: Ophiuprtalia serrata, and ZFiptilio~zachilleue (Morrono ct al., araucanu and 0. pudu (Carlc, 1996). Orthoptera. 1997). ARTIIROPODA. Arachnida. Araneac. Tristiridae: Elysiacris angusticollls (Cigliano, 1989a; Anyphaenidac: Aca,~thueeto ladormida (Ramirez, Roig-Juiient, 1994b). Trichoptera. Hydropsyehidae: 1997); Dipluridae: Seuti~zoecus cinereopilnsus Smicridea eorr~plicatissima,S.redunca,S. tregala,and (Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin, 1968); S. turgida (Flint, 1989). VERTEBIMTA. Amphibin. Gnaphosidae: Apodrns.sode,s mercedes, A. PILCO~,and Anura. Leptodactylidae: Telrnatobufo bullucki (Cei, Eciiernoides rnalleco (Platnick, 1983; Flatnick & 1973).Mammalia. Rodentia. Gtenomyidae: Ctenomys Sliiidab, 1983); Migidae: Malleco,nigas (Goloboi'i & maulir~ud(Redford & Eisenberg, 1992); Octodontidae: Platnick, 1987); Nemesiidae: Aeanti~ogo~zotusAeonaemys sagei and Oelodun bridgesi (Redford & brunnew, A. hualpen, A. mulchen, A. nai~uelbuta,A. Eisenberg, 199#. rucintu, and A. tolhuaca (Goloboff, 1995). Opiiianes. Triaenonychidae: Arar~canobunus(Mufioz, 1973). Valdivian province Pseudoscorpionida. Chthonidae: Sathruchtlcoriiiis (Figs. 1,4) pefhuri (Vitali-Di Castri, 1974). Cmstacea. Dccapoda. Aeglidae: Aegla baiiamondei, A. erpansa, and A. Southern Chile and Argentina, south ofthe speetabilis (Jara, 1992; Bond-Buckup & Buekup, 1994). Maule province, reaching 47' south latitude. The Hexapoda. Coieoptera. Anthribidae: Dinoee,~trus track of Crirzodendron hookerianum (Fig. 4) is signatipes (Morrone & Roig-Juiient, 1995); Beiidae: representative of this province. Atractuciius argus, Callirhynchi,ius rxyuisitus, Synonyms. Valdivian forest (Soriano, 1950: Dicordylus balteatus, and Oxycrrrspedus (Kuschcl, 33; Kuschel, 1960:541;Roig-Jufient, 1994b: 1811, 1959; IUgueta, 1986; Morrone & Raig-Jufient, 1995; Subantarctic forests subregion (Hueck, 1957: 40), Morrone & Posadas, 1998); Bi~prestidac:Mastogenius hlountain zone (Kuschel, 1960: 54.9, Valdivian sulcicollis, Mendizabalia g. geierrnair~i,Pterobothris c. region (O'Rrien, 1971: 2031, Valdivian forest corrosus, and l'rigorioge~ziuntangulosurn ruginosurn region (Pefia, 1966: 141, Valdivian cordillera (Bellamy & Moore, 1990; Roig-Juficnt, 1994b); Carabidae: Barjpusparalellr~s,Cero~lossus c. chile,csis, rcgion (Pefia, 1966: 151, Caducifolius forest C. e. temucensis, C.darwini lnagrllanicus,C. ualdiuiar district (Cabrera, 1971: 37. 1976: 73; Cabrera & subnitens, Cnemelobus gerjnair~i,Cyliridern ci~ilunsis, Wiiiink, 1973: loo), Valdivian fbrest district (Ca- andNotliobroscus (Roig-Juiient & Ciechino, 1989; Roig- brera, 1971: 38, 1976: 75; Cabrera & Willink, Juiient, 1990, 1994~1,b; Roig-Jufient & Ball, 1995); 1973: 98; Roig, 1998 : 14O),Aysenian district (Ca- Caridae: Caeno~ninurus(Kuschel, 1992; Morronc & brera, 1971: 371, Valdivian province (Rivas- Morrone The Subantarctic subreg~onand zts prouznces 5
Figs. 2-5. Individual tracks. 2, Subantarctic subregion IGermainiellusi; 3, Maule province (Chaetanthera serratai; 4, black circles, Valdivian province (Crinodendron hookerianumi, open circles, Magellanic forest province (Gigantodux briophyi); 5, Magellanic mooriand province INotocascellius hyadesiii. 6 Reursta del Museo Argent~node Czenczas Naturales, n. s. 2 (l),2000
Marcinez & Navarro, 1994: map; Morrone, 1999: obrieni, Myelobius biuculatus, M. faseiolatus, 141, and Valdivian temperate fbrests ecoregion Neopsilorhi~~us,Nothofagius, Nothofagobius, (Dinerstein et al., 1995: 101). Nototactus, Pachytrogus crassirostris, Philippius, Vegekation. Temperate forests (Cabrera & Puranius fasciculiger, Rhyephenes clathratus, Willink, 1973). Dominant plant species are Tartarisus griseus, and Wittmerius (Elgueta, 1985; Clark & Burke, 1988; Marrone, 1990,1993a, b, 1996a, Anemone multifida, Austrocedrus chilensis, e;Morrone &Anderson, 1995; Morrone & Roig-Juiient, Berberis spp., Blechnum chilense, Chrysanthe- 1995; Morrone rt al., 1997); Nemonyehidae: mum leucanthemum, Chusquea couleu, Colletia Nannornacer wittrneri (Kuschel, 1959; Morrone & Roig- spinosa, Coriaria ruscifolia, Dasyphyllum Juiient, 1995); Scarabeidae: Frickius variolosus diacanthoides, Diostea juncea, Eucryphia (Iiowden, 1982); Staphylinidae: Pseudopsis cordifolia, Fabiana imbricata, Fragaria adustipennis (Herman, 1975). Diptera. Simuliidae: chiloensis,Fitzroya cupressoides, Geuuina auella- Gtgantodax igniculus (Wygodzinky & Coscarbn, 1989); nu, Laurelia philippiana, Lomatia hirsuta, Tipulidae: Yaldiviaria edwarsina and Y. shannonL~a Maytenus boaria,Mutisia decurrens,M. spinosa, (Jong, 1989). Hymenoptera. Formicidae: Myrceugenella apiculala, Nothofagus antarctica, Anthichyhonidris bidentatus (Roig-Juiient, 1994b): Ichneumonidae: Notophri~dos (Porter, 1993). N.hetuloides, domheyi,N.procera,N obliqua, N. Lepidoptera. Palaephatidae. Apophatus, Metaphatus N. procera, N. pumilio, Podocurpus nubigenus, ichnius, Palaephatus a1biti.i-ruinus,P. arnplisaccus, P. Scirpus californicus,Senecio microcephalus, and fusciterrninus, P. luteolus, P nielseni, P. spinosus, P. Weimannia trichosperma (Soriano, 1950; Cahre- striatus, Sesornrnata albirnaculata, S. leuroptera, and ra, 1971, 1976; Cabrera & Willink, 1973). S. paraplatysaris (Davis, 1986; Roig-Juient, 1994b). Taxa. CONIFEROPfIYTA. Coniferopsida. Neuroptera. Hemerobiidao: Megalomus dernocratieus Coniferales. Cuprcssaceae: Austroeedrus and Fitzroya and M. stangei (Monserrat, 1997). Odonata. (Cabrera, 1976; Covas, 1995~);Podoearpaeeae: Austropetaliidae: Ophiopetalia diar~a(Carle, 1996). Podocarpus nubigenus andSaregothaea (Covas,1995a). Orthoptera. Acrididae:Naiiuelia nnthrucina (Ronderos NLAGNOLIOPHYTA. Magnoliopsida. Asteralcs. & Turk, 1989). Trichoptera. Hydrobiosidae: Asteraceae: Chaetantizera brael~ylepisand C. elegar~s Australobius (Schmid, 1989). VERTEBRATA. var. rlegairs (Morrone et al., 1997). Maivales. Amphibia. Anura. Leptodactylidae: Batrachyla Elaeocarpaceae: Criiiodendron hookeriariurn (Coode, antartandica, Hylorirta syluatica, and Telmatobufb 1987). Myrtales. Onagraceae: Epilobium obscurum australis (Barrio, 1967a. b; Cei, 1973). Mammalia. (Solomon, 1982). Santalales. Misodendraceae: Paucitubercuiata. Caenolestidae: Rhyncholestes Misodendrum anguEatum,M, braehystachyu,n, andM. raphanurus (Redford & Eiseherg, 1992; Contreras & gayanurn (Zavaro et al., 1997). MOLLUSCA. Yafiez, 1995). Rodentia. Muridae: Abrothrix sanborr~i (Redford & Eisenberg, 1.992).
Magellanic forest province (Platnick & Forster, 1987); Piemcsiidae: (Figs. 1,4) Acanthogonatus coufusus, A. franki, and A. Southern Chile from 47' south latitude to subcalpeianus (Goloboff, 1995). Opiliones. Cabo de Hornos, andsouthcrn Argentina in small Triaenonychidae: Diasia (Maury, 1987). Crustacea. portions of western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Decapoda. Aeglidae: Aegla araucaniensis, A. Fuego. The track ofGigantodru briophyi (Fig. 4) riolimaya~~a,A.d. dentieulata,A. d.lacustris,A. manni, is representative of this province. and A. rostrata (Band-Buckup & Buekup, 1994; Morrone & Lopretto, 1994). Hexapoda. Coleoptera. Synonyms. Magellanic forests subregion Anthrihidae: Dinocentrus tuberculosus and (Hneck, 1957: 401, Magellanic forest (Holdgate, Sistellorhynei~uspostieallis (Morrane & Roig-Juiient, 1960: 5601, Valdivianforest (Kuschel, 1960: 5431, 1995);Brentidae:Apionpacizymerurn (Morrone & Raig- Ays4n cordillera region (Pefia, 1966: 151, Juiient, 1995); Carabidae: Ceroglossus ualdiuiae Magellanes Interoceanicregion (Pefia, 1966: 15), chiloensis, C. d. darwini, C. sprciosus, Creobius Magellanic district (Cabrera, 1971: 39, 1976: 77), euduuxy, Cylinders gortnazi, Nothanilll~sluisae, Magellanic region (O'Brien, 1971: 2041, Notaphus stenoderus, Thalassobius testaceus, Magellanic district (Cabrera & Willink, 1973: 981, 7kechisibus obtusiuseulus, and T oerobates (Jeannei, Austral Forest zone (Cekalovic, 1974: 305), Shrub 1962; Roig-Juiient, 1994b); Cleridae: Euryrnetopum proteus (Roig-Juiient, 1994b; Solervicens, 1986); zone (Celralovic, 1974: 3061, Magellanic Curculionidae:Aegorhinus fascicularis, A, kuscheli,A. area (Artigas, 1975: map), Austroandean ?naer;tus,Anthonornus berberidis, Berberidicola province (Rivas-Martinez & Navarro, 1994: map), cren!ilatus, Cnernocorlus ualdivianus, Epaetius, Pacific region (Roig-Jufient, 1994b: 1821, Euealus fasciolatus,E. unicolor,Falklandius chilensis, Subpolar Nothofagus forests ecoregion P.peckorurn,Gayus elegans,Germainiellus attenuatus, (Dinerstein et al., 1995: 1011, and Magellanic G.pur~ctiuentris,IIeter~nragdalisheteronyz,Listroderes province (Morrone. 1999: 141, Morrone: The Subantarctic subregion and its provinces 7
Vegetation. More xeric forests, with Nolhofagus betuloides, N. pumilio, Oreobolus abundant Nothofagus betuloides trees, and obtusangulus, Schoenus antarcticus, and evergreen swamp forests (Cabrera & Willink, Sphagnum magellanicum (Kuschel, 1960; 1973; Dinerstein et al., 1995). Dominant plant Tuhkanen et al., 1990). species include Drimys winteri, Embolhrium Taxa. ARTNROPOUA. Nexapoda. Coleoptera. coccineum, Maytenus magellanicus, Nothofagus Brcntidae: Apion fuegienum (Cekalavic, 1974); antarctica, N. betuloides, and N. pumilio Carabidac: Ceroglossus s. suturalis, Feroniomorpha (Rothkiigel, 1916; Kuschel, 1960; Tuhkanen et lucida, Metius malachitichiis, Mimodrornius nigmtestaceus, and Notocascellius i~yadesii(Xoig- al., 1990). Juiient, 1994b, 199Sb); Caridae: Chilecar (Kuschel, Taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Coniferapsida. 1992; Marronc & Roig-Juiient, 1995); Curculionidae: Coniferales. Podocarpaceae: Lepidotham~zusfonkii Aegorhinus vitul~s,Antaretobiusrugirostris, A. yefael, (Covas, 1995a). MAGNOLIOPHUTA. Magnolia- Berbe~idir.02~anratus, and 3iilurus (Cekalovie, 1974; psida. Myrtales. Onagraceae: Epilobium conjiigena Morrone, 1992b; Morrone &Anderson, 1995; Morrone (Solomon, 1982). ARTHROPODA. Arachnids. & Roig-Juiient, 1995). Diptera. Chironomidae: Araneae. Dipluridae: Seotinoecw fasciatus (Schiapelli Paroclilus pilusus (Roig-Juiient, 199413); Scatopsidae: & Gerschman de Pikelin, 1968). Nexapoda. Diarnphidicus chilensrs,(ilmorim,1990); Simuliidae: Coleoptera. Carabidae: Antaretonornus eomplanatus, Cigar~todaxantarcticus. (>. brophyi, and G. rufidulus Cascellius aeneoniger, C. grauesii, Notaphiellus (Roig-Juiient, 1994b). YERTEBRBTA. Mammalia. cchaiouici, Notaphus knscheli, Notholopha otrum, Rodentia. Muridae: Abrothrk hershhovitzi and A. Peryphus rufoplagiatus, Pseudurnigadops oualis, marhFumi (Redford & Eisenberg, 1992). Dechisibusantarcticus, and%hornesis (Jeamel,1962; Roig-Juiient, 1994b, 199513); Curculionidae: Antarctobius gerrnaini, A. hyadesii, A. lacunosus, Malvinas islands province Cylydrorhinus ursinus, C. uittatus, Falklundinpsis, Argentinean archipelago of the Malvinas or Germainiellus Eoeuirostris, and G, lugens (Morrone, Falkland islands and South Georgia island, 1992b, 1993%;Morrone & Anderson, 1995; ~Morrone& situated in the south Atlantic Ocean, about 550 Roig-Juiient, 1995); Perimylopidae: Parahelops km from Tiorra del Fuego. yuadricollis (Roig-Juiient, 199410). Legidoptera. Synonyms. Insular province (Cabrera, 1951: Noetuidae: Paraeuzoa perdita (Jana-SBenz, 1989; An- 23, 1953: 107, 1958: 200, 1971: 40; Cabrera & gulo, 1990). Neuroptera. IIemerobiidae: Megalomus Willink, 1973: 102; Cabrera, 1976: 78), australis (Monserrat, 1997). VERTEBRATA. Patagonian grasslands ecoregion (Dinerstein et Mammalia. Rodentia. Muridae: Abrothrix lanosus al., 1995: 1081, Cortaderal Malvinian district (Redford & Eisenberg, 1992). (Roig, 1998: 1.421, Tundra or Georgias district (Roig, 1998: 1421, and Mavinas islands province Magellanic moorland province (Morrone, 199% 14). (Figs. I, 5) Southern Chile and Argentina, limited by the Vegetation. Grasslands, steppes, and tundra (Cabrera & Willink, 1973; Dinersteinet al., 1995). Maeellanic-. forest nrovince to the east. The~~ ~ track of Notocascellius hyadesii (Fig. 5) is representa- Doininant plant species arc Abrotanella tive of this province. ernarginata, Acaena adscendens,A. magellanica, Synonyms. Magellanic moorland (Godley, A. microcephala, Astellia pumila, Azorella 1960: 467), Magellanic moorland zone (Kuschel, lycopodioides, A. selago, Baccharis magellanica, 1960: 5441, Southern Pacific region (Pefia, 1966: Blechnzcm tabulare, Bolax gummifera, Caltha 16), Magellanic region (O'Brien, 1971: 204), Aus- appendiculata, Carex trifida, Cortaderia pilosa, tral Pacific zone (Cekalovic, 1974: 3011, Deschumpsia flexuosa, Empetr-urn rubrum, Patagonian ice zone (Cekalovic, 1974: 3031, Festuca erecta, Gaimardia australis, Juncus Magellanic area (Artigas, 1975: map), sheuzerioides, Pernettya pumila, Poa annua, P. Anstroandean province (Rivas-Martinez & Na- antarctica, P. flabellata, Pratia repens, Senecio varro, 1994: map), Fuegian province (Kivas- candicans, S. littoralis, S. uaginata, Uncinia Martinez & Navarro, 1994: map), Eastern forest smithii, andveronica elliptica (Skottsberg, 1921; (Roig-Jufient, 1994b: 1821, Subpolar Nothofagus Davies, 1939; Moore, 1968; Cabrera, 1971,1976; forests ecoregion (Dinerstein et al., 1995: 101), Cabrera & Willink, 1973). and Magellanic moorland province (Morrone, Taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Magnoliopsida. Asterales. Asteraceae: Cheureulia lycopodioides, 1999: 14). Ga~nucizaetaaffinis, Nassauvia gaudichaudii, N. Vegetation. Moorlands (Cabrora & Willink, serpens, andSeneeiolittoralis (Cabrera, 1976; Katinas, 1973). Dominant plant species include Astelia 1995). Ranunculales. Ranunculaeeae: Ranunculus pumila, Donatia fascicularis, Drimys winteri, acaulis (Moore, 1968). PLATYHELMINTHES. Gaimardia australis, ilymenophyllnm spp., Turbelaria. Dugesiidae: Neppia falklandica 8 Rrvzsla del MweoA?.gent!no rlr Czenczas Naturales, n. s. 2 ill, 2000
(Cazzaniga, 1995). ANNELIDA. Hirudinea. Bryaceae: Bryurn fer,~a,~dezianurn(Mahii, 1995); Gloesiphoniifonnes. Glossiphoniidae: Adaetobdella Cryphaeaceae: Cyptodon cmssineruis (Mahu, 1995); rr~alvir~er~sis(Ringueiet, 1985; Lo~lretto,1995a). Dicranaeeae: Ca,npyloous aberra,is. C. blindioides,
. .. 1992). Crustacea. Amphipoda. Gamrnaridae: (Mahii, 1995); Fissidentaceae: Fissides crassieuspes Felklandella and Prae,fklklanddla (Stock & Platvoet, and I: feriiandrzianurn (Milhd, 1995); Hookeriaceae: 1991; I,opretto, 1995b); 1lyallelidae:Hyalrlla ,ieo,zuma Ao.ophyllum ter~icineroe(Mahd, 19951, Distichophy- (Stock & P1atxroct,1991). Anostraca. Branchinoctidao: llurn subelimbatum (Mahli, 1995); Neckeracone: Bmrr.chineeta gain' (Cohen, 1998). EIexapoda. Neckera roturtdata, Pilzrratella rnicrusticta, and Coleoptera. Byrrhidae: Ci~alcosphaeriurnsoloz and C. Tharnraobryium caroli (Mrihri, 1995); Orthotricaceae: erzderleirii (Voisin, 1987); Carabidae: Pseudomigadops Ulota fernandeziann (Mahli, 1995); Ptychomitriaceae: darwini, and Y falklandicus (Jeannel, 1938, 1962; Ptyci~ornitriun~fer,iandezianurn (Mahii, 1995); Roig-Juilent, 1994bj; Curculionidae: Ar~tarctobii~s Racopilaceae: Racopilum fer,randezinnu,n (Mahli, abditus, A. bidentatus, A. falhla,~dieus, Caneortibtus 1995); Thuidaceae: TiLuidii~mJnasafurrae (Mahii, bia,igulotus, C, uretai, Cylydrort~inusle,n,ziseatics, 1995). PILICOPllYTA. Fiiicoasida. Fiiicales. Fulkla,idius goliath, F. huscheli, F, tuirbificati~s, Dicksoniaceae: Dichsoriia Li'rturiar~a(Murillo, 1988). Gerrnainiellus salebrusus, Lartteriella, Maluinius. MAGNOLTOPNYTA. Liliopsida. Arecales. Puranius cl~amplioni,P. exsculpticollis, and P. seaber Arecaeeae: Juaniaaustmlis it:abrera &Willink, 1973). (Robinson, 1984; Voisin, 1987; Morrone, 1992b, c, Mamoliopsida. Asterales. Asteraccae: Centauroden- 1993a, 1994~;Marrane &Anderson, 1995; Mmrone & dron, Dendruseris, Phaenicoseris spp., Rea, Roig-Juiient, 1995:; Leiodidae: Falhucholei~a Rhetinodeiidron, Robinsor~ia,and Yunquea (Cabrera falkland~caand Falko,ze~nadiis spherzisei (.Robinson, & Willink, 1073; Stuessy et al., 1984,1990; Sanders et 1984; Voisin, 1987); Perimylopidac: Darwiiiella el., 1987; Crawford rt al., 1992). Campanulales. arnnrodies, Parah~lops. .fhlkla,~dicus. P. havemi. and Campanulaceae: Wahle,abergia fernandideziana coinpiex P. qi~odrieollis(Vaisiri, 1087; Florcs, 1998); Pythidae: (Lammers, 1996). Caryophyllales. Chenopodiaccae: Poopizylax falhlandica (Voisin, 1087). Diptera. Cizenopodium snnctaeclarae (Stuessy rt al., 1990). Ephydridae: Seatella nvglrcta and 9. stiirdra,ra Euphorbiales. Euphorbiaceae: Dysopsis hirsuta (Lizarralde de Grosso, 1998). Orthoptera. (Stuessy rt al., 1984). Magnoliales. 1,actoridaceae Gryllacrididae: Pari~denusfalhla,idicus (Robinson, (Stuessy et al., 1984). Myrtales. Myrtaceae: Ugni 1984).VERTEBRATA. Avos.Anserifonncs. Anatidae: selkirizii (Stuessyet al., 1984).Verbcnales.Verbenaceae: Anas g. georgiea, Ctiloept~agapieta leucoptern, and Ri~apizitarnnusoe,~ustus (Rodriguez et al., 1983). Tuehyeres brachypterus (Navas, 1977; Olrog, 1984). Violales. F1aeourliaceae:Azara serrata (Stuessy et at., Ciconiiformes. Frrlconidae: Phalcobaei~usaiistratis 1984). AttTHROPODk Wexapoda. Archaeognatha. (Olrog, 1984). Mammalin. Carnivora. Canidae: Ki~sciielochilis (Wygodzinsky, 1.967; Camousseight, Dusicyon australis (Nowak. 1991). 1995a). Coleoptera. Carabidae: Tracicysarus (Straneo & Jeannel, i953); Curculionidae: Ariolethrus, Juan Fernandez islands province Juanorhinini,Pacicystylw,andStrorigylopterus ouatus (Kuschei, 1952; Wibmer & O'Brien, 1988). Diptcra. Chilean islands of Masatierra (= llobinson Simuliidae: Gigantodax kuscheli (Wygodzinky & Crusoe), Masafuera (= Alejalidro Selkirk), and Coscardn, 1989). Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae: Santa Clara, situated in thc Pacific Ocean, 600 Co,~chopterellaizuscheli and C,maculata (Oswaid, km west of Valparaiso, at 33" south latitude. 1993). Thysanoptcra. Thripidne: Physothrips Synonyms. Juan Fernandcz province (Ca- shottsber,qi (Prado & Muiioz, 1995). Thysanura. brera & Willink, 1973: 103), Fcrnandezian region Lepismatidac: Isolepisma annectens (Camousseight, (Takhtaian, 1986: 252). and Juan Fern8ndez 1995hj. islands province (Rivas-Martinez & Navarro, 1994: map; Morrone, 1999: 14). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Vegetation. Forests, shrublands, and masslands (Cabrera & willink. ,9731. ~~~i~~~t1 am grateful to Paula Posadas and Sergio . , ~ ~- ~~- piant species include A~~~~ fernandeziana, Roig-Juiient for critically commenting on a coprosAahookeri, ~ik~~~i~femandeziana, preliminary draft of the manuscript. 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