Worked Importance to after supported Native Plants Location marriage by fieldwork

Jane Colden (1724–1760) was among the first women anywhere to master formal Linnaean botany, and she did so not in a European center of learning but on a farm in the Hudson Valley of New York. Colden became a skilled, talented botanist, despite the unusualness of this activity for a woman in this period. She was able to develop Idenitification, these skills because she could take advantage of several intersecting circumstances. She first engaged with botany Jane Colden classification, at the behest of her father, who had himself practiced botany and had found it a route to prestige and sociability. 1724‐1766 Botanist New York No Father ? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Colden

At the age of 16, Almira Hart began her teaching career in district schools. She later continued her own education. In 1814, she opened her first boarding school for young women at her home in Berlin; and two years later, she became principal of a school in Sandy Hill, New York.[1] While teaching at the Female Seminary, her interests in science increased, and her botanical career began under the influence of Amos Eaton. While under the direction of Eaton, she found her passion in botany and the lack of introductory text books for secondary and beginning college level students. This led Phelps to write and publish her first and most famous textbook in 1829, Familiar Lectures on Botany.[1]

Almira 1793‐1884 In 1859, Phelps was the third woman elected as a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Phelps 1793‐ Teaching, botany 2nd Science. After gaining her membership, Phelps continued to write, lecture, and revise her textbooks until she died 1884 textbook North eaast somewhat husband NO in Baltimore on her 91st birthday, July 15, 1884. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almira_Hart_Lincoln_Phelps

as an abolitionist, poet, novelist, editor, botanist, spiritualist medium, and advocate of women's, voters', and workers' rights. In contrast to many other 19th‐century women writers, throughout most of her adult life she earned her living as an author; at the same time she often donated her writing for causes she believed in, such as Frances the abolition of slavery. Green was a student of botany all her life and a botany teacher for several years. Seeing Harriet the need for an illustrated text, in 1856 she published The Primary Class‐Book of Botany. Well received by Whipple authorities, this text was revised, enlarged, and republished in collaboration with Joseph W. Congdon of East Green Greenwich as The Analytical Class Book of Botany. It included descriptions of over one thousand different plant McDougall species of the northern states, a chapter on "Economical Uses of Plants," and an exhortation to study nature as a 1805 ‐1878 text book writer North eaast testimony to God. Josephine Mason Milligan (1835-1911) was born on February 27, 1835, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She married Harvey William Milligan in 1856, in Decaturville, Tennessee. She collected plants in Massachusetts, Michigan, Illinois, Tennessee, Virginia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Texas, and Montana between 1863 and 1893. She kept an herbarium of wildflowers of Central Illinois, which she donated to the Smithsonian Institution after her death on July 6, 1911, in Jacksonville, Illinois. Milligan was an active member Josephone of her community in Jacksonville, Illinois, where she founded the Jacksonville Sorosis in 1868, Mason and the Jacksonville Household Science Club in 1885. Milligan 1835‐ https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/auth_per_fbr_eacp348 1911 Yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Esther_Mathias

Prepared by Jean 4/8/2019 Page 1 Maxi’diwiac, also known as Buffalo Bird Woman, was an Indigenous Hidatsa woman living in North Dakota whose extensive gardening knowledge was transcribed and published by anthropologist Gilbert L. Wilson in the book Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden in 1917.https://gardentherapy.ca/crazy‐plant‐ladies/?fbclid=IwAR0‐ QRCg6gZXlUIdNxjcMy5PAHHMcE0DurD2Q_Z04SuRE_aVgjZneqg29RE Maxi’diwi The book contains an account of a typical year of gardening and cultivation in Maxi’diwac’s life. It includes detailed ac (1839- descriptions of how Maxi’diwiac and her family planted, cared for, harvested, and preserved beans, corn, squash, 1932) and more, as well as the importance of ceremony, music, and storytelling as part of the process of nurturing the garden. This record of Maxi’diwiac’s extensive gardening knowledge contributed greatly to the preservation and knowledge of traditional Hidatsa gardening and cultivation techniques. Many modern gardeners use companion planting in the vegetable garden, a technique outlined in Maxi’diwiac’s book and used by her community for many North Dakota years.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bird_Woman

(1834‐1931) made her mark in history by being the first botanic artist in the “Garden of Maine.” The “Posey‐ Woman,” as she was called by the French Canadians in upper Maine, was determined to collect, classify, and draw all the plants of Maine. Her self‐appointed life task resulted in over 4000 sheets of dried plants and ferns she discovered around the state of Maine. She became a self‐taught botanist who traveled throughout Maine collecting samples of flora and then classifying and drawing them. Many of her excursions took her through deep woods with swarms of black flies, or swamps of fallen, rotten trees that blocked her way. One experience nearly cost her her life as she fell through a rotten log with sharp rocks below. She managed to climb the bank and Catherine retrieve her collection basket and returned home after eleven hours. "Kate Furbish never 1834‐1931 botanical artist Maine married Yes

Born in Portage, New York, Emily Lovira Gregory taught school until, at the age of thirty‐five, she entered Cornell University (B.A. 1881). After obtaining a doctorate in botany at Zurich, she took the position of teaching fellow in the department of biology at the University of Pennsylvania, thereby becoming the first woman faculty member as well as one of the earliest to give instruction at any but a women's college. She was appointed lecturer at Barnard Emily Lovira College the second year of its existence, and she played an active part in championing the cause of graduate Gregory teacher, wrote 2 never students and encouraging laboratory assistants by paying them out of her own funds. She died at the age of fifty‐ 1840‐1897 botany textbooks New York married No six, two years after becoming the first woman professor at Barnard College. Eliza Frances Andrews (1840‐1931) was a popular Southern writer whose works were published in popular newspapers and magazines, including the New York World and Godey's Lady's Book. Her longer works included The War‐Time Journal of a Georgian Girl (1908) and two botany textbooks. Her passion was writing, but financial troubles forced her to take a teaching job after the deaths of her parents, though she continued to be published. y 1900, she had returned again to Washington and began teaching high school science. She then turned her attention to one of her lifelong interests ‐ botany. She spent a summer doing research at Johns Hopkins University. She published two botany textbooks, in 1903 and 1911, the second the result of six years of study in Alabama.In 1926, she became the first American woman invited into the prestigious International Academy of Literature and Eliza Frances Science in Italy. Due to age, she had to decline an invitation to address the Academy at Naples.Eliza Frances Andrews teacher, wrote 2 Andrews died in Rome, Georgia, on January 21, 1931, at the age of 90. She is buried in Resthaven Cemetery in her 1840‐1931 botany textbooks Georgia No hometown of Washington, Georgia.

born in Maine , teacher in Botany, retirned in 1911. They were having great difficulties familiarizing their students with plants growing in their natural surroundings, as development was wiping out these areas. This spot would be accessible and attractive for that ,That area included a swampy bog, fern glens, hillsides, upland hills and trees and Oldest public nearby, the Great Medicine Spring. In 1907 the Park Board was moved to set aside a portion of this area as a Eloise Bulter wildflower garden Natural Botanical Garden but soon it was known as the Wild Botanic Garden (as the partially visible sign in fig. 2 1851‐1933 in USA Minneapolis NO states). https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/eloisebutler.html

Prepared by Jean 4/8/2019 Page 2 Canadian American botanist. Born in Toronto, she moved to the United States at 14, and from age twenty to thirty, was a teacher in Denver, Colorado and taught herself botany. In 1890 she assumed a post in the herbarium at the California Academy of Sciences. Eastwood was given a position as joint Curator of the Academy with Katherine Alice Brandegee in 1892. By 1894, with the retirement of Brandegee, Eastwood was procurator Eastwood botanist, field never and Head of the Department of Botany, a position she held until she retired in 1949. 1859‐ 1953 work, Herbarium harbarium, married Yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Eastwood(g)(y,y,) anAmerican botanist, bryologist, and educator. She and her husband, Nathaniel Lord Britton played a significant role in the fundraising and creation of the New York Botanical Garden. She was a co‐founder of the predecessor to the American Bryological and Lichenological Society. She was an activist for protection of wildflowers, inspiring local chapter activities and the passage of legislation. Elizabeth Britton made major contributions to the literature of mosses, publishing 170 papers in that field. After her marriage in 1885, Elizabeth Britton resigned her teaching position at Normal College, and took charge of the moss collections at Columbia in an unofficial, unpaid capacity.[4][10] She served as editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club from 1886 to 1888;[11] in 1889, she published the first of an eleven‐part series of papers titled "Contributions to American Bryology" in that journal.[4] Her catalogue of the mosses of West Virginia appeared in 1892, and the first of eight articles titled "How to Study the Mosses" for a popular magazine was published in 1894.[4] These papers "sufficed to place Mrs. Britton in command of the bryological field in America."[4] Showing skills away from the lab as well, she worked with her husband to acquire for Columbia the moss herbarium of August Jaeger (1842–1877) of Switzerland; Elizabeth persuaded wealthy friends to contribute the necessary $6000.In 1940, a memorial plaque in honor of Elizabeth Britton was installed in the new Wild Flower Garden of the New York Botanical Garden. A gift of the New Elizabeth Protection, York Bird and Tree Club, it is mounted on a ten‐ton boulder of Bronx schist, and its text reads, "Let those who find Britton 1858‐ conservation, pleasure in this garden remember Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton, lover of wildflowers and ardent advocate of 1934 mosses New York husband Yes their protection".[41]

Frances Theodora Parsons (née Smith (December 5, 1861 – June 10, 1952), usually writing as Mrs. William Starr Dana was an American botanist and author active in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Her first husband, William Starr Dana (marriage 20 May 1884, died 1 January 1890), was a naval officer. She later married (8 February 1896) James Russell Parsons, a politician in the state of New York and later a diplomat. They had a son, Russell. She was an active supporter of the Republican Party as well as theProgressive Party. She was also an advocate of women's suffrage. Her most important botanical work was How to Know the Wild Flowers (1893), the first field guide to North American wildflowers. It was something of a sensation, the first Francis printing selling out in five days. How to Know the Wild Flowers garnered favorable responses from Theodore Parsons 1861‐1861 ‐1952 Field Roosevelt and Rudyard Kipling, among others. The work went through several editions in Parsons's lifetime and has 1952 Guide New York somewhat husband somewhat remained in print into the 21st century. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Theodora_Parsons

was an American botanist who worked at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution. She is "considered one of the world's outstanding agrostologists"[2][3] and is known for her work on the study of grasses and for her work as a suffragette. Chase was born in Iroquois County, Illinois and held no formal education beyond grammar school. Chase made significant contributions to the field of botany, authored over 70 scientific publications, and was conferred with an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Illinois.[2] She specialized in the study of grasses and conducted extensive field work in North and South America. Her field books from 1897 to 1959 are archived in the Smithsonian Institution Archives. agrostologist, Chase became senior botanist in charge of systematic agrostology and custodian of the Section of Grasses, Division expert on grasses of Plants at the United States National Museum (USNM). Chase retired from the USDA in 1939 but continued her Agnes Chase at the Washington, work as custodian of the USNM grass herbarium until her death in 1963. 1869‐1963 Smithsonian DC Yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Agnes_Chase

Prepared by Jean 4/8/2019 Page 3 Neltje Blanchan De Graff Doubleday (October 23, 1865 – February 21, 1918) was a United States scientific historian and nature writer who published several books on wildflowers and birds under the pen name Neltje Blanchan.[1] Her work is known for its synthesis of scientific interest with poetic phrasing. Some of her papers (1914–1918) are held in the Frank N. Doubleday and Nelson Doubleday Collection at the Princeton University Library. The Wyoming Arts Council established the Neltje Blanchan Literary Award (now called the Blanchan/Doubleday Writing Award), which is given an writer whose work, in any genre, is inspired by nature." The award was funded in Blanchan's memory by her granddaughter, Neltje Doubleday Kings, an abstract artist who served on the board of the Council from 1985 to 1988. In 2010 Neltje Kings made an estate gift to the University of Wyoming, including Neltje gardening her land, ranch and studio buildings, art collections, which is the largest in the history of the university. When Blanchan nature writer, with native realized, it will become the UW Neltje Center for the Visual and Literary 1865‐1918 gardener plants Yes Arts.[3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neltje_Blanchan

Ynes Mexia was born in Washington, D.C. on 24 May 1870 to her Mexican diplomat father, Enrique Mexia, who separated from her mother, Sarah Wilmer, in 1873. Mexia began her career at the age of 55 with a 1925 trip to western Mexico under the tutelage of Roxanna Ferris, a botanist at Stanford University. Mexia fell off a cliff and was injured, halting the trip, which yielded 500 specimens, including several new species. The first species to be named after her, Mimosa mexiae, was discovered on this excursion.[3] Over the next 12 years, she travelled to Argentina, Chile, Mount McKinley (in 1928), Brazil (in 1929), Ecuador (in 1934), Peru and the Straits of Magellan (in 1935), and southwestern Mexico (in 1937) on 7 different collecting trips, discovering one new genus, Mexianthus, and many new species among her 150,000 total samples. During her trip to Western Mexico, she collected over 33,000 samples,[1] including 50 new species.[6] In Ecuador, Mexia worked with the Bureau of Plant Industry and Exploration, part of Ecuador's Department of Agriculture.[7] There, she looked for the wax palm, cinchona, and herbs that bind to the soil.[7] Mexia once traveled up the Amazon River to its source in the Andes mountains with a guide and three other men in a canoe.[2] She also spent three months living with the Araguarunas, a native group in the Amazon. [2] All of these excursions were funded by the sale of her specimens to collectors and institutions alike.[4] Mexianthus, named for Mexia, is a genus of Asteraceae.[4] Specimens from these trips were stored in the Gray Herbarium at Harvard University and the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.[5] Mexia was remembered by her colleagues for her expertise on life in the field as well as her resilience in the tough Ynes Mexia West, South conditions,[3] as well as her impulsiveness and fractious but generous personality.[5] They lauded her meticulous, 1870‐1938 Field work America after divorce Yes careful work and her skills as a collector.[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynes_Mexia American botanist and author active in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (Some sources give her birth year as 1872.) She worked closely with the Australian botanical artist Ellis Rowan, publishing three books with her as illustrator.Over a period of two or more years, the two traveled over the Southeastern United States in search of native plants. The first year, they traveled to Florida, exploring the St. Johns River, among other sites. They then visited the Southern Appalachian region, including Roan Mountain, Tennessee and Alice Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina. The next year they returned to that region, working at the herbarium of the Lounsberry Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. Presumably this is where Lounsberry became acquainted with 1873‐1949 Field guide South east Chauncey Beadle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lounsberry

The pioneering ecologist and eminent scientist started life as a farmer’s daughter in Rollinsford, New Hampshire. She received an AB from Smith College in 1905, and an AM and PhD from the University of Chicago. After serving three years as an associate professor at Mount Holyoke, Roberts worked as a field representative for the U.S. Department of Agriculture during the First World War, traveling throughout the 48 states, advising women who were managing farms while their men were away in the service. But Roberts once told an interviewer that she thought “all women [who are] going to run a family should have plant science. It is basic to living.” She was appointed associate professor of botany at Vassar in 1919; two years later, she was made a full professor and chairman of the department which, at her suggestion, was renamed Plant Science. One of Roberts’s top priorities as head of Plant Science was the creation of the Dutchess County Outdoor Edith A Ecological Laboratory, the first of its kind in the country. A 1948 article in the Poughkeepsie New Yorker states, “At Roberts 1881‐ its start, the laboratory comprised four acres of poison ivy, two oak trees and a gleam in the eyes of Vassar plant 1977 New York scientists. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_A._Roberts

Prepared by Jean 4/8/2019 Page 4 pp,p Horticultural Society. The Hymenocallis henryae is named in her honor. Mrs. Henry had a lifelong interest in botany, and after her children had grown up, she set out collecting in her chauffeured car to remote areas of the American coastal plain, piedmont, and Appalachian Mountains, and in later ventures to the Ozarks and then the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British Columbia. As she recalled in her memoirs: "I soon learned that rare and beautiful plants can only be found in places that are difficult of access.... Often one has to shove one's self through or wriggle under briars, with awkward results to clothing and many and deep cuts and scratches.... Wading, usually barelegged, through countless rattlesnake‐infested swamps adds immensely to the interest of the day's work." collection, At one point she and her daughter were held up by three armed men. As she later observed: "It all took place so conservation, quickly we felt as though we were at the movies. I had often wondered how it would feel to be held up and really it Mary Henry native plants to was not so bad at all." 1884 ‐1967 horticulture Her 50‐acre (200,000 m2) private botanical garden has now become the nonprofit Henry Foundation for Botanical

Emma Lucy Braun was born on April 19, 1889 in Cincinnati; she lived in Ohio for the remainder of her life.[2] She studied botany and geology. She earned a PhD in botany and became the second woman to earn a PhD from theUniversity of Cincinnati; her sister Annette Braun was the first. Braun went on to become an assistant in teaching both geology and biology, and eventually teach ecology at the University of Cincinnati.[2] In 1948, she retired from teaching to focus on her research. She also conducted extensive field studies with her sister who was anentomologist. They purchased a car in 1930 and used to travel around the East Coast, studying the environment. Lucy took hundreds of photographs of the natural flora. These field studies mainly focused on the flora of theAppalachian Mountains and largely contributed to her most famous book. Braun retired early from teaching at the University of Cincinnati, but only to more fully devote herself to her research and to various public service ventures. and her sister encountered moonshiners during their field studies, although they never turned anyone in, and became friends with the locals in order to explore the forests. They set up a laboratory and experimental field work, garden at their shared home; she was never married. Lucy Braun also fought to conserve natural areas and set collection, up nature reserves, particularly in her home state. She began pressing flowers while in high school and collected an conservation, extensive herbarium that now resides in the National Museum in Washington D.C. Over her career, Lucy Braun Founded the wrote four books and 180 articles published in over twenty journals. Her most famous work was the book Wildflower Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America, which was published in 1950. As a professor, she had thirteen MA Lucy Braun. Prervation Society students and one PhD student, nine of which were women; the mentorship of graduate students was uncommon 1889‐1971 of North America Ohio Yes for female professors at the time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lucy_Braun was an American naturalist, writer, poet, illustrator, and educator. She was a naturalist at The Morton Arboretum and author of Reading the Landscape of America.Watts began working as a part‐time teacher at The Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois in 1939 and was hired as a full‐time staff naturalist in 1942.[5] Watts developed popular educational programming at the Arboretum including studies in botany, ecology, taxonomy, geology, gardening, sketching, nature literature, and creative writing.[1][2] She also produced scientific studies as well as flower and tree identification guides.

While working at the Arboretum, she authored several books and guides that helped nonscientists to interpret the landscape. Her 1957 Reading the Landscape was among the most widely read and used for decades by educators. Watts described places ranging from backyard gardens to the Indiana Dunes to the Rocky Mountain timberline. She wrote a similar volume, Reading the Landscape of Europe. She extended her knowledge of the natural world to the public in a column written for the Chicago Tribune called Nature Afoot, and had an educational horticulture program on public television. She suffered a stroke in 1961 and retired from the Arboretum that year.[1]

Watts led efforts to establish the Illinois Prairie Path on an abandoned railroad line.[6] Inspired by the public May footpaths of Britain and by the Appalachian Trail in the eastern United States, she believed Midwestern residents Theilgaard needed similar recreational trails.[9] Her 1963 letter‐to‐the‐editor of the Chicago Tribune warned that "bulldozers Watts 1893‐ Education about are drooling"[10] and rapid action needed to be taken. She was honored at the 1971 dedication ceremony for the 1975 native Plants Illinois Yes Illinois Prairie Path.[11]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Theilgaard_Watts

Prepared by Jean 4/8/2019 Page 5 ggggp St. Louis, Missouri, reaching the eleventh grade. She then married John C. (Jack) Reifschneider, and in 1920 the two moved to Ukiah, California. Nine years later, they settled in Reno and opened an auto body shop, which prospered. In her first 20 years in Nevada, she pursued botany as a hobby, learning the common names of many of Nevada's plants.Although occupied as financial manager for her husband's business until his retirement in 1968, Reifschneider maintained a second career as botanist and nature writer until her death in early 1978. Through contact with James R. Henrichs, Agnes (Scott Hume Train) Janssen, and W. Andrew Archer, who worked on the Nevada Indian Medicine Project in the 1930s and 1940s, she developed a lifelong interest in native medicinal plants.

Reifschneider lectured and wrote articles on wildflowers, desert biology, and the environment, as well as Nevada Olga A Wuert nature writer, history, petroglyphs, and Benjamin Franklin. In the field she was an avid plant collector and photographer. One Reifschneide particulary, native small wildflower she collected near Pyramid Lake in 1956 was identified as a new species and given the name r 1900 ‐1978 medicine plants Nevada Yes ? "Mimulus reifschneiderae." Several of her articles were published in Nevada Parks and Highways magazine.

Elizabeth Lawrence was born in Marietta, Georgia, on May 27, 1904. She moved to Raleigh where she later studied landscape architecture at North Carolina State College (currently NC State University). In 1932, she became the first woman to graduate in this program at the college.In 1948, Elizabeth and her mother Bessie moved from Raleigh to Charlotte, NC, to be closer to her sister Ann and her family, who had moved to Charlotte earlier. Bessie purchased two adjacent lots on Ridgewood Avenue—one for Ann and her family, and the other for herself and Elizabeth. Elizabeth, now 44, and Bessie, 72, began building a house and making a garden just footsteps away from Wing Haven Gardens and Bird Sanctuary.

During her 35 years on Ridgewood Avenue, Elizabeth wrote three books: The Little Bulbs, A Tale of Two Gardens, Elizabeth wrting about Gardens in Winter, and Lob’s Wood. She also prepared over 700 columns for publication in The Charlotte Observer. Lawrence natives (as well as Charlotte, https://winghavengardens.org/elizabeth‐lawrence‐house‐and‐garden 1904‐1985 other plants) NC NO

There Mildred majored in mathematics until her junior year, but switched to botany when classes for her major were unavailable, and when the Dean of Engineering would not give permission to a woman to take a math course in his male‐only college. Fortunately, Mildred was soon hooked on botany, and at Washington University earned the A.B. (1926), M.A. (1927) and Ph.D. (1929) while conducting her graduate research at the Missouri Botanical Garden. For her doctoral dissertation, Mildred Mathias, at the age of 22, produced a very fine taxonomic monograph on Cymopterus and relatives of the carrot family (Umbelliferae). New World umbellifer genera and species then were poorly defined‐and she was set to change all that. During the summer of 1929, Mildred, in her Model T Ford, which she could repair herself, and with two female companions, traveled across the western United States to visit numerous populations and type localities of Umbelliferae. After marrying Gerald L. Hassler, a Ph.D. in physics, in Philadelphia on August 30, 1930, Mildred carried on independent research on the umbellifers during various research appointments, often without pay. Mildred Her career of botanical accomplishments led to her receiving the Botanical Society of America Merit Award in 1973 Mathias and being elected president in 1984. Similarly, her interests in ethnopharmacology were rewarded when in 1993 Hassler 1906‐ she was named Distinguished Economic Botanist by the Society of Economic Botany. 1995 Taxonomy Califormia Yes husband Yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Esther_Mathias

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