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Ethnobotanical Evaluation of Some Multipurpose Fruit Plants For Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(17), pp. 1786-1798, 4 September, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR10.206 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Forest resource utilization assessment for economic development of rural community in northern parts of Pakistan Hassan Sher1*, Mohammad Al-Yemeni1 and Hazrat Sher2 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Botany, Government Degree College Matta, Swat Pakistan. Accepted 18 May, 2010 A study on the ethnobotanical investigation of some multipurpose fruit plants was conducted in three important sites of District Swat of Pakistan during summer, 2008. The aim of the study was to identify the multipurpose fruit plants growing in the area and to collect information on their uses by the local people. Ethnobotanical information was collected through the show-and-tell/semi-structured method and personal interviews during field trips. The methodology is largely based on the ‘sustainable livelihood framework’, which is based on the premise that livelihood is not about resource productivity, but about people and their lives. A total of 30 fruit tree plants were identified belonging to eleven angiosperm families and has multiple use value in the area. These species were widely used by the indigenous community in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different human ailments. Similarly, these fruit plants were also used as fuel wood (21 spp.), fodder (16 spp.), agricultural tools making (12 spp), furniture making (6 spp.), timber (7 spp.), thatching (8 spp.), condiments and spices (3 spp.), shade (6 spp.), fencing and poles (7 spp.), tannins and dyes (2 spp), ornamental purpose (2 spp.) and soil stabilization (8 spp.). These plants are of great importance in supporting people’s healthcare, income and culture. In spite of the scarcity of natural forests in the study area, the local populations continue to depend on indigenous and exotic trees in their surroundings for their survival. There is, therefore, need for cultivation, protection and sustainable management of these valuable resources for rural livelihoods. Key words: Ethno botany, local uses, fruit plants, economic development, livelihood. INTRODUCTION Ethnobotany, an area of human ecology, defines the low income "gap fillers". In addition to environmental interface between people and their forests and offers stabilization, trees are useful for industrial, cultural, clues needed for rural development based on sustainable pharmaceutical and socio-economic purposes to man, yields of forest products (Focho et al., 2009). The contributing billions of dollars yearly to the world's importance of timber and other tree products from outside economy. Estimates have shown that about 90 percent of forests is attracting increasing attention, to help meet cooking and heating energy comes from trees. Traditional growing demands and reduce pressure on natural forests societies in Africa and elsewhere have always used and plantations. Trees growing in open areas seem to plants to promote healing and traditional medicine and it have potentials in providing options for rural livelihoods is still the predominant means of health care in and biodiversity conservation. These trees can contribute developing countries. to poverty mitigation serving as subsistent "safety nets" or District Swat is situated in the extreme north of Pakistan. - 35° No - 72° East Longitudes (Map). The region is mountainous and sprawls over 10,360 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. square kilometers at an average elevation that varies Sher et al. 1787 from 600 - 6069 m. The highest peak “Falakser”, towering and has the potential to sustain it. In the past, these more than 6096 m, occupies the floristically rich southern species were neglected and limited information is extinction of Hindu raj of Hindu Kush series. The average available about its importance in social forestry. However, maximum temperature in July is 38°C and the minimum neglected and underutilized species play significant roles (during January) is 1°C. The normal temperature is at a in uplifting the socio economic status of rural populations. maximum of 21°C and a minimum of 7°C. Main sources In spite of their great potential, little attention has been of livelihood of the people are agriculture, tourism and given to these species. This increases the possibility of government, as well as private jobs. The valleys in upper genetic erosion which would further restrict the survival Swat comprise forests and pastures and these pastures strategies of people living in mountainous areas. MPFTP are occupied by hundreds of households of nomadic are the plant species that has edible fruits and a number herdsmen who come to these valleys in May and June of other useful applications that include the use of leaves each year. They use the pastures for grazing their as fodder, branches for fencing, wood as fuel, timber and livestock during summer and migrate to the down districts furniture making and also used for the treatment of in October and November. Humid summer and chilly different human and livestock ailments in traditional winters are the two plus points that help in the system of medicine. development of deciduous fruits husbandry in the area Moreover, most of the MPFTP are adapted to dry and (Figure 1). arid climates which make it suitable for cultivation in an In the mountainous areas of Pakistan in general and environment characterized by increasing degradation of district Swat in particular, large number of valuable multi- land and water resources. Secondly, MPFTP are one of purpose fruit tree plants (MPFTP) naturally grow mostly the essential items of food both for the rich and poor. in fragile ecosystems that are predominantly inhabited by Their role in human diet need no emphasis as they are poor rural and indigenous communities. The sustainable the rich and cheap source of vitamins and minerals and management of these traditionally used MPFTP not only are regarded as protecting food in order to combat help conserve nationally and globally important malnutrition. biodiversity, but also provide critical resources to sustain In District Swat, consumption of fruits is still less due to livelihoods. Himalayan mountain region, for example, has low production resulting in high costs. Per capita in abundance, a diverse range of these species that have consumption is still 80 gm compared to per capita significant medicinal value and other importance whose consumption of 310 gm in the developed world (Annon, local uses are known to indigenous community for 2006). Therefore, keeping the acute poverty and awful centuries, but are currently threatened due to lack of environmental degradation in view, the present study was concerted conservation efforts. conducted with the aim to explore ways and means to In all parts of the study area, MPFTP play a significant expand livelihood opportunities for the inhabitants of the role in the subsistence economy of the people, especially area through documentation and research on MPFTP. those living in the rugged and impoverished hills, Lack of research on MPFTP hinders its successful mountains and rural interiors. The collection, simple improvement and promotion. Therefore, studies are processing and trading of MPFTP contribute significantly needed for full exploitation of these species. This paper to the cash income of the poor and women in the study aims at summarizing information on different aspects of area. Therefore, by sustainably using and growing econo- MPFTP to stimulate interest in these crops as a social mically remunerative MPFTP, there is an ample scope to forestry component. Secondly, it aims to document the maintain both the rural livelihoods and environmental uses of indigenous and cultivated species of fruit trees sustainability. MPFTP -based local micro-enterprises can growing in both plain and hilly areas of the study. also bridge the gap between rural poor and relatively well-off urban rich and promote social harmonization and MATERIALS AND METHODS sound environment conservation. Therefore, concept- tually, and indeed practically, the agriculture system of A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was multipurpose fruit tree plants (MPFTP) has a close undertaken in various parts of the study. Qualitative data were relationship with social forestry. Pasaribu (2007) and particularly useful in understanding people's perspectives, Imang et al. (2008), for instance, define social forestry as meanings, attitudes, beliefs, goals and processes for interpreting any condition and effort which intimately involve local quantitative data. The concepts of validity and reliability were applied for the integration of qualitative and quantitative techniques. people in forestry activities to ensure economic, The fieldwork was conducted during summer 2008 for a period of ecological and social benefits and simultaneously sustain seven months and was completed in the following two stages. the resources. Prior to the research sites’ visit, questionnaire was designed and In the wake of current awful environmental degradation, pre-tested to find out if it actually worked. The questionnaire was it has been appreciated that state resources alone, tried out on a small group of 5 people in a randomly selected village outside the sampling frame of both research sites. In the following
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