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AYUSHDHARA ISSN: 2393-9583 (P)/ 2393-9591 (O) an International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Allied Systems AYUSHDHARA ISSN: 2393-9583 (P)/ 2393-9591 (O) An International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Allied Systems Review Article A REVIEW ON PADMAKA (PRUNUS CERASOIDES D. DON): DIFFERENT SPECIES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES Chityanand Tiwari1*, Suresh Chubey2, Rajeev Kurele3, Rakhi Nautiyal1 *1M.D. Scholar, 2Professor, Department of Dravyagun, Rishikul Campus Uttarakhand Ayurved University Dehradun, 3Manager QC, QA and F & D, Person-In-charge, AYUSH DTL (Govt. Approved Lab), Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limiited, Mohan, Distt. Almora Uttarakhand India. KEYWORDS: Padmak, Prunus ABSTRACT cerasoides, Prunus, Flavonone, Padmak (Prunus cerasoides D. Don) usually called as the Himalayan cherry tree is Prunatin. a drug with a significant ethno-botanical and therapeutic importance. In India plant is restricted to submontane and montane Himalayan ranging from 500- 2000 m. In Garhwal hill it is distributed abundantly in temperate zone of Pauri, Tehari, Chamoli and Uttarkashi district. The stem bark contains Flavonone, Sakuranetin, Prunatin, Isoflavonone and Padmkastin. It is used in the treatment of stone and gravels in the kidney, bleeding disorders, burning sensation and skin disease. It is a best anti-abortifacient. The stem in combination with other *Address for correspondence drugs is prescribed for snake bite and scorpion stings. The native of the Punjab Dr Chityanand Tiwari believes the fruits to be useful as an ascaricide. In Indo-china the bark is used in M.D. Scholar, dropsy. The flowers are considered diuretic and laxative. The seeds are used as Department of Dravyagun, antihelmintic. In China and Malaya peach kernel are given for cough, blood Rishikul Campus Uttarakhand disease and rheumatism. Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides), is an Ayurvedic herb used Ayurved University Dehradun, for the treatment of skin diseases, increases the complexion. The leaf extract of Email: Prunus cerasoides used in prostate and urinary disorder. This article is [email protected] compilation of different aspects of Prunus ceresoides and other Prunus species Contact No-9532185797 such as their botanical classification, morphological features, chemical constituents, pharmacological properties and ethno-medicinal uses. INTRODUCTION Herbal drugs have become the main subject of serve as a bloom for beekeepers. In this way artificial attention and global importance since a decade. They are feeding is not necessary for those beekeepers whose said to possess medicinal, therapeutical and economical colonies are in the surrounding of Prunus cerasoides. implications. The regular and widespread use of the Taxonomical Classification[3] herbal drugs is getting popular in the present era Kingdom Plantae creating new horizons. Prunus is a large genus of Division Magnoliophyta deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, distributed Class Magnoliospida chiefly in the temperate regions of the northern Order Rosales hemisphere belonging to the Family Rosaceae. A large Family Rosacae number of them are valued as ornamentals on account of Genus Prunus [1] their showery flowers . It is a sacred plant in Hindu Species Prunus puddam tradition. It is beneficial in many ailments such as Vernacular name[4] leprosy, leucoderma, erysipelas, burnings, asthma etc. Locally it is known as, Panyyan. Language Names As winter starts restricted patches in the hilly English Himalayan wild cherry, Bird cherry region impart a spring look due to this plant. It blooms in Hindi Padmakastha, Puddum, Phaya, Padmakha, October and lasts up to mid December. Its pinkish-white Pajia, Paya, Phaja flowers are the rich source of nectar and pollen for bees. Bengali Padmak, Padmakashtha In this period the swarms off honeybee can be observe Gujrati Padmaka thi, Padmaka nu lakadu, gathering nectar and pollen heavily from these tree. In Padmakashtha, Padmak Garhwal Himalaya, November and December is a period Kannnda Padamaka when flowering is minimum, only few wild and Marathi Padmaka stha, Padmaka, Padmakasta ornamental herbs bloom which hardly fulfil the need of Punjabi Paja, Chabheearee, Amalguckr, Chamiari, honeybee. Thus beekeepers are compelled to use Puddum artificial feeding to bees[2]. Hence Prunus cerasoides can AYUSHDHARA | January - February 2017 | Vol 4 | Issue 1 1051 AYUSHDHARA, 2016;4(1):1051-1055 Part(s) used[5]: Bark, stem, seed, heart wood. Botanical Description: A middle sized or a large tree, Classical Review bark smooth, brown, peeling off in horizontal strips Caraka Samhita- In Vednasthapna, Varnya, and Kasaya exposing a shining copper colored surface. skandha[6] Sapwood- Whitish and lustrous. Susruta Samhita- In Sarivadia[7] Heart Wood- Reddish brown, closely grained, Vagbhata – In Padmakadi[8] moderately hard and strong, durable and seasons well. It is resistant to fungus and insect attack and works to good Adarsh nighantu- In Padmkadi verga[9] finish.[22] Bhavaprakash nighantu- In Karpuradi verga[10] Leaves - Membranous, ovate- lanceolate or elliptic- [11] Kaiyedev nighantu- In Aushahdi varg lanceolate, blade 7.5-12.5 cm, glossy, nearly glabrous, Madanpal nighantu- In Karpuradi varg[12] margin sharply serrate, with one or more conspicuous Priya nighantu- In Haritkyadi varg[13] glands on the petiole. Stipules long, 3-5 parted, glandular, Sodhal nighantu- In Chandanadi varg[14] and fringed. Chemical constituents: Flowers- White, pink or crimson 2.5 cm in diameter in Heartwood: Dihydrotectochrysin, dihydrowogonin, umbellate fascicles, peduncles and are the rich sources of pinocembrin, chrysin, naringenin, kaempferol, nectar and pollen for bees. aromadendrin, quercetin, taxifolin, 7-hydroxy-5, 2´, 4´- Drupes-Ovoid, oblong or ellipsoid, 1.25-2 cm long, trimethoxy flavanone(Carasinone), 2´-hydroxy 2, 4, 4´, 6’- obtuse at both ends, yellow or reddish. tetramethoxy chalcone (Carasidin),2´,4´ dihydroxy-2, 4, Stone - Rugose, pony, ovoid, wrinkled and furrowed, 6´- trimethoxy-chalcone (carasin)[15]. pulp very little.[23] Stem: Narigenin, apigenin, β-sitosterol, sakuranetin, Flowering and Fruiting: October – May prunetin, genkwanin. Morphology of Different Species of Prunus[24] Sapwood: A flavone glycoside puddumin A [7-O-(β-D- Prunus amygdalus : A middle sized tree, leaves greyish glucopyranosyl)-5- O-methylnaringenin], genistein, when full grown, oblong lanceolate, petiole equal to or prunetin, n-pentacosane, triacontane, noctacosanol, β- longer than the greatest width of leaf, Stipules fimbricate. sitosterol, ursolic acid, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids, Flowers white, tinged with red, appearing before the afzelin, kaempteritrin, naringenin, β-sitosterol-β-D- leaves from scaly buds on last year wood pericarp dry, glucoside[16]. when ripe separating in to 2 valves, stone compressed Stem bark: Padmakastein and its derivatives, β- with shallow wrinkles and minute holes. sitosterol behenate, tectochrysin, genistein, leucocynidin, Prunus persica : A large deciduous shrub or small tree 4´- glucoside of genkwanin, chrysophenol, emodin, 8β-D twigs glabrous, leaves conduplicate in bud, 6.3-10 cm glucosides, orientalone, physcion, β- sitosterol glucoside, long, lanceolate, ovate –lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, amygdalin, prunasetin (isoflavone), sakuranetin, acuminate, usually hairy on the midrib beneath when puddumetin, flavanone, sakuranetin (5, 4´- dihydroxy-7- young serrate, petiole shorter than the greatest width of methoxy flavone) and its 5-glucoside, neosakuranin (2, the leaf glandular or not, stipule subulate, fimbriate, 4´-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6- glucosidoxy chalcone), flowers pink, usually before, some time with the leaves, leucocyanidin puddumin B (naringenin-4´-methyl ether- sessile or shortly pedicelled mostly solitary on the 7-O-β-D-galactoside), Taxifolin[17]. previous year wood. Calyx-tube campanulate, 3.8 mm Root bark: Ursolic acid, stigmasterol, prunetinoside, long. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the calyx tube. glucogenkwanin[18]. Ovary and style hairy. Seed: Naringenin-5-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside,4´-O- Prunus armeniaca - A medium sized deciduous tree, methyl-liquiritigenin-7-O-α-L rhamnopyranoside, twigs glabrous, leaves convolute in bud 3.5 -5 by 3.8-5 naringenin 4´-methylether 7-xyloside, β- sitosterol-3-O- cm, broadly ovate, flowers pinkish at first then white, D-galactopyranoside[19]. appearing before the leaves, solitary or fascicled, pedicel Branches-These are substitute for Hydrocyanic acid, very short, Calyx tube campanulate, puberulous, 5mm amygdalin. long, ovary and base of style hairy, drupe downy or Leaves: Quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, kaempferol glabrous, yellow tinged with red, stone smooth with a thickened sulcate margin. Ayurvedic Properties[20] Prunus cerasus - A deciduous shrub or small producing Ras- Kashaya, Tikta numerous root suckers, leaves conduplicate in bud, Guna- Laghu, Snigdha rather firm, shining, obovate acuminate, serrate, glands Virya – Seeta usually on the margin on the blade close to the insertion Vipaka- Kattu of the petiole, flowers in fascicles of 2-5 on slender Karma- Kapha-pittahara, Garbhasthapana, Vedna pedicles 2.4 cm, long flowers beds usually producing a sthapana, Vrisya, Varnya few leaves before the flowers, calyx lobe usually toothed, Important Formulation of Padamak[21] corolla white or pink, fruit globose, light red to nearly black acid or sweet. Chandanadi tail, Mahabhringraj tail, Jatyadi tail, Bala tail, AYUSHDHARA | January - February 2017 | Vol 4 | Issue 1 1052 Chityanand Tiwari et al. A Review on Padmaka (Prunus Cerasoides D. Don): Different Species and Their Medicinal Uses Prunus avium - Very similar to
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