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The Effect of Recreational Fishing on Targeted Fishes and Trophic Structure, in a Coral Reef Marine Park

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The Effect of Recreational Fishing on Targeted Fishes and Trophic Structure, in a Coral Reef Marine Park Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2003 The effect of recreational fishing on targeted fishes and trophic structure, in a coral reef marine park Mark B. Westera Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Westera, M. B. (2003). The effect of recreational fishing on targeted fishes and trophic structure, in a coral reef marine park. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1499 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1499 Theses Theses: Doctorates and Masters Edith Cowan University Year 2003 The Effect Of Recreational Fishing On Targeted Fishes And Trophic Structure, In A Coral Reef Marine Park Mark B. Westera Edith Cowan University This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1499 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. The effect of recreational fishing on targeted fishes and trophic structure, in a coral reef marine park. This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Edith Cowan University June 2003 Submitted by Mark Bernard Westera B. Sc. (Hons) Murdoch University, Western Australia EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1 Abstract Recreational line fishing is highly targeted at predatory fishes, making them vulnerable to overfishing. These same fishes play a role in trophic structure by regulating prey species. Despite increasing numbers of fishers, few studies have investigated the potential effects of recreational fishing on fish populations and subsequent trophic effects. This project investigated whether there were differences in fishes and benthos between unfished and recreationally fished areas, and whether the removal of targeted fishes influenced trophic structure. The study was conducted at the Ningaloo Marine Park, Western Australia, which had Sanctuary (no-take) and Recreation (recreationally fished) Zones. Data were collected from three regions (Mandu, Osprey and Maud) and replicated over time. Fish assemblages, benthos and trophic interactions were compared between zones at each region. At Ningaloo the lethrinids (emperors) are a top-order predatory fish and the preferred target of recreational anglers. The algal-grazing urchin Echinometra mathaei comprised 51% of macroinvertebrate abundances and was heavily preyed upon by lethrinids, being recorded in 50% ofthe guts of sampled fish. In all regions, Sanctuary Zones had a greater biomass of lethrinids than Recreation Zones, but there were no differences in non-targeted fishes between zones. Despite the consistent effect on lethrinids, there were inconsistencies among regions in the predator-prey relationships. At Mandu, Echinometra mathaei abundances were inversely related to lethrinid biomass, suggesting a strong predator-prey interaction. In the Recreation Zone, the abundances of E. mathaei were four times greater, and macro-algal cover was half, that of the Sanctuary Zone. Furthermore, algal composition differed between zones, and this was driven by fucoid brown algae, which dominated the diets of E. mathaei. This was interpreted as evidence of a trophic cascade resulting from the removal of lethrinids at the Recreation Zone. At Maud, different results were recorded. Abundances of Echinometra mathaei and lethrinids were both higher in the Sanctuary Zone, than the adjacent Recreation Zone. E. mathaei reside in the crevices of rock, dead coral or Echinopora coral, which provided refuge from predation and this habitat was more available in the Sanctuary Zone. It is suggested that the availability of this habitat confounded the effects of predation. Macro-algal cover was lower in the Sanctuary Zone indicating a grazing effect from E. mathaei. At Osprey there was higher cover of E. mathaei habitat in the Sanctuary than the Recreation Zone. However, there were no differences in macro-algal cover, which was consistent with a lack of difference in E. mathaei abundances. The effect of E. mathaei grazing was unlikely to have been confounded by fishes that graze macro-algae, as they did not differ between zones at any region. 2 These results indicate that recreational fishing reduced fish populations below that of adjacent protected areas at Ningaloo Marine Park, and in one region this resulted in a trophic cascade. This may be the first study that has recorded evidence of a trophic cascade where recreational line fishing is the only means of extraction. However, the results also show that this is not a consistent response to reduced fishing pressure; in other regions, changes in predatory fish abundance did not result in differences in the abundances of their prey, suggesting no trophic cascade. The studies have contributed towards an understanding of fish-habitat interactions and provide a baseline for future monitoring of the Ningaloo Marine Park. They also have important implications for marine park managers in terms of defining their expectations when implementing Sanctuary Zones. The results also show that Sanctuary Zones have the potential to be effective tools for fisheries management. 3 Declaration I certify that this does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; contain any material previously published or written by another person except where reference is made in the text; or contain any defamatory material. Signed ... .... 4 Acknowledgments I thank my wife Alison for her endless support and encouragement in the field and at home. She is a fantastic and enthusiastic field worker and collected and measured many urchins and bags of algae and "happily" helped the flies, and me extract the guts from fish. She even tolerated my monologues on non-metric multidimensional scaling, ANOSIM and ANOVA. To my supervisors Paul Lavery and Glenn Hyndes, thanks for your humour, encouragement, stimulating ideas, field assistance (I sure you were glad to get out of the office and dive on Ningaloo Reef) and editing. I have learnt a great deal from you both. I also had a fantastic team of volunteer field workers, thanks so much to Nick Wood, Julia Phillips, Leah Stratford, Andrew McGuckin and Matthew Metropolis. Hope the field diet of curries, coke and muesli bars wasn't too much. Thanks to the team at the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Marine Conservation, and the Exmouth Regional Office- Chris Simpson, Jennie Cary, Kevin Bancroft, Tim Daly, Tim Grubba, Ray Laurie, Carolyn Williams, Doug Myers, Terry Harrington and Bruce Bond. Y au were always encouraging and interested in my progress. Thanks for helping out with financial support, advice, and field equipment and providing a forum to present my findings. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to the following people: Russ Babcock and Tim McClanahan for reviewing my PhD research proposal Jim Bohnsack, Chris Simpson and Tim McClanahan for reviewing this thesis Mat Vanderklift for editing manuscripts and providing moral support Euan Harvey for advice on fish census techniques arid the use of underwater video Bob Clarke, David Fox and Tony Underwood for statistical advice on Chapter 2 of the thesis Jane Griffith for coral identification Gary Kendrick for advice on project design Mike Cappo for the loan of underwater video equipment Harry Recher for advice and for talking me out of an even bigger project Mike Moran, Neil Sumner and Peta Williamson for advice and support Two anonymous reviewers whose advice improved the manuscript of Chapter 2 of this thesis Funding for this project was supplied by Paul Lavery, myself, the Department of Conservation and Land Management, the Australian Coral Reef Society through a student award, Edith Cowan University - Centre for Ecosystem Management and Edith Cowan University - School of Natural Sciences. 5 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 11 1.1 The role of Marine Protected Areas and marine reserves ........................................ ll 1.2 The vulnerability of fishes to recreational fishing ..................................................... 13 1.3 The trophic effects of fishing ......................................................................................
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