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The Ideological Dimensions of Whale Bone Use in Thule Winter Houses

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The Ideological Dimensions of Whale Bone Use in Thule Winter Houses The Ideological Dimensions of Whale Bone Use in Thule Winter Houses. A. Katherine B. Patton Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal. Novernber, 1996 A thesis subrnined to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfdlment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. Copyright O A. Katherine B. Patton, 1996. National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON KIAON4 Ottawa ON KI A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This study attempts to demonstrate symbolic whale bone patteming within 3 1 Thule winter houses along the southeast Coast of Somerset Island. Nonhwest Temtories. Canada. Al1 visible architectural whale bone incorporated within the dwellings was mapped. Trends towards panicular patterns of whale bone distribution were demonstrated using Spearman's Rank-order Correlation Coefficient. The potential symbolic nature of such pattemings was determined within the context of north Alaskan ethnographic and oral historical sources. The extensive use of whale bone in some Thule entrances suggests that their builders sought to create a distinction between the entrance tunnel and main room. not unlike the Inupiat dwellings in 19th-century Tikigaq. The significance of this architectural phenornenon is rooted in the Inupiat. and to some extent Inuit. association between wornen. the house and the bowhead whale. It is also suggested that whaling status may be reflected in differential access to bowhead whale bone. Cette etude a pour but de demontrer I'occurence symbolique de I'os de baleine dans la conception de 3 1 maisons d'hiver thuleenes tout au long de la cote sud-est de Sornerset Island. Tous les os de baleine visibles dans l'architecture des habitations ont ete trace. Les tendances a concevoir des modeles particuliers en os de baleine ont ete demontrees en utilisant le coefficiant de correlation de Spearman. La nature symbolique potentielle de tels modeles a ete determinees a l'aide du contexte ethnographique du nord de 1"alaska et des differentes sources de l'histoire orale. L'usage repandu de I'os de balenine dans quelques entreees de maison thuleenes suggere que leurs concepteurs ont cherche a creer une distinction entre le tunnel d'entree et la piece principale, de la meme facon que les habiations de Tikigaq au 19e siecle. La signification de ce phenornene architectural prend ll son origine dans traditions Inupiat. et dans une certaine mesure aussi chequ celles des Inupiat. et dans une certaine mesure aussi chez celles des Inuit. ou on y fait une assocation entre les femmes, la maison et la baleine boreale. Il est aussi suggere que le statut de echeur de baleine peut eue demontre part les differents acces qu'on ces derniers aux os de baleine boreale. .. Abstract .......................................................................................... II List of Figures .................................................................................. iv ... List of Tables .................................................................................... viii 2 . A Background to Theoq .................................................................. 5 Approach taken in this study ......................................................... 8 3 . Culture-Histoq Background Aiaskan origins and migration ....................................................... 11 Influences of climate and raw materiais on the Thule winter house ............. II Thule settlement and subsistence patterns .......................................... 17 Thule seulement patterns in the Somerset Island stud>-area ...................... 19 4 . The Influences of ldeoiog: Relating east to we'r .................................................................... 21 Releasing the sou1 ...................................................................... 28 5 . .M ethods Faunal analvsis .......................................................................... 31 Statisticai analysis ...................................................................... 41 Oral history .............................................................................. 42 6 . Results ........................................................................................ 43 .Main room: overall .................. ... .............................................. 57 Crania .................................................................................... 54 .LI aillae .................................................................................. 54 Mandibles ................................................................................ --55 Cut mandiblss .................................... ...................................... 55 Cervical vertebrae . scapulae and ribs ................... ......... ........... 56 Entrance tunnel: overall ................... ... ........................ ...-..74 Crania ..................... .. ...... ... ................................................ 75 Maxillae ............................................... ... 76 Mandibles ................................................................................ 77 The sigificance. of mandibles and rnaxillae in the entrance tunnel ............... 77 Cut mandibles ........................................................................... 79 Cervical venebrae . scapulae and ribs ............................................ 79 7 . Discussion Implications for the Somerset Island Thule whale bone house .................... 97 8 . Conclusion ................................................................................. 103 9 . Bibliography ............................................................................... 136 Map of the Arctic region of North America (From McGhee 1981) Figure 2: Map of Somerset Island . Canada (Mer Savelle 1995: 129) 3 Figure 3: Map demonstratinp possible Thule migration route (From McGhee 1983: 370) .......................................... 12 Map of the Alaskan northwest Coast (After Lowenstein 1993: xii j ......................................... 14 Figure 5: Sketch of an Inupiat winter house tFrom Savelle 1987. after Spencer 1959 ) .................................................... 14 Figure 6: Skeleton of the bow head whaie . indicating elements discussed in this study (After .M cCartney 1979b) ............................. 16 Figure 7: Map featuring "core" whaling main the vicinity of Sornerset Island IAfter Savelle and .M cCartney 1994: 284 ) .................. 18 Figure 8: Collecter mode1 diaz- (From Savelle 1987: 5 . after Binford 1980 i .................................................. 20 Figure 9: Map of the Hazard Inlet area . featunng Thule winter sites discussed in study (.Aiter Savelle 1987: 80-81 ) ................... 33 Results of Spearman's Correlation Coefficient with a main roorn combined mandible category ........................... 57 Figure 11: Scatterplot of o~erallmain room ........................................... 58 Figure 12: Scatterplot of Pais 13 house 7: main room ................................ 58 Figure 13: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 8: main room ................................ 59 Figure 14: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 9: main room ................................ 59 Figure 15: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 10: main room .............................. 60 Figure 16: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 1 1: main room .............................. 60 Figure 17: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 12: main room .............................. 61 Figure 18: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 13: main roorn .............................. 61 Figure 19: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 13: main room ..................... ..... 62 Figure 20: Scatterplot of PaJs 13 house L 5: main room .............................. 62 Figure 2 1: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 16: main room .............................. Figure 22: Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 16a: main roorn ............................. Figure 23 : Scatterplot of Pals 13 house 17: main room .......................... .... Figure 24: Scatterplot of PaJs 3 house 1: main room ..................... .. ....... Figure 25: Scatterplot of Pals 3 house 2: main room ................................. Figure 26: Scatterplot of Pals 3 house 3: main room ................................. Figure 27: Scatterplot of Pals 3 house 4: main room ...................... ... .... Figure 28: Scatterplot of Pals 3 house 5: main room ................................. Figure 29: Scatterplor of PaJs 3 house 6: main roorn ................................. Figure 30: Scatterplot of PaJs 3 house 7: main room ................................. Figure 3 1 : Scatterplot
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