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Prunus Domestica L.) Is Fresh Consumption, in Spirit Production, Jam (Gharbi Et Al., 2014)

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Prunus Domestica L.) Is Fresh Consumption, in Spirit Production, Jam (Gharbi Et Al., 2014) HORTSCIENCE 52(12):1655–1660. 2017. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI12406-17 double crossing, pyramidic crossing, muta- genesis, and several laboratory assays were used in such programs compared with tradi- Simple Sequence Repeat Markers tional breeding (Hartman and Neumuller,€ 2009). The main purposes of modern plum Reveal Hungarian Plum (Prunus breeding are climatic adaptation, precocity, high and regular yield, extension of ripening domestica L.) Germplasm as a Valuable time, high fruit quality, and abiotic and biotic resistance. The genetic variability of accessions was initially based on assessing morphologi- Gene Resource cal traits. European plum is a less-investigated Noemi Makovics-Zsohar species in the Prunoideae subfamily because Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Szent Istvan University, of the complex structure of its genome (Neumuller,€ 2011). In addition, genetic link- Budapest, Hungary age maps or the whole genome sequence of Magdolna Toth the species is not available yet. Molecular markers developed from Prunus species offer Almakuti Agricultural Company, Zalaszanto, Hungary a reliable tool to study and understand ge- Dezso} Suranyi nome evolution and structure, the estimation of genetic diversity, the determination of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Fruitculture genetic relationship, and the identification Research Institute, Research Station of Cegled, Hungary of cultivars (Gharbi et al., 2014; Wunsch,€ 2009). Analysis of genetic relationships and Szilvia Kovacs diversity in cultivated species is a key point in National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Fruitculture crop improvement because it supports the Research Institute, Research Station of Erd, Hungary selection of parental genotypes and contrib- utes to the planning of offspring genome; 1 1 Attila Hegedus} and Julia Halasz hence, it can be an invaluable tool in Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Szent Istvan University, breeders’ hands (Benjak et al., 2005; Sorkheh Budapest, Hungary and Khaleghi, 2016; Yazici and Sahin, 2016). The first reports on cultivar identification Additional index words. breeding, DNA fingerprint, fruit, genetic diversity, landrace, micro- of P. domestica were based on randomly satellite markers, PCA amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (Gregor Abstract Prunus domestica et al., 1994). Microsatellites or SSRs are . The hexaploid European plum ( L.) is an economically highly informative, reproducible, multial- important fruit species with limited information on its genetic structure. Our objective lelic, abundant, locus-specific, and codomi- was to fingerprint 55 cultivars using seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to nant markers. Based on these features, they estimate the polymorphism level and determine allelic variation and genetic relation- present a useful tool for plant molecular ships among local and international cultivars. The primer pairs amplified a total of 135 genetic studies, such as genetic mapping, alleles ranging from six to 27 alleles per locus, displaying high polymorphism. All population genetics, marker-assisted selec- genotypes were clearly distinguished with the seven SSRs used in this study. In a tion, or fingerprinting (Wunsch,€ 2009). Con- neighbor-joining cluster analysis, cultivars belonging to the same species did not group servation of Prunus SSR loci ranged between together. Foreign modern cultivars clustered together, and Hungarian landraces 57% and 100%, which means that the same positioned distantly from those. STRUCTURE analysis indicated three genetically primer set could be used in case of different distinct groups of the studied genotypes. Each cluster of Hungarian landrace cultivars species within the genus (Mnejja et al., 2004). received strong bootstrap support (89% to 100%). Most genotypes kept under identical The parentage of three European plum name showed different DNA fingerprints. A principal component analysis (PCA) con- cultivars (‘Cacanska najbolja’, ‘Cacanska firmed the information provided by the dendrogram and clarified the origin of ʻ rana’, and ‘Cacanska lepotica’) was recon- Feherszilva’. Our results confirmed the potential of the application of SSR markers in structed using nuclear and chloroplastic plum breeding. microsatellite analyses (Decroocq et al., 2004). SSR markers also allowed identifying different clones of ‘Reine Claude Verte’ European plum (Prunus domestica L.) is fresh consumption, in spirit production, jam (Gharbi et al., 2014). In addition, efforts were an economically important temperate fruit making, drying, cooking, and baking prod- devoted to study germplasm collections in species and was one of the first crops that ucts (Neumuller,€ 2011; Saridas et al., 2016). different countries using SSR markers (Horvath attracted human interest (Faust and Suranyi, Plums belong to the genus Prunus of the et al., 2011; Kazija et al., 2014; Sehic et al., 1999). Its fruits are very popular because it family Rosaceae. The wild type of the species 2015). SSR analysis of traditional Turkish can be used for several purposes, such as for is still unknown; however, several hypothe- plums collected in east Anatolia revealed ses were created about its origin. The hexa- high genetic diversity (Oz€ et al., 2013). ploid (2n =6x = 48) P. domestica is proved to Some plum species are native to Hungary Received for publication 15 Aug. 2017. Accepted be a relatively young species (Das et al., (Rapaics, 1940). Plums in Hungary are highly for publication 11 Sept. 2017. 2011). It is most likely that the extant variable because of the spontaneous hybrid- This work was funded by the National Research, European lineages Prunus spinosa, Prunus ization among different species. Further- Development and Innovation Office (OTKA) K cerasifera, and P. domestica descended from more, some of the local genotypes have 112554 project. J. Halasz is grateful for receiving an ancestor that migrated from eastern Asia been propagated by seeds over centuries the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the (Chin et al., 2014). (Suranyi, 1998) which contributed to the high Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Traditional cultivars were mainly ob- N. Makovics-Zsohar thanks the support of the diversity available within the country. These UNKP-16-3-I, New National Excellence Program tained as selections of primitive forms and genotypes are well adapted to the local climatic of the Ministry of Human Capacities. hence their origin is unknown. Modern cul- conditions, they show elevated resistance to 1Corresponding authors. E-mail: halasz.julia@kertk. tivars arose from breeding programs started pests and diseases, and they are also charac- szie.hu or [email protected]. in the second half of the 20th century, and terized by special organoleptic qualities (Sehic HORTSCIENCE VOL. 52(12) DECEMBER 2017 1655 et al., 2015). Maintenance of landraces and those of the economically important, inter- in the experiments. The Hungarian and for- traditional cultivars may help in these serving nationally widespread cultivars. eign plum cultivars are kept in the germplasm as valuable gene resources. collection of the Szent Istvan University, Degree of genetic diversity is a fundamen- Materials and Methods Faculty of Horticultural Science in Budapest tal parameter in both conservation biology (Soroksar) and National Agricultural Re- and breeding programs. Because there is no Plant material. A total of 55 plum geno- search and Innovation Center, Fruitculture exact information on the genetic background types [P. domestica L., Prunus italica Research Institute, Research Station of of Hungarian plums, our objective was to Borkh., Prunus insititia L., Prunus cerasifera Cegled. The samples include 19 modern fingerprint 55 European plums using SSR Ehrh., Prunus syriaca (Borkh.) Karp., Prunus foreign cultivars, 13 traditional cultivars, 20 markers to estimate the polymorphism level, cocomilia Ten., and a Prunus besseyi Bail. · landrace cultivars, and three rootstock culti- determine allelic variation among Hungarian Prunus salicina Lindl. hybrid] originated in vars (Table 1). Taxonomic classification and landraces, and comparing the results with different geographical regions were evaluated origin of the less-known cultivars are given Table 1. Taxonomic classification, origin, and cultivar status of the analyzed plum accessions and their classification into reconstructed populations (RP) defined by STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al., 2000). Accession Presumed species Pedigree Country of origin Cultivar statusz RPy (K =3) Althann’s Gauge Prunus italica Unknown Czech Republic T 1 Beregi datolya Prunus domestica Unknown Hungary L 3 Besztercei 105–58 P. domestica Clone of Besztercei Hungary T 2 Besztercei Bb. 398 P. domestica Clone of Besztercei Hungary T 2 Besztercei Bt. 2 P. domestica Clone of Besztercei Hungary T 2 Besztercei Nm.122. P. domestica Clone of Besztercei Hungary T 2 Besztercei Nm.150. P. domestica Clone of Besztercei Hungary T 2 Besztercei szilva P. domestica Selection of primitive form; ANPx Hungary T 2 Bluefre P. domestica Stanley · President USA M 1 Bodi szilva 1. Prunus insititia Selection of primitive form; ANPx Hungary L 3 Bodi szilva 2. P. insititia Selection of primitive form; ANPx Hungary L 3 Buhler€ Fruhzwetschge€ P. domestica Unknown Germany T 2 C. 174 myrobalan Prunus cerasifera Selection of primitive form; KNPx Hungary R 1 C. 679 myrobalan P. cerasifera Selection of primitive form; KNPx Hungary R 1 Cacanska lepoticaw P. domestica Wangenheimer · Besztercei Serbia M 1 Duranci P. domestica Selection
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