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Inventory of the Agrobiodiversity and Their

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Inventory of the Agrobiodiversity and Their Leonor Castiñeiras1, Tomás Shagarodsky1, Zoila Fundora1, Victor Fuentes1, Odalys Barrios1, Victoria Moreno1, Lianne Fernández1, Raúl Cristóbal1, Vicente González2, Maritza García3, Fidel Hernández3, Celerina Giraudy4, Pedro Sánchez1, Rosa Orellana1 and Aracely Valiente5 The biodiversity maintenance by farmers in Inventory of the The results confirmed that the registered home gardens is a type of in situ conserva- agrobiodiversity and their use cultivated diversity in the studied home tion of plant genetic resources, which has The inventory revealed the existence of gardens, is distributed among the three studied the advantages of preserving the evolution 508 species that belong to 352 genus and regions, constituing this, the starting point to processes and adaptation of crops in their 108 families. Around 80% of the diversity analyze these areas like possible Minimum microenvironments, and to conserve the corresponds to cultivated species and the rest Effective Units of In Situ Conservation of diversity at all levels (ecosystem, species and to wild species used by the families. Plat Genetic Resources in Cuba. genes) (Jarvis 2000; Eyzaguirre & Linares The study of the diversity showed the The ornamental species occupy an impor- 2001). In this context some researches were presence of seven cultivated species in the tant place in the home gardens orchard (197 conducted to promote the use and develop home gardens that had not been reported registered species), following by medicinal of the rural home gardens for the in situ in the last inventory of cultivated plants plant (114), woods for construction and conservation of the agricultural biodiversity carried out in Cuba (Esquivel et al. 1992). An repairing the houses (54), fruits (38), condi- in Cuba, demonstrating the value of them outstanding detail was the presence of three ments (25), other uses like insecticides, in the maintenance of the diversity through endemic species: Protium cubense, Garcinia coal, etc. (20), living fences (12), wood for their use. aristata and Piper aduncum subsp. ossanum, construction of work instruments (11), roots The research work was performed with maintained and used as condiments in some and tubers (10), beverages (10), grains (9) the participation of 39 home gardens from home gardens from the eastern region. and food animal (7). Most of them are used western, central and eastern regions of Cuba. Only 25% of the total diversity registered is for the family consumption. The selected families live in the nucleus or in common (coincidence of species) among the Cuban farmers manage the diversity the periphery of the protected areas: Reserves three studied regions, being this, an indicator through their use, and select it according of the Biospheres “Sierra del Rosario” (western of their differences. There was less number of to the necessities of the family, especially region) and “Cuchillas del Toa” (eastern species in the eastern region, in comparison at the species level and within the species region). The members of the communities of with the rest of the study areas; however, it (Castiñeiras et al.. 2000; 2001), but the these areas have received an environmental had more infraespecific variability. number of individuals for species/ variety/ education adressed to the conservation of the The isolation and the difficult access of wild flora and fauna of the locations. In the the area located in the eastern region, and case of the central region the communities of also some social and cultural features (strong the selected area have a strong influence of the Haitian influence), differentiate the eastern Botanical Garden of Cienfuegos, the oldest in region of the rest of the communities of the country, been founded in 1901, and meets the Island, and this, have an implication on both, the conservation and training functions in the agricultural management of the species. the region. Interviews were carried out mainly Roots and tubers are of wider acceptance with the owners for gathering information that in the rest of the regions and a bigger concerning to genetic resources, and social, variability has been observed in those species; 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agri- cultural and economical aspects related to an example is yam (Dioscorea spp.), whose cultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt”; MINAGRI. them. cultivation is characteristic of that region. On Calle 1 y 2, Santiago de las Vegas, Municipio Boyeros, The possibilities of integration of the the other hand, the farmers from this region CP 17200, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba. E-mail: [email protected]. genetic resources in situ conservation of also cultivate and consume more species 2 Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, CITMA. Ciudad cultivated plants, with that of the wild flora of grains; so there, the variability is very de la Habana, Cuba. 3 Estación Ecológica Sierra del Rosario, CITMA. Pinar and fauna of each region, and educational high (Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, del Río, Cuba. national programs, was one of the aspects Cajanus cajan, Zea mays and Vigna umbel- 4 Unidad de Servicios Ambiéntales de Guantánamo, that was considered during the development lata are the most frequent), with regard to CITMA. Guantánamo, Cuba. 5 Jardín Botánico de Cienfuegos, CITMA. Cienfuegos, of the work. the other two study regions. Cuba. 102 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ISLAND AFFAIRS 103 population is small; however, for crops that women are in charge of some groups of process in the last years, favoured by new report high economic benefit to the families cultivations, like ornamental and medicinal agicultural policies of delivering lands and in the rural areas, the agroecosystem and plants, as well as the care of a few domestic the encouragement that represents a better the landscape play an important role in the animals, as chickens. price for the agricultural products in the selection of the species, the production is Fruits group is important in the contribution market. The own family self-consumption that performed in a bigger area, with a reduced of vitamins and minerals for the families, as is achieved with the production of the home number of species/ varieties, as well as, a substitute of vegetables, since the last one gardens, favours the farmer's permanency in a high number of individuals per variety. requires of high water consumption, and in the their properties. In this case biotic and abiotic factors of rural areas this resource is scarce, because the ecosystem have influences, because the the season for vegetable cultivation, coincides Effective Minimum Units selection approaches go directed to the yield with the dry season. Casava (Manihot escu- of In Situ Conservation and the adaptation of the species in question, lenta), bananas (Musa spp.), taro (Colocasia Because of the similarities and differences of activities that are carried out with a minimum esculenta), cocoyam (Xanthosoma sp.), beans the agricultural biodiversity found in the three ecological risk, because of the minimum use (Phaseolus spp.) and corn (Zea mays), among areas, the aspects related with the management of chemical products. others, manifest the attachment to a certain of the crops and the motivation of the farm- food culture (their origin goes back to some ers to continue conserving their traditional Exchange of experiences aboriginal cultures from Meso and South varieties with the new participative point of with farmers America), where the roots, tubers and grains view, the three regions studied were propose Workshops with farmers and scientists were are important in the family diet. For this reason, as Effectives Minimum Units of In Situ organized in each region, with exhibitions of they occupy bigger spaces inside the farmer Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources the biodiversity managed in the home gardens property, due to the need of more volumes for in Cuba, with the objective to concentrate by the farmers involved. These meetings had a feeding the family and for domestic animals. and support the in situ conservation in the positive impact in the communities, since they The presence of other species is influenced near future, relating them to other national allowed the exchange of experiences concern- by historical factors; such it is the case of the conservation strategies as Protected Areas ing to “seed” conservation and exchange from coffee plantations (Pérez de la Riva, 1944) that and Botanical Gardens networks. The training different varieties and species among the also has importance in the State economy, and about management and improvement of seeds farmers, as well as, the popularization of the is located in Cuban mountain areas. and soil fertility with the use of different value of conserving agrobiodiversity in home As the number of individuals for cultivated organic methods in home gardens should also gardens, especially to the local, political and species and/or variety is small within home continue. The popularization concerning to the educational authorities in each region, who gardens (sometimes there is only a single importance of the in situ conservation of the were invited to the workshops. plant), it can constitute a threat for the diver- agricultural biodiversity in the home gardens sity conservation. It becomes indispensable and the benefits that this represent from the General considerations to draw national strategies to minimize such economic and social points of view should be about Cuban home gardens risks as possible. extended to all population's
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