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Constraints to Technology Transfer and Productivity of Fish in Nigeria : A ;;, -,f ,r, { J.. 11'\1: i' 1 / ·' V i" ·U •v .,.~ A KE 6:l tJ-1 CONSTRAINTS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND PRODUCTIVITY OF FISH IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF THREE MARITIME . STATES ·, - .....___ .. · 1 Prograrnrr,c <.!e Petites Subventiojs '-._ · , 1\ A R P. 1 V E E '/i \ 2 \ t b/' - 1 !l] - -1 'r-nrnçi:s1r0 ~::ou~. lû r,o ___ ··--c::-:-- , : ' l -~ .-'/·\ :Oate ,--~ .• . ---J ,, .·. ' ..__ --- . ___________JI MERCYOLUWAYE1VIISIAKERED0LU17 JUlN 1993 . ~ B.Sc. Vocational Agric. Education, P.G. Dip. Agricultural Economies,. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, M.Sc. Agricultural Extension, University of Ibadan, Nigeria ATHESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION. SUBMITI'ED TO THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENfS FOR THE DEGREE OF CODESRIA-LIBRARY DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ofthe UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN MARCH, 1993 i i DEDICATION To the loving Memory ofmy Mother in-law, Margaret Abigail Akeredolu / CODESRIA-LIBRARY 111 ABSTRACT Fish is a vital source of protein supplement in the diet of most Nigerians. Its production has however never met up with demand resulting in high market cost and the fishery subsector's inability to significantly improve the nutritional standard of the diet of the average Nigerian. Federal and State Governments concur that a modernization of the means of production through technological improvement and concomitant change in fishing location and attitude of the artisanal fishermen were solutions to the problem. These efforts have not improved the situation. It is against this backdrop that this study aimed generally at analysing the constraints to the transfer of technology and productivity of artisanal fishermen users and non-users of Yamaha 25 Horse power outboard engine in three Nigerian coastal States was carried out. More specifically, the study sought to describe the demographic and occupational characteristicsCODESRIA-LIBRARY of the fishermen, analyse the reasons for their preference or non-preference of the technology and to ascertain the constraints to the transfer of the technology at the service and supply levels, organizational level as well as categorizing the constraint factors at utilization level. The study also aimed at investigating the attitude of fishermen to the technology and their sources of information. Determinants of dependent variables such as fishing iv income/productivity, knowledge about technology from selected independent variables, and investigation of the relationship between fishing location and constraints at the utilization level were also carried out. The landings, costs and returns of traditional fishermen and users of the technology were also compared in the three States. The results were as follows: Age, Number of wives, number of children, number of dependants, religion, tribe and education were not significantly different among the users and non-·users of Y25Hp Outboard engine in Lagos and Ogun States. While in Ondo State, age and education were significantly different between. the users and non-users of the Y25Hp Outboard engine. Active fishing years, number of canoes owned, number of people employed in fishing, number of trips made per week, all had significant association with the use of Y25Hp Outboard engine by the sea fishermen in Lagos State. While in Ogun State, the number of trips madeCODESRIA-LIBRARY by fishermen per week and the number of people employed in fishing had significant association with the use of the Y25Hp Outboard engine. Age, education, number of people employed in fishing and number of fishing trips made per week were found to have significant association with the use of Y25Hp Outboard engine by the sea fishermen. V The gross income from fishing and the place of fishing explained significantly the variation in Y25Hp Outboard engine utilization, by the sea fishermen. Outboard engine utilization, educational level, place of fishing and fishing experience also made significant contribution to the variation in the knowledge scores of the sea fishermen. Only the type of gear used and labour contributed significantly to the fishing income scores of the traditional fishermen. While the type of gears, use of Y25Hp, fishing place, labour, fuel, fishing time and canoe number were important determinants of the fishing income of the sea fishermen. The result of the Discriminant Analysis gave the following constraints profile at the user category - Economie constraint (.91), Institutional constraint (.90), Supply constraint (.74), Outboard engine technical constraint (.60). At the non-user category, the following results were also obtained:-CODESRIA-LIBRARYEconomie constraint (.87), Institutional constraint (.87), Gear constraint (.69), Social-cultural constraint (.57), Supply constraint (.55), Geographical constraint (.55), Specie/value constraint (.53). However, at the extension and service levels, lack of funds, insufficient transportation to fishing villages, high fishing population, lack of facilities in the fishing villages, inadequate supply Vl system, lack of technical training in Y25Hp Outboard engine, policy of the government, high import duties and the high cost of the Y25Hp Outboard engine were important constraints. Lastly, a the Multinational Company level, lack of local control, restrictive transfer practices, prices, government control, contract agreement clauses were highly rated constraint variables. CODESRIA-LIBRARY vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give thanks and praises to God Almighty without whose manifold blessings all my efforts would have corne to naught. The completion of this project is a manifestation of His presence and guidance throughout the period of study. Sincere gratitude is due to the Council for the Development of Economie and Social Research in Africa (CODESRIA), the sole sponsors of this study for their financial and material assistance. I wish to acknowledge the unceasing guidance and support of Professor Caroline Ebun Williams who despite her busy schedule as Acting Head of Department also supervised the work with promptness and diligence. She was eager not only to see me succeed but to ensure I evolve a highly commendable project. I am greatly indebted to my co-supervisors Professor S.K.T. Williams and Professor A.F. Mabawonku for their invaluable guidance throughoutCODESRIA-LIBRARY the duration of the project. I wish to acknowledge the encouragement and contribution of Drs. Chris Igodan, Terry Olowu and Promise Okpalla and all staff of Agric. Extension Department, University of Ibadan. viii Special thanks go to the staff of Federal Department of Fisheries, Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, and Almarine all of Lagos for their assistance. To Mr. Tenabe and Mr. Sanumi of Fisheries in Ondo State, Alh. Olusanya (Ogun State), Mr. Bello (Lagos) and Mr. Seyi Jaiyeoba (Akure), I am sincerely grateful for their services. Sincere thanks to Messrs Ogunfidodo and Ayo Adewumi who helped a great deal in the computer analysis of this study. Eternal gratitude to my parents Ven and Mrs. Jaiyeoba who have since been a pillar 1. of strength to me educationally and otherwise. I wish to thank most immensely the moral and financial support of my husband, Olabanji Akeredolu, my sisters, brothers, and in-laws for their encouragement. Thanks to Mr. Charles Kalu of RAIDS (Ibadan) who had to type the scripts many times over. To othersCODESRIA-LIBRARY too numerous to list but who contributed in one way or another to the success of this project, I say God bless you. ix CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISORS I certify that this work was carried out by Mrs. Mercy Oluwayemisi Akeredolu in the Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ~pervisor) Prof. C.E. Williams, Dip. Ed. (Leicester) B.S., M.S., (Cornell), Hhaca, Ph.D (Ibadan) Nigeria. Professor, Dcpartmcnt of Agricultural Extension, University of lbndnn, Ibadan, Nigeria CODESRIA-LIBRARY X TABLE OF CONfENTS TITLE PAGE .. DEDICATION 11 ABSTRACT 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .. X LIST OF TABLES .. xix LIST OF FIGURES xxiii CHAPrER. I INTRODUCTION · .. 1 1.1 Agriculture and food problem 1 1.2 The role of fisheries in the economy 3 1.3 Fishing activities in Nigeria, problems and prospects 9 1.4 Artisanal fisheries Development in Nigeria 11 . 1.5 TechnologyCODESRIA-LIBRARY and low fish production in Nigeria .. 12 1.6 The Outboard engine .. 14 1.7 Problem of study 21 1.8 Objective of study 1.9 Hypotheses xi PAGE 1.10 Justification for the study 25 1.11 De.finition of terms a3 CHAPrER II LITERATURE REVIEW ~ 2.1 Technology transfer .. 2} 2.2 Typology of technology transfer 3) 2.3 Variables influencing the form and extent of technology transfer 38 2.4 Transfer variables 47 CHAPr.ER III CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 53 3.1 Fishing technology 53 3.2 Functions of fishing technology 54 3.3 The relevance of the Yamaha 25 Horse power Outboard engine .. 6i 3.4 TransferCODESRIA-LIBRARY of fishery technology ô7 3.5 Agricultural technology transfer models œ 3.6 Synthesis of the models 79 3.7 Theoretical orientation of the present study 81 3.8 Constraints from other fisheries .. 84 xi i -PAGE CHAPrER IV THE STUDY AREA .. 9i 4.1 Area of study .. 9i 4.2 Location .. 9i 4.3 Climate .. 9i 4.4 Vegetation 00 4.5 Description of the states g] CHAPrER V METHODOLOGY 111 5.1 Population choice 111 5.2 Sampling procedure (Lagos State) .. 112 5.3 Sampling procedure (Ondo State) .. 115 6.4 Sampling procedure (Ogun State) .. 116 5.5 Species data 118 5.6 Sampling for fisheries extension agents and supplyCODESRIA-LIBRARY officiais 121 5.7 Sampling for Almarine officers 121 5.8 Instrument for data collection (Artisanal fishermen) 122 5.9 Instrument for supply and Almarine officiais .. 12'2 X jjj PAGE 5.10 Secondary data 123 5.11 ·variables and their· measurement 123 5.12 Constraint scale 124 5.13 Knowledge scale 126 5.14 Attitude test 127 5.15 Yamaha 25Hp transfer process 129 5.16 Extension agents 129 5.17 Y25Hp Outboard engine . 1.30 5.18 Instrument for extension agents 1.30 5.19 Limitation to the study 1.30 5.20 Statistical analysis used in the study 131 5.21 Problems encountered in data collection .
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