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International Sandalwood Symposium 2012 Artwork Courtesy of Jamie Gilmore www.gilmorearts.com East-West Center Conference Center University of Hawai’i, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 21-24 October 2012 INTERNATIONAL SANDALWOOD FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM AGENDA SUNDAY-21 OCTOBER 2012 12:00-2:00- REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION 2:00-2:30 OPENING REMARKS Danica T. Harbaugh-Reynaud1, Dan Reynaud1, & Susan Leopold2 (Moderators), 1International Sandalwood Foundation, CA, USA; United Plant Savers, VT, USA. 2:30-3:30 [1.1] KEYNOTE ADDRESS: SANDALWOOD PLANTATIONS IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS Anantha Padmanabha, Forestry Consultant, Bangalore, India 3:30-4:00 [1.2] SANDALWOOD MARKET AND THREATS Tim Coakley, Wescorp Group of Companies, WA, Australia 4:00-4:30 SNACK BREAK 4:30-5:00 [1.3] HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL USE AND POST-CONTACT EXPLOITATION OF SANDALWOOD SPECIES IN HAWAI’I AND OTHER TROPICAL PACIFIC ISLANDS Mark Merlin, Botany Department, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI, USA 5:00-5:30 [1.4] ILIAHI FOUNDATION OF HAWAII Jon Larson, Jim Haley, Ron Iwamoto, Iliahi Foundation, HI, USA 5:30-5:50 [1.5] ILIAHI ALOHA, THE SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF HAWAII'S SANDALWOOD Leigh-Wai Doo, Foundation for the Islands of Harmony, HI, USA 5:50-6:00 HULA PERFORMANCE: “PUA ILIAHI” Dancers from Iliahi Elementary School, HI, USA 6:00-8:00 DINNER RECEPTION MONDAY- 22 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 2: CHEMISTRY & GENETICS 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao (Moderator), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, TN, USA and Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA 9:10-9:30 [2.1] THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY: A REVIEW ON SANDALWOOD QUALITY D.S. Hettiarachichi, Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Australia 9:30-9:50 [2.2] NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF SANDALWOOD ESSENTIAL OILS Daniel Joulain*1, Jean Waikedre1, Hugues Brévard2,, 1Serei No Nengone, District de Guahma, Lieu dit Lyo, B.P. 142, 98858 Tadine, New Caledonia (France); 2 Robertet S.A., Grasse (France) 9:50-10:10 [2.3] CHEMICAL DIVERSITY AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOODS’ (SANTALUM SPICATUM) ESSENTIAL OIL Jessie Moniodis*1,2, Christopher G Jones1, Julie A Plummer1, Emilio Ghisalberti2, Liz L Barbour1,5 and Jörg Bohlmann3 , 1School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia; 2School of Chemistry, University of Western Australia, Australia; 3Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Canada; 4Forest Products Commission of Western Australia, Australia 10:10-10:30 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 10:30-10:50 COFFEE BREAK 10:50-11:10 [2.4] ACOUSTIC IMAGING OF SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM) LOGS Roger Turpening*1, Carol Asiala1, John Diebel2, Chris Done3, & Andrew Brown4, 1Geophysical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, USA; 2Technology Commercialization, Michigan Technological University, USA; 3Tropical Forestry Services, Ltd., Australia; 4Mount Romance Australia Pty, Ltd., Australia. 11:10-11:30 [2.5 TBC] THERMAL DEGRADATION STUDIES OF SANTALUM ALBUM/SPICATUM WOOD AND SANDALWOOD INCENSES Harendrakumar Dave, Department of Natural Science, ECU, Australia 11:30-11:50 [2.6] BIOCHEMICAL COLOUR REACTION A TOOL TO EVALUATE OIL CONTENT IN SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) TREES S. H. Jain*, G. Ravi Kumar, K. Murugesan & S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India 11:50-12:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK 1:00-1:30 [2.7] GENETIC INSIGHTS INTO SANDALWOOD SPECIES, SOURCES, SUBSTITUTION & SUSTAINABILITY Danica T. Harbaugh Reynaud, International Sandalwood Foundation, El Cerrito, CA, USA; AuthenTechnologies LLC, Albany, CA. 1:30-1:50 [2.8] MAPPING SANDAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN INDIA: THREATS AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4, 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. 1:50-2:10 [2.9] EFFECTIVENESS OF PROTECTED AREAS IN CONSERVING SANDAL (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) GENETIC RESOURCES Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao*,1,2, K.N. Ganeshaiah3, & R. Uma Shaanker4, 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, TN, USA, 2Polk State College, Department of Biological Sciences, FL, USA, 3Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore India, 4Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India. 2:10-2:30 [2.10 TBC] TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS FOR DEFINING THE SANTALOL PRODUCTION IN SANTALUM ALBUM Arti Rani*, Puja Ravikumar, & Anil Kush, Vittal Mallya Scientific Research Foundation, Bangalore, India 2:30-3:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 3:00-3:30 SNACK BREAK TUESDAY- 23 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 3: CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Sylvia Yuen (Moderator), Special Assistant to University of Hawaii President M. R. C. Greenwood on Food Security and Safety, HI, USA 9:10-9:40 [3.1] THE SUCCESS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD IN AUSTRALIA Richard Alston, TFS Corporation, WA, Australia 9:40-10:00 [3.2] DOMESTICATION OF SANDALWOOD TREES IN DRYLAND AND SEMI-ARIDS OF NORTH INDIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Anjani Kumar* & Abha Sharma, Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India 10:00-10:20 [3.3] SANTALUM IN SUCCESSION AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ON LEEWARD HAWAII ISLAND Neil Logan, Mohala Lehua Farm, Kohala HI 10:20-10:40 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 10:40-11:00 COFFEE BREAK 11:00-11:20 [3.4] REVIEW OF SANTALUM ALBUM SEED PRE-GERMINATION TREATMENTS WITH A FOCUS ON LOW-COST METHODS Bronwyn Clarke & John Doran, CSIRO Plant Industry, Australian Tree Seed Centre, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia 11:20-11:40 [3.5 TBC] CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD PLANTS AS A TOOL FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN THE ARAVALI HILLS OF INDIA Abha Sharma* & Anjani Kumar, Global Education & Research Foundation, Delhi, India 11:40-12:00 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 12:00-1:00 LUNCH BREAK SESSION 4: ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT 1:00-1:10 INTRODUCTION Randy Senock (Moderator), California State University at Chico, CA, USA 1:10-1:30 [4.1] EFFECTS OF HOST TREES ON WESTERN AUSTRALIAN SANDALWOOD SEED OIL D. S. Hettiarachchi*1,2, Z. Y. Ang2, J .E. Brand3, J. E. D. Fox4, V. B. Sunderland2 & Y. Liu4, 1Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Ltd., WA, Australia; 2School of Pharmacy Curtin University, WA, Australia; 3Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, WA, Australia; 4Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, WA, Australia 1:30-1:50 [4.2] OPERATION WOYLIE AND SUSTAINABLE SANDALWOOD IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN OUTBACK Benjamin Sawyer, Forest Products Commission, WA, Australia 1:50-2:10 [4.3] STATUS OF DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2, A.J. Lee2, & A. Johnson1, 1California State University at Chico, CA, USA, 2Haloa Aina, HI, USA 2:10-2:30 [4.4] CURRENT STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE ON THE ECOLOGY OF SANTALUM PANICULATUM IN THE DRY MONTANE FORESTS OF THE BIG ISLAND R.S. Senock*1, W.C. Lee2 & A.J. Lee2, 1California State University at Chico, CA, USA, 2Haloa Aina, HI, USA 2:30-2:50 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION 2:50-3:10 SNACK BREAK 3:10-3:30 [4.5] INSECT PEST COMPLEXES OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN AREAS OUTSIDE FOREST AND THE CHALLENGES IN ITS MANAGEMENT (20 min) Ramachandran Sundararaj*, O.K. Remadevi, Raja Muthukrishnan, and S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 3:30-3:50 [4.6] MOLLUSCAN PESTS OF INDIAN SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) IN INDIA Ramachandran Sundararaj* & Lingappa Basappa, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Bangalore, India 3:50-4:10 [4.7] SANDALWOOD BIODETERIORATION IN INDIAN CONDITIONS – CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIES O.K. Remadevi*, Raja Muthukrishnan, & S.C. Joshi, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 4:10-4:30 [4.8 TBC] REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF SANDALWOOD (S. ALBUM, S. AUSTROCALEDONICUM AND S. LANCEOLATUM) Tony Page, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia 4:30-4:50 [4.9 TBC] ARAECERUS FASCICULATUS LINN. (ANTHRIBIDAE: COLEOPTERA) BREEDING ON SANTALUM ALBUM SEEDS: A CHALLENGE TO SANDAL CULTIVATION/ SEED ORCHARDS AND PLANTATIONS Raja. Muthukrishnan*, V. Varun Rajan, O.K. Remadevi & S.C.Joshi, Wood Biodegradation Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India 4:50-5:20 QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION WEDNESDAY- 24 OCTOBER 2012 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION TABLE OPEN & COFFEE SESSION 5: REGIONAL USE & DEVELOPMENT 9:00-9:10 INTRODUCTION Mark Merlin (Moderator), Department of Botany, University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 9:10-9:30 [5.1] SANTALUM ALBUM: CURRENT STATUS AND RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SRI LANKA S.M.C.U.P. Subasinghe*1, B.S. Nawarathne2, H.K. Rohana2,& D.S. Hettiarachchi3, 1Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka; 2Sadaharitha Plantations Limited, 6A, Alfred Place, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka; 3Wescorp Sandalwood Pty Limited, 26, Coulson Way, Canning Vale, WA 6155, Australia 9:30-9:50 [5.2] SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR PROVINCE, INDONESIA Yani Septiani1 & Titiek Setyawati, Directorate General of Forest Utilization, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia. 9:50-10:10 [5.3] MUSINGS OF A SANDALWOOD OIL DISTILLER John Day, Paperbark Essential Oils, WA, Australia 10:10-10:30 COFFEE BREAK 10:30-10:50 [5.4] UPDATE ON SANDALWOOD RESOURCES AND TRADE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Lex Thomson, EU-FACT Team Leader, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji 10:50-11:10 [5.5 TBC] TONGA: TITLE TBA Tevita Faka’osi, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Suva, Fiji 11:10-11:40 [5.6] COMMUNITY-MEDIATED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SANDALWOOD CONSERVATION: A DISCUSSION FORUM TOWARDS A COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE BASE Ryan D.
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    Peña & Bennett: Annona Arthropods 329 ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH ANNONA SPP. IN THE NEOTROPICS J. E. PEÑA1 AND F. D. BENNETT2 1University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 S.W. 280th Street, Homestead, FL 33031 2University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, 970 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 ABSTRACT Two hundred and ninety-six species of arthropods are associated with Annona spp. The genus Bephratelloides (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and the species Cerconota anonella (Sepp) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) are the most serious pests of Annona spp. Host plant and distribution are given for each pest species. Key Words: Annona, arthropods, Insecta. RESUMEN Doscientas noventa y seis especies de arthrópodos están asociadas con Annona spp. en el Neotrópico. De las especies mencionadas, el género Bephratelloides (Hyme- noptera: Eurytomidae) y la especie Cerconota anonella (Sepp) (Lepidoptera: Oecopho- ridae) sobresalen como las plagas mas importantes de Annona spp. Se mencionan las plantas hospederas y la distribución de cada especie. The genus Annona is confined almost entirely to tropical and subtropical America and the Caribbean region (Safford 1914). Edible species include Annona muricata L. (soursop), A. squamosa L. (sugar apple), A. cherimola Mill. (cherimoya), and A. retic- ulata L. (custard apple). Each geographical region has its own distinctive pest fauna, composed of indigenous and introduced species (Bennett & Alam 1985, Brathwaite et al. 1986, Brunner et al. 1975, D’Araujo et al. 1968, Medina-Gaud et al. 1989, Peña et al. 1984, Posada 1989, Venturi 1966). These reports place emphasis on the broader as- pects of pest species. Some recent regional reviews of the status of important pests and their control have been published in Puerto Rico, U.S.A., Colombia, Venezuela, the Caribbean Region and Chile (Medina-Gaud et al.
  • The Biology, Host Range, Parasites, and Hyperparasites of Koa Seed Insects in Hawaii: a Review

    The Biology, Host Range, Parasites, and Hyperparasites of Koa Seed Insects in Hawaii: a Review

    Vol. 24, Nos. 2 & 3, October 15,1983 317 The Biology, Host Range, Parasites, and Hyperparasites of Koa Seed Insects in Hawaii: a Review JOHN D. STEIN1 ABSTRACT The biology and host range of koa seed insects, their parasites, and hyperparasites in Hawaii are reviewed. The information reported may be applicable to other native or introduced legumes because of the wide hosthnst rangeranopt ofrtf a fewfi»w ofnf thetht* insects.inc^Wc Koa, Acacia koa Gray, is considered the most valuable native timber species in Hawaii. Pure stands of koa cover approximately 7.5 thousand hectares (18.6 thousand acres) with an additional 172.4 thousand hectares (426 thousand acres) of koa-ohia mixture in the native forest ecosystems within the State. Selective logging has reduced the quality of koa to less desirable commercial grade trees. Since 1978, the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources has been replanting sites where koa once grew. The emphasis on reforestation of this high value hardwood has stimulated research by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, to select and propagate genetically superior trees. Progeny from these trees will then be used to establish viable seed orchards. Insects present a potentially serious threat to koa seed production. In a recent survey, I found that up to 86% of the seed was destroyed by insects, and three insects were responsible for 93% of the damage (Stein 1983). This review discusses the biology and host range of the koa seed insects, and lists their parasites. Previously published biological data for these insects were augmented with information from the Bernice P.
  • Micro-CT to Document the Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus Fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Inside Field-Collected Coffee Berries (Coffea Canephora)

    Micro-CT to Document the Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus Fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Inside Field-Collected Coffee Berries (Coffea Canephora)

    insects Communication Micro-CT to Document the Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Inside Field-Collected Coffee Berries (Coffea canephora) Ignacio Alba-Alejandre 1 ID , Javier Alba-Tercedor 1 ID and Fernando E. Vega 2,* ID 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (I.A.-A.); [email protected] (J.A.-T.) 2 Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-504-5101 Received: 22 June 2018; Accepted: 10 August 2018; Published: 14 August 2018 Abstract: The coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), is a cosmopolitan insect with >100 hosts, and has been reported as a pest of stored coffee. During a study involving the coffee berry borer, we observed coffee bean weevils emerging from field-collected coffee berries and used micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT) scans to observe the insect inside the berry. Two eggs had eclosed inside the berry, resulting in observations of a newly eclosed adult beetle and a 5th instar larva, each feeding on one of the two seeds. This is the first time since 1775, when the insect was first described, that the insect has been observed inside a coffee berry. Keywords: coffee quality; insect biology; losses; stored coffee; stored product pest 1. Introduction The genus Araecerus Schönherr comprises ca. 75 species [1], with the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), being the most economically important. Chittenden [2,3] coined the name coffee bean weevil and Valentine [1] has published a succinct account on the controversy involving the many different scientific names used for the insect.
  • Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Sandalwood (Santalum Species)

    Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Sandalwood (Santalum Species)

    Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (http://agroforestry.net/scps) Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Sandalwood (Santalum species) By Lex A.J. Thomson, John Doran, Danica Harbaugh, and Mark D. Merlin USES AND PRODUCTS apart from carving, sandalwood is rarely used in many of Wood from the Hawaiian and South Pacific sandalwoods these traditional ways nowadays because of its scarcity and traditionally had a diversity of uses such as carving, medi- economic value. cine, insect repellent when burnt (St. John 1947), and fuel Commercial exploitation of sandalwood commenced in the (Wagner 1986). The grated wood was used to a limited ex- Hawaiian and some South Pacific islands during the late 18th tent to scent coconut oil (for application to the hair and and early 19th centuries when the aromatic lower trunks and body) and cultural artifacts such as tapa cloth (Krauss 1993; rootstock of native Santalum species were harvested in great Kepler 1985). In Hawai‘i, sandalwoods were used to make quantity and shipped to China. There they were used to musical instruments such as the musical bow (‘ūkēkē) and make incense, fine furniture, and other products. The exten- to produce hoe (paddles) as part of traditional canoe con- sive and often exploitative sandalwood trade in Hawai‘i was struction (Buck 1964; Krauss 1993). The highest-value wood an early economic activity that adversely affected both the from the sandalwoods is used for carving (i.e., religious stat- natural environment and human health. Indeed, this activ- ues and objects, handicrafts, art, and decorative furniture). ity represented an early shift from subsistence to commer- For most purposes larger basal pieces and main roots are cial economy in Hawai‘i that was to have far-reaching and preferred due to their high oil content and better oil profiles, long-lasting effects in the islands (Shineberg 1967).