sign in sign up
<<
Home , 82nd Academy Awards, Adrienne King, Alice (Friday the 13th), Amanda Brugel, Amy Steel, A Bay of Blood

'' the 13th'' The Complete Guide Contents

1 Overview 1 1.1 '''' (1985 video game) ...... 1 1.1.1 Films ...... 1 1.1.2 Television ...... 6 1.1.3 Literature ...... 6 1.1.4 Documentaries ...... 8 1.1.5 Video games ...... 9 1.1.6 Merchandise ...... 9 1.1.7 Impact ...... 9 1.1.8 Notes ...... 10 1.1.9 References ...... 14 1.1.10 External links ...... 14

2 Films 15 2.1 ''Friday the 13th'' ...... 15 2.1.1 Plot ...... 15 2.1.2 Cast ...... 15 2.1.3 Production ...... 16 2.1.4 Box office ...... 18 2.1.5 Critical reception ...... 19 2.1.6 Home media ...... 19 2.1.7 Related works ...... 19 2.1.8 Reading ...... 20 2.1.9 See also ...... 20 2.1.10 References ...... 20 2.1.11 External links ...... 21 2.2 '''' ...... 21 2.2.1 Plot ...... 22 2.2.2 Cast ...... 22 2.2.3 Production ...... 23

i ii CONTENTS

2.2.4 Release ...... 24 2.2.5 Reception ...... 24 2.2.6 ...... 24 2.2.7 References ...... 24 2.2.8 External links ...... 24 2.3 ''Friday the 13th Part III'' ...... 25 2.3.1 Plot ...... 25 2.3.2 Cast ...... 26 2.3.3 Production ...... 26 2.3.4 Reception ...... 27 2.3.5 Home media ...... 27 2.3.6 References ...... 27 2.3.7 External links ...... 28 2.4 ''Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter'' ...... 28 2.4.1 Plot ...... 28 2.4.2 Cast ...... 29 2.4.3 Production ...... 29 2.4.4 Reception ...... 31 2.4.5 References ...... 31 2.4.6 External links ...... 31 2.5 ''Friday the 13th: A New Beginning'' ...... 31 2.5.1 Plot ...... 31 2.5.2 Cast ...... 32 2.5.3 Production ...... 33 2.5.4 Reception ...... 33 2.5.5 Soundtrack ...... 33 2.5.6 Cultural references ...... 33 2.5.7 References ...... 33 2.5.8 External links ...... 33 2.6 ''Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives’' ...... 33 2.6.1 Plot ...... 34 2.6.2 Cast ...... 35 2.6.3 Production ...... 35 2.6.4 Reception ...... 37 2.6.5 Novelization ...... 38 2.6.6 References ...... 38 2.6.7 External links ...... 38 2.7 ''Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood'' ...... 38 CONTENTS iii

2.7.1 Plot ...... 38 2.7.2 Cast ...... 39 2.7.3 Production ...... 39 2.7.4 Box office and reception ...... 40 2.7.5 Soundtrack ...... 40 2.7.6 References ...... 40 2.7.7 External links ...... 41 2.8 ''Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes '' ...... 41 2.8.1 Plot ...... 41 2.8.2 Cast ...... 42 2.8.3 Production ...... 42 2.8.4 Reception ...... 42 2.8.5 References ...... 42 2.8.6 External links ...... 43 2.9 ''Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday'' ...... 43 2.9.1 Plot ...... 43 2.9.2 Cast ...... 44 2.9.3 Reception ...... 44 2.9.4 DVD release ...... 44 2.9.5 Other media ...... 44 2.9.6 References ...... 45 2.9.7 External links ...... 45 2.10 '''' ...... 45 2.10.1 Plot ...... 45 2.10.2 Cast ...... 46 2.10.3 Production ...... 46 2.10.4 Soundtrack ...... 46 2.10.5 Release ...... 46 2.10.6 References ...... 47 2.10.7 External links ...... 47 2.11 ''Freddy vs. Jason'' ...... 47 2.11.1 Plot ...... 47 2.11.2 Cast ...... 48 2.11.3 Production ...... 48 2.11.4 Music ...... 50 2.11.5 Distribution ...... 50 2.11.6 Reception ...... 50 2.11.7 See also ...... 50 iv CONTENTS

2.11.8 References ...... 50 2.11.9 External links ...... 51 2.12 ''Friday the 13th'' (2009) ...... 51 2.12.1 Plot ...... 51 2.12.2 Production ...... 52 2.12.3 Release ...... 55 2.12.4 References ...... 57 2.12.5 External links ...... 59

3 Characters 60 3.1 List of ''Friday the 13th'' characters ...... 60 3.1.1 Recurring cast and characters ...... 60 3.1.2 Contents ...... 60 3.1.3 A ...... 60 3.1.4 B ...... 62 3.1.5 C ...... 63 3.1.6 D ...... 67 3.1.7 E ...... 70 3.1.8 F ...... 71 3.1.9 G ...... 72 3.1.10 H ...... 72 3.1.11 J ...... 73 3.1.12 K ...... 75 3.1.13 L ...... 76 3.1.14 M ...... 78 3.1.15 N ...... 80 3.1.16 P ...... 81 3.1.17 R ...... 82 3.1.18 S ...... 84 3.1.19 T ...... 87 3.1.20 V ...... 91 3.1.21 W ...... 92 3.1.22 See also ...... 93 3.1.23 References ...... 93 3.2 ...... 95 3.2.1 Appearances ...... 96 3.2.2 Concept and creation ...... 98 3.2.3 Characteristics ...... 103 3.2.4 In popular culture ...... 104 CONTENTS v

3.2.5 References ...... 106 3.2.6 Bibliography ...... 109 3.2.7 External links ...... 109 3.3 ...... 109 3.3.1 Appearances ...... 110 3.3.2 2009 film trailer controversy ...... 112 3.3.3 Other media ...... 112 3.3.4 References ...... 112 3.3.5 External links ...... 112

4 Comics 113 4.1 ''Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash'' ...... 113 4.1.1 Plot summary ...... 113 4.1.2 Collected editions ...... 113 4.1.3 Sequel ...... 113 4.1.4 References ...... 113 4.1.5 External links ...... 114 4.2 ''Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors’' ...... 114 4.2.1 Plot ...... 114 4.2.2 Development ...... 115 4.2.3 Reception ...... 117 4.2.4 References ...... 117 4.2.5 External links ...... 118

5 Games and TV 119 5.1 ''Friday the 13th'' (1985 video game) ...... 119 5.1.1 Films ...... 119 5.1.2 Television ...... 124 5.1.3 Literature ...... 124 5.1.4 Documentaries ...... 126 5.1.5 Video games ...... 127 5.1.6 Merchandise ...... 127 5.1.7 Impact ...... 127 5.1.8 Notes ...... 128 5.1.9 References ...... 132 5.1.10 External links ...... 132 5.2 ''Friday the 13th'' (1989 video game) ...... 132 5.2.1 Plot ...... 133 5.2.2 Gameplay ...... 133 vi CONTENTS

5.2.3 Development ...... 133 5.2.4 Reception ...... 133 5.2.5 See also ...... 134 5.2.6 References ...... 134 5.3 ''Friday the 13th: The Series’' ...... 134 5.3.1 Premise ...... 135 5.3.2 Second and third season ...... 135 5.3.3 bios ...... 135 5.3.4 Production ...... 137 5.3.5 Cancellation ...... 137 5.3.6 International broadcasts ...... 137 5.3.7 Awards and nominations ...... 137 5.3.8 Home video release ...... 137 5.3.9 Episodes ...... 137 5.3.10 Adaptations ...... 138 5.3.11 Syndication ...... 138 5.3.12 References ...... 138 5.3.13 External links ...... 138

6 Related Topics 139 6.1 ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' ...... 139 6.1.1 Films ...... 139 6.1.2 Documentary ...... 141 6.1.3 Television ...... 141 6.1.4 Literature ...... 142 6.1.5 Merchandise ...... 142 6.1.6 References ...... 143 6.1.7 External links ...... 145

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 146 7.1 Text ...... 146 7.2 Images ...... 155 7.3 Content license ...... 156 Chapter 1

Overview

1.1 ''Friday the 13th'' (1985 video costumes, and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th game) artwork. Jason’s hockey has become one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[4]

Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that, as 1.1.1 Films of 2016, comprises twelve slasher films, a , novels, comic books, a video game, and tie‑in merchan- Overview dise. The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional charac- ter Jason Voorhees, who drowned as a boy at Camp In the original Friday the 13th (1980), Mrs. Pamela Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff. Decades later, Voorhees () stalks and the teenagers the lake is rumored to be “cursed” and is the setting for a se- who are preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re‑opening. She ries of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the films, as is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after either the killer or the motivation for the killings. The orig- her son Jason (Ari Lehman) drowned in the lake because inal film was written by and was produced and two staff members who were supposed to be watching him directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The films have grossed were having sex. The last counselor, Hardy (Adrienne over $464 million at the box-office worldwide. King), fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a ma- The first film was created to cash in on the success of chete and decapitate her.[5] In Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981), (1978),[1] and its own success led Paramount Jason (Steve Daskewisz/Warrington Gillette) is revealed to Pictures to purchase the full licensing rights to Friday the be alive and fully grown. After killing Alice Hardy, Jason 13th. Mancuso, Jr., a producer of the films, also de- returns to Crystal Lake to guard from all intruders. Five veloped the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after years later, a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to Paramount released Jason Lives. The television series was a new camp, but Jason murders them. Field (Amy not connected to the franchise by any character or setting, Steel), the last counselor Jason attempts to kill, finds a cabin but was created based on the idea of “bad and ”, in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of which the film series symbolized.[2] While the franchise was Mrs. Voorhees. Ginny fights back and slams a machete owned by Paramount, four films were adapted into nov- through Jason’s shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is els, with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate taken away in an ambulance.[6] During the events of Friday authors. When the franchise was sold to New Line Cin- the 13th Part III (1982), Jason () removes ema, Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris additional films, in addition to a film with charac- Higgins’ (Dana Kimmell) local homestead. Chris returns to ter from the Nightmare on Elm Street film her property with some friends, and Jason kills anyone who series. Under , 13 novellas and various wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey series featuring Jason were published. mask from a victim to hide his face, Jason leaves the barn Although the films were not popular with critics, Friday the to kill the rest of the group. Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head, but the night’s events drive her into 13th is considered one of the most successful media - [7] chises in America—not only for the success of the films, but hysteria as the police take her away. also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues where references to the series in popular culture.[3] The franchise’s Part III leaves off, with Jason (Ted White) found by the po- popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their lice and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe. own Friday the 13th films, fashioned replica Jason Voorhees Upon arrival, Jason kills the coroner and a nurse before re-

1 2 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

turning to Crystal Lake. A group of friends rent a house only method of stopping him, but Jason breaks free and on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason’s rampage. Af- kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be ter killing the teens, Jason seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) again imprisoned. Rowan manages to lure Jason into the and (), who live next door. cryo‑chamber, but he ruptures the tank and freezes both While distracted by Trish, Jason is attacked and killed by himself and Rowan. Over 400 years later, a team of stu- Tommy.[8] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985) fol- dents studying Earth discover Jason’s body and take it into lows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed space. Upon being thawed by the team, he proceeds to mur- to a mental health institution after the events of The Fi- der everyone aboard the spacecraft. He is seemingly killed, nal Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg ver- Morga) would return. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Ja- sion of himself. Finally, he is ejected into space and lands son’s persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway on the planet Earth 2.[14] The next Friday the 13th film, home to which Tommy has moved. Tommy, supervisor Freddy vs. Jason (2003), was a crossover with A Night- Pam (Melanie Kinnaman), and a young boy named Reggie mare on Elm Street. Set in the contemporary period, Freddy (Shavar Ross) manage to defeat Roy. They eventually learn Krueger () resurrects Jason () that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create at the institution, triggering Roy to take on Jason’s likeness enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong and kill everyone there.[9] Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason enough to invade their dreams. Jason accomplishes this but Lives (1986) begins with Tommy () visiting refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues both in the dream- Jason’s grave after being released from another mental in- world and at Crystal Lake. The outcome is left ambiguous, stitution. Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Gra- as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy’s severed ham) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery head, which winks and laughs.[15] acting as a lightning rod. Jason immediately heads back to In 2009, a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film Crystal Lake and kills the people at the new sum- series continuity was released. In this film, after witnessing mer camp. Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that [10] his mother being beheaded at a young age, an adult Jason he tosses into the lake, where he leaves Jason to die. () follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an comes to Crystal Lake. Jason subsequently kidnaps a young indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane woman, Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), who resembles Hodder) is resurrected again, this time by the telekinetic his mother at a young age. Six weeks after her disappear- Tina Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who is trying to resur- ance, her brother, Clay Miller (Jared Padalecki), comes to rect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a look for her. The pair reunite and work together to seem- child. Jason once again begins killing those who occupy ingly kill Jason.[16] Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina.[11] Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) by an un- Development derwater electrical . He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan, where he kills the The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by ship’s crew and the majority of the students. Upon reach- Sean S. Cunningham, who had previously worked with film- ing Manhattan, Jason chases Rennie (Jensen Daggett) and maker on The Last House on the Left (1972). Sean (Scott Reeves), the two remaining students, into the Cunningham, inspired by the success of 's sewers. Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is Halloween (1978), wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking, flooded with toxic waste.[12] In Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- visually stunning, and "[make] you jump out of your seat”. nal Friday (1993), Jason, through an unexplained resurrec- Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left, Cun- tion, is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake. The FBI sets ningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a “roller up a sting that successfully kills Jason. Through possession, coaster ride”.[1] The first film was meant to be “a real scary Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from movie”, and at the same time make audiences laugh. The one being to the next. It is revealed that he has a sister and concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a a niece, and that he needs them to get his body back. Ja- title. A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title son resurrects himself, but his niece, Jessica Kimble (Kari Victor Miller used while he drafted a script, but Cunning- Keegan), stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged ham believed in his “Friday the 13th” moniker and rushed to into Hell.[13] place an advertisement in International Variety. Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting Jason X (2001) takes place in the future, when Jason has to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be again been inexplicably resurrected. A scientist, Rowan La- best to find out immediately. Cunningham commissioned a fontaine (Lexa Doig), decides that cryonic suspension is the advertising agency to develop his visual concept 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 3

be a joke. , associate producer of the first film, believed in the idea, and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the direc- tor’s chair.[19] The studio continued to generate sequels over the years, based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets. With every film repeating the same basic premise, the filmmakers came up with subtle ad- justments so the audience would return. Changes involved the addition of a subtitle—as opposed to just a number at- tached to the end—like “The Final Chapter” and “Jason Takes Manhattan”, or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III.[20] The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable im- ages in popular culture, that of Jason’s hockey mask.[4] Pro- ducer Frank Mancuso, Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good, after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies, because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series.[21] Jason would not stay for long, as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film. Man- cuso, Sr. stated, “Quite simply, the public still wanted to see these films. So until they really stopped coming, why not continue to make more?" A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean how he battles his inner demons, hallucinations, and “rages S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety to kill” after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter.[22] magazine. This premise was not repeated, as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead. Jason Lives attempted to create a “funnier, faster, and more action-packed [...] of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block Friday" than had previously been done.[23] The limited fi- letters bursting through a pane of glass.[17] In the end, Cun- nancial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive ningham believed there were “no problems” with the title, to create another sequel, The New Blood. The idea pro- but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an posed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his re- issue: “There was a movie before ours called Friday the alization that the films always ended with Jason battling the 13th: The Orphan. Moderately successful. But someone "final girl". Haney decided that this final girl should have still threatened to sue. I don't know whether Phil [Scuderi] telekinetic powers, which led Producer Barbara Sachs to paid them off, but it was finally resolved.”[18] dub the film, Jason vs. Carrie.[24] Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake began plans to make a sequel and and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film. immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights. was selected as the main setting, with Jason According to Paramount Pictures’ Chairman and CEO spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat be- Frank Mancuso, Sr., “We wanted it to be an event, where fore reaching New York. The film was then subtitled Jason teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to Takes Manhattan. Ultimately, the character spent the ma- see the latest episode.” Initial ideas for a sequel involved the jority of the time on the cruise ship, as budget restrictions Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinu- forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded. ous films, released once a year, and each would be a separate had to substitute for the majority of the New “scary movie” of its own right. Phil Scuderi—a co‑owner of York scenes.[25] Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform success- and a producer of the original film—insisted that the sequel fully at the box office, Sean Cunningham decided that he must have Jason Voorhees, Pamela’s son, even though his wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to 4 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason, as they wanted to use pieces from the early films. Fuller said, New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. “I think there are moments we want to address, like how The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not does the hockey mask happen.”[31] Damian Shannon and new, since Paramount had approached New Line about Mark Swift, writers of Freddy vs. Jason, were brought on filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the to pen the script for the new film,[32] with Marcus Nispel, licensing rights to Friday the 13th. At that time, both com- director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003, panies wanted the license to the other’s character so that hired in November 2007 to direct.[33] they could control the making of the film. Negotiations on the project were never finalized, which led Paramount to make The New Blood. After Jason Takes Manhattan was re- Music leased in 1989, the rights reverted to Scuderi, Minasian, and Barsamianto, who sold them to New Line. Before Cunning- When began working on the musical ham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason, Wes Craven score for the 1980 film, the decision was made to play the returned to New Line to make New Nightmare. This ef- music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audi- fectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold, but allowed Cun- ence into believing that the killer was around during mo- ningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight ments that they were not supposed to be.[34] Manfredini ex- with Jason Goes to Hell.[26] The ninth installment “turned plains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliber- a healthy profit”, though it was only intended to open the ate: “There’s a scene where one of the girls [...] is setting up door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to the archery area [...] One of the guys shoots an arrow into start a new series for New Line.[27] Ultimately, the film the target and just misses her. It’s a huge scare, but if you series would go through another sequel before that would notice, there’s no music. That was a choice.”[34] Manfre- happen. Cunningham’s “frustration” with the delayed de- dini also noted that when something was about to happen, velopment of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in bit, which allowed the scare to become more effective. the minds of audiences. Based on Jason Takes Manhattan's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake, the 10th Since Mrs. Voorhees, the killer in the original Friday the film would put the titular character in space.[28] The film 13th, does not show up until the final reel of the film, Man- suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter, President of fredini had the job of creating a score that would represent Production Michael De Luca, when he resigned from his the killer in her absence.[34] Manfredini was inspired by the position. Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for 1975 film , where the shark is not seen for the major- two years before finally being released on April 26, 2002, ity of the film, but the motif created by John Williams cued and it would go on to become the lowest-grossing film in the the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes franchise at the domestic box office. It also held the distinc- and unseen.[35] While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Pen- tion of having the largest budget of any of the previous films derecki music, which contained a chorus with “striking pro- at that time.[29] nunciations”, Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th. He came up with the sound “ki ki After more than 15 years of off-and-on development, and ki, ma ma ma”, based on the line “Kill her mommy!", which approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel. The more than a dozen screenwriters, New Line finally pro- “ki” comes from “kill”, and the “ma” from “mommy”. To duced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003. One of the achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that man- spoke the two words “harshly, distinctly, and rhythmically aged to bring the two horror icons together. Potential stories into a microphone” and ran them into an echo reverberation varied widely, from Freddy having molested and drowned machine.[34] Manfredini finished the original score after a Jason as a child, to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the few weeks and recorded it in a friend’s basement.[35] Victor “Fred Heads”.[30] In January 2007, Platinum Dunes produc- Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on ers Andrew Form and outlined their intended how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life. New Line ap- “iconographic”. Manfredini makes note of the mispronun- proached Fuller and Form to create a reboot, but because ciation of the sounds: “Everybody thinks it’s cha, cha, cha. Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film, I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha'? What are you talking about?"[36] the reboot would not be able to use anything from the origi- nal. Paramount, who wanted to be included in the develop- When Manfredini returned for the first sequel, he had an ment of a reboot, approached the producers and gave them easier time composing since he only needed to perfect license to use anything from the original films, including the what he had already created.[37] Over the course of the se- title. With Paramount on board, Fuller and Form decided quels, Manfredini loosened the that the theme should be reserved just for the killer. Manfredini describes 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 5

the style of the sequels as more of a “setting 'em up and high body counts over plot and character development and knocking 'em down” approach, which meant that there how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last. were more "McGuffins and red‑herrings” that required the Nevertheless, the films were a financial success, prompt- killer’s theme music be played to try to trick the audience. ing Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the Manfredini explains, “The original had the real myopic ap- box office appeal.[44] When comparing Friday the 13th proach, and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as to the other top-grossing American horror franchises— more conventional films.”[34] For Part 3, Manfredini only A Nightmare on Elm Street, Child’s Play, Halloween, the returned to score the first and last reels of the film because series, Psycho, Saw, Scream, and The he was busy with a Broadway production. Jack Tillar pieced Texas Chainsaw Massacre—and adjusting for the 2011 together portions of the score from the first two films to fill inflation,[45] Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror the remaining time for Part 3, while Michael Zagar com- franchise in the , with approximately $687.1 posed an opening and closing theme. Manfredini and Zagar million.[46] A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 met at the latter’s apartment, where Zagar rescored the orig- million,[47] with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely be- inal opening theme using a beat. Manfredini returned hind with $588.7 million.[48] Then comes Halloween with for The Final Chapter, and although there were similar el- $557.5 million,[49] Saw with $457.4 million,[50] Scream ements to the score, everything was newly recorded for the with $442.9 million,[51] Psycho with $376.3 million,[52] The fourth Friday the 13th.[38] Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million,[53] and the Child’s Play film series rounding out the list with approxi- When he began work on the score for A New Begin- [54] ning, Manfredini created a theme just for the character of mately $203 million. The financial success has extended to home release, with more than five million sold by Tommy Jarvis. The idea was to suggest that there was “mad- [55] ness afoot”, which he believed helped to "'point the finger' 2005. at various characters [...] to suggest that things were not as you might expect”.[39] For Jason Lives, Tom McLoughlin Future instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to hap- In an interview, producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form pen, “but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves”. expressed an interest in doing another Friday the 13th McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter’s 1978 film film, citing the enjoyment they had working on the 2009 Halloween, which would always follow any shock in the film reboot.[70] On October 1, 2009, Warner Bros. Pictures an- with Carpenter’s “Eeeeeeee!" sound. McLoughlin wanted nounced that they planned to release the Friday the 13th something more subtle, with a “Gothic” resonance.[40] sequel on August 13, 2010.[71] Subsequently, Warner Bros. Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes announced on December 10, 2009 that the sequel had been Manhattan because of prior film engagements, but his pulled from the August 13 release slot and is now listed scores from previous films were reused.[34] While Manfre- as “TBD” (to be determined). Damian Shannon and Mark dini was working on Sean Cunningham’s DeepStar Six, Pro- Swift were penning the sequel.[72] On April 21, 2010, Fuller ducer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin, who was scoring announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 re- Friday the 13th: The Series, to finish composing the mu- make was no longer in the works, declaring it, “dead — not sic to The New Blood. Manfredini’s original music only happening”.[73] In a later interview, Fuller explained that the filled half the film.[41] Mollin returned to fully score Jason making of the 2009 remake was a joint effort by Paramount Takes Manhattan, and worked with Steve Mizer to write an and New Line, who both own portions of the Friday the original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening 13th franchise. With the economy down, both studios are credits.[42] Manfredini would score the next two entries in limiting the films that they produce each year, opting for the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason.[43] lower risks and higher rewards. As such, films like Friday The official reason for Manfredini’s replacement was be- the 13th Part 2 were put on hold, with the hope that when cause New Line wanted to take the series in a “new direc- the economy bounced back, they would move forward with tion”, but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy the next installment. Form explained that since neither stu- vs. Jason was “just the same thing”.[34] dio wants to walk away from the production of a sequel and have it perform well without their involvement, thus mak- ing them look like “idiots”, the chance of having one studio Reception being the primary producing house was rejected. Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may [74] The Friday the 13th films generally received negative re- be a 3‑D film, should it ever be green-lit for production. ception from professional critics, in contrast to other slash- On February 1, 2011, it was reported that a script for a se- ers like Halloween. Critics disliked how the series favored quel had been completed. Brad Fuller states that he is ready 6 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

when New Line Cinema is ready.[75] On June 5, 2013, it was ity of bringing Friday the 13th to television, with the series reported that Warner Bros. relinquished their film rights to focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake the Friday the 13th series back to Paramount as part of a area.[87] On October 22, 2005, Cunningham discussed the deal that allows Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar.[76] potential series further. He explained that the idea was to One week later, Derek Mears revealed that Paramount is call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles, and “set [it] in a town working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment with all this Jason history”. The series would focus more on “as fast as possible”.[77] David Bruckner is set to direct the “coming-of-age issues”, in a similar style to Buffy the Vam- next installment of Friday the 13th.[78] After altering the re- pire Slayer, Dawson’s Creek, and Smallville, with Jason as lease date numerous times, Paramount has set the film for more of a recurring “background” character.[88] [79] a Friday, May 13, 2016 release date. In March 2015, In April 2014, it was announced that Emmett/Furla/Oasis it was announced TV writer Nick Antosca would write the [80] Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to script. On October 20, 2015, The Wrap reports that the produce an hour-long Friday the 13th television series. The film is pushed back to January 13, 2017.[81] On December series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal 3, 2015, it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski will write Lake, who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees, a new script, but that same day, Bruckner was reported to [82] as well as discover new about him and his have left in late 2015. On May 31, 2016, Fuller told that family.[89] On August 2015, it was announced that the series the reboot will be an origin story for Jason and his mother was being developed by The CW. Steve Mitchell and Craig will be in the film.[83] On August 8, 2016, Variety reports [84] Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot, while Sean S. Cun- that Breck Eisner is in talks to direct the reboot. ningham, Randall Emmett, George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers.[90] On August 2016, the 1.1.2 Television network announced that decided to not move forward with the series. The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained, “We had better pilots. The bottom line is we felt we had On September 28, 1987,[85] Paramount began airing Friday stronger things to go with, and we didn’t go forward with the 13th: The Series, a television series that focuses on two it. It was well-written, it was darker than we wanted it to cousins’ attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold be, and we didn’t believe it had sustainability... We didn’t from a shop they inherited from their uncle. The show believe that it was a sustainable script, a sustainable series. starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey It was a very good pilot, but not a sustainable series.”[91] as Michelle Foster. It was created by Frank Mancuso, Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour, and the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso, Jr. 1.1.3 Literature never intended to link the television show directly to the film series, but he utilized “the idea of Friday the 13th, which Novels is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses”. The creators wanted to tie‑in Jason’s trademark hockey mask to the se- Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels—Friday ries, but the idea was discarded so that the show could have the 13th 1 – 3, Jason Lives, Jason X, and Freddy vs. Jason— a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso, Jr. was afraid that with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice. The first mentioning any events from the films would take the au- novel was Michael Avallone's 1982 adaptation of Friday the dience away from “the new world that we were trying to 13th Part 3;[93] Avallone had previously adapted Beneath create”. The decision to name the show Friday the 13th the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment.[92] The author over the original title was made because Mancuso, Jr. be- chose to use an , one that was filmed for lieved a "Friday the 13th" moniker would better help to Part 3 but never used, as the conclusion for his adaptation. sell the show to networks. Filming took place in , [2] In the alternate ending, Chris, who is in a canoe, hears her Canada. Friday the 13th: The Series initially aired in first- boyfriend Rick’s voice and immediately runs back to the run syndication in a late-night spot; the success of the series house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to with a machete and decapitates her.[94] The next book was move it to primetime. Produced on a budget estimated be- not published until 1986, when Simon Hawke adapted Ja- low $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second son Lives.[95] Hawke would also adapt the first three films in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind into novels, and his adaptation of the original Friday the Paramount’s : The Next Generation. In addition, 13th was published in 1987,[96] with of Part the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49-year-old [97][98] [86] 2 and 3 both being published in 1988. Hawke’s first demographic. adaptation, Jason Lives, introduced the character of Elias In September 2003, during a panel session at the Maniafest Voorhees, Jason’s father, who was supposed to appear in , Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibil- the film before being cut by the studio. The book explains 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 7

how Elias has Jason’s body buried, instead of the planned Hell, written by . The three-issue series was cremation, after his death in The Final Chapter.[99] a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes.[115] In 1994, four young adult novels were released under the published another series in 1995, with Nancy title of Friday the 13th. These stories focused on different A. Collins writing a three-issue, non‑canonical miniseries people finding Jason’s mask and becoming possessed by his involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chain- spirit, but the actual character did not appear in the novels. saw Massacre's . The story involves Jason stow- The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published ing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface. in 1994. The books are titled Mother’s Day, Jason’s , The two initially become friends, with Leatherface adopting [100][101][102][103] Jason into the former’s family. After a series of misunder- The Carnival, and Road Trip. In 2003 and [116] 2005, Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. standings, Jason and Leatherface turn on each other. Jason and Jason X.[104][105] After the release of the Jason X On May 13, 2005, New Line first exercised their rights novel, Black Flame began publishing two series of novels. to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they, along with One set was published under the Jason X title, while the Avatar comics, released a special issue of Friday the 13th. second set used the Friday the 13th moniker. The Jason X Written by and illustrated by and series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation. The Greg Waller, the story takes place after the events of Freddy first to be published was Jason X: The Experiment, which vs. Jason, where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit saw the government attempting to exploit Jason’s indestruc- Camp Crystal Lake. Knowing that Jason caused the re- tibility to create an army of “super soldiers”.[106] The second cent destruction, Laura, unknown to her brother, sets out novel, Planet of the Beast, follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay brother can sell the property.[117] The issue pre‑sold more alive when Jason awakens.[107] Death Moon revolves around than 17,500 copies.[118] Avatar released a three-issue minis- Jason crash-landing at Moon Camp Americana,[108] and the eries titled Friday the 13th: Bloodbath in September 2005. final novel, To the Third Power, is about the discovery of a The series was written by Brian Pulido, illustrated by Mike Jason clone underneath a prison.[109] Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse, and revolves around a group The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow, a camp that the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth sits on Crystal Lake, for work and a “party-filled weekend”. by the films. Instead, each novel developed the charac- The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason, who proceeds ter of Jason in its own way. Friday the 13th: Church of [119] the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious to kill them. Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar, ti- cult.[110] In Friday the 13th: Hell Lake, a recently executed serial killer, Wayne Sanchez, persuades Jason to help him tled Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film, Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer, Kristen, escape back to the real world.[111] In -Kill-Repeat, two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake, attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his re- generative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those believing that the three of them share the same contempt for [120] those that break the moral code.[112] The Jason Strain places she loves. In February 2006, Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic, a two-issue miniseries titled Friday Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts— placed there by television executives running a game the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X. The series was written and il- show—while a scientist attempts to create an age-retarding lustrated by Mike Wolfer. The story takes place after the “super drug” from Jason’s DNA. Instead, she creates a virus events of the film Jason X, where a salvage team discov- that reanimates the dead into zombies.[113] The character of ers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Ma- Voorhees. The “original” Jason and Über-Jason, a version of Jason with mechanical limbs, are drawn into a battle to niacs, and she searches for Jason, who is now part of a trav- [121] eling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest the death. In June 2006, a one-shot comic titled Friday bidder.[114] the 13th: Fearbook was released, written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara. In the comic, Jason is cap- tured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization. Jason escapes and seeks out Violet, the survivor of Friday Comic books the 13th: Bloodbath, whom the Trent Organization is hold- ing in their Crystal Lake headquarters.[122] Since New Line Cinema's acquisition of the franchise, sev- In December 2006, WildStorm began publishing its own eral Friday the 13th comic books have been published series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title. The by Topps Comics, , and DC Comics imprint first set was a six-issue miniseries that involves Jason’s re- WildStorm. The first comic book release for the franchise turn to Crystal Lake, a ’s tale of the mur- was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to 8 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

der of her friends by a monster, a new revelation about 2008. The story involves a teenager named Maggie trick- the evil surrounding Crystal Lake, and the truth of what ing her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake, Jason embodies.[123][124] The miniseries pre‑sold approxi- where she plans to him, but she encounters Jason mately 60,318 copies altogether, with each issue pre‑selling shortly after arriving at the camp.[142] On June 24, 2009, 15,800,[125] 9,600,[126] 8,964,[127] 8,637,[128] 8,715,[129] the six-issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, subtitled and 8,602 copies, respectively.[130] The trade paperback The Nightmare Warriors, began. Written by Jeff Katz and of the series, released in September 2007, contained a James Kuhoric, and illustrated by Jason Craig, the minis- foreword by musician Andrew W.K..[131] On July 11 and eries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason band- August 15, 2007, WildStorm published a two-part special ing together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from titled Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale. The two-issue comic the world of the Deadites by government operatives who book covers Pamela Voorhees’ journey to Camp Crystal had discovered the Necronomicon.[143] Lake and the story of her with Jason as she re- counts it to hitchhiker Annie, a camp counselor who is [132] killed in the original film. The miniseries pre‑sold a 1.1.4 Documentaries combined 16,051 copies.[133][134] WildStorm released another comic book special, titled Fri- There have been two documentary books released chron- day the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation, consist- icling the making of the Friday the 13th films. In Febru- ing of two issues that were released on September 12 and ary 2005, FAB Press published their book containing in- October 10, 2007. The comic book provides insight into terviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th se- the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy ries of films. David Grove, a film journalist who has writ- born with a skull deformity.[136] The first issue of How I ten for Fangoria, Cinefantastique, and various other British Spent My Summer Vacation pre‑sold approximately 7,837 magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th copies.[137] WildStorm released a six-issue sequel to Freddy films, wrote the comprehensive book, Making Friday the vs. Jason, titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, starring the two 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. Grove interviewed over aforementioned killers and Ash from the film se- 100 “key personnel involved in making the films” to col- ries. The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon, lect “detailed production histories of each of the 11 films”, which is in the basement of the Voorhees home, to escape not including interviews with other film professionals like from Jason’s subconscious and “gain powers unlike anything Wes Craven. Grove’s book also includes previously un- he’s had before”. Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve seen production photos which were acquired from private the book, but Ash, who is working at the local S‑Mart in collections.[144] Crystal Lake, learns of the book’s existence and sets out Eight months after the release of Grove’s book, Titan to destroy it once and for all.[138] The story, by Jeff Katz, Books, in association with Sparkplug Press, released a de- was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development tailed history on the Friday the 13th series. Peter M. Bracke before the former film had been theatrically released. Af- released Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of ter meeting with executives, the negotiations ended and the Friday the 13th on October 24, 2005. The book chroni- story was shelved. Following the success of Freddy vs. Ja- cles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy son, the idea of including Ash was brought up again, but vs. Jason. Bracke spent three years researching the series New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and crew of each of the films. Bracke’s extensive work for the Jason Craig to do the artwork.[135] On January 9 and Febru- book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword. ary 13, 2008, WildStorm released another two-issue minis- Crystal Lake Memories also includes images, storyboards, eries, titled Friday the 13th: Bad Land, which was written concept art, and publicity material that had not been re- and illustrated by and , respec- leased to the public. A private party was held on October tively. The series explores the history of Crystal Lake be- 22, 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk for the fore Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived.[139][140] Bad Land book’s premiere.[55] takes place in two time frames, the “present day” and 250 years before “present day”. It follows three hikers in the A documentary film, titled His Name Was Jason: 30 Years present and three fur trappers in the past, each of whom is of Friday the 13th, was released in February 2009. This snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake. Each group expe- film was directed by Daniel Farrands, who had also writ- riences similar events, suggesting that there is a connection ten the film Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers as well between the two groups.[141] A one-shot comic, titled Fri- as a documentary on The Amityville Horror. The film was day the 13th: Abuser and the Abused, written by Joshua Hale broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first Fialkov with artwork by Andy B., was released on April 30, week of February,[145] and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3, 2009. The documentary is hosted by 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 9

special make‑up effects artist , who interviews erKit collecting US$271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th Kickstarter collecting US$823,704.20 from 12,128 back- films, asking them questions on the choices they made dur- ers, collecting a total of US$1,095,143.40 from an overall ing filming. It also features interviews with journalists and 28,237 backers, with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th: other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series.[146] The Game.[153][154] A developer panel for Gun Media and Illfonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with In September 2013, Farrands wrote and directed a second [155] documentary film on the Friday franchise, this time directly alpha footage and a list of kill animations. inspired by Bracke’s book. Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th discusses each of the 1.1.6 Merchandise twelve films, from the original to the 2009 remake, as well as the television series. It is narrated by Corey Feldman, In addition to the films, television series, and various liter- and also features interviews with key individuals in the fran- ature based on the Friday the 13th franchise, there are over chise’s history. Farrands has suggested that his work on the 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 well-received 2010 film, Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street million in revenue.[55] Over the years, the characters of Fri- Legacy, which documented the making of the Nightmare on day the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines. Elm Street series, demonstrated the possibility for a docu- In 1988, Screamin' Toys produced a model kit of Jason mentary film that was more in depth and more comprehen- Voorhees.[156] Six years later, Screamin' Toys issued a sec- sive than his previous effort, His Name Was Jason. In mak- ond model kit based on Jason’s appearance in Jason Goes ing such a film, Farrands turned to Bracke’s book, which to Hell. Both kits are no longer in production.[157] In 1998, he had also worked on, and drew from its structure and as part of McFarlane Toys' Movie Maniacs 1 collection, a content.[147] Curious Goods: Behind the Scenes of Friday figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released.[158] the 13th: The Series by Alyse Wax, a retrospective focusing Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from on the 1987 television series, was released in October 2015 the Movie Maniacs 1 collection, and the other two were by BearManor Media.[148] Freddy Krueger and Leatherface.[159] The following year, 6 in (150 mm) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass dis- [160] 1.1.5 Video games play case were released by MacFarlane Toys. In 2002, as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection, McFarlane re- leased a model of Über-Jason from Jason X.[161] McFar- Main articles: Friday the 13th (1989 video game) and lane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable un- Friday the 13th: The Game til November 2006, when a 3-dimensional movie poster was released.[162] Since 2002, there has been a steady produc- In May 1986, Domark released a Friday the 13th game for tion of action figures, dolls, and statuettes, with more mer- the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. The chandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason.[163] plot involved the player picking a "sanctuary" and attempt- Apart from video games and toys, the series has also seen ing to persuade others to hide there. Jason is “disguised the release of its films’ soundtracks. In 1982, Gramavision as a friend” until he decides to attack the player.[149] Three Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry years later, LJN developed a game for the Nintendo Enter- Manfredini’s scores from the first three films.[164] On tainment System.[150] In 2007, Xendex released their own September 27, 2005, BSX Records released a limited edi- Friday the 13th game for mobile phones. In the game, the tion CD of Fred Mollin’s scores.[165] On January 13, 2012, player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake. La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer containing Manfredini’s scores from the first six films.[166] weekend, an “unknown stalker” begins murdering each of Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell, each film in the se- them. The player must discover the truth and escape the ries has had their musical score and soundtrack released for camp alive.[151] sale.[167][168][169][170] Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new , multi-platform[152] "asymmetrical, co-operative and competitive multiplayer /prey 1.1.7 Impact horror experience” is in development, with a tentative re- lease date of October 2015. This game was originally titled In December 2006, IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh Slasher Vol. 1: Summer Camp, in which it was originally in the top 25 film franchises. Qualifications included: the developed by Illfonic, but Gun Media joined and helped franchise must have at least three films released before De- develop, in which they will publish the game. The game cember 2006; the franchises must be either a commercial was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter, with Back- or artistic success; and the franchise must have had some 10 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

form of impact on popular culture. Three senior editors, (Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part the editor-in-chief, and IGN’s entertainment editorial man- 2, he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the ager judged the various film franchises. In commenting on victims and cheered during death scenes), Karnick explains Friday the 13th's seventh-place ranking, the general con- that Ebert’s remarks show how the film series forces “audi- sensus among the reviewers was that even though the Hal- ences to experience the very thing that motivates the mur- loween franchise started the slasher genre, Friday the 13th ders: a lack of compassion”. In closing, Karnick suggested became one of “the most influential franchises of the 1980s” that these films were not puritanical, but proved that audi- and that its commercial success through 11 films, noveliza- ences “could be just as indifferent and callous as the char- tions, comic books, and other collectables is of its acters in the films”.[171] legacy.[3] ABC Online's Arts and Entertainment reporter, Gary Kemble, makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture. Kemble points out that Jason’s 1.1.8 Notes mask, which was not adopted until the third film in the se- ries, is one of the most widely recognizable images in popu- [1] Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: FAB Press. pp. lar culture. Talking with Brenna O'Brien, co‑founder of the 11–12. ISBN 1-903254-31-0. Fridaythe13thfilms.com website, the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with [2] Grove, David, pp. 189–196 the series that they have created films, latex body suits to [3] "IGN:Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time: #7”. IGN. emulate Jason’s appearance, and tattoos of Jason and the 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2008-01-26. Friday the 13th moniker on their body.[4] S. T. Karnick, editor of American Culture, wrote an arti- [4] Gary Kemble (2006-01-13). “Movie Minutiae: the Friday the 13th series (1980-?)". ABC. Archived from the original cle for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 2007-05-21. 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the rea- sons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons [5] Sean S. Cunningham (Director) (1980). Friday the 13th why the franchise has had such a strong influence. Kar- (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. nick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recre- [6] Steve Miner (Director) (1981). Friday the 13th Part 2 ate the same “clever” film that John Carpenter made in (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. 1978, but instead "[codified] the formula” of Halloween, and "[boiled] it down to its essentials” so that it could be [7] Steve Miner (Director) (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3 copied by other filmmakers. In his assessment, Friday the (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not pro- [8] Joseph Zito (Director) (1984). Friday the 13th: The Final viding back‑stories for characters so that when the audi- Chapter (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. ence witnessed a character’s death, they are “strangely unaf- fected”. Instead, Friday the 13th focuses on the history and [9] Danny Steinmann (Director) (1985). Friday the 13th: A New motivations of the killer, who would exact revenge not on Beginning (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. the people directly responsible, but on innocent people— [10] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on VI: Jason Lives (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. Elm Street, Child’s Play, Scream, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Saw, the Hannibal Lecter films, and the Halloween [11] (Director) (1988). Friday the 13th Part sequels. As Karnick sees it, “these films spoke directly to VII: The New Blood (DVD). United States: Paramount Pic- fears of increasing crime and social dislocation [and] pro- tures. vided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and [12] Rob Hedden (Director) (1989). Friday the 13th Part VIII: [171] conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it.” Jason Takes Manhattan (DVD). United States: Paramount In Karnick’s eyes, contemporary critics have failed to Pictures. see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently [13] Adam Marcus (Director) (1993). Jason Goes to Hell: The branded the film series as “both irresponsible (for numb- Final Friday (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. ing audiences to violence) and puritanical (for showing the murders of sexually active teens)". Quoting director John [14] James Isaac (Director) (2002). Jason X (DVD). United Carpenter, Karnick emphasized that “teens thus dispatched States: New Line Cinema. became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but [15] (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the United States: New Line Cinema. presence of a murderer”. Pointing to as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films [16] Marcus Nispel (Director) (2009). Friday the 13th. United States: Warner Bros. 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 11

[17] Grove, David, pp.15–16 [44] Joseph Lee (2007-11-08). “A Bloody Good Time 11.08.07: Horror History Lessons, Part 8”. 411mania. Retrieved [18] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United 2007-11-13. Kingdom: Titan Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. [45] “Tom’s Inflation Calculator”. Halfhill.com. Retrieved [19] Brack, Peter, pp. 50–52 September 21, 2011.

[20] Bracke, Peter, pp.73–74 [46] “Friday the 13th box office ranking”. Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved 2008-01-17. [21] Bracke, Peter, pg.98 [47] “A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings”. Box Of- [22] Bracke, Peter, pg.122–123 fice Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

[23] Bracke, Peter, pp.147–148 [48] “The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings”. Box Of- fice Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. [24] Bracke, Peter, pg.173 [49] “Halloween box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Re- [25] Bracke, Peter, pp.194–195 trieved 2008-01-17.

[26] Bracke, Peter, pp.218–219 [50] “Saw box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05. [27] Bracke, Peter, pg. 238 [51] “Scream box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved [28] Bracke, Peter, pp.242–243 2008-01-17.

[29] Bracke, Peter, pp.263–264 [52] “Psycho box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. [30] Bracke, Peter, pp.267–269 [53] “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings”. Box [31] Devin Faraci (2007-01-08). “Exclusive: Paging Tommy Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. Jarvis”. CHUD. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [54] “Child’s Play box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Re- [32] Borys Kit (2007-10-02). “Duo pumps new blood into 'Fri- trieved 2008-01-17. day the 13th'". . Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [55] “Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Book- stores With Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History [33] Borys Kit (2007-11-14). “Nispel scores a date with next 'Fri- of Friday the 13th”. PR Web. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2007- day'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original 10-22. on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2007-11-14. [56] Bracke, Peter, pp. 314–315 [34] “Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini”. Slasherama. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [57] “Friday the 13th (1980) foreign box office”. The-Numbers. Retrieved 2008-11-24. [35] Bracke, Peter, pg. 39 [58] “Friday the 13th (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved [36] Victor Miller, Jay Keuper, Harry Manfredini (1980). “Re- 2007-06-12. turn to Crystal Lake: Making of Friday the 13th” Friday the 13th DVD (Special Features) (DVD (Region 2)). United [59] “Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved States: WB. 2007-06-12.

[37] Bracke, Peter, pg. 70 [60] “Friday the 13th Part III (1982)". Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved 2007-06-12. [38] Bracke, Peter, pg. 118 [61] “Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)". Box Office [39] Bracke, Peter, pg. 142 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12.

[40] Bracke, Peter, pg. 165 [62] “Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [41] Bracke, Peter, pg. 189 [63] “Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)". Box Office [42] Bracke, Peter, pg. 211 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12.

[43] “Harry Manfredini’s filmography”. HarryManfredini.com. [64] “Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)". Box Retrieved 2007-10-30. Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 12 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

[65] “Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)". [84] Kroll, Justin (August 8, 2016). "'Last Witch Hunter' Direc- Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. tor Eyes 'Friday the 13th' Reboot at Paramount”. Variety.

[66] “Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993)". Box Office [85] Bracke, Peter, pg. 171 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [86] Aljean Harmetz (1988-07-05). “TV Producers Discover [67] “Jason X (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. New Path to Prime Time (page 2)". . Retrieved 2007-11-01. [68] “Freddy vs. Jason (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [87] Peter H. (2003-09-20). "'Friday the 13th' Box-Set News and More!". Bloody-Disgusting. Retrieved 2007-10-23. [69] “Friday the 13th (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-04-09. [88] “The Godfather”. Slasherama. 2005-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-23. [70] “Friday the 13th Part 2 Talk Begins!". Shocktillyoudrop. 2009-01-26. [89] Fleming, Mike (April 24, 2014). "'Friday The 13th' Scares Up Hourlong Series”. . Retrieved April [71] “Warner Bros. Announces 'Friday the 13th Part 2' Release 24, 2014. Date”. October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009. [90] “Friday The 13th TV Series In The Works At The CW”. [72] “Box Office Updates: 'Friday the 13th 2' Vanishes, 'Saw VII' ComicBook.com. August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, Locked Down”. Bloody-Disgusting. December 10, 2009. 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2009. [91] Hibberd, James (August 11, 2016). “CW scraps plans [73] “Friday the 13th Sequel “Not Happening"". Dread Central. for Little Women, Friday the 13th shows”. Entertainment April 21, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010. Weekly. Retrieved August 11, 2016.

[74] Steve Weintraub (April 26, 2010). “Exclusive Interview: [92] Gove, David, pp.89–90 Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A Nightmare on Elm Street". Collider. Retrieved May 4, [93] Michael Avallone (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3. United 2010. Kingdom: Star. ISBN 0-352-31249-1.

[75] "'Friday The 13th' reboot sequel script completed”. NME. [94] Bracke, Peter, pg.92

[76] Warner Bros. Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board [95] Simon Hawke (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives. Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar', The Hollywood Reporter New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-14641-7.

[77] “EXCLUSIVE: Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount [96] Hawke, Simon (1987). Friday the 13th. New York: Signet. For 'Friday The 13th' Sequel!!!". June 11, 2013. Retrieved ISBN 0-451-15089-9. June 13, 2013. [97] Hawke, Simon (1988). Friday the 13th Part 2. New York: [78] Anthony D'Alessandro (January 27, 2015). “Deaditorial: Signet. ISBN 0-451-15337-5. Horror’s Perspective Problem, or How to Save the “FRIDAY THE 13TH” Franchise”. Deadline.com. Retrieved January [98] Simon Hawke (1988). Friday the 13th Part 3. New York: 28, 2015. Signet. ISBN 0-451-15311-1. [99] Grove, David, pg.147 [79] Anthony D'Alessandro (January 27, 2015). "'Friday The 13th' & ' 6′ Pushed Back; Paramount [100] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. Berkley Dates 'Rings’". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015. Books. ISBN 0-425-14292-2.

[80] "'Friday the 13th' Moves Forward at Paramount With 'Han- [101] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse. Berkley nibal' Writer (Exclusive)". TheHollywoodReporter.com. Books. ISBN 0-425-14339-2. Retrieved 2015-03-26. [102] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: The Carnival. Berkley [81] Sneider, Jeff (October 20, 2015). “Paramount Bumps New Books. ISBN 0-425-15825-X. 'Friday the 13th' Movie to 2017”. The Wrap. [103] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Road Trip. Berkley [82] White, James (2015-12-03). “Prisoners writer Aaron Books. ISBN 0-425-14383-X. Guzikowski tackling the new Friday The 13th”. Empire. Re- trieved 2015-12-03. [104] Hand, Stephen (2003-07-29). Freddy vs. Jason. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. [83] Troncoso, Guillermo (May 31, 2016). “Exclusive: New 'Fri- day the 13th' Movie to Offer New Origin Story”. The Reel [105] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X. Black Flame. ISBN World. 1-84416-168-4. 1.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 13

[106] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X: The Experiment. Black [127] “February 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived Flame. ISBN 1-84416-169-2. from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- 28. [107] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2005-06-07). Jason X: Planet of the Beast. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-183-8. [128] “March 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on August 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [108] Johnson, Alex (2005-11-29). Jason X: Death Moon. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-273-7. [129] “April 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [109] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2006-04-25). Jason X: To The Third Power. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-281-8. [130] “May 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [110] Phillips, Scott (2005-08-05). Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-181-1. [131] WK, Andrew. "Friday the 13th Comic”. andrewwk.com. Andrew W.K. Retrieved 2 March 2015. [111] Woods, Paul (2005-08-09). Friday the 13th: Hell Lake. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-182-X. [132] “Wildstorm: Pamela’s tale”. DC Comics. Retrieved 2007- 07-18. [112] Arnopp, Jason (2005-10-25). Friday the 13th: Hate Kill Re- peat. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-271-0. [133] “July 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [113] Christa Faust (2006-01-31). Friday the 13th: The Jason Strain. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-320-2. [134] “August 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [114] Hand, Stephen (2006-06-06). Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-380-6. [135] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #1: Interview with Jeff Katz”. . 2007-11-07. Archived from the original on [115] Andy Mangels (w), Cynthia Martin (Issue # 1 & 2) and September 6, 2009. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Bobby Rubio (Issue #3) (a). Jason Goes to Hell (comic) 1-3 (1993), Topps Comics [136] “Wildstorm: How I Spent My Summer Vacation”. DC Comics. Retrieved 2007-07-18. [116] “Jason vs. Leatherface (review)". Digital-Retribution. Re- trieved 2007-07-12. [137] “September 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- [117] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th". Avatar Press. Retrieved 2007- 28. 10-21. [138] “Freddy vs Jason vs Ash”. Fangoria. Archived from the orig- [118] “May 2005 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from inal on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-10-01. the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [139] “Friday the 13th: Bad Land #1”. WildStorm. Retrieved [119] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Bloodbath". Fri- 2007-10-23. daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [140] “Friday the 13th: Bad Land #2”. WildStorm. Retrieved [120] “Avatar’s Jason X". Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 2007-10-21. [141] “Ron Marz on Friday the 13th: Bad Land”. Newsarama. [121] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X". Fri- 2008-01-09. Archived from the original on February 6, daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21. 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-09.

[122] “June 2006 Solicited Releases”. Avatarpress.com. Re- [142] “Friday the 13th: Abuser and the Abused”. Wildstorm.com. trieved 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-25.

[123] “Wildstorm comics”. Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved [143] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: Nightmare Warriors”. Wild- 2007-07-18. .com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-25. [124] “Wildstorm comics #6”. G-Mart. Retrieved 2007-07-18. [144] “The definitive history of the world’s most popular horror [125] “December 2006 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived film franchise!". FAB Press. Retrieved 2007-10-22. from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- 28. [145] “Friday the 13th Documentary Begins Shooting”. ShockTil- lYouDrop. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-01-10. [126] “January 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- [146] “His Name Was Jason (DVD Review)". Fangoria. 2009- 28. 01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-10. 14 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

[147] Galluzzo, Rob. “Exclusive: Dan Farrands Talks Crystal [167] “Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday soundtrack details”. Lake Memories - The Movie”. Fear Net. Retrieved 28 SoundtrackCollector.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. September 2013. [168] “Jason X soundtrack details”. SoundtrackCollector.com. [148] Hamman, Cody (16 October 2015). "Friday the 13th: The Retrieved 2012-01-15. Series gets its own retrospective book”. joblo.com. Arrow in the Head. Retrieved 16 October 2015. [169] “Freddy Vs. Jason soundtrack details”. SoundtrackCollec- tor.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. [149] "Friday the 13th - 1986 game”. Your Sinclair Rock 'n' Roll Years. World of Spectrum (5): 37. Retrieved 2007-10-24. [170] “Friday the 13th (2009) soundtrack details”. Soundtrack- Collector.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. [150] “Friday the 13th for the NES by LJN”. AtariGuide.com. Retrieved 2009-05-02. [171] S. T. Karnick (2009-02-13). “Babes in the Woods: A fran- chise of fear.”. National Review. Retrieved 2009-02-25. [151] “Friday the 13th (mobile phone game)". Xendex.com. Re- trieved 2009-04-03. 1.1.9 References [152] Michael Briers (November 11, 2015). “Friday the 13th: The Game Reaches Funding Goal, Licensed Horror Will Hit PS4 • Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the in 2016”. Retrieved November 11, 2015. 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: [153] “Friday the 13th: The Game - BackerKit”. BackerKit. Re- FAB Press. ISBN 1-903254-31-0. trieved 13 August 2016. • Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. [154] Greenback, Randy. “Friday the 13th: The Game by Randy United Kingdom: Titan Books. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. Greenback - Gun Media - Kickstarter”. Kickstarter. Re- trieved 13 August 2016. 1.1.10 External links [155] Mozuch, Mo (29 January 2016). "'Friday the 13th: The Game' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations Databases For Jason Voorhees”. iDigitalTimes. Retrieved 13 August 2016. • Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie [156] “Jason model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved 2007- 07-16. • Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo

[157] “Jason Goes to Hell model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Re- • Domark’s Friday the 13th' at World of Spectrum trieved 2007-07-16. Miscellaneous [158] “McFarlane Toys: Jason Goes to Hell”. McFarlane.com. Retrieved 2007-10-24. • Fridaythe13thfilms.com [159] “Movie Maniacs III Monster Roster Growing”. McFar- lane.com. 1999-12-15. Retrieved 2007-10-24. • Interview with Justin Gray and — Writers of Windstorm’s six-issue Friday the 13th [160] “McFarlane Toys: Jason and Freddy in glass case”. McFar- comic Lane.com. Retrieved 2007-10-24. • [161] “McFarlane Toys: Jason X”. McFarLane.com. Retrieved Bloody Disgusting - “13 days of Friday the 13th"—A 2007-10-24. series of articles exploring the series • [162] “3D Movie Poster: Friday the 13th”. McFarlane.com. Re- Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback, de- trieved 2007-10-24. velopers of Friday the 13th: The Game

[163] “Jason Voorhees Toys”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved 2007-07-16.

[164] Bracke, Peter, pg. 94

[165] “Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred Mollin”. BuySoundtrax.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15.

[166] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. Chapter 2

Films

2.1 ''Friday the 13th'' and Alice and owner, Steve Christy refurbish the cabins and facilities. As a storm ensues, Steve leaves campgrounds to Friday the 13th is a 1980 American slasher film directed stock supplies. Soon, the killer arrives and begins to kill by Sean S. Cunningham and written by Victor Miller. The the counselors, including Steve. Worried, Alice and Bill, film tells the story of a group of teenagers who are mur- the only two left, leave the main cabin to investigate only to dered one by one while attempting to re-open an abandoned discover a bloody axe in Brenda’s bed, the phones discon- campground, and stars Betsy Palmer, , Harry nected, and the cars inoperable. When the power goes out, Crosby, Laurie Bartram, Kevin Bacon, Jeannine Taylor, Bill goes to check on the generator and is killed. Alice then Mark and Robbi Morgan. heads outside and calls out for him and finds his dead body pinned to the back of the door. She screams and flees back [1] Prompted by the success of John Carpenter's Halloween, to the main cabin to hide. the film was made on an estimated budget of $550,000 and released by Paramount Pictures in the United States and by Alice sees a vehicle pull up; thinking its Steve, she rushes Warner Bros. in Europe. When originally released, the film out but instead sees a middle-aged woman named Pamela received negative reviews from film critics. It grossed over Voorhees, an “old friend” of Christy’s. As Alice tries $39.7 million at the box office in the United States.[2] In the her news, Pamela reveals herself to be the mother of the years that followed, the film has received much more posi- drowned boy - Jason, blaming his death on the counselors tive retrospective reviews, and it has become a cult classic. having sex. She reveals herself as the killer when she vio- It was also the first movie of its kind to secure distribution lently rushes toward Alice with her knife. A chase ensues in the US by a major studio, Paramount Pictures.[3] The with Mrs. Vorhees attempting to kill Alice, but she escapes film’s box office success led to a long series of sequels, a to the shore. Just as she eases, Pamela attempts to kill her crossover with the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise and again. During the final struggle, Alice decapitates her with a 2009 series reboot. a machete. Afterwards, a shaken Alice boards and falls asleep inside a canoe and floats to Crystal Lake’s middle. Just as Alice sees 2.1.1 Plot police arriving, a decomposing body drags her underwater. She then awakens in a hospital screaming. A police officer In summer of 1958, Barry and Claudette, two Camp Crys- tells her the aftermath. When she asks about Jason, the of- tal Lake counselors, sneak into a storage barn to copulate. ficer replies with no evidence of any boy; Alice says “He’s Before they can engage, an unseen assailant enters and mur- still there”. The film ends with a peaceful shot of Crystal ders them. Lake. 21 years later in June 1979, Annie Phillips enters a small diner and asks directions to the reopened Camp Crystal Lake. Enos, a truck driver agrees to drive Annie halfway. 2.1.2 Cast An elder named Ralph reacts to this by warning Annie that the camp has a “death curse”. During the drive, Enos ex- • Adrienne King as Alice L. Hardy plains that a young boy drowned at Crystal Lake in 1957, • and the incident the following year. After Enos drops her Betsy Palmer as Pamela Voorhees off, Annie hitches a ride, but the second driver then chases • Harry Crosby as Bill Brown her into the woods and slashes her throat. At the camp, counselors Ned, Jack, Bill, Marcie, Brenda • Kevin Bacon as Jack Burrell

15 16 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

• Jeannine Taylor as Marcie Stanler Craven on the film The Last House on the Left. Cunning- ham, inspired by John Carpenter's Halloween, wanted Fri- • Mark Nelson as Ned Rubenstein day the 13th to be shocking, visually stunning and "[make] • Laurie Bartram as Brenda Jones you jump out of your seat”. Wanting to distance himself from The Last House on the Left, Cunningham wanted Fri- • Robbi Morgan as Annie Phillips day the 13th to be more of a “roller-coaster ride”.[1]

• Peter Brouwer as Steve Christy This film was intended to be “a real scary movie” and at the same time make the audience laugh. Friday the 13th began • Rex Everhart as Enos its life as nothing more than a title. Initially, A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title during the writing pro- • Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph cess, but Cunningham believed in his “Friday the 13th” • Willie Adams as Barry moniker, and quickly rushed out to place an advertisement in Variety. Worried that someone else owned the rights to • Debra S. Hayes as Claudette the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunning- ham thought it would be best to find out immediately. He • Ari Lehman as Jason Voorhees commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his concept of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass.[4] In the 2.1.3 Production end, Cunningham believed there were “no problems” with the title, but distributor George Mansour stated, “There was Development a movie before ours called Friday the 13th: The Orphan. It was moderately successful. But someone still threatened to sue. Either Phil Scuderi paid them off, but it was finally resolved.”[5] The film was shot in and around the townships of Hardwick, Blairstown and Hope, New Jersey in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working Boy Scout camp, Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco which is located in Hardwick, NJ. The camp is still standing and still works as a summer camp.[6][7]

Writing

The script was written by Victor Miller, who later went on to write for several television soap operas, including , and . Miller delighted in inventing a serial killer who turned out to be somebody’s mother, a murderer whose only motivation was her love for her child. “I took motherhood and turned it on its head and I think that was great fun. Mrs. Voorhees was the mother I'd always wanted—a mother who would have killed for her kids.” Miller was unhappy about the filmmakers’ decision to make Jason Voorhees the killer in the sequels. “Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain.”[8] The idea of Jason appearing at the end of the film Friday the 13th did not have a completed script when Sean S. Cun- was initially not used in the original script, and was actually ningham took out this advertisement in Variety magazine suggested by makeup designer Tom Savini. Savini stated that “The whole reason for the cliffhanger at the end was Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cun- I had just seen Carrie, so we thought that we need a 'chair ningham, who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes jumper' like that, and I said, 'let’s bring in Jason'".[9] 2.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' 17

Casting formed while his upper body was muscular.[12] Ned is be- lieved to have given birth to the “practical victim” of horror films. According to author David Grove, there was A New York-based firm, headed by Julie Hughes and Barry no equivalent character in John Carpenter’s Halloween, or Moss, was hired to find eight young to play the camp’s Black Christmas before that. He served as a model for the staff members. Cunningham admits that he was not looking slasher films that would follow Friday the 13th.[13] for “great actors”, but anyone that was likable, and appeared to be a responsible camp counselor. The way Cunningham I went in to audition for [Moss and Hughes] for something saw it, the actors would need to look good, read the dia- else. They said, “you know, Robbi, you're not really right logue somewhat well, and work cheap. Moss and Hughes for this, but there’s a movie called Friday the 13th and they were happy to find four actors, Kevin Bacon, Laurie Bar- need an adorable camp counselor.” tram, Peter Brouwer, and Adrienne King, who had previ- —Robbi Morgan on how she landed the role of Annie[11] ously appeared on soap operas.[10] The role of “Alice” was The part of Bill was handed over to Harry Crosby, son of set up as an open casting call, a publicity stunt used to at- . Robbi Morgan, who plays Annie, was not au- tract more attention to the film. King earned an audition ditioning for the film when she was offered the role. While primarily because she was the friend of someone working in her office, Hughes just looked at Morgan and proclaimed in Moss and Hughes’s office. After she auditioned, Moss “you're a camp counselor”. The next day Morgan was on recalls Cunningham commenting that they saved the best the set.[10] Morgan only appeared on-set for a day to shoot actress for last. As Cunningham explains, he was looking all her scenes. Rex Everhart, who portrays Enos, did not for people that could behave naturally, and King was able film the truck scenes with Morgan, so she had to either act to show that to him in the audition.[11] with an imaginary Enos, or exchange dialogue with Taso I didn't even really think of this movie as a horror film. Stavrakis—Savini’s assistant—who would sit in the truck “To me, this was a small independent film about carefree with her.[14] It was Peter Brouwer’s girlfriend that helped teenagers who are having a rip-roaring time at a summer him land a role on Friday the 13th. After recently being camp where they happen to be working as counselors. Then written off the show Love of Life, Brouwer moved back to they just happen to get killed” to look for work. Learning that his girlfriend —Jeannine Taylor on how she viewed Friday the 13th.[11] was working as an for Friday the 13th, Brouwer asked about any openings. Initially told casting With King cast in the role of lead heroine Alice, Laurie Bar- was looking for big stars to fill the role of Steve Christy, tram was hired to play Brenda. Kevin Bacon, Mark Nelson it was not until Sean Cunningham dropped by to deliver a and Jeannine Taylor, who had known each other prior to the message to Brouwer’s girlfriend, and saw him working in a film, were cast as Jack, Ned, and Marcie respectively. It is garden, that Brouwer was hired.[10] Bacon and Nelson’s contention that, because the three al- ready knew each other, they already had the specific chem- Estelle Parsons was initially asked to portray the film’s istry the casting director was looking for in the roles of killer, Mrs. Voorhees, but eventually declined. Her agent Jack, Ned, and Marcie.[10] Taylor has stated that Hughes cited that the film was too violent, and did not know what and Moss were highly regarded while she was an actress, so kind of actress would play such a part. Hughes and Moss when they offered her an audition she felt that whatever the sent a copy of the script to Betsy Palmer, in hopes that she part would “be a good opportunity”.[11] would accept the part. Palmer could not understand why someone would want her for a part in a horror film, as she Friday the 13th was Nelson’s first feature film, and when had previously starred in films such as Mister Roberts, The he went in for his first audition the only thing he was given Angry Man, and The Tin Star. Palmer only agreed to play to read were some comedic scenes. Nelson received a call the role because she needed to buy a new car, even when she back for a second audition, which required him to wear a believed the film to “be a piece of shit.”[10] Stavrakis subbed bathing suit, which Nelson acknowledges made him start for Betsy Palmer as well, which involved Morgan’s charac- to wonder if something was off about this film. He did ter being chased through the woods by Mrs. Voorhees, al- not fully realize what was going on until he got the part though you only see a pair of legs running after Morgan. and was given the full script to read. Nelson explains, “It Palmer had just arrived into town when those scenes were certainly was not a straight dramatic role, and it was only about to be filmed, and was not in the physical shape neces- after they offered me the part that they gave me the full sary to chase Morgan around the woods. Morgan’s training [11] script to read and I realized how much blood was in it.” as an acrobat assisted her in these scenes, as her character Nelson that Ned used humor to hide his insecuri- was required to leap out of a moving jeep when she dis- ties, especially around Brenda, whom the believes Ned covers that Mrs. Voorhees does not intend to take her to was attracted to. Nelson recalls an early draft of the script the camp.[14] Betsy Palmer explains how she developed the stating that Ned suffered from polio, and his legs were de- 18 CHAPTER 2. FILMS character of Mrs. Voorhees: but if you notice, there’s no music. That was a choice.”[17] Manfredini also noted that when something was going to “Being an actress who uses the Stanislavsky happen, the music would cut off so that the audience would method, I always try to find details about my char- relax a bit, and the scare would be that much more effective. acter. With Pamela ... I began with a class ring Because Mrs. Voorhees, the killer in the original Friday the that I remember reading in the script that she'd 13th, appears onscreen only during the final scenes of the worn. Starting with that, I traced Pamela back to film, Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would my own high school days in the early 1940s. So represent the killer in her absence.[17] Manfredini borrows it’s 1944, a very conservative time, and Pamela from the 1975 film Jaws, where the shark is likewise not has a steady boyfriend. They have sex—which is seen for the majority of the film but the motif created by very bad of course—and Pamela soon gets preg- John Williams cued the audience to the shark’s invisible nant with Jason. The father takes off and when menace.[18] Sean S. Cunningham sought a chorus, but the Pamela tells her parents, they disown her because budget would not allow it. While listening to a Krzysztof having ... babies out of wedlock isn't something Penderecki piece of music, which contained a chorus with that good girls do. I think she took Jason and “striking pronunciations”, Manfredini was inspired to recre- raised him the best she could, but he turned out to ate a similar sound. He came up with the sound “ki ki ki, ma be a very strange boy. [She took] lots of odd jobs ma ma” from the final reel when Mrs. Voorhees arrives and and one of those jobs was as a cook at a summer is reciting “Kill her, mommy!" The “ki” comes from “kill”, camp. Then Jason drowns and her whole world and the “ma” from “mommy”. To achieve the unique sound collapses. What were the counselors doing in- he wanted for the film, Manfredini spoke the two words stead of watching Jason? They were having sex, “harshly, distinctly and rhythmically into a microphone” which is the way that she got into trouble. From and ran them into an echo reverberation machine.[17] Man- that point on, Pamela became very psychotic and fredini finished the original score after a couple of weeks, puritanical in her attitudes as she was determined and then recorded the score in a friend’s basement.[18] Vic- to kill all of the immoral camp counselors.”[15] tor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing Cunningham wanted to make the Mrs. Voorhees character it as “iconographic”. Manfredini says, “Everybody thinks “terrifying”, and to that he believed it was important that it’s cha, cha, cha. I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha? What are you [19] Palmer not act “over the top”. There was also the fear that talking about?'" Palmer’s past credits, as more of a wholesome character, In 1982, Gramavision Records released a LP record of se- [16] would make it difficult to believe she could be scary. lected pieces of Harry Manfredini’s scores from the first Ari Lehman, who had previously auditioned for Cunning- three Friday the 13th films.[20] On 13 January 2012, La- ham’s Manny’s Orphans, failing to get the part, was deter- La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset mined to land the role of Jason Voorhees. According to containing Manfredini’s scores from the first six films. It Lehman, he went in very intense and afterward Cunning- sold out in less than 24 hours.[21] ham told him he was perfect for the part.[10] In addition to the main cast, Walt Gorney came on as “Crazy Ralph”, the town’s soothsayer. The character of Crazy Ralph was meant to establish two functions: foreshadow the events to 2.1.4 Box office come, and insinuate that he could actually be the murderer. Cunningham has stated that he was apprehensive about in- Paramount bought Friday the 13th's distribution rights for cluding the character, and is not sure if he accomplished his $1.5 million, after seeing a screening of the film. They goal of creating a new suspect.[11] spent approximately $500,000 in advertisements for the film, and then an additional $500,000 when the film be- gan performing well at the box office.[22] Friday the 13th Music opened theatrically on 9 May 1980 across the United States, ultimately expanding its release to 1,100 theaters. It took When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical in $5,816,321 in its opening weekend, before finishing score, the decision was made to only play music when the domestically with $39,754,601. It was the 18th highest- killer was actually present so as to not “manipulate the grossing film that year, facing stiff horror film competition audience”.[17] Manfredini pointed out the lack of music for from such high-profile releases as The Shining, Dressed To certain scenes: “There’s a scene where one of the girls ... Kill, The Fog and Prom Night. The worldwide gross was is setting up the archery area ... One of the guys shoots an $59,754,601.[23][24] Friday the 13th was released interna- arrow into the target and just misses her. It’s a huge scare, tionally, which was unusual for an independent film with, at 2.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' 19

the time, no well-recognized or bankable actors; aside from what it promises”. James Kendrick gave the film a 3 out well-known television and movie actress Betsy Palmer.[25] of 4, calling it “a campfire boogeyman story designed to The film would take in approximately $20 million in in- do little more than build tension and deliver a few well- ternational box office receipts.[26] Not factoring in interna- timed shocks, which it does with precision and even a bit tional sales, or the cross-over film with A Nightmare on Elm of artistry”. Kevin Carr said that “what makes the movie Street’s Freddy Krueger, the original Friday the 13th is the work is that the slasher genre hadn't been set in stone yet, highest-grossing film of the film series.[27] and some choices that director Sean S. Cunningham makes To provide context with the box office gross of films in in the film that work against type”. The film was nominated for AFI’s 100 Years...100 Thrills.[38] 2014, the cost of making and promoting Friday the 13th— which includes the $550,000 budget and the $1 million The film was nominated twice at the 1st Golden Raspberry in advertisement—is approximately $4.5 million. With Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Supporting Actress for regard to the US box office gross, the film would have Betsy Palmer. made $114,572,585.15 in adjusted 2014 dollars.[28] On 13 July 2007, Friday the 13th was screened for the first time on Blairstown’s Main Street in the very theater which 2.1.6 Home media appears shortly after the .[7] Overflowing crowds forced the Blairstown Theater Festival, the spon- On 3 February 2009, Paramount Home Entertainment re- soring organization, to add an screening. The event leased Friday the 13th on an unrated uncut home video ver- was covered by local media and New York City’s Channel sion for the first time in the United States (all previous VHS 11, WPIX.[29] A 30th Anniversary Edition was released on Laserdisc and DVD releases were the rated theatrical ver- March 10, 2010.[30] A 35th-anniversary screening was held sion). It is available on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The in the Griffith Park Zoo as part of the Great Horror Cam- uncut version of the film contains approximately 10 seconds pout on March 13, 2015.[31] of previously unreleased footage. In 2011, the uncut version of Friday the 13th was released in a 4-disc DVD collection with the first three sequels.[39] The Australia DVD/Blu-ray release was July 1, 2009, and features commentary by Sean 2.1.5 Critical reception S. Cunningham, among several other bonuses.

Rotten Tomatoes reports that 58% of critics gave the film a positive review based on 50 reviews.[32] Its most vocal 2.1.7 Related works detractor was Gene Siskel, who in his review called Cun- ningham “one of the most despicable creatures ever to Sequels infest the movie business”.[33] He also published the ad- dress for Charles Bluhdorn, the chairman of the board of Further information: Friday the 13th franchise Gulf+, which owned Paramount, as well as Betsy Palmer’s home city and encouraged fellow detractors to [34] As of 2009, Friday the 13th has spawned nine sequels, in- write to them and express their contempt for the film. cluding a crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street vil- Siskel and Roger Ebert spent an entire episode of their lain Freddy Krueger. Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) intro- TV show berating the film (and other slasher films of the duced Jason Voorhees, the son of Mrs. Voorhees, as the time) because they felt it would make audiences root for the [35] primary antagonist, which would continue for the remain- killer. initially awarded the film one star, ing sequels (with exception of the fifth movie) and related or 'BOMB', but later changed his mind and awarded the works. Most of the sequels were filmed on larger budgets film a star and-a-half “simply because it’s slightly better than [36] than the original. In comparison, Friday the 13th had a bud- Part 2" and called it a “gory, cardboard ”. Variety get of $550,000, while the first sequel was given a budget of claimed the film was “low budget in the worst sense— $1.25 million.[40] At the time of its release, Freddy vs. Ja- with no apparent talent or intelligence to offset its technical son had the largest budget, at $25 million.[41] All of the se- inadequacies—Friday the 13th has nothing to exploit but its [37] quels repeated the premise of the original, so the filmmak- title. " ers made tweaks to provide freshness. Changes involved an Later on, retrospective reviews were much more positive addition to the title—as opposed to a number attached to the regarding the film, with praise mainly towards its score, end—like "The Final Chapter" and "Jason Takes Manhat- make-up effects, and Betsy Palmer’s role, while it drew tan", or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the criticism for its script and lack of character development. 13th Part III (1982).[42] One major addition that would af- Dave Kehr said that “For all its shoddiness, the film man- fect the entire film series was the addition of Jason’s hockey ages, just barely, to achieve its ignoble goals -- it delivers mask in the third film; this mask would become one of the 20 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

most recognizable images in popular culture.[43] Cunning- [2] Grove 2005, p. 60. ham did not direct any of the film’s sequels, though he did act as producer on the later installments; he initially did not [3] McCarty, John (July 1984). Splatter Movies: Breaking the Last of the Screen. St. Martin’s Press. p. 2. ISBN want Jason Voorhees to be resurrected for the sequel. 0-312-75257-1. A reboot to Friday the 13th came to theaters in February 2009, with Freddy vs. Jason writers Damian Shannon and [4] Grove 2005, pp. 15–16. [44] Mark Swift hired to script the new film. The film fo- [5] Bracke 2006, p. 17. cused on Jason Voorhees, along with his trademark hockey mask.[45] The film was produced by Michael Bay, Andrew [6] Cummins, Emily (May 5, 2014). “Blairstown Theatre to Form and Brad Fuller through Bay’s production company screen latest horror film by local director”. NJ.com. [44] Platinum Dunes, for New Line Cinema. In November [7] “Blairstown Theater Festival”. Blairstown Theater. 2007, Marcus Nispel, director of the 2003 remake of The Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved [46] Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was hired to direct. The film 2008-03-02. had its United States release on 13 February 2009.[47] [8] Miller, Victor. “Frequently Asked Questions”. vic- tormiller.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012. I have a major prob- Adaptations lem with all of them because they made Jason the villain. I still believe that the best part of my screenplay was the fact In 1987, seven years after the release of the motion picture, that a mother figure was the serial killer—working from a Simon Hawke produced a novelization of Friday the 13th. horribly twisted desire to avenge the senseless death of her One of the few additions to the book was Mrs. Voorhees son, Jason. Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was begging the Christy family to take her back after the loss a victim, not a villain. [48] of her son; they agreed. Another addition in the novel is [9] “Interview with Tom Savini”. New York: NY Daily News. more understanding in Mrs. Voorhees’ actions. Hawke felt Archived from the original on 2006-11-14. Retrieved 11 the character had attempted to move on when Jason died, December 2006. but her psychosis got the best of her. When Steve Christy reopened the camp, Mrs. Voorhees saw it as a chance that [10] Grove, David, pp.21–28 what happened to her son could happen again. Her murders [11] Bracke, Peter, pg.19-21 were against the counselors, because she saw them all as responsible for Jason’s death.[49] [12] Grove, David, pp.36–39 A number of scenes from the film were recreated in Friday [13] Grove, David, pg.41 the 13th: Pamela’s Tale, a two-issue comic book prequel [14] Grove, David, pg.34–35 released by WildStorm in 2007. [15] Grove, David, pp.49–50

2.1.8 Reading [16] Grove, David, pg.52

In 2016, the book On Location in Blairstown: The Making [17] “Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini”. Slasherama. Archived from the original on 2006-05- of Friday the 13th was released detailing the planning and 11. Retrieved 2007-10-28. filming of the movie.[50] [18] Bracke 2006, p. 39. 2.1.9 See also [19] Miller, Victor; Keuper, Jay; Manfredini, Harry (1980). “Re- turn to Crystal Lake: Making of Friday the 13th” Friday the • Friday the 13th franchise 13th DVD (DVD – region 2). United States: Warner Bros. • Sean S. Cunningham filmography [20] Bracke 2006, p. 94. • Slasher genre [21] “LA LA LAND RECORDS, Friday the 13th”. lalalan- drecords.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012.

2.1.10 References [22] Grove 2005, p. 59. [23] Box Office Information for Friday the 13th. The Numbers. Footnotes Retrieved November 15, 2013.

[1] Grove 2005, pp. 11–12. [24] “1980”. boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012. 2.2. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART 2'' 21

[25] Rockoff 2002, p. 18. [46] Kit, Borys (14 November 2007). “Nispel scores a date with next 'Friday'". hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from the [26] “Friday the 13th - Box Office Data, DVD Sales, Movie original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2012. News, Cast Information”. the-numbers.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012. [47] “Young Jason Cast in Friday the 13th remake”. FearNet. 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. [27] “Friday the 13th Moviesat the Box Office”. boxoffice- Retrieved 2008-05-28. mojo.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012. [48] Hawke 1987, pp. 164–168. [28] “Tom’s Inflation Calculator”. halfhill.com. Retrieved 19 February 2009. [49] Grove 2005, p. 50.

[29] “Blairstown Theater screensFriday the 13th". The CW 11. [50] Weird New Jersey. issue 46. April 2016. p. 50. Retrieved 2008-06-21.

[30] “Fantastic Friday the 13th Anniversary Item Coming”. Sources dreadcentral.com. Retrieved 2013-12-22. • Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the [31] “Fantastic Friday the 13th Anniversary Movie Night Under the Stars March 13th in ”. dreadcentral.com. 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: Retrieved 2013-12-22. FAB Press. ISBN 1-903254-31-0.

[32] Ron Kurz. “Friday the 13th”. . Retrieved • Bracke, Peter (11 October 2006). Crystal Lake Mem- 2015-02-13. ories. United Kingdom: Titan Books. ISBN 1-84576- 343-2. [33] Bracke 2006, p. 45. • Rockoff, Adam (2002). Going to Pieces: The Rise and [34] Siskel, Gene (12 May 1980). "'Friday the 13th': More bad Fall of the . Jefferson, North Carolina: luck”. Tribune. Chicago, Ill. p. A3. McFarland and Company. ISBN 0-7864-1227-5. [35] Hewitt, Chris; Smith, Adam. “Freddy V Jason”. Empire • (March 2009). Hawke, Simon (1987). Friday the 13th. New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-15089-9. [36] Maltin, Leonard (2000). Leonard Maltin’s Movie Guide. Signet Books. p. 491. ISBN 0-451-19837-9. 2.1.11 External links [37] “Friday the 13th”. Variety. 31 December 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2012. • Friday the 13th at the Internet Movie Database

[38] “List of top 400 heart-pounding thrillers” (PDF). American • Friday the 13th at AllMovie Film Institute. Retrieved 11 July 2012. • Friday the 13th at Rotten Tomatoes [39] “Buy Movies at Movies Unlimited - The Movie Collector’s Site”. moviesunlimited.com. Retrieved 11 July 2012. • Friday the 13th at Box Office Mojo [40] Bracke 2006, pp. 314–15. • Film page at Friday The 13th: The Franchise [41] “Freddy Vs. Jason (2003)". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved • 11 July 2012. Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site • [42] Bracke 2006, p. 73–74. Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com

[43] Gary Kemble (2006-01-13). “Movie Minutiae: the Friday the 13th series (1980-?)". ABC. Archived from the original 2.2 ''Friday the 13th Part 2'' on 2006-01-15. Retrieved 2007-05-21.

[44] Kit, Borys (2 October 2007). “Duo pumps new blood into Friday the 13th Part 2 is an American slasher film released 'Friday the 13th'". hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from to cinemas in the USA on 30 April 1981,[2] directed by the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Steve Miner and the second installment in the Friday the [45] “Platinum Confirmations: Near Dark, Friday the 13th 13th film series. It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th, Remakes”. The Hollywood Reporter. 3 October 2007. picking up five years after that film’s conclusion, where a Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 11 new murderer stalks and begins murdering the camp coun- July 2012. selors at a nearby training camp in Crystal Lake. The film 22 CHAPTER 2. FILMS marks the first time Jason Voorhees is the killer; his mother him. Terry goes swimming and Scott plays a prank on her was the killer in the previous film. by stealing her clothes. He then gets caught in a rope trap Originally, Friday the 13th Part 2 was not intended to be and hangs upside down from a tree. While Terry goes to a direct sequel to the 1980 original but rather part of an get a knife to cut him down, Scott’s throat is then slashed of films based on the Friday the 13th super- with a machete and Terry is killed (offscreen) when she re- stition, but after the popularity of the original film’s surprise turns. At a noisy bar in the nearby town, Ginny muses that ending where Jason Voorhees attacks the heroine, the film- if Jason were still alive and witnessed his mother’s death, makers brought back Jason and the mythology surrounding it may have left him with no distinction between life and death, right or wrong. Paul scoffs at the idea, proclaiming Camp Crystal Lake, a trend which would be repeated for the rest of the series. that Jason is nothing but an . Stylistically, Friday the 13th Part 2 reproduces certain key Back at the camp, while Mark is waiting for Vickie, elements that made the original Friday the 13th a sleeper he’s killed by Jason with a machete to the head and his hit in 1980, such as first-person camera perspectives, gory wheelchair is pushed down a flight of outdoor stairs. Ja- stalk-and-slash scenes, and campground settings. Although son then goes upstairs and kills Jeff and Sandra with a spear it did not gross as much as the original, the sequel grossed as they are having sex. Vickie returns and comes across over $21.7 million in the United States on a budget of $1.25 her friends’s bodies, before she is stabbed by Jason. Ginny million. suspects something is wrong when she and Paul return to find the lights out and the place in disarray. Jason creeps through the dark and attacks Paul before turning on Ginny who screams and runs in terror. 2.2.1 Plot She’s then chased through some of the cabins before fleeing into the woods and eventually comes across the old shack. Two months after the Camp Crystal Lake massacre, sole After barricading herself inside, she finds a rough altar with survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic expe- Pamela Voorhees’s severed head on it surrounded by a pile rience. In her apartment, she suddenly began having night- of Jason’s victims, including the corpse of Alice Hardy. mares, but wakes up safe in her bed. Soon after she is star- Ginny quickly puts on Pamela’s sweater and tries to psy- tled by a cat, then finds the head of Pamela Voorhees in chologically convince Jason that she’s his mother. The ruse her refrigerator. She then is murdered by an unseen Jason fails when he spots his mother’s head on the altar and he Voorhees with an ice pick. attacks Ginny. Paul suddenly intervenes and attacks Jason Five years later, Paul Holt hosts a camp-counselor training but is quickly overwhelmed. Just as Jason is about to kill camp at a building near Crystal Lake. Included among the Paul, Ginny picks up a machete and slams it down into his counselor hopefuls are lovers Jeff and Sandra, troublemaker shoulder, seemingly killed him. Scott, his girlfriend Terry, wheelchair-bound Mark, sweet- Paul and Ginny returns to the cabin and are greeted at the natured Vickie, jokester Ted, and Paul’s assistant and girl- door by Muffin the dog, alive and well. Just as they feel friend, Ginny. At the campfire that night, Paul tells them at ease, an unmasked Jason suddenly bursts through the the legend of Jason Voorhees to scare the other counselors window behind Ginny who grabs to drag her out while she from entering Camp Crystal Lake. That night, Crazy Ralph screams, as the screen fades to bright white. She then awak- wanders onto the property to warn the kids, but is garroted ens being loaded into an ambulance and calls out for Paul, from behind by Jason. The next day, Jeff and Sandra at- who is nowhere to be seen. Meanwhile, back at the shack tempt to go off to Camp Crystal Lake, but find a recently in the woods, Pamela’s head remains on its altar. killed animal that looks like Terry’s dog, Muffin. They are then discovered trespassing by the sheriff and return to the camp. On the way, the sheriff spots a figure with a sack 2.2.2 Cast hood running across the street (who’s revealed as Jason), and chases him into the woods, where he comes across a • as Ginny Field rundown shack. As he investigates, he discovers a sight that • horrifies him, moments before he’s suddenly killed with a John Furey as Paul Holt claw hammer to the back of his head. • Adrienne King as Alice Hardy Back at camp, Paul offers the others one last night on the • town, but makes Jeff and Sandra remain behind as pun- Warrington Gillette as Jason Voorhees ishment for their earlier excursion. Terry stays behind to • Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph look for Muffin and Scott stays behind to flirt with Terry. Mark doesn't want to go and Vickie decides to stay with • Stu Charno as Ted 2.2. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART 2'' 23

• Bill Randolph as Jeff (Midnight).[4] Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original Friday the 13th and • Marta Kober as Sandra Dier wished her role to be small as possible.[5] Actor Warring- • Tom McBride as Mark ton Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film. Stuntman Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) was • Lauren-Marie Taylor as Vickie credited as Jason Stunt Double but played Jason throughout the rest of the film.[6] • Kirsten Baker as Terry • Russell Todd as Scott Filming • Betsy Palmer as Pamela Voorhees took place from October 3 and fin- • Jack Marks as Deputy Winslow ished in November 1980. • Cliff Cudney as Max Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room when Amy Steel hit his middle finger with a machete during film- • Steve Daskawisz as Jason Voorhees stunt double ing. Steel explained, “The timing was wrong, and he didn't turn his pickaxe properly, and the machete hit his finger.” Daskawisz received 13 stitches on his middle finger. It was 2.2.3 Production covered with a piece of rubber, and Daskawisz and Steel insisted on doing the scene all over again.[7] Development Originally the film’s ending was after Ginny was loaded into Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, the ambulance, it would switch to Mrs. Voorhees’s head, Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel. First ac- which then opens its eyes and smiles, indicating that Jason quiring the worldwide distribution rights, Frank Mancuso, had killed Paul; however, the ending was scrapped at the Sr. stated, “We wanted it to be an event, where teenagers last minute for being too fake and cheapened the movie’s would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the impact. latest episode.” The initial ideas for a sequel involved the In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour “Friday the 13th” title being used for a series of films, re- sack, part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye, so the leased once a year, that would not have direct continuity crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flap- with one another but be a separate “scary movie” of their ping. Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the own right. Phil Scuderi—one of three owners of Esquire tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours.[8] Theaters, along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian, The film’s ending has been a source of confusion for fans. who produced the original film—insisted that the sequel Writer Ron Kurz has stated that Jason’s window jump have Jason Voorhees, Pamela’s son, even though his ap- was intended to be set in reality and that Paul was killed pearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke. offscreen.[3] However, the beginning of Part III, in replaying Steve Miner, associate producer on the first film, believed in the end of Part 2, instead showed Jason pulling the machete the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels, af- out of his shoulder and crawling away as Ginny and Paul ter Cunningham opted not to return to the director’s chair. leave him for dead in the shack. This arguably retcons the Miner would use many of the same crew members from scene of Jason’s window jump into a dream. In addition, the first film while working on the sequels.[3] Cunningham near the beginning of Part III, a news broadcast reports the had mixed feelings about the entire “Friday the 13th” en- body count at eight, thus excluding Paul from this count. terprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film films. Hunter stated that Cunningham “wasn't particularly wrapped, as his character does not appear in the end. In proud” of his work on these films, and Cunningham bluntly truth, his character was not intended to have appeared.[9] said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged au- dience at that time period involved high levels of gore and graphic violence. Music In 1982, Gramavision Records released an LP album of se- Casting lected pieces of Harry Manfredini’s scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[10] On January 13, 2012, La- Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but de- La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset clined because he was already working on another project containing Manfredini’s scores from the first six films. It 24 CHAPTER 2. FILMS sold out in less than 24 hours.[11] Waxworks Records will 2.2.7 References release the Harry Manfredini-composed score in summer 2015 on Vinyl.[12] [1] “Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". The Numbers. Retrieved 2015-07-10. [2] “Friday the 13th Part 2”. Box Office Mojo. 30 April 1981. 2.2.4 Release Retrieved 23 September 2016.

The film was released theatrically on April 30, 1981, to [3] Peter Brack (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United immediate box office success, bringing in $6,429,784 its Kingdom: Titan Books. pp. 50–52. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. opening weekend. It played on 1,350 screens and would [4] “Tom Savinin interview”. ultimately gross $21,722,776. It was the 35th highest- grossing film of 1981, facing strong competition early in [5] “Friday The 13th' Star Adrienne King Uses Her Terrify- ing Stalker Tale To Help Her Fans”. UPROXX. Retrieved the year from such high-profile horror releases as III: 2015-01-06. The Final Conflict, The Howling, , Wolfen, Deadly Blessing, The Funhouse, My Bloody Valentine, The Fan and [6] “Dash, Stev (Friday the 13th Part2)". Dread Central. Re- The Hand.[3] trieved 2006-07-01. [7] “Behind the Scenes:Part 2 accident and the Hospital”. Fri- day the 13th The Franchise. Retrieved March 2016. Check 2.2.5 Reception date values in: |access-date= (help)

Much like its predecessor, critical reception to the film was [8] “Friday the 13:The Ultimate Fan blog”. initially negative. It has a 32% approval rating at Rotten [9] “Friday The 13th Part 2:Did you Know”. Lair of horror. Tomatoes among 31 reviews.[13] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Friday the 13th Part 2 was “a cross [10] Bracke, Peter, pg. 94 between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres; about [11] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk, Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. and they're all about as bad as this one. Some have a little more plot, some have a little less. It doesn't matter.”[14] [12] "'Friday The 13th Part 2′ OST Coming To Vinyl”. Wax- works Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. When reviewing the film’s Blu-ray release, David Harley [13] “Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved of Bloody Disgusting said, “It doesn't exactly stray far from October 4, 2015. the formula of the original film — neither do most of the other sequels — but Friday The 13th Part II still stands as an [14] Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1981). “Friday the 13th, Part 2”. iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduc- Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2015-02-11. tion of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of [15] “Blu-ray Review: 'Friday the 13th Part 2' -". Bloody Dis- Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes — gusting!. most notably, the spear copulation death from ’s .”[15] Scott Meslow of The Week described [16] Meslow, Scott (2015-02-13). “Friday the 13th Part 2: How it as a transitional film that blended elements of the orig- a young franchise took its first steps toward creating a ”. The Week. Retrieved 2016-06-05. inal film and those to come later in the series.[16] The fi- nal scene where Jason crashes through the window and the [17] Lee, Hudson (23 April 2014). “The 100 Greatest Slasher scene where Jason raises his knife before killing Vicki were Movies Part X”. Vegan Voorhees. Retrieved 12 December featured in the tribute to horror films montage during the 2015. 82nd . In 2014, the film ranked at number one on a list of the 2.2.8 External links 100 Greatest Slasher Movies on the genre website Vegan Voorhees.[17] • Friday the 13th Part 2 at the Internet Movie Database • Friday the 13th Part 2 at AllMovie 2.2.6 Novelization • Friday the 13th Part 2 at Box Office Mojo

A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was • Friday the 13th Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes published in 1988: Hawke, Simon, Friday the 13th Part II: • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site A Novel, New American Library, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-451-15337-5 • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com 2.3. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART III'' 25

2.3 ''Friday the 13th Part III'' speargun, he moves into the house where he kills Andy by slicing him in half as he walks on his hands. He shoves a Friday the 13th Part III is a 1982 American 3D slasher knife through Debbie’s neck while she is resting on a ham- film directed by Steve Miner and the third installment in mock. When the power goes out in the house, Chili sends the Friday the 13th film series. Originally released in 3- Chuck down to the basement to check on the power. Ja- D, it is the first film to feature antagonist Jason Voorhees son throws Chuck into the fuse box and kills him, severing wearing his signature hockey mask, which has become a power to the house. Jason kills Chili by impaling her with trademark of both the character and franchise, as well an a red hot fireplace poker. icon in American cinema and horror films in general. As a Chris tells Rick about a time she was attacked by a horrible, direct sequel to Friday the 13th (1980) and Friday the 13th disfigured man two years earlier, which was the reason she Part 2 (1981), the film follows a group of co-eds on vacation moved away. Rick’s car dies and they have to walk back at a house on Crystal Lake, where Jason Voorhees has taken to the Haven, which they find in disarray. Rick steps out- refuge. side to search the grounds, but Jason grabs him just beside When first released, the film was intended to end the series the cabin. As Chris calls out to him from the front door, as a trilogy. However unlike its sequel Friday the 13th Part Jason holds him back just out of sight and keeps one hand IV: The Final Chapter (1984) and the later film, Jason Goes held over his mouth. While Chris goes back inside, Jason to Hell: The Final Friday (1993), Friday the 13th Part III kills Rick by crushing his skull with his bare hands until one did not include a moniker in its title to indicate it as such. of his eyeballs pops out. Chris discovers bloody clothes in the overflowing tub upstairs. She runs outside and is sur- Despite negative reviews from critics, Friday the 13th Part prised by Loco’s corpse dropping down from a rope on a III grossed over $36.6 million at the US box office on a tree limb. Chris runs back inside, and Jason throws Rick’s budget of $2.3 million. The film was the first to remove corpse through the window. E.T.: The Extra Terrestrial (1982) from the number-one box office spot and became the second highest-grossing horror Terrorized and panicked, she dumps a bookcase on Jason film of 1982, behind Poltergeist. Jason’s look in this film, and hides upstairs in a hall closet. She discovers Debbie’s which varies greatly from its predecessor, became the look body, and narrowly escapes the house and tries to escape in to which the character was modeled after in later incarna- her van, which breaks down after having been siphoned by tions. Ali and the others. She makes her way to the barn where she tries to hide and is attacked again by Jason. She lures Ja- son up to the loft and sends him through the window, hang- 2.3.1 Plot ing him, but he breaks free, much to Chris’ horror. Jason removes his mask, revealing his disfigured face and Chris Following the events of the previous film, Jason, seriously recognizes him as the man who attacked her two years ago. injured after his encounter, goes to a lakefront store to find Before Jason can kill Chris, Ali returns and attacks Jason, clothes. While there he kills owner Harold by slamming a which finally results in his death, however, the distraction meat cleaver into his chest, and stabs Harold’s wife Edna allows Chris to find an axe and strike Jason in the head with in the back of the head with a knitting needle. At the same it, who collapses. Exhausted, Chris pushes a canoe out into time, Chris Higgins and her friends return to Higgins’ Haven the lake and falls asleep, waking in fright the next morning. to spend the weekend. The gang includes pregnant Debbie, She sees Jason in the barn and tries to escape as he comes her boyfriend Andy, prankster Shelley, his blind date Vera after her, but it all turns out to be a hallucination. As she (who does not reciprocate his feelings), stoners Chuck and calms down, the decomposing body of Pamela Voorhees Chili, and Chris’ boyfriend Rick. emerges from the lake and grabs her, dragging her into the water, which turns out to be another hallucination (a scene Shelley and Vera inadvertently run afoul of bikers Ali, Loco replicated from the end of the first film, but with Pamela and Fox at a convenience store. After being wronged, Shel- instead of Jason). ley stands up for himself by running over their motorcycles, impressing Vera. Rick loses his temper after seeing the Later, police escort a clearly disturbed and hysterical Chris window of his Volkswagen Beetle smashed in and leaves from Higgins Haven, stating that she was deeply shaken by with Chris. Meanwhile, Jason has hidden in the barn to the deaths of her friends. As she is driven away, Jason’s recover from his injuries, and when the bikers show up to body is shown lying in the barn and the lake seems to be siphon their gas with the intention of burning down the barn once again at peace. to get even, he kills Loco and Fox with pitchforks and seem- ingly kills Ali with a pipe wrench. As night falls, Jason slashes Shelley’s throat and dons the hockey mask to con- ceal his face. After shooting Vera through the eye with a 26 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

2.3.2 Cast

• Dana Kimmell as Chris Higgins • Paul Kratka as Rick • Richard Brooker as Jason Voorhees • Tracie Savage as Debbie • Jeffrey Rogers as Andy • Catherine Parks as Vera Sanchez • Larry Zerner as Shelly • David Katims as Chuck • Rachel Howard as Chili Jason’s original hockey mask was molded from a 1950s hockey • Marilyn Poucher as Pamela Voorhees mask, and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series. • Amy Steel as Ginny Field (flashback from Part 2) • John Furey as Paul Holt (flashback from Part 2) • Nick Savage as Ali • Gloria Charles as Fox 2; what no one knew at the time was that the mask cho- sen would become a trademark for the character, and one • Kevin O'Brien as Loco instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come.[4][5] During production, Steve Miner called for a • Cheri Maugans as Edna lighting check, but none of the effects crew wanted to ap- • Steve Susskind as Harold ply any make-up for the light check, so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker. Martin Jay Sadoff, the film’s 3- • Perla Walter as Mrs. Sanchez D effects supervisor, kept a bag with him full of hockey • David Wiley as Abel gear, as he was a hockey fan, and he pulled out a Red Wings goaltender mask for the test.[6] Miner loved the • Kirsten Baker as Terry (flashback from Part 2) mask, but during test shots it was too small. Using a tech- nique called VacuForm, Doug White enlarged the mask (Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) appears as and created a new mold to work with. After White fin- Jason during flashback from Part 2)(Betsy Palmer appears ished the molds, Terry Ballard placed the new red triangles as Mrs. Voorhees during flashback from Part 2) on the mask to give it a unique appearance. Holes would be punched into the mask, and the markings were altered, making it different from Sadoff’s mask.[6] There were two 2.3.3 Production prosthetic face created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask. One mask was composed of Initially, one of the earlier drafts for Part III was Ginny approximately 11 different appliances, and took about six (Amy Steel) from the previous film being sent to a psychi- hours to apply to Brooker’s face; this mask was used for atric hospital and confined there. Suffering from the events scenes where the hockey mask was removed. In the scenes of Part 2, she eventually finds out that Jason Voorhees sur- where the hockey mask is over the face, a simple head mask vived from his wound and tracks her down to the hospital, was created. This one piece mask would simply slip on over murdering the staff and other patients at the hospital. At the Brooker’s head, exposing his face but not the rest of his time, Steel turned down the role due to her involvement in head.[6] other projects, and the draft was presumably changed due This was the first Paramount Pictures film produced in 3-D to Halloween II's similar approach.[2] Screenwriter Popescu [3] since Ulysses in 1954. The film was shot with the Arrivi- said casting was based on looks rather than talent. sion “over and under” 3-D camera, the same that was used The script for Part III called for Jason to wear a mask to with Jaws 3-D.[7] It was also the first film in the series to be cover his face, having worn a bag over his head in Part presented in Dolby Stereo upon its theatrical release. 2.3. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART III'' 27

Music under-sung camp classic — cornier and goofier than either of its predecessors”.[3] The film’s music was composed by Harry Manfredini, who Jason’s mask in this film became the molded appearance of previously composed the scores of the series’ first two [8] Jason in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter and in later in- installments. Upon the release of the third film in 1982, stallments. For his appearance in the film, Jason Voorhees Gramavision Records released a LP album of selected was nominated for AFI’s 100 Years...100 Heroes and Vil- pieces of Manfredini’s scores from the first three Friday the [16] [6] lains as one of the Top 50 Villains. Meslow cites the 13th films. On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records film’s 3-D effects as paving the way for later horror films released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfre- which also used the technique.[3] dini’s scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[9] Awards and honors

2.3.4 Reception The film is recognized by in these lists: Box office • 2003: AFI’s 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains: The film opened in 1,079 theaters in 3-D taking in $9,406,522 its opening weekend and breaking the hor- • Jason Vorhees – Nominated Villain[17] ror opening record held by the original Friday the 13th (1980). Domestically, the film made a grand total of $36,690,067. It placed number 21 on the list of the 2.3.5 Home media top-grossing films of 1982, facing strong competition from other high-profile horror releases such as Poltergeist, Friday the 13th Part III was first made available on home , The Thing, Halloween III: Season of the Witch, video on VHS, Betamax, Capacitance Electronic Disc, and Visiting Hours, Amityville II: The Possession, Silent Rage, LaserDisc and later on DVD, with the film presented only The Beast Within, Cat People and Venom.[10][11] As of 2014, in 2D form. There was also a VHD release for Japan (Part it still stands as the fourth highest-grossing film in the Friday IV and Part V would follow). The 3-D version of the film the 13th series. The film also stands as the tenth highest- was eventually released as a part of the film’s DVD “Deluxe grossing R-rated film of 1982, the second-highest grossing Edition” on February 3, 2009. The “Deluxe Edition” and horror film of 1982, the sixth largest box office opening eventual Blu-ray release include both the 2D and 3-D ver- of 1982, and adjusted for inflation it is the ninth highest- sions of the film, as well as two pairs of blue and red 3-D grossing slasher film of all time.[12] glasses designed to look like Jason’s mask.[18]

Critical response 2.3.6 References

Friday the 13th Part III received generally negative reviews [1] “Friday the 13th Part 3 (1982)". The Numbers. Retrieved from critics upon its theatrical release. The review aggre- 2015-07-10. gator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 12% of 25 film critics [2] “13 Things You May Not Know About Friday the 13th Part have given the film a positive review; the average rating is 3”. Retrieved 11 November 2015. 3.6 out of 10.[13] of The New York Times stated that it “would [3] Meslow, Scott (2015-03-13). “Friday the 13th Part III: How an '80s horror franchise bet it all on 3-D — and won”. The be a little better than Part I or Part II even without 3- Week. Retrieved 2016-06-05. D”. In continuing to compare the film to its predecessors, Maslin commented that “it’s a little more adept at teasing the [4] “Friday the 13th Part 3 Script”. Retrieved 5 April 2014. audience.”[14] The entertainment-trade magazine Variety provided a general consensus stating, "Friday the 13th was [5] “11 Looks of Terror!!! Jason’s Mask Throughout The dreadful and took in more than $17 million. Friday the Years!!!". Bloody Disgusting. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 5 13th Part 2 was just as bad and took in more than $10 mil- April 2014. lion. Friday the 13th Part III is terrible, too.” The magazine [6] Bracke, Peter (October 1, 2006). Crystal Lake Memories: added, “There are some dandy 3-D sequences, however, The Complete History of Friday The 13th (First ed.). Los of a yo-yo going up and down and popcorn popping.”[15] Angeles, : Titan Books. pp. 84–94. ISBN 978- In a retrospective, Scott Meslow of The Week called it “an 1845763435. 28 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

[7] Hayes, R. M. (October 1998). 3-D Movies: A History and 2.4 ''Friday the 13th: The Final Filmography of Stereoscopic Cinema (Second ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 96–97. ISBN Chapter'' 978-0786405787. Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (also known as Friday [8] “Harry Manfredini Filmography”. Retrieved 5 April 2014. the 13th Part IV) is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the [9] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land 13th film series. Following the events of Friday the 13th Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. Part III, Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and contin- ues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring [10] “Friday the 13th Part III (1982)". IMDB. Box Office Mojo. teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound. The Retrieved 7 December 2012. film stars Corey Feldman, Ted White, Kimberly Beck, and Crispin Glover. [11] “Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved Despite the film’s negative reviews, it grossed $32.9 mil- 7 December 2012. lion in the United States. Much like Part III, the film was initially supposed to end the series and was billed as “The [12] “Friday the 13th Movies at the Box Office”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 December 2012. Final Chapter"; however, the film’s success produced a se- quel, Friday the 13th Part V: A New Beginning (1985). [13] “Friday the 13th Part 3 (1982)". Flixster. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 2.4.1 Plot [14] Maslin, Janet (13 August 1982). “Movie Review – Friday the 13th Part 3”. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 De- The night after the events of Higgin’s Haven, paramedics cember 2012. clean up the remains left by mass murderer Jason Voorhees and deliver him to the morgue. After reviving from his head [15] “Variety Review – Friday the 13th Part III”. Variety. 1982. wound and escaping from the cold storage, Jason kills a doc- Retrieved 9 December 2012. tor by slicing his throat with a hacksaw, then guts a nurse with a scalpel. [16] “400 nominated screen characters AFI’s Top 50 heroes and The next day, a group of teenagers drive to Crystal Lake top 50 villains”. American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2012. for the weekend. The group consists of Paul, his girlfriend Sam, Sarah, her boyfriend Doug, socially awkward Jimmy, and prankster Ted. On the way, the group comes across [17] “AFI’s 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees” (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-05. Pamela Voorhees's tombstone and a female hitchhiker. The hitchhiker is killed shortly after by Jason, who has returned [18] Liebman, Martin (12 June 2009). “Friday the 13th Part to the area. The teens arrive and meet neighbors Trish 3 Blu-ray Review”. Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 8 December Jarvis, her brother Tommy, and their dog Gordon. While 2012. going for a walk the next day, they meet two local girls, twin sisters Tina and Terri, and they go skinny dipping with them. Trish and Tommy happen upon the scene, and, be- 2.3.7 External links fore they leave, Trish is invited to a party to take place that night. Afterwards, their car breaks down, and Trish and Tommy meet a young man named Rob. They take him • Friday the 13th Part III at the Internet Movie Database to their house, where Tommy shows Rob several monster masks he made himself before Rob leaves to go camping. • Friday the 13th Part III at AllMovie Later that night, the teens throw a party. Tina makes a move on Paul, which makes Sam jealous. Sam leaves for a swim • Friday the 13th Part III at Rotten Tomatoes but is stabbed through a rubber raft by Jason. Feeling guilty, Paul goes after Sam and discovers her body just before he • Friday the 13th Part III at Box Office Mojo is impaled in the groin with a harpoon gun. Terri rejects Teddy’s advances and wants to leave, but Tina moves onto • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Jimmy, and the two go upstairs to have sex. Frustrated, Terri leaves the party, but she is brutally impaled outside • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com by Jason. 2.4. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH: THE FINAL CHAPTER'' 29

At the Jarvis house, Mrs. Jarvis returns home to find the • Crispin Glover as Jimmy power out; when she goes out to investigate, she is startled • by something she sees. While Sarah and Doug are having Judie Aronson as Samantha sex in the shower, Teddy finds an old stag film and brings • Alan Hayes as Paul it up on the projector. After sleeping with Tina, Jimmy comes downstairs and gets a glass of wine to celebrate. Ja- • Camilla More as Tina son appears, pins Jimmy’s hand with a corkscrew, and slams a meat cleaver into his face. Upstairs, Tina notices Terri’s • Carey More as Terri bike is still there before she is grabbed through the window • by Jason and thrown on top of the teens’s car, killing her. A Bruce Mahler as Axel stoned Ted is then stabbed in the head with a kitchen knife • Lisa Freeman as Nurse Robbie Morgan through the projector screen. Jason moves upstairs, crush- ing Doug’s skull in the shower. When Sarah returns and • Bonnie Hellman as Hitchhiker finds him dead, she tries to flee the house, but she is killed with a double-bit axe. • Ted White as Jason Voorhees (uncredited) Trish and Tommy return from town and discover the power outage. Trish looks for their mother and orders Tommy to 2.4.3 Production fix the lights. Trish comes across Rob’s campsite and be- comes worried when he says Jason is still alive; they return When Friday the 13th Part III was first released, it was ini- to the house. Running next door, they discover the bodies tially supposed to end the series as a trilogy, however there of the teens. Rob is caught and killed by Jason as Trish was no moniker to indicate it as such. In 1983, there was a runs home. They barricade the house, but Jason breaks in rumor that Paramount billed the fourth installment as “The and chases them into Tommy’s room. Trish lures Jason out Final Chapter” as they felt embarrassed by their association of the house while Tommy escapes. She runs through the with the franchise, thus the possible reason for the moniker. teens’ house, then out the upstairs window when he cor- Despite how Siskel & Ebert claimed this in their review of ners her. Returning to her own home, she is devastated to the film, Paramount was aware that the slasher genre had learn that Tommy is still there. She senses Jason behind been losing interest and thought it was a good choice to her and tries to kill him with a machete, but she misses; he conclude the series. However, the idea came from Frank attacks her. Tommy, having disguised himself to look like Mancuso, Jr. (the son of Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso, Jason as a child, distracts him long enough for him to slam Sr.), as he had began to resent the franchise due to how he the machete into the side of Jason’s skull, and he collapses felt everyone sees him as only doing the work for Part 2 to the floor. When Tommy notices that Jason’s fingers are and Part 3 and that no one respected him for it, regardless moving, he takes the machete and finally kills Jason by re- of how much his money is received. Because of him want- peatedly hacking at his body, screaming, “Die! Die!" while ing to work on different projects, he wanted to conclude the Trish screams his name. series and kill off Jason.[2] At the hospital, Trish insists on seeing her brother, who was traumatized by the events. He rushes in, hugs her, and gives Writing a disturbed look while staring ahead. Joseph Zito, director of The Prowler, was initially set to 2.4.2 Cast both direct and write the screenplay for the film. Zito ini- tially claimed that he was not a writer, in which the con- • Kimberly Beck as Trish Jarvis tract consisted of receiving doubled money for the two jobs, resulting him accepting the contract. Zito secretly used • Erich Anderson as Rob Dier the extra salary to hire Barney Cohen to write the script. Their process involved Zito taking one-hour night phone • Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis calls with Phil Scuderi to discuss the story and script for the film. Zito then met Cohen in a New York apartment to use • Joan Freeman as Mrs. Jarvis the concepts Scuderi had offered, which they would then turn into script pages and to be sent to Scuderi for the con- • Barbara Howard as Sarah versation discussed again over the phone. Cohen remained • Peter Barton as Doug the writing credit for the film, but Zito and Cohen eventu- ally got into trouble with the Writer’s Guild of America as • Lawrence Monoson as Ted a result.[2] 30 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

In the Friday the 13th series, the films had always had at- them from the studio. They barely made the release date, tractive young women being the sole final girl against Jason. but the final result had most of the footage trimmed and Unlike its predecessors, this marks the first installment in later ended up in television airings.[2] the series having two survivors and one them being male, The film had troubled production on set. Due to direc- but it is currently the only installment where the survivor is tor Joseph Zito’s poor treatment of the actors and the rather a child. The filmmakers believed they had never seen film’s budget, many of the actors themselves had to per- something like this before in slasher films, and they wanted form uncomfortable or dangerous stunts during the film. to create characters audiences would not want to see harmed Judie Aronson was required to remain submerged in a near- or killed. By including the Jarvis family (divorced mother, freezing lake (in which she later developed hypothermia be- teenage daughter, pre-teen son) opposite the more typical cause of it) and Peter Barton was actually slammed into the cabin of horny teenagers, they could create more drama shower wall when Jason attacks him. Ted White, who por- and resonant tragedy, such as the mother of Tommy and trays Jason, defended several of the actors by requesting Trish implied to be killed by Jason outside, thus it remains Barton be allowed to use a crash pad and threatening to debatable how intentional the parallels between Jason and quit when Zito refused to allow Aronson to get out of the Tommy were. Tommy’s interest for being a make-up artist [2] lake between takes. White and Zito maintained a hostile with masks and props serve as homages to Tom Savini. relationship on set, which resulted in White demanding his name be removed from the credits. According to White, Casting Corey Feldman maintained a bratty attitude on set due to Zito’s treatment. When filming the scene of Tommy hack- Actress Camilla More auditioned for the role of Samantha, ing Jason’s body with a machete (which was actually two but when the filmmakers discovered she had a twin sister sandbags he was striking at), Feldman pretended that the named Carey, they were instead both offered the roles of struck sandbags were Zito. According in the book Crystal Tina and Terri. Carey More had appeared alongside her Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, sister in the Doublemint gum commercials. Because of how actress Kimberly Beck stated that she does not like the hor- they were swayed by the twins idea, Carey’s audition was to ror genre. In addition to this, she felt that the film was read only one line in the film.[2] more of a C-movie rather than a B-movie. During filming, Kimberly Beck experienced strange encounters, including Amy Steel, who starred as heroine Ginny Field in Part 2 of a man watching her while she ran in the park and receiving the series talked actor Peter Barton into being in the film. odd phone calls at all hours. This stopped when production Both he and Steel co-starred in the sitcom The Powers of was finished.[2] Matthew Star. When the sitcom was cancelled and was no longer airing, the offer for the film was given to him. Barton In the original script, Tommy was supposed to finally kill initially did not want to be included in the film as he wanted Jason by decapitating him with the machete instead of no part in the horror genre, especially due to he how disliked slamming it into the side of his head, but the filmmakers [2] working on Hell Night. Steel, because of her role in the scrapped it in case they would bring back Jason again. second installment, talked Barton into doing the film, and Actress Bonnie Hellman’s agents told her about taking the resulted him successfully being on board for the film.[2] role of the hitchhiker in the film. They told her she would Make-up artist Tom Savini, who worked on the first install- not want to do it as they were no lines said for the character, [2] ment, agreed to return to work on the film, as he wanted to but she accepted the role anyways. kill the character Jason, whom he helped create.[2] Robb was originally supposed to have high-technology de- vices to track the location of Jason, but the idea was scrapped after the props looked too fake.[2] Filming

Principal photography was shot in 6 weeks from October 1983 and finished in January 1984 in Topanga Canyon and Newhall, California. For its release date, it was originally Music set for a release in October 1984. When Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso, Sr. screened the footage to much enthu- The film’s music was composed by Harry Manfredini, who siasm and then pushed the date up to April 1984, leaving composed the scores to all of the series’ previous install- them 6 weeks to complete post-production for the film. The ments. On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records re- only time Paramount assisted with the installment’s produc- leased a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfre- tion, they rented a Malibu household for the filmmakers to dini’s scores from the first six entries of the film series. The stay in and conduct editing sessions, with brought to release was sold out in less than 24 hours of availability.[3] 2.5. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH: A NEW BEGINNING'' 31

2.4.4 Reception • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site

Box Office • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com

Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter opened on Friday, April 13, 1984, on 1,594 screens to weekend box office gross of $11,183,148; this was the sixth-highest of the year. The 2.5 ''Friday the 13th: A New Begin- film would ultimately take in a total of $32,980,880 at the ning'' U.S. box office. It placed at number 26 on the list of the [4] top-grossing films of 1984. Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (also known as Friday the 13th Part V: A New Beginning) is a 1985 American Critical response slasher film directed by Danny Steinmann and the fifth in- stallment in the Friday the 13th film series. The film stars The film received generally negative reviews from critics John Shepherd as Tommy Jarvis, the boy who killed Jason upon its initial release. Review aggregator Rotten Toma- Voorhees in the previous installment, Friday the 13th: The toes reports that 25% of 24 film critics have given the film Final Chapter (1984). Shepherd replaces Corey Feldman, a positive review; the rating average is 4.2 out of 10.[5] who played Tommy in The Final Chapter, although Feld- man makes a cameo appearance in the film’s prologue.[1] Writing in The Week, Scott Meslow summarized Roger Ebert's criticism as “a cynical retread” of the earlier films. A New Beginning departs from the Camp Crystal Lake set- Meslow instead says that the film attempts to kill off the ting and Voorhees-themed mystery of the previous four in- series while attempting to focus more on characterization stallments and instead acts as a film set than gore.[6] at a fictional halfway house in , where Tommy begins to fear again as a new series of brutal murders have been occurring by a new hockey-masked assailant. The film 2.4.5 References was initially going to set up a new trilogy of films with a different villain for the series. However, after A New Be- [1] “Friday the 13th Part IV: The Final Chapter (1984)". The ginning's disappointing reception from fans and steep de- Numbers. Retrieved 2015-07-10. cline in box-office receipts from The Final Chapter, Jason [2] “13 Things You May Not Know About Friday the 13th: The Voorhees was brought back for Friday the 13th Part VI: Ja- Final Chapter (#2)". We Minored In Film. Retrieved 2015- son Lives and has been the main antagonist in every entry 12-14. in the series since.

[3] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land The frequency of graphic violence and gore is expedited in Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. A New Beginning, with a then-series high body count. Aside from its gore, the film has also become known for its explicit [4] “Friday the 13th: Final Chapter”. Box Office Mojo. Re- nudity and sex scenes, as well as frequent drug use. Peter trieved 2015-07-10. Bracke’s book Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete His- [5] “Friday the 13th - The Final Chapter Movie Reviews, Pic- tory of Friday the 13th details that behind the scenes, the tures”. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2016-06-05. production was plagued with hardcore drug use. Produced on a budget of $2.2 million, A New Beginning grossed $21.9 [6] Meslow, Scott (2015-11-13). “The brilliance and lies of Fri- million at the box office in the United States, making it the day the 13th: The Final Chapter”. The Week. Retrieved second poorest performing film in the Friday the 13th se- 2016-06-05. ries at the time with a steep decline from the previous two entries, both of which had made well over $34 million in 2.4.6 External links the US. In addition to weak box office returns, most critics gave the film negative reviews. In later years, the film has [2] • Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter at the Internet obtained a cult following. Movie Database • Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter at AllMovie 2.5.1 Plot • Friday the 13th - The Final Chapter at Rotten Toma- toes A young Tommy Jarvis stumbles upon a graveyard while walking through the woods on a rainy night, where he wit- • Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter at Box Office Mojo nesses two grave robbers digging up the corpse of Jason 32 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

Voorhees. Jason rises from the grave and murders the grave room, who awakens and stabs her before Tommy awakens to robbers before advancing towards Tommy. a hallucination of Jason. Facing his fears, he makes Jason’s Awakening from his nightmare, teenager Tommy arrives at hallucinations disappear. He hears Pam approaching and Pinehurst Halfway House, a secluded residential treatment throws his bed through the window to appear that he has facility. Pam Roberts, the director, introduces Tommy to escaped. When she rushes in, he appears from behind the head doctor Matt Letter. In his assigned room, Tommy also door, wearing Roy’s hockey mask and wielding a knife. meets Reggie, a boy whose grandfather George works as the kitchen cook. Other teens introduced are kind-hearted 2.5.2 Cast Robin, Goth Violet, shy Jake, short-tempered Vic, and compulsive eater Joey. The sheriff brings two more resi- • John Shepard as Tommy Jarvis dents, nymphomaniac lovers Eddie and Tina, after catching them having sex on neighbor Ethel Hubbard’s lawn. Ethel • Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis (Age 12) Hubbard and her son Junior show up and threaten to have • the house closed down if the teens do not stop sneaking onto Melanie Kinnaman as Pam Roberts their property. • Shavar Ross as Reggie Winter Vic kills Joey with an axe and is subsequently arrested. At- • tending ambulance drivers Duke and Roy Burns discover Marco St. John as Sheriff Tucker the body. Roy is saddened by the death, but Duke believes • Dick Wieand as Roy Burns that the murder was a harmless prank. That night, punks Vinnie and Pete are murdered by an unseen assailant after • Richard Young as Dr. Matthew Letter their car breaks down. The following night, Billy and his • friend Lana are killed with an axe. Panic begins to ensue, Tiffany Helm as Violet Morainie but the mayor refuses the sheriff’s claim that somehow Ja- • Juliette Cummins as Robin Brown son Voorhees has returned. • Jerry Pavlon as Jake Patterson The next day, more murders occur when Tina and Eddie sneak off into the woods. Ethel’s farmhand Raymond is • Carol Locatell as Ethel Hubbard killed while spying on the two having sex. While Eddie leaves to go wash off in the creek, Tina is murdered. Eddie • Ron Sloan as Junior Hubbard returns to find her dead, and he too is killed. Meanwhile, • Tommy and Pam accompany Reggie to visit Reggie’s older Vernon Washington as George Winter brother Demon and his girlfriend Anita. While there, Junior • John Robert Dixon as Eddie Kelso has a fight with Tommy, and he runs off when Pam tries to stop it. After Reggie and Pam leave, Demon and Anita are • Debi Sue Voorhees as Tina McCarthy murdered. At the Hubbard farm, Ethel and Junior are both • killed as well. Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. as Demon Winter Pam leaves Reggie at the halfway house to look for Tommy. • Jere Fields as Anita Robb After Reggie falls asleep, the killer enters and murders Jake, • Robin, and Violet. Reggie awakens and discovers the dead Bob DeSimone as Billy Macauley bodies in Tommy’s room before running into Pam. The • Rebecca Wood as Lana Wood killer, revealed to be wearing a Jason-esque hockey mask, bursts into the house and chases them out into the , af- • Corey Parker as Pete Muldrow ter discovering the bodies of Duke, Matt, and George. Pam • rushes toward the barn, chased by Jason, but he is struck by Anthony Barrile as Vinnie Manalo a tractor driven by Reggie. They run into the barn and hide • William Caskey Swaim as Duke Johnson as Jason comes to find them. Tommy comes shortly after and believes Jason to be a hallucination until he is attacked. • Dominick Brascia as Joey Burns Together, they get Jason to fall out of the loft window, and • he is killed on a harrow below. The killer is revealed to have Mark Venturini as Victor Faden not been Jason, but was Roy Burns all along. • Richard Lineback as Deputy Dodd At the hospital, the sheriff tells Pam that Joey was Roy’s • son and after seeing him slaughtered, he adopted Jason’s Ric Mancini as Mayor Cobb identity to kill everyone at the house. She goes to Tommy’s • Tom Morga as Jason Voorhees 2.6. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART VI: JASON LIVES’' 33

2.5.3 Production [2] Bracke, Peter (October 1, 2006). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th (1st ed.). United According to the Friday the 13th: Return to Crystal Lake States: Titan Books. p. 122. ISBN 1845763432. Retrieved DVD Box set, Feldman was only able to make a cameo in 18 August 2014. [3] this film as a result of his filming The Goonies. Feldman [3] Miller, Mark L. (2014-06-13). “FRIDAY THE 13TH filmed his Friday the 13th Part V cameo on a Sunday, as PART 5: A NEW BEGINNING (1985)". Ain't It Cool News. that was his off day of shooting his other film. Retrieved 2016-03-25.

[4] “Friday the 13th - Part V”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- 2.5.4 Reception trieved 18 August 2014. [5] “Friday the 13th - Part V”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- Friday the 13th: A New Beginning opened on March 22, trieved 18 August 2014. 1985, on 1,759 screens. The film debuted at number 1 on its opening weekend with a gross of $8,032,883, beat- [6] “Friday the 13th, Part V - A New Beginning (1985)". Rotten ing the teen sex comedy sequel Porky’s Revenge, the biopic Tomatoes. Retrieved 2016-03-25. Mask, Berry Gordy's martial-arts action musical The Last [7] “Review: 'Friday the 13th – A New Beginning'". 1985. Re- Dragon and the Disney dinosaur fantasy Baby: Secret of the trieved 2016-03-25. Lost Legend.[4] By the end of its run, the film would earn $21,930,418 at the domestic box office, placing it at num- [8] Canby, Vincent (1985-03-23). “Friday the 13th A New Be- ber 41 on the list of 1985’s top box office earners. The film ginning (1985)". The New York Times. squared off against strong genre competition throughout the [9] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land first half of the year from such high-profile horror releases Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. as Cat’s Eye and Lifeforce.[5] [10] http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7271786/ Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that jon-lajoie-proves-wolfies-just-fine 16% of 19 surveyed critics, both contemporaneous and modern, gave the film a positive review; the average rating [11] http://ventsmagazine.com/2016/03/02/ is 3.2/10.[6] Variety wrote, “The fifth Friday the 13th film introducing-wolfies-just-fine-jon-lajoie-premieres-video-job-debut-album-48% reiterates a chronicle of butcherings with even less variation E2%80%8F/ than its predecessors.”[7] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, “It’s worth recognizing only as an artifact of our culture.”[8] 2.5.8 External links • Friday the 13th: A New Beginning at the Internet Movie Database 2.5.5 Soundtrack • Friday the 13th: A New Beginning at Box Office Mojo On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a lim- ited edition 6-CD boxset containing Harry Manfredini’s • Friday the 13th: A New Beginning at Rotten Tomatoes scores from the first six Friday the 13th films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[9] 2.6 ''Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason 2.5.6 Cultural references Lives’'

Jon Lajoie's 2016 song “A New Beginning” describes his Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (also known on screen loss of innocence after watching Friday the 13th: A New as Jason Lives: Friday the 13th Part VI) is a 1986 Amer- Beginning at a friend’s house.[10][11] ican slasher film and the sixth installment in the Friday the 13th film series written and directed by Tom McLough- lin. Although the original concept called for Tommy Jarvis, 2.5.7 References the protagonist of Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter and Friday the 13th: A New Beginning, to become the new vil- [1] Bracke, Peter (October 1, 2006). Crystal Lake Memories: lain, the poor fan reception of A New Beginning prompted The Complete History of Friday the 13th (1st ed.). United the producers to bring back Jason Voorhees as the series’ States: Titan Books. p. 120. ISBN 1845763432. Retrieved antagonist.[3][4] In resurrecting Jason, McLoughlin made 18 August 2014. Jason an explicitly supernatural force for the first time in 34 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

the series, depicting him as being raised from the dead via to make a run for Jason’s grave, but finds that the caretaker electricity; this version of Jason, an undead serial killer and had covered it up to deny responsibility for it being dug up, more powerful superhuman, would become the standard de- and Hawes’ body is buried in its place. Tommy is then es- piction for the rest of the franchise, until 2009’s remake. corted out of town. That night, Jason murders the caretaker The film likewise broke with many other series conventions, and a nearby couple who happened to witness the murder. introducing metahumor and action film elements including Meanwhile, Cort goes out to have sex with a girl named shootouts and car chases.[5] Nikki, who borrowed an RV from her stepfather. When the The film was the first film in the series to receive favor- power is pulled suddenly, they vacate the area, unaware that Jason had snuck on board. He crushes Nikki’s head, then able reviews since the original. In the years since its re- lease, its self-referential humor and numerous instances of kills Cort by ramming a bowie knife into his skull. The sheriff’s men discover several dead bodies and Garris im- breaking the fourth wall have been praised for prefiguring Wes Craven’s Scream series and other similar 1990s hor- mediately implicates Tommy in the murders, believing he has gone insane imagining Jason. ror films.[6] As of 2003’s Freddy vs. Jason, Jason Lives was a fan favorite of the series, in addition to receiving positive Meanwhile, Tommy has contacted Megan and convinced notice from horror film historians.[7] It is followed by Friday her to help him lure Jason back into the lake he drowned the 13th Part VII: The New Blood. in as a child. Jason makes his way to the camp and fright- ens one of the children, a little girl named Nancy. Paula and Sissy show her there is nothing to fear and send her to 2.6.1 Plot bed. When Paula falls asleep, Sissy is grabbed through their cabin window and her head is twisted off. Nancy again sees Years have passed since Crystal Lake had been renamed to Paula and shows her a bloodied machete. Convinced Sissy Forest Green, but Tommy Jarvis is still suffering from hallu- and Cort are playing pranks on each other, they go out to cinations ever since his past encounter with Jason Voorhees. find them. Meanwhile, Tommy and Megan are pulled over Tommy returns with his friend Allen Hawes, hoping to cre- by Garris. Despite her alibi that she was with him, he does mate Jason’s body and stop his hallucinations. At the ceme- not believe Tommy to be innocent, and they investigate the tery, they dig up Jason’s corpse, but seeing it causes Tommy camp. to snap, and he stabs Jason’s body with a metal fence post. Tommy and Megan develop a ruse to trick the deputy, and As he turns his back on Jason, two lightning bolts strike the they both escape the station together. At the camp, Jason post and revive the now-undead killer. Tommy tries to light slaughters Paula after she puts Nancy to bed and the police the gasoline in which he has soaked Jason, but a sudden arrive to investigate; discovering the carnage, Jason quickly downpour prevents it. When Hawes tries to attack Jason takes out both of Garris’ men. When Megan arrives, her with a shovel, the shovel breaks on impact and his heart is calls to her father alert Jason, who tries to go after her. Gar- punched out. ris confronts Jason and shoots him several times, but to no Tommy makes his way to the sheriff’s office, when he pan- avail. When Garris shoots Jason in the head, he finally re- ics and attempts to grab weapons, it gets him put into a jail alizes that Tommy was telling the truth. Jason kills him by cell. His warning that Jason has returned goes unheeded by bending him in half. Sheriff Garris, who is aware of Tommy’s mental problems Jason is about to kill Megan, but Tommy calls to him from and thinks he is imagining Jason. On the road, camp coun- the lake, and apparently remembering his killer, he goes selors Darren and Lizbeth get lost looking for the camp and after him instead. Tommy is attacked in the boat in the run into Jason. After they fail trying to frighten Jason off the middle of the lake and ties a boulder around Jason’s neck road, he impales them both with the metal rod that resur- to trap him. Jason fights back, holding Tommy underwater rected him. The next morning, Garris’ daughter Megan and long enough to drown him. Megan rushes out to save him her friends Sissy, Cort and Lizbeth’s sister Paula ask him to and is nearly killed herself when Jason grabs her leg; she search for Darren and Lizbeth. Tommy warns them about turns the boat’s motor around onto Jason’s neck, and he re- Jason, but as he is now considered an urban legend they ig- leases her. She takes Tommy back to shore and uses CPR nore the warnings, though Megan finds herself attracted to to revive him. Tommy say that it is finally over and Jason is him. In the woods, Jason happens upon a corporate paint- home. ball game. He kills four of the players for their equipment and chases the fifth off into the woods. Under the water, tied in a prison at the bottom of the lake, Jason stares patiently off into the water and awaits an oppor- At Camp Forest Green, the kids arrive, and the teens do tunity to return, glaring at the audience as the screen fades their best to run the camp without Darren and Lizbeth. to black. Meanwhile, Garris decides to escort Tommy out of his ju- risdiction due to his influence on his daughter. Tommy tries 2.6. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART VI: JASON LIVES’' 35

2.6.2 Cast 2.6.3 Production

• Thom Mathews as Tommy Jarvis Pre-production and writing

• Jennifer Cooke as Megan Garris Although the previous film in the series, Friday the 13th: A New Beginning, had been a financial success, it had dis- • David Kagen as Sheriff Mike Garris appointed the series’ fans and received some of the worst reviews of any film in the franchise. In order to prevent • Kerry Noonan as Paula further alienating the fans (and thus potentially endanger- ing the series), the producers decided to take the series in • Renée Jones as Sissy Baker a new direction, moving it away from what producer Frank Mancuso Jr. called the “coarse” nature of A New Begin- • Tom Fridley as Cort ning.[8] • C. J. Graham/Dan Bradley as Jason Voorhees To this end, Mancuso hired Tom McLoughlin, who had di- rected the successful horror film One Dark Night but was • Darcy DeMoss as Nikki also known around Hollywood for shopping around various comedy scripts he had written, a dichotomy that appealed • Tony Goldwyn as Darren to Mancuso. McLoughlin was given free rein on how he would present the story, with the only condition being that • Nancy McLoughlin as Lizbeth he bring back Jason and make him the film’s villain.[9] • Alan Blumenfeld as Larry McLoughlin decided to take the film in the direction of an old Universal Monsters movie, specifically the 1931 version • Matthew Faison as Stan of , which portrayed the monster as a lumber- ing killer brought to life by electricity. McLoughlin also • Ann Ryerson as Katie drew from lore in order to give Jason a weakness, namely being returned to his “home soil"; to achieve this, • Ron Palillo as Allen Hawes McLoughlin disregarded the idea presented in Part 2 that Jason had survived his drowning, instead presenting the • Vincent Guastaferro as Deputy Rick Cologne idea that Jason has always been some sort of supernatural force.[10] He also decided to retcon the ending of the fifth • Michael Swan as Officer Pappas film, where Tommy Jarvis was a serial killer. In fact, Pam’s truck from the fifth film can be seen indicating she is alive. • Courtney Vickery as Nancy McLoughlin further decided to expand the series’ thematic • Whitney Rydbeck as Roy scope, incorporating action film elements and postmodern metahumor; when Jason is first encountered in the woods • Bob Larkin as Martin near Crystal Lake, the character Lizbeth comments that she and Darren should flee because she knows about proper • Wallace Merck as Burt conduct to survive a horror film. McLoughlin would fur- ther satirize the franchise itself, as Martin the gravedig- • Roger Rose as Steven ger comments on Jason’s exhumation, “Why'd they have to go and dig up Jason?" before breaking the fourth wall • Cynthia Kania as Annette and addressing the camera with the observation, “Some folks sure got a strange idea of entertainment.” In addition • Michael Nomad as Officer Thornton to Frankenstein, McLoughlin also cited as inspiration his • Justin Nowell as Billy love of Gothic horror, particularly the works of Edgar Al- lan Poe, and his Catholic upbringing; Jason Lives features • Tommy Nowell as Tyen the series’ only explicit references to God, and during the climax a praying girl is spared by Jason (a similar scene, • Temi Epstein as Little Girl in which the same girl prays for Tommy while Megan per- forms CPR, then mouths “Thank you” while looking sky- • Taras O'Har as Little Boy ward was deleted from the final cut of the movie, appar- ently against McLoughlin’s wishes; he recalled in the 2009 • Sheri Levinsky as Bus Monitor DVD’s director’s commentary, “Somehow it didn't stay in... 36 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

probably too much sentiment”).[11][12] ball playing executives—were kept in the completed pic- ture, the rest of Jason’s scenes were performed by C. J. Graham, an area restaurant manager and former soldier. Casting As part of a stage show put on at the restaurant, a magi- cian would hypnotize audience members and place them in The decision to retcon the events of Part V resulted in a scenario during which they encountered Jason Voorhees; many members of that film’s cast—whose characters had Graham, who stood 6'3 and weighed 250 lbs, was asked survived—having their contracts to return for a sequel ter- to play Jason for the scenario. Jason Lives' special effects minated. At one point in time when Jason Lives was be- coordinator, Martin Becker, was in the audience for one ing considered as a direct sequel to A New Beginning rather such show, and recommended Graham to Mancuso and than to The Final Chapter, the surviving characters Pam and McLoughlin. Both men were impressed with Graham’s Reggie from A New Beginning were to have died in the film’s presence, and he was hired to film the remainder of Jason’s [13] opening moments. Shavar Ross, whom played Reggie scenes. in A New Beginning, said he wasn't interested in coming back to be killed off and has intimated as much in inter- Jason Lives would become notable for being the only film views/commentary for His Name Was Jason and the 2009 in the franchise to contain no nudity; the characters in the DVD of A New Beginning. film’s sole sex scene are both fully clothed, a conscious move on McLoughlin’s part to distance the series from the Although Mancuso retained control over the film’s casting, notion that the Friday the 13th films were tales in he deferred to McLoughlin’s judgment; the only caveat was which was punished by death. McLoughlin [13] that the final girl had to be a “very attractive blonde”. To was pressured by the film’s producers to have Darcy De- fulfill this requirement, McLoughlin chose Jennifer Cooke, moss remove her shirt during the RV sex scene, but he only based on her performance in the television series V. The suggested the idea to Demoss, who refused. role of Hawes, Tommy’s would-be sidekick who dies within the first five minutes of the movie, was given to another tele- Jason Lives was filmed in Covington, Georgia, an area close vision veteran, Ron Palillo, famous for the role of Horshack to Atlanta, GA. The scenes involving the police department on Welcome Back, Kotter. and town were filmed in Covington while the camp scenes were filmed at Camp Daniel Morgan outside the city limits John Shepherd was initially asked to reprise his role as of Covington. In the film, Camp Crystal Lake has been re- Tommy Jarvis from the previous film. Shepherd, an named Lake Forest Green. Surrounding Camp Daniel Mor- evangelical Christian who had reservations about returning gan are Smokey the Bear signs asking everyone to “Keep the to the series based on the atmosphere surrounding A New Forests Green”. Beginning, was initially attracted to Jason Lives based on the scene in which a praying girl is spared by Jason. He Some of the climactic moments of the film involving the ultimately decided to film Caught and shortly thereafter re- primary characters in the lake were actually filmed in tired from acting to go to seminary. Thom Matthews, who the swimming pool of McLoughlin’s father. Although would take over the mantel of Tommy Jarvis, was chosen for McLoughlin ruined the pool’s filter in the process (it was his work in the horror comedy Return of the Living Dead, jammed by gore churned into the water when Jason is hit although McLoughlin himself was unaware of Matthews’ with the boat propeller), McLoughlin’s father was pleased horror credentials until after shooting began.[10] Other cast that he could now boast a Hollywood film had been shot in [10] members were culled from actors whom McLoughlin had his backyard. directed before (such as David Kagen, who was also an act- ing teacher for female lead Jennifer Cooke) and McLough- lin’s own family—Jason’s first female victim in the film, Post-production Lizbeth, was played by McLoughlin’s wife, Nancy. In keep- ing with the series’ tradition, the role of Jason was given to McLoughlin’s attempt to deliver a “different” kind of Fri- a stuntman, Dan Bradley. Bradley, however, was replaced day the 13th film were met with skepticism from - shortly thereafter by C. J. Graham. Bradley’s involvement ducers. In a contrast to the series’ other entries, which had during the paintball scene is kept. to be edited for violence in order to avoid an “X” rating, the film’s producers requested that McLoughlin add addi- tional gore, violence, and murders to the film. The original Filming cut of the film contained 13 killings as an in-joke; in order to appease the studio, McLoughlin had to add an additional After the first day of filming, Mancuso decided that he dis- three killings, bringing the total up to 16.[10] These were the liked Bradley’s appearance onscreen as Jason. Although the killings of Martin the gravedigger, and the recently engaged scenes that Bradley filmed—in which Jason kills the paint- couple on a nighttime picnic. The scene of Jason killing 2.6. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART VI: JASON LIVES’' 37

Martin would later be cited by McLoughlin as one of his • "He’s Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" by Alice favorite parts of the movie for the shot in which the picnic- Cooper, from his album Constrictor ing man suddenly realizes that he’s been spotted by Jason, which McLoughlin felt to be the film’s scariest moment.[10] • “I'm No Animal” by Felony, from their album Vigi- Additionally, McLoughlin was made to extend Sissy’s lante death, adding the shots of Jason dragging her to the ground and twisting her head off; as originally filmed, Sissy was • "Teenage Frankenstein" by , from his al- simply pulled out of the cabin window, and wasn't seen bum Constrictor again until Megan finds her head in the squad car.[10] • “Hard Rock Summer” by Alice Cooper, from the box McLoughlin also found himself in contention with the pro- set The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper ducers over how the film should end. In the original script, the movie was supposed to have concluded in the graveyard, with Martin the gravedigger meeting Jason’s father, Elias— “He’s Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" had an accom- a heretofore unseen character in the series—with the impli- panying music video, combining clips from the film with cation that Elias knows Jason has been resurrected and has new footage featuring Cooper. It is not present on any come looking for him. The studio balked at the scene, as home video release of the film, but can be viewed on they did not want the responsibility of having to introduce YouTube.[15][16] Elias’ backstory in the next installment in the franchise; ad- On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a lim- ditionally, the added murder of Martin made the scene an ited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini’s scores impossibility to shoot. This ending would have tied up a from the first six Friday the 13th films. It sold out in less continuity error from A New Beginning, when it is men- than 24 hours.[17] tioned that Jason was cremated; a deleted scene from Jason Lives had Tommy asking Sheriff Garris why Jason wasn't cremated, as had been planned, at which point Garris in- forms him that someone paid the city to bury Jason; Elias’ 2.6.4 Reception handing Martin a wad of money would have indicated that he was the man who paid for Jason’s . The scene was Box office later storyboarded for inclusion on the film’s “Deluxe Edi- tion” DVD release, with Bob Larkin reprising his role as Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives opened on August 1, Martin to provide voiceover. Elias, like Jason, was scripted 1986, in 1,610 theaters and grossed $6.7 million its opening to be completely silent.[10][14] weekend. Ultimately, it would go on to gross a total of $19.4 million at the US box office, ranking at number 46 on the McLoughlin ultimately shot three endings, two of which, list of the year’s top earners.[2] The Numbers estimates the against his expectations, were not included on the film’s US gross at $17.8 million.[1] DVD release. In one ending, Jason’s mask floats to the sur- face of Crystal Lake, having become detached during his struggle with Megan. In another, Deputy Cologne was seen trying to reach the jail cell keys after having been locked Critical response in by Tommy and Megan; the door to the police station opens and the film abruptly ends, indicating that Jason had Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 52% of managed to get free. The producers disliked both of these 27 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the av- [18] endings, as each one left Jason’s survival ambiguous, and erage rating is 5/10. Variety wrote called the film pre- [19] wanted it explicitly shown onscreen that he was still capa- dictable but “reasonably slick”. Caryn James of The New [20] ble of returning for a sequel. As a result, McLoughlin shot York Times called it “a gory waste of time”. Gene Siskel the film’s current ending, showing a closeup of Jason’s open, of the called it the least offensive film [21] twitching eye.[10] of the most offensive film series ever. Ken Hanke of Mountain Xpress wrote that it “may not be exactly a good movie in the strict sense, but it’s easily the best in the [22] Music series”. Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict called it “one of the best films in the series” because of its “witty humor [23] The film’s music was composed by Harry Manfredini, who and fun performances”. composed the scores to all of the series’ previous install- Fan reception was largely positive; as of the release of ments. In addition to the original score, the soundtrack also Freddy vs. Jason in 2003, it was considered a fan favorite featured: in the franchise.[5] 38 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

2.6.5 Novelization [17] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. A novelization of Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives was [18] “Friday the 13th, Part VI - Jason Lives (1986)". Rotten written by Simon Hawke in 1986; notably, the novelization Tomatoes. Retrieved 2016-06-05. features an appearance by Elias Voorhees, Jason’s father who was originally meant to appear in the film, but was cut. [19] “Review: 'Jason Lives – Friday the 13th Part VI'". Variety. The book also includes various flashbacks to Jason’s child- 1986. Retrieved 2016-06-05. hood and the backstories of characters such as Tommy and [20] James, Caryn (1986-08-02). “THE SCREEN: JASON Sheriff Garris are also expanded. LIVES IN 'FRIDAY THE 13TH, PART VI'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-06-05.

2.6.6 References [21] Siskel, Gene (1986-08-08). “Flick Of Week: `Vagabond` One Of Finest Films In Years”. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved [1] “Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)". The Numbers. 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2015-07-10. [22] Hanke, Ken (2012-05-01). “Jason Lives: Friday the 13th [2] “Friday the 13th Part VI”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2015- Part VI”. Mountain Xpress. Retrieved 2016-06-05. 07-10. [23] DVD Verdict Review - Friday The 13th Part VI: Jason Lives [3] “Joseph Zito Interviewed by Royce Freeman”. Pit of Horror. Retrieved 2009-08-14. 2.6.7 External links [4] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. pp. 146– • Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives at the Internet 148. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. Movie Database [5] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The • Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. pp. 147– Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives at AllMovie 148;149. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. • Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives at Rotten Toma- [6] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The toes Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. pp. 166– • 167. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives at Box Office Mojo

[7] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. p. 166. • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com ISBN 1-84576-343-2.

[8] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. pp. 148– 2.7 ''Friday the 13th Part VII: The 149. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. New Blood'' [9] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. p. 148. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood is a 1988 Amer- ican slasher film directed by John Carl Buechler and the [10] Jason Lives Director’s Commentary seventh installment in the Friday the 13th film series. It [11] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The marks the start of the era, during which Hod- Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. p. 149. der played the role of Jason Voorhees a further three times, ISBN 1-84576-343-2. until Freddy vs. Jason. It follows Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives and precedes Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason [12] DVD Talk: Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives Takes Manhattan. [13] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. p. 151. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. 2.7.1 Plot

[14] Meeting Mr. Voorhees. Special feature on Jason Lives DVD As a young child, Tina Shepard witnesses her alcoholic fa- ther physically abusing her mother. The emotional trauma [15] X-Entertainment’s Halloween Season: 2004 unlocks Tina’s previously latent telekinetic powers, which [16] allmusic ((( Constrictor > Overview ))) result in her father’s death at the bottom of Crystal Lake. 2.7. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART VII: THE NEW BLOOD'' 39

Ten years later, Tina, now a teenager, is still struggling The next morning, Tina and Nick are taken away in the am- with the guilt surrounding the death of her father. Tina’s bulance and the screen fades to black while Jason’s whispers mother, Amanda, takes her to the same lakeside residence can be heard from far away. so that her powers can be studied (and unknowingly ex- ploited) by her psychiatrist, Dr. Crews. Dr. Crews be- gins a series of experiments (verbal assaults) designed to 2.7.2 Cast agitate Tina’s mental state, forcing her powers to become • more pronounced. Lar Park Lincoln as Tina Shepard After a particularly upsetting session with Dr. Crews, Tina • Jennifer Banko as Young Tina runs from the cabin and to the dock thinking about her • father’s death. While thinking about him, she wishes he Kevin Spirtas as Nick would come back. Instead, Tina’s psychic powers breaks • Susan Blu as Amanda Shepard the chain around the neck of Jason Voorhees, the undead Crystal Lake serial killer. Tina’s from her powers • Terry Kiser as Dr. Crews is increased as Jason emerges from the lake and his reign of • terror descends on the area once again. Susan Jennifer Sullivan as Melissa Next door to the Shepard residence is a group of teens • Elizabeth Kaitan as Robin who are throwing a birthday party for their friend Michael: • preppy Russell and his girlfriend Sandra, Ben and his girl- Jon Renfield as David friend Kate, science fiction writer Eddie, stoner David, • Diana Barrows as Maddy perky Robin, shy Maddie, and snobby socialite Melissa. Michael’s cousin Nick, who has arrived just for the party • Jeff Bennett as Eddie takes a liking to Tina, much to the jealousy of Melissa, who • bullies Tina. Tina tells Nick about Jason and has a vision of Heidi Kozak as Sandra Jason murdering Michael. Meanwhile, Jason kills Michael • Larry Cox as Russell in real life, along with Jane, and later kills another couple camping in the woods. • William Butler as Michael While Tina goes off to find her mother and Nick goes with • Staci Greason as Jane her, Jason proceeds to kill the other teens. Russell is killed with a to the face, and Sandra is pulled underwater • Craig Thomas as Ben while she is skinny-dipping. Jason stalks Maddie and kills • Diane Almeida as Kate her in the barn with a scythe, and then crushes Ben’s skull with his bare hands before shoving a party horn into Kate’s • Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees eye. David, Robin, and Eddie are also killed. When Jason attacks Dr. Crews, he saves himself by selfishly using Mrs. • John Otrin as Mr. Shepard Shepard as a shield while Jason kills her instead. Crews and Tina meet up again and Crews tries to lie and tell Tina her mother is fine before Jason finds and kills him. Tina finds 2.7.3 Production her mother’s body shortly afterwards and uses her powers to electrocute Jason and to crash the house down on him. She The film was originally hoped to be Freddy vs. Jason, tells Nick and Melissa what happened, but Melissa thinks a clash crossover between Jason Voorhees and Freddy she is crazy and goes to leave the house, only for Jason to Krueger. Plans fell apart when Paramount Pictures (who return and kill her with an axe to her head. held the rights to the Friday the 13th series at the time) and New Line Cinema (who held the rights to the Nightmare on Nick tries to fight off Jason but is subdued. Tina unleashes Elm Street films), failed to come to an agreement. That film her powers in various ways such as forcing Jason’s mask was eventually made possible when New Line bought the to tighten until it breaks in two, revealing his decaying and rights to the Friday the 13th series, but did not see release deformed face. As the battle rages on, the Shepard lakeside until 2003. cabin is destroyed by an explosive fire and trio are thrown back into the dock. Although she is unable to kill Jason, she The film’s original title was Birthday Bash. The entire unknowingly summons the spirit of her father, who emerges production of this film was scheduled, completed, and re- from the lake and drags Jason back down into the depths leased within six months; shooting took place from Octo- with him, chaining the killer once more. ber to November 1987 in rural southern Alabama near Bay Minette. This film marks the first of four appearances by 40 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

Kane Hodder as Jason, the only actor to ever reprise the not dead. A curse on Crystal Lake. A death curse. role. Although C. J. Graham, who had portrayed Jason Jason Voorhees’s curse. They say he died as a boy, in Part VI, was initially considered, Hodder was ultimately but he keeps coming back. Few have seen him and chosen based on his work in the film Prison, for which The lived. Some have even tried to stop him. No one New Blood's director, Carl Buechler, had worked on as the can. People forget he’s down there... waiting. special effects make-up artist. In that movie, Hodder filmed a scene in which his character, a prisoner executed in the electric chair, rises from the grave; Hodder himself had sug- 2.7.4 Box office and reception gested to Buechler that he have maggots of his mouth during the scene to heighten the effect of decompo- Release sition, and went on to film the sequence with live maggots spilling out of his mouth. Buechler remembered Hodder’s Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood opened on Friday, commitment to the part when casting The New Blood, and May 13, 1988 in 1,796 theaters, debuting at number 1 and chose Hodder over Graham. Graham expressed disappoint- earning $8.2 million its opening weekend. Ultimately, the ment, as he had hoped to reprise the role of Jason and make film would go on to gross a total of $19.2 million at the U.S. himself synonymous with the character, as Boris Karloff box office, placing it at number 53 on the list of the year’s had with Frankenstein’s monster, but ultimately expressed top earners.[2] satisfaction with Hodder’s portrayal and said that he bore no ill will about not being asked to return. Hodder would go on to make cinematic history for the longest uninterrupted on- Critical response screen controlled burn in Hollywood history. For the scene in which Tina causes the furnace to shoot flames at Jason, The film received negative reviews from critics. John Carl Hodder was actually set on fire by an apparatus rigged so Buechler, the director, who also created the special make- that the ignition could be captured on film (as opposed to up effects for the film, is credited with creating “the defini- being edited in later with trick photography). Hodder was tive Jason” in the of the film from the on fire for a full forty seconds, a record at the time. series’ DVD box set. The film is later mentioned in the Several explicit scenes of gore were cut in order to avoid novels American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis and The Time an X rating, including Maddy’s death, who originally had Traveler’s Wife by Audrey Niffenegger. It currently holds a a sickle jammed through her neck; Ben’s death, which 30% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes showed Jason crushing his head into a bloody pulp; Kate’s based on 20 reviews.[3] But despite some negative reaction, death, which showed Jason ramming her in the eye with a the film gained a cult following for fans. Fans deeply praised party horn (the VHS and DVD versions only show a full Kane Hodder’s performance as Jason. view of Jason as he aims towards her face, but quickly cuts to another scene before revealing the blood and gore gush- ing from her eye); we see Eddie’s head hit the floor; a shot of 2.7.5 Soundtrack Russell’s face splitting open with a large blood spurt; Dan’s original death had Jason ripping out his guts; Amanda Shep- On September 27, 2005, BSX records released a limited ard’s death originally showed Jason stabbing her from be- edition CD of Fred Mollin’s Friday the 13th Part VII and hind, with the resulting going through her chest and VIII scores.[4] subsequent blood hitting Dr. Crews; Dr. Crews’s death showed Jason’s tree-trimming saw violently cutting into his stomach, sending a fountain of blood and guts in the ; 2.7.6 References Melissa’s original death had Jason cleaving her head in half with an axe with a close-up of her eyes still wriggling in [1] “Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)". The their sockets. The boxed set DVD release of all of the films Numbers. Retrieved 2015-07-10. and the single deluxe edition have all these scenes avail- able as deleted scenes in rough workprint footage; however, [2] “Friday the 13th Part VII”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved the deluxe edition features more additional footage than the 2015-07-10. boxed set. The narration in the prologue of the film (spoken by Walt [3] “Friday the 13th Part VII - The New Blood (1988)". Rotten Gorney) is as follows: Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-07-10.

[4] “Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred There’s a legend 'round here. A killer buried, but Mollin”. BuySoundtrax.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. 2.8. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH PART VIII: JASON TAKES MANHATTAN'' 41

2.7.7 External links Gaw is killed when Jason slams a hot sauna rock into his abdomen while Rennie, searching for her pet Border Collie • Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood at the Internet Toby, discovers prom queen Tamara and Eva doing drugs. Movie Database McCulloch nearly catches them moments later and Tamara pushes Rennie overboard, suspecting she told on them. She • Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood at AllMovie then uses video student Wayne to record McCulloch in a • Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood at Rotten compromising situation with her, but rejects Wayne’s ad- Tomatoes vances afterward. Tamara is killed by Jason with a shard of broken mirror when she goes to take a shower. • Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood at Box Office Rennie begins seeing visions of a young Jason throughout Mojo the ship, but the others ignore the deckhand’s warnings that • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Jason is aboard. Jason kills Captain Robertson and his first mate. Rennie’s boyfriend, Sean, discovers them and • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com tells the others before calling for an emergency stop. Eva is strangled as she tries to flee from Jason. The students agree to search for Jason while McCulloch decides that the 2.8 ''Friday the 13th Part VIII: Ja- deckhand is responsible; however, the deckhand is discov- son Takes Manhattan'' ered with an axe in his back. One of the students, Miles, is killed by Jason and Julius is knocked overboard. Else- where in the hold of the ship, Wayne comes upon J.J.'s body Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan is a and is thrown into an electrical box by Jason; his corpse 1989 American slasher film directed by Rob Hedden and catches fire and begins a chain of events that causes the starring Jensen Daggett, Scott Reeves and Kane Hodder. ship to sink. With the other students dead, McCulloch, Van It is the eighth installment in the Friday the 13th film se- Deusen, Rennie and Sean escape aboard a life raft, and dis- ries, and deals with Jason Voorhees stalking a group of high cover Toby and Julius are alive as well. school graduates on a ship en route to, and later in, New York City. It was the last film in the series to be distributed They row to New York where Jason stalks them through by Paramount Pictures in the United States until 2009. Ac- the streets. Rennie is kidnapped by a pair of junkies and cording to New York Has a New Problem: The Making of the group splits up to find help. Julius tries to fight Jason Friday the 13th VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, this was an- with his boxing skills, but becomes exhausted after Jason other sequel intended to be the final film in the series. The does not go down; he is then decapitated by a single punch film grossed $14.3 million at the U.S. box office, which was from Jason. Rennie escapes from Jason when he kills the the second-lowest U.S. gross in the series. punks that kidnapped her. She runs into Sean and they re- unite with the teachers and the police before Jason kills the officer who is helping them. Rennie crashes a police car 2.8.1 Plot after a vision of Jason distracts her. Van Deusen is incin- erated in the car when it explodes, and it is revealed that Following the events of The New Blood, two graduating high McCulloch is responsible for Rennie’s fear of water, having school students are aboard on a houseboat. tells his pushed her into the lake as a child. They leave him behind girlfriend Suzy the legend of Jason Voorhees, before play- and Jason kills him by drowning him in a barrel of waste. ing a prank on her with a hockey mask and a fake knife. Jason chases Rennie and Sean into the subway where Sean The boat sails over some underwater cables, which electro- incapacitates him by knocking him onto the electrical third cute Jason’s corpse and cause his resurrection. He sneaks rail. He is revived again and chases them through Times on board and kills Jim with a harpoon gun before impaling Square where they try to escape through a diner. They flee Suzy, who tries to hide from him, with a barb. into the sewers and encounter a sewer worker. He warns them that the sewers will be flooded with toxic waste at The next morning, the SS is ready to set sail for New midnight before Jason appears and kills him. Sean is in- York City with a graduating senior class from Lakeview jured and Rennie draws Jason off, wounding him with a High School and chaperoned by biology teacher Charles splash of acidic waste that forces him to take off his mask, McCulloch and English teacher Colleen Van Deusen. Van horrifying Rennie. She and Sean climb the ladder as Jason Deusen brings McCulloch’s niece Rennie along for the trip staggers to get them, but just as he is about to kill them, the despite her aquaphobia much to his chagrin. Jason sneaks sewers flood and engulf him. Rennie sees a child-form of on board and kills rock star wannabe J.J. with her guitar Jason as the waste recedes. The two of them then escape to before hiding in the bowels of the ship. That night, after a the street, where they are reunited with Toby who had run boxing match, a young boxer who lost to champion Julius 42 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

away earlier, and walk off into the city. 2.8.4 Reception

Box office 2.8.2 Cast Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan opened • Jensen Daggett as Rennie Wickham on July 28, 1989 in 1,683 theaters, placing at number 5 • Amber Pawlick as young Rennie Wickham for the weekend with earnings of $6.2 million.[4] The film faced strong competition at the time of its release from such • Scott Reeves as Sean Robertson high-profile genre fare as A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The [5] • Barbara Bingham as Colleen Van Deusen Dream Child. Ultimately, it would go on to gross a total of $14.3 million at the U.S. box office, ranking at number • Peter Mark Richman as Charles McCulloch 70 on the list of the year’s Top 100 earners.[6] • V. C. Dupree as Julius Gaw • Kelly Hu as Eva Watanabe Critical response • Sharlene Martin as Tamara Mason Critical reception for Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes • Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees Manhattan was negative. On his commentary track for the film in the box set, director Rob Hedden acknowledges the • Timothy Burr Mirkovich as Young Jason faults and agrees that more of the film should have been set in Manhattan, citing budgetary and schedule problems. • Martin Cummins as Wayne Webber labeled it the eighth-worst sequel ever • Gordon Currie as Miles Wolfe made.[7] Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 9% based on 23 reviews; the rating av- • Saffron Henderson as J.J. Jarrett erage is 2.9/10.[8] Film critic Leonard Maltin however gave • Alex Diakun as Deck hand the film a more positive review, awarding the film 2 out of 4 stars calling it the best in the series. Maltin also compli- • Warren Munson as Admiral Robertson mented the film’s imaginative direction, but also criticized [9] • Todd Caldecott as Jim Miller the film’s running time as being too long. • Tiffany Paulsen as Suzie Donaldson 2.8.5 References • Ace as Toby [1] “Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)". 2.8.3 Production The Numbers. Retrieved 2015-07-10. [2] “Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred The film was shot at seven locations in the US. Filming Mollin”. BuySoundtrax.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. first began in , Canada, and moved to Vancouver. The alleyway scenes were shot in Los Ange- [3] Bracke, Peter, pg. 211 les. After filming wrapped in Los Angeles, the rest of the film was shot on locations in New York City. [4] “Friday the 13th Part VIII (1989)". BoxOfficeMojo.com.

[5] “1989 Yearly Box Office Results”. BoxOfficeMojo.com. Music [6] “1989 Yearly Box Office Results”. BoxOfficeMojo.com. The film’s musical score was composed by Fred Mollin, who worked with longtime Friday the 13th series composer [7] The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made Harry Manfredini on the previous installment. On Septem- ber 27, 2005, BSX records released a limited edition CD of [8] “Friday the 13th Part VIII - Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) - Fred Mollin’s Friday the 13th Part VII and VIII scores.[2] Rotten Tomatoes”. Rotten Tomatoes.com. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 15 January 2016. The song "The Darkest Side of the Night" performed by Metropolis plays over the opening and ending credits to the [9] Leonard Maltin (2013). Leonard Maltin’s Movie Guide: film. Rob Hedden specifically wanted them to write a song 2014 Edition : the Modern Era. Plume Books. p. 499. ISBN reminiscent of Robert Plant.[3] 978-0-14-218055-6. 2.9. ''JASON GOES TO HELL: THE FINAL FRIDAY'' 43

2.8.6 External links falsely accused and arrested for Diana’s murder, and meets Duke, who reveals Jessica’s relation to Jason. Determined • Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan at to get to Jessica before Jason does, Steven escapes from the Internet Movie Database jail. Jessica is dating a tabloid TV reporter named Robert. Steven goes to the Voorhees house to find evidence to con- • Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan at vince Jessica but falls through rotten boards. Robert en- AllMovie ters the upstairs room and receives a phone call which re- • Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan at veals that he is attempting to “spice up” his show’s ratings Rotten Tomatoes by putting emphasis on Jason’s return from death, having stolen Diana’s body from the morgue for this reason. Jason • Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan at bursts in and transfers his heart into Robert, while the body Box Office Mojo he left melts. Jason leaves with Steven in pursuit. Jason • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site attempts to be reborn through Jessica but is disrupted by Steven, who hits him and takes Jessica into his car. Steven • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com stalls Jason by running him over. When he tries to explain the situation to Jessica, she disbelieves him and throws him out of the car. Jessica goes to the police station. 2.9 ''Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Jason arrives at the police station and kills most of the offi- Friday'' cers. He nearly possesses Jessica before Steven stops him; Jessica realizes Steven is right. In the chaos, Duke makes Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday is a 1993 Ameri- his escape. Jessica and Steven make their way to the diner can supernatural slasher film directed by Adam Marcus and to grab the baby. Jason arrives but is attacked by the own- produced by Sean S. Cunningham. The ninth installment ers of the shop. He kills the owners but is injured by an in the Friday the 13th film series, it was preceded by 1989’s attacker, whom he kills. Jason is presumably killed, and Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan and was Jessica and Steven discover a note from Duke, telling them the first Friday the 13th film distributed by New Line Cin- that he has the baby and demands that Jessica meet him at ema. Although New Line intended it to be the final chap- the Voorhees house alone. ter in the series, the ambiguous ending set in motion what Jessica meets Duke at the Voorhees house and is given a would become Freddy vs. Jason ten years later. mystical dagger which she can use to permanently kill Ja- son. A police officer enters the diner where Robert, pos- sessed, transfers his heart into him. Duke falls through 2.9.1 Plot the floor, and Jessica is confronted by Landis and Randy. Landis is killed accidentally with the dagger, and Jessica The undead serial killer Jason Voorhees returns to Camp drops the dagger. Randy, possessed, attempts to be reborn Crystal Lake. An undercover government agent lures Ja- through Stephanie, but Steven arrives and severs his neck son into a trap set by the FBI, and several armed men blow with a machete. Jason’s heart, which has grown into a de- him to bits, destroying his body. His remains are sent to a monic infant, crawls out of Randy’s neck to Diana’s dead morgue, where a coroner becomes possessed by Jason’s de- body in the basement. Steven and Jessica pull Duke out of monic spirit after ingesting Jason’s putrid heart. Jason, now the basement as Jason is reborn into his original body (as in the coroner’s body, escapes the morgue, leaving a trail of he does not need an actual living member of his family). death. While Steven and Jessica attempt to retrieve the dagger, At Crystal Lake, he finds three partying teens. While two Duke distracts Jason and is killed with a death hug. Jason of them have sex, Jason kills the third, then the other two. turns his attention to Jessica, and Steven tackles Jason, who Jason attacks two police officers, killing one and possess- both fight outside while Jessica retrieves the dagger. Jessica ing the other. Meanwhile, bounty hunter Creighton Duke stabs Jason in the chest, releasing the souls Jason accumu- discovers only members of Jason’s bloodline can truly kill lated over time. Demonic hands burst out of the ground him, and he will return to his normal and near-invincible and pull Jason into the depths of Hell. Steven and Jes- state if he possesses a member of his family. The only liv- sica reconcile and walk off into the sunrise with their baby. ing relatives of Jason are his half-sister Diana Kimble, her Later a dog unearths Jason’s mask while digging in the dirt. daughter Jessica, and Stephanie, the infant daughter of Jes- Freddy Krueger’s gloved hand bursts from the ground and sica and Steven Freeman. pulls down Jason’s mask. Jason makes his way to Diana’s house. Steven bursts in and attacks Jason. Diana is killed and Jason escapes. Steven is 44 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

2.9.2 Cast Critical reviews

• John D. LeMay as Steven Freeman As with some of the other Friday the 13th films, many critics panned the film. It maintains a 24% approval rat- • Kari Keegan as Jessica Kimble ing on review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.[3] The main criticism is the idea of Jason “possess- • Steven Williams as Creighton Duke ing” the body of people to kill his victims being too out- landish, and simply being another formulaic entry in the se- • Allison Smith as Vicki ries with poor acting and plot holes.[3][4] However, Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday was received significantly • Steven Culp as Robert Campbell (who later becomes better than its 1989 predecessor, Jason Takes Manhattan. Jason)

• Billy “Green” Bush as Sheriff Landis 2.9.4 DVD release • Erin Gray as Diana Kimble The film was released unrated on DVD in North America, and includes both versions of the film: the censored R-rated • Rusty Schwimmer as Joey B. version, and the unrated version, which runs three minutes longer than the theatrical version of the film. In certain re- • Leslie Jordan as Shelby gions of the world including Australia, the DVD was only released with the censored R-rated version of the film avail- • Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees/FBI Guard/Freddy able to view. Krueger's claw The film’s distribution rights were transferred to Warner • Josh Brennan as Deputy Josh (who later becomes Ja- Bros. in 2008. son)

• Kipp Marcus as Randy Parker (who later becomes Ja- 2.9.5 Other media son) A three-issue comic adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell: The • Richard Gant as Phil the Coroner (who later becomes Final Friday written by Andy Mangels was published by Jason) Topps Comics. As the comics are based upon the origi- nal shooting script of the film, elements that were left out • Gino Kane as Ward of the film are used in them. Topps also released a series of trading cards for the film. • Julie Michaels as Elizabeth Marcus The FBI sting that occurs at the beginning of the film is fore- • Paul Devine as Paul shadowed in the novel Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill-Repeat, which takes place between the events of the seventh and • Michelle Clunie as Deborah eighth films. The epilogue of the book states that the FBI, upon discovering Jason Voorhees actually exists, have be- gun making plans to trap him and “send him straight to John D. LeMay is one of only two actors from the TV series Hell.”[5] to appear in the film series; the other is John Shepherd, who played Tommy Jarvis in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning. Freddy Krueger’s clawed hand coming out of the ground and taking Jason’s mask was a reference to the future crossover Freddy vs. Jason between the two (similar to the 2.9.3 Reception Skull scene in , which was a production in- joke), which had been in development hell since 1987. It was finally finished in 2003, a year after this film’s sequel. Box office [6]

Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday debuted in U.S. the- The film features the appearances of the skull dagger and aters on Friday, August 13, 1993, to a weekend box office Necronomicon from Evil Dead II. Jason, Freddy, and Ash total of $7.6 million. The film would go on to gross a final Williams would later meet in the comic book series Freddy domestic total of $15.9 million, placing at number 86 on vs. Jason vs. Ash (a story adapted by writer Jeff Katz from the list of the year’s Top 100 earners.[2] a Freddy vs. Jason 2 screenplay treatment he had written 2.10. ''JASON X'' 45 in 2004)[7] and again in Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The 2.10.1 Plot Nightmare Warriors. Jason Voorhees (Kane Hodder) is captured by the United States government and held at the Crystal Lake Research 2.9.6 References Facility. In 2010, a government scientist decides to place Jason in frozen stasis after several failed attempts to kill [1] “Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993)". The Num- him. While Private Samuel Johnson (Jeff Geddis) places bers. Retrieved April 10, 2016. a blanket on Jason, Dr. Wimmer (), [2] “Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday”. Box Office Mojo. Sergeant Marcus (Markus Parilo), and a few soldiers hope Retrieved April 10, 2016. to further research Jason’s rapid cellular regeneration and try to take Jason. They pull off the blanket covering his [3] “Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday - Rotten Tomatoes”. body, but find Johnson dead, instead. Having broken free of Flixster, Inc. Retrieved April 2, 2013. his restraints, Jason kills the soldiers and Wimmer. Rowan (Lexa Doig) lures Jason into a cryogenic pod and activates [4] Moon, Jim (September 6, 2010). “JASON GOES TO HELL it. Jason then ruptures the pod with his machete and stabs - THE FINAL FRIDAY”. Jim Moon. Retrieved April 2, Rowan in the abdomen, spilling cryogenic fluid into the 2013. sealed room and freezing them both. [5] Arnopp, Jason (2005-10-25). Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill- Over 445 years later, in 2455, Earth has become too pol- Repeat. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-271-0. luted to support life and humans have moved to a new [6] Bracke, Peter, pg. 238 planet, Earth Two. Three students, Tsunaron (Chuck Campbell), Janessa (Melyssa Ade), and Azrael (Dov [7] "'Freddy vs Jason vs Ash' Script Treatment!!!". Bloody Dis- Tiefenbach), are on a field trip led by Professor Braithwaite gusting. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2009-07-03. Lowe (Jonathan Potts), who is accompanied by an Android robot, KM-14 (Lisa Ryder). They enter the Crystal Lake fa- cility and find the still-frozen Jason and Rowan, whom they 2.9.7 External links bring to their spaceship, the Grendel. Also on the ship are Lowe’s remaining students, Kinsa (Melody Johnson), Way- • Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday at the Internet lander (Derwin Jordan), and Stoney (Yani Gellman). They Movie Database reanimate Rowan while Jason is pronounced dead and left in the morgue. Lowe’s intern, Adrienne Thomas (Kristi An- • Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday at AllMovie gus), is ordered to dissect Jason’s body. Lowe, who is in • Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday at Rotten Toma- serious debt, calls his financial backer Dieter Perez (Robert toes A. Silverman), of the Solaris, who notes that Jason’s body could be worth a substantial amount to a collector. • Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday at Box Office While Stoney has sex with Kinsa, Jason comes back to life Mojo and attacks Adrienne, then freezes her face with liquid ni- trogen before smashing her head to pieces on a counter. Ja- • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site son takes a machete-shaped surgical tool and makes his way • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com through the ship. He stabs Stoney in the chest and drags him away to his death, to Kinsa’s horror. Sergeant Brodski (Peter Mensah) leads a group of soldiers to attack Jason. Meanwhile, Jason attacks and kills Dallas by bashing his 2.10 ''Jason X'' skull against the wall after breaking Azrael’s back. He then tries to attack Crutch, but Brodski and his soldiers save him. Jason X is a 2001 Canadian-American science fiction Jason disappears, and after Brodski splits up his team, Jason slasher film directed by James Isaac. It is the tenth install- kills them one by one. ment in the Friday the 13th film series and stars Kane Hod- Lowe orders Pilot Lou (Boyd Banks) to dock in on Solaris. der in his fourth and final appearance as the undead mass As he is talking with the Solaris engineer, he is hacked apart murderer Jason Voorhees. by Jason. With no pilot, the ship crashes through a nearby The film was conceived by Todd Farmer and was the only space station, destroying it, and killing Dieter Perez and ev- that he gave to the studio, having suggested sending eryone else on the Solaris. The crash damages one of the Jason into space as a means to advance the film series, while Grendel's pontoon sections. Jason breaks into the lab, re- Freddy vs. Jason was still in development hell.[2] claims his machete and decapitates Lowe. 46 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

With the ship badly damaged, the remaining survivors • Melyssa Ade as Janessa head for Grendel's shuttle, while Tsunaron heads elsewhere • with KM-14. After finding Lou’s remains, Crutch (Philip Melody Johnson as Kinsa Williams) and Waylander prepare the shuttle. Rowan finds • Jonathan Potts as Professor Brandon Lowe Brodski, but he is too heavy for her to carry, so she leaves to get help. Waylander leaves to help with him, while Crutch • Phillip Williams as Crutch prepares the shuttle. Jason kills Crutch by electrocution. • On board the shuttle, Kinsa has a panic attack and launches Derwin Jordan as Waylander the shuttle without releasing the fuel line, causing it to crash • Dov Tiefenbach as Azrael into the ship’s hull and explode, killing her. Brodski attacks Jason, but is overpowered. Tsunaron reappears with an up- • Kristi Angus as Adrienne Thomas graded KM-14, complete with an array of weapons and new • combat skills. She fights Jason off and seemingly kills him, Amanda Brugel as Geko knocking him into a nanite-equipped medical station and • Yani Gellman as Stoney blasting off his right arm, left leg, right rib cage, and, fi- nally, part of his head. The survivors send a distress call • Todd Farmer as Dallas and receive a reply from a patrol shuttle. • David Cronenberg as Dr. Wimmer The survivors set explosive charges to separate the remain- ing pontoon from the main drive section. As they work, • Robert A. Silverman as Dieter Perez Jason is accidentally brought back to life by the damaged • medical station, rebuilt as an even more powerful cyborg Marcus Parilo as Sgt. Marcus called Uber Jason. Jason easily defeats KM-14 by punch- ing her head off. As Tsunaron picks up her still-functioning 2.10.3 Production head, Jason attacks them, but is stopped by Waylander, who sacrifices himself by setting off the charges while the others Development escape. Jason survives and is blown back onto the shuttle. He punches a hole through the hull, blowing out Janessa. A Development of Jason X began in the late 1990s while power failure with the docking door forces Brodski to go Freddy vs. Jason was still in development hell. With Freddy EVA to fix it. vs. Jason not moving forward, Sean S. Cunningham de- Meanwhile, a hard light holographic simulation of Crystal cided that he wanted another Friday the 13th film made to Lake is created to distract Jason, but he sees through the retain audience interest in the character. The film was con- deception just as the door is fixed. Brodski confronts Ja- ceived by Todd Farmer, who plays “Dallas” in the film, and son so that the rest can escape. As they leave, the pontoon was the only pitch he gave to the studio for the movie, having explodes, propelling Jason at high speed towards the sur- suggested sending Jason into space as a means to advance vivors; however, Brodski intercepts Jason in mid-flight and the film series.[2] maneuvers them both into the atmosphere of Earth Two, incinerating them. Tsunaron assures KM-14 that he will build a new body for her. 2.10.4 Soundtrack

On the planet, two teens beside a lake see what they believe The film score was composed and conducted by Harry Man- is a falling star as Jason’s charred mask sinks to the bottom fredini. It was released on Varèse Sarabande. Jason X's of the lake. theme song is "Bodies" by Drowning Pool from their album Sinner. The song, while used in the film’s theatrical trailer, does not actually appear in the film, itself.[3] 2.10.2 Cast

• Kane Hodder as Jason Voorhees 2.10.5 Release • Lexa Doig as Rowan LaFontaine Box office • Lisa Ryder as Kay-Em 14 The film made $13,121,555 domestically, and • Chuck Campbell as Tsunaron earned $3,830,243 overseas for a worldwide gross of $16,951,798,[1] making it the third lowest-grossing film in • Peter Mensah as Sergeant Brodski the series. 2.11. ''FREDDY VS. JASON'' 47

Critical reception • Jason X at Box Office Mojo • The film received unfavorable reviews, holding a “Rotten” Jason X at Rotten Tomatoes rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 104 reviews, • Jason X at with the consensus being that “Jason goes to the future, but the story is still stuck in the past.”[4] Metacritic shows the • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site film as having “generally unfavorable” reviews based on 23 • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com critics, with a score of 25/100.[5] American film critic Roger Ebert wrote a scathing review of the film, quoting one of the [6] film’s lines: “This sucks on so many levels.” 2.11 ''Freddy vs. Jason'' However, the film was better received in the United King- dom, gaining positive reviews from the country’s two major Freddy vs. Jason is a 2003 American slasher film directed film magazines, Total Film[7] and Empire.[8] Empire's review by Ronny Yu and written by Damian Shannon and Mark by in particular praised Jason X as “Wittily Swift. The film is a crossover between the Friday the 13th scripted, smartly directed and well-played by an unfamil- and A Nightmare on Elm Street franchises and pits Jason iar cast, this is a real treat for all those who have suffered Voorhees and Freddy Krueger against each other in the through the story so far.” eleventh and eighth installments in their respective series. The film is also the last film in both the Friday the 13th and Home Media Nightmare on Elm Street franchises before they were both rebooted. [9] The film was released on DVD on June 1, 2004. It was re- In the film, Freddy (Robert Englund) has grown incapable leased on Blu-ray in 2013, with all of the films in the Friday of haunting people’s dreams as the citizens of Springwood, the 13th: The Complete Collection set. Ohio, have mostly forgotten about him. To regain his The film’s distribution rights were transferred to Warner power, Freddy manipulates Jason (Ken Kirzinger) into res- Bros. in 2008. urrecting himself and traveling to Springwood to cause panic and fear, leading to rumors that Freddy has returned. However, while Jason succeeds in causing enough fear for 2.10.6 References Freddy to the town again, Jason angers Freddy by de- priving Krueger of his potential victims. This ultimately [1] “jason x”. Box Office Mojo. sends the two undying monsters into a violent conflict. [2] Bryan Cairns. “An Interview with Jason X Writer Todd This film marked Englund’s final appearance to date as Farmer”. IGN. Freddy Krueger, and it was the first since Friday the 13th [3] Jason X: Did You Know? http://lairofhorror.tripod.com/ Part VI: Jason Lives not to feature Kane Hodder as Jason voorheeslair/dykx.html Voorhees. The film was the debut of Destiny’s Child mem- ber Kelly Rowland as an actress. [4] “Jason X - Rotten Tomatoes”. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 28 August 2011. 2.11.1 Plot [5] “Jason X Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More at Meta- critic”. Metacritic. Retrieved 28 August 2011. Freddy Krueger is rendered powerless in Hell with Spring- [6] “Jason X”. Chicago Sun-Times. wood forgetting him. Disguising as Pamela Voorhees, Freddy manipulates Jason Voorhees into killing Spring- [7] “Total Film’s Jason X review”. wood teenagers to regain strength. [8] Newman, Kim. “Empire’s Jason X review”. Lori Campbell lives with her widowed father, with friends [9] http://www.dvdsreleasedates.com/movies/3366/ Kia, Gibb, Trey, and Blake staying over. That night, Ja- Jason-X-%282001%29.html son stabs Trey and folds him in half, with police suspecting Freddy. Following a nightmare, Blake awakens to his be- headed father before Jason kills him. The next day, police 2.10.7 External links state it to be a murder-suicide, hoping to contain Freddy.

• Jason X at the Internet Movie Database Lori’s ex-boyfriend Will Rollins and friend Mark Davis are Westin Hills Psychiatric Hospital patients. They take Hyp- • Jason X at AllMovie nocil to suppress dreams, due to them having the last con- 48 CHAPTER 2. FILMS tact with Freddy. A news report leads Mark to devise an • Kelly Rowland as Kia Waterson escape plan. He and Will return to Springwood to tell Lori • about Freddy. Mark later learns of the city’s plan to erad- Jason Ritter as Will Rollins icate Freddy and realizes they've nullified it. That night, • Chris Marquette as Charlie Linderman Lori and the others attend a rave at a cornfield. A drunken Gibb believes she sees Trey and follows him to a silo - a • Lochlyn Munro as Deputy Scott Stubbs dream trap set by Freddy. However, Jason kills her. Dis- • mayed, Freddy realizes Jason’s rampage will continue and Katharine Isabelle as Gibb Smith deny Freddy victims. • Brendan Fletcher as Mark Davis Linderman and stoner Freeburg escape the rave along with • Zack Ward as Bobby Davis Lori, and Kia. Lori confronts her father about her mother’s death, lying to him. She and Will go to Mark’s house, only • Kyle Labine as Bill Freeburg to discover Freddy attacking Mark. Deputy Stubbs sus- pects a copycat Jason murderer, but his suspicions fall short. • Tom Butler as Dr. Campbell He approaches Lori and her friends, who piece together • Garry Chalk as Sheriff Williams Freddy’s plan. Learning of Hypnocil, they steal stock from Westin Hills, but Freddy possesses Freeburg and disposes • Jesse Hutch as Trey of them. After electrocuting Stubbs, Jason is tranquilized by possessed-Freeburg, whom Jason bisects before losing • Odessa Munroe as Heather consciousness. • Chris Gauthier as Shack The teens devise a plan to pull Freddy from the dream world into reality and force him to fight Jason. They take the un- • Paula Shaw as Pamela Voorhees conscious Jason to Crystal Lake. Meanwhile, Freddy bat- • Sharon Peters as Mrs. Campbell tles Jason in the dream world. He pulls him into a nightmare of him drowning as a child, learning his fear of water. Lori • Jamie Mayo as Dead Girl on Tree retrieves Freddy but he attacks her, revealing himself as her mother’s killer. • Doug Chapman as Freddy’s Stunt Double Jason awakens and chases the others into a cabin. Linder- • Glenn Ennis as Jason’s Stunt Double man is mortally wounded and dies, the cabin ignites, and • Lori is awakened, pulling Freddy into real life. Jason fights Evangeline Lilly as School Student - Next to Locker Freddy while they escape, throwing Freddy through another (uncredited) cabin’s roof. • Spencer Stump as Young Jason (uncredited) Lori, Will and Kia encounter Freddy. Kia distracts Freddy by taunting him until Jason suddenly kills her. As Lori and Will escape, the two begin to fight. The group attempt 2.11.3 Production to ram a minecart into them, but both are knocked to the boardwalk. There, Jason tears Freddy’s arm off while he Development stabs Jason’s eyes. Lori and Will ignite propane tanks that blow Freddy and Jason into the lake. Freddy climbs out, Influenced by fans’ desire for a crossover film depicting a but Jason impales Freddy with his own arm and Lori de- fight between the two icons, New Line and Paramount tried capitates Freddy before Jason collapses. to make a Freddy vs. Jason movie in 1987. But the two studios failed to agree on a story or what to do with the two Finally at peace, Lori and Will leave Crystal Lake together. franchises. When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform However, Jason emerges holding Freddy’s severed head, successfully at the box office, Sean Cunningham decided who winks at the audience and laughs. that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Ja- son, as New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street fran- 2.11.2 Cast chise. The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new; Paramount had approached New Line about • Robert Englund as Freddy Krueger filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the • Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees licensing rights to Friday the 13th. At that time, both com- panies wanted the license to the other’s character so that • Monica Keena as Lori Campbell they could control the making of the film. Negotiations on 2.11. ''FREDDY VS. JASON'' 49

the project were never finalized, which led Paramount to role.[6] Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason, make The New Blood. After Jason Takes Manhattan was re- and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line leased in 1989 the rights reverted to Scuderi, Minasian and executives, but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should Barsamianto, who sold them to New Line. Before Cunning- be recast to fit Yu’s image of Jason.[6] According to Hod- ham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason, Wes Craven der, New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the returned to New Line to make New Nightmare. This effec- recasting, but Yu has explained he wanted a slower, more tively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold, but allowed Cunning- deliberate Jason, and less of the aggressive movements that ham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Hodder had used in the previous films.[7] Yu and devel- Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday.[2] The ninth install- opment executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among ment “turned a healthy profit”, though it was only intended fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason, but stood to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger, rather by their choice in recasting.[6] The role eventually went to than start a new series for New Line.[3] Ultimately, the film Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian stuntperson who worked on Ja- series would go through another sequel before that would son Takes Manhattan. There are conflicting reports over happen. Cunningham’s “frustration” with the delayed de- the reason Kirzinger was cast. According to Yu, Kirzinger velopment of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund, the create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in actor who portrays Freddy Krueger. Kirzinger stands 6' 5” the minds of audiences. Based on Jason Takes Manhattan's (196 cm), compared to the 6' 3” (191 cm) of Kane Hod- concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake, the tenth der. Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5' film would put the titular character in space.[4] The film suf- 9” (175 cm) Englund. Kirzinger believes his experience on fered from the loss of its biggest supporter, President of Part VIII helped him land the part, as Kirzinger doubled for Production Michael De Luca, when he resigned from his Hodder on two scenes for the film,[6] but also believes he position. Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for was simply sized up and handed the job.[7] Although he was two years before finally being released on April 26, 2002; it hired by the crew, New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger would go on to become the lowest grossing film in the fran- until first seeing him on film. Kirzinger’s first scene was chise at the domestic box office; it also held the distinction Jason walking down Elm Street. New Line wanted a spe- of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at cific movement in Jason’s walk; Kirzinger met their ex- that time.[5] pectations and signed a contract with the studio.[6] Even After more than fifteen years of off-and-on development though Hodder expresses some resentment at not being cho- sen, he and Kirzinger are still good friends, and some fans and approximately $6 million spent in eighteen unused [8] scripts from more than a dozen screenwriters, New Line think Kirzinger’s Jason surpasses Hodder’s Jason. How- finally produced Freddy vs. Jason for 2003. One of the ever, even Kirzinger did not perform the role throughout biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that man- the entire film. In the memorable final scene where Ja- aged to bring the two horror icons together. Potential sto- son emerges from the water holding Freddy’s head in his ries varied widely, from 2 different drafts: 1 was titled "The hand, the role was played by another actor, 6'5” (196 cm) Millennium Massacre" where Freddy was revealed to at one Douglas Tait. Almost a year after originally auditioning for Yu, Tait was called in for the reshoot of the climactic clos- time be a counselor at Camp Crystal Lake and molested Ja- [9][10][11] son as a child, and another dealt with a cult called the “Fred ing sequence. Heads” who were going to sacrifice a little girl to Freddy, Regarding Hodder, Yu says he had no problems about him leading to the girl’s older sister putting her dead boyfriend’s and says he likes his work as Jason in the previous films. heart in Jason’s body to fight Freddy and rescue her younger However, he says it was ultimately New Line’s decision to sister. exclude Hodder, not his. Many of the New Line executives According to writers Mark Swift and Damian Shannon sev- working on the film persist on stating that excluding Hodder was Yu’s idea. These conflicting statements may imply New eral endings were considered for the film, one of the unused [12] endings involving of Hellraiser fame, and finally Line regrets not hiring Hodder. producer came up with his idea which was In an interview, Tait explained the reason for the reshoot. acceptable for everyone. He said, “Unfortunately for me, it was the only scene I was hired to do. The test audiences were confused about the original ending, they thought Jason Ritter’s character was Casting controversy becoming Freddy[sic]. You can see it in the deleted scenes, that is why they decided to reshoot the ending. Originally I was being considered for playing the role of Jason in the New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a and entire film. It was actually between me and Ken. When chose a new actor for Jason. Cunningham disagreed with they took the film to Canada, I was out of luck. There was their decision, believing Hodder was the best choice for the 50 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

no way they were going to pay for my flight and hotel stay The film was also released as part of a 9-disc pack of all when Ken was a local. Also, Ken is older than me and he twelve Friday the 13th films on Blu-ray and a Triple Fea- was a lot more established in the business than I was at the ture Blu-ray pack with the Friday and Nightmare remakes. [13] time.” Describing the scene, Tait said “I was on the film The film’s distribution rights were transferred to Warner for a couple days. The water sequence took a lot of prepara- Bros. in 2008. tion. They realized that when I got wet, I looked too skinny in the clothes, so they had to bulk me up with pads and extra clothing so it would look like I was still big. Being 2.11.6 Reception with all this extra weight, one eye covered, a machete in one hand, Freddy’s head in another hand, and being totally Box office submerged in water, made that scene very difficult. Also, Ronny Yu wanted me to walk like I was walking on land. In its opening weekend, Freddy vs. Jason grossed $36.4 He wanted it to look like I could walk through the water million, finishing first at the box office. It went on to gross without it making me rise to the surface. To do this effect, $82.6 million in North America and $32.3 million in other they had a rope tied under water that I held onto with my territories for a total of $114.9 million, against a $30 million left hand (with Freddy’s severed head in it also), and I held budget. myself down on the ground so I could pull myself and walk forward.”[13] Critical response

2.11.4 Music On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41% based on 153 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The See also: Freddy vs. Jason (soundtrack) and Freddy vs. site’s critical consensus reads, “Fans of the two horror fran- Jason (score) chises will enjoy this showdown. But for everyone else, it’s the same old slice and dice”.[16] On Metacritic, which as- signs a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream crit- ics, the film has an average score of 37 out of 100 based on 2.11.5 Distribution 29 reviews, indicating “generally unfavorable reviews”.[17]

Novelization Accolades Publishing company Black Flame released a novelization Doug Chapman and Melvin Martinez were nominated for of the film on July 29, 2003.[14] It was written by Stephen the Best Fire Stunt in the Taurus World Stunt Awards 2004 Hand, who also penned the novelization for New Line’s The for the double full body burn and wire stunt. Doug Chap- Texas Chainsaw Massacre the next year. The book, as with man doubled for Robert Englund as Freddy and Glenn En- many other novelizations Black Flame published for New nis doubled for Ken Kirzinger as Jason in the stunt.[18] Line, follows closely the plot of the film with a few alter- ations. For example, the novelization utilizes the original ending where Will turns into Freddy when he is about to 2.11.7 See also have sex with Lori. • Freddy vs. Jason (album)

Home media • Slasher film

The film was released on VHS and DVD as part of New • List of monster movies Line’s Platinum Series on January 13, 2004. The DVD release featured a second disc of bonus content that in- cluded: audio commentary by Ronny Yu, Ken Kirzinger, 2.11.8 References and Robert Englund, deleted and alternate scenes with com- [1] “Freddy Vs. Jason” mentary, Ill Niño's music video to “”, trail- ers and TV spots, and behind the scenes featurettes. [2] Bracke, Peter, pp.218–219

The film was released on UMD on October 4, 2005 and [3] Bracke, Peter, pg. 238 on Blu-ray September 8, 2009. The Blu-ray contained the same features as the original Platinum Edition DVD.[15] [4] Bracke, Peter, pp.242–243 2.12. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (2009) 51

[5] Bracke, Peter, pp.263–264 2.12 ''Friday the 13th'' (2009)

[6] Bracke, Peter, pp. 280–286 Friday the 13th is a 2009 American slasher film written by [7] Grove, David, p. 217 Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, and directed by Marcus Nispel. The film is a reboot of the Friday the 13th film [3][4] [8] His Name Was Jason: 30 Years of Friday the 13th series, which began in 1980, and is the twelfth install- ment in the franchise. Nispel also directed the 2003 re- [9] Best Creature Performers. The Top Tens. 2011. Retrieved make of 's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre April 5, 2011. (1974). Shannon and Swift wrote the screenplay for the 2003 crossover Freddy vs. Jason. Friday the 13th follows [10] No Long Faces Allowed!!: The Exclusive BGHF Interview Clay Miller (Jared Padalecki) as he searches for his miss- with Freddy Vs. Jason’s Awesome Douglas Tait! Big Gay ing sister, Whitney (Amanda Righetti), who is captured by Horror Fan. December 18, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2011. Jason Voorhees (Derek Mears) while camping in woodland [11] Full Cast and Crew for Freddy vs. Jason (2003) Internet at Crystal Lake. Movie Database. 1990-2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011. The 2009 film was originally conceived as an origin story, but the project evolved into a re-imagining of the first four [12] Crystal Lake Memories: pg. 281 Friday the 13th films. The character Jason Voorhees was re- designed as a lean, quick killer with a backstory that allows [13] Interview: Douglas Tait (Jason Voorhees, ‘Freddy vs Jason’) the viewer to feel a little sympathy for him, but not enough fridaythe13thfilms.com October 14, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2011. that he would lose his menace. Although this film rewrote the continuity, Jason’s iconic hockey mask—[5] which was [14] “Freddy vs. Jason novelization”. .com. Retrieved not introduced until the third film in the series—is acquired November 12, 2010. during the film. In keeping with the tone of the film, Ja- son’s mask was recreated from a mold of the original mask [15] Calonge, Juan (13 May 2009). “Warner Announces Ten used for Part III; though there were subtle changes. Fri- Catalog Titles for September”. Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 10 day the 13th includes some of Harry Manfredini's musical December 2012. score from the previous Friday the 13th films because the producers recognized its iconic status.[6] [16] "Freddy vs. Jason Movie Reviews”. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved July 4, 2009. Friday the 13th was released in theaters on Friday, Febru- ary 13, 2009.[7] It received mainly negative reviews and [17] "Freddy vs. Jason: Reviews”. Metacritic. CNET Networks. earned approximately US$19 million on its opening night Retrieved July 4, 2009. and $40 million during its opening weekend, when it broke two records; the highest-earning opening day for the film se- [18] Taurus Award Archive ries and the highest-earning opening weekend for any hor- ror film. As of July 2014, it is the second-highest grossing film in the Friday the 13th film series ($65 million), and has 2.11.9 External links earned over $91.3 million worldwide.

• Freddy vs. Jason at the Internet Movie Database 2.12.1 Plot • Freddy vs. Jason at Box Office Mojo On June 13, 1980, a young Jason Voorhees (Caleb Guss) • Freddy vs. Jason at Rotten Tomatoes watches as his mother Pamela (Nana Visitor) is beheaded • Freddy vs. Jason at AllMovie by a camp counselor (Stephanie Rhodes), who was trying to escape Mrs. Voorhees’s murder spree around Camp Crys- • Freddy vs. Jason at Metacritic tal Lake. Almost thirty years later, a group of friends— Wade (Jonathan Sadowski), Richie (Ben Feldman), Mike • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site (), Whitney (Amanda Righetti) and Amanda (America Olivo)—arrive at Crystal Lake on a camping trip • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com to search for marijuana growing in the woods. That night, Jason (Derek Mears), now an adult, kills Wade, Amanda, • Freddy vs . Jason at Nightmare on Elm Street Com- and Richie. Jason also kills Mike, but he spares Whitney panion because she resembles his mother at a young age, and cap- 52 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

tures her instead. son from, why do these killings happen, and what is Crys- [6] Six weeks later, Trent (Travis Van Winkle), his girl- tal Lake?" The producers initially expressed an interest friend Jenna (Danielle Panabaker), Chelsea (Willa Ford), in using Tommy Jarvis, a recurring character who first ap- peared in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter, but the idea Bree (Julianna Guill), Chewie (Aaron Yoo), Nolan (Ryan [10] Hansen), and Lawrence (Arlen Escarpeta) arrive at Trent’s was scrapped. summer cabin on the shore of Crystal Lake. Meanwhile, Though the producers decided that Friday the 13th would Whitney’s brother Clay Miller (Jared Padalecki) arrives not be an origin story, they said that they wanted to work out at the lake to search for her. Clay visits Trent’s cabin, a logical origin story for Jason that would provide a sense of and Jenna agrees to help him search for Whitney. As history as the film progressed.[10] Form and Fuller explained they search, Jason kills Chelsea and Nolan while they are that the audience gets to see how Jason attains his famous wakeboarding on the lake. Clay and Jenna search the old hockey mask, and is given a reason for why he puts it on. Crystal Lake campgrounds where they see Jason hauling a Jason would transition from wearing a bag over his head— body into the abandoned camp house. similar to the one seen in Friday the 13th Part 2—to finding Jenna and Clay run to warn the others about Jason, who and wearing his hockey mask, whereas in Friday the 13th Part III he obtains the mask off-screen and comes out of a arrives and disconnects the cabin’s electricity. Jason kills [11] Chewie and Lawrence outside the cabin and sneaks inside barn already wearing it. and kills Bree. Trent, Clay, and Jenna escape the cabin, but Unlike The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake (2003) and Trent is killed when he reaches the main road. Jason chases the The Amityville Horror remake (2005)—both of which Clay and Jenna back to the campgrounds, where Clay dis- were produced by Bay, Form, and Fuller—it was decided covers Jason’s lair and finds his sister chained to the wall. that Friday the 13th would not be a period piece. Form and Clay frees Whitney, and all three try to escape as Jason ar- Fuller said the film was not strictly a remake so there was no rives. They find an exit, but Jenna is killed before she can reason they could not set the story in the 2000s.[6] In Octo- escape. Jason chases Clay and Whitney; Whitney pretends ber 2007, Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, the writers of to be Pamela, to confuse Jason and stabs him in the chest Freddy vs. Jason, were hired to write a script for Friday the with his own machete. Clay dumps Jason’s dead body into 13th.[12] Jonathan Liebesman was in negotiations to direct the lake, but before Clay and Whitney leave, Jason bursts the film, but scheduling conflicts meant he was unavailable through the wooden dock and grabs Whitney. and Fuller and Form chose Marcus Nispel.[6] Nispel was ap- prehensive about taking the job, mainly because he would be taking over another film franchise, but Fuller eventually [8] 2.12.2 Production persuaded him to direct the project. Principal photogra- phy began on April 21, 2008, in Austin, Texas, and finished on June 13, 2008.[13] Development

New Line Cinema's Toby Emmerich approached Platinum Casting Dunes producers Michael Bay, Brad Fuller and Andrew Form about remaking Friday the 13th in the same way they restarted the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise. They See also: List of Friday the 13th characters agreed and spent over a year obtaining the film rights from Paramount Pictures, New Line, and Crystal Lake Stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees Entertainment—the latter run by Friday the 13th creator at the recommendation of special make-up effects super- Sean S. Cunningham.[8] Paramount executives gave Plat- visor Scott Stoddard.[8][14] Before the producers contacted inum Dunes producers a license to use anything from the him, Mears had already heard about the production of a original films, including the title. Paramount was given the new Friday the 13th and had decided to start physical train- rights to distribute the film internationally and New Line ing so he could pursue the role. He was unaware that Stod- retained U.S. distribution rights.[9] Fuller and Form said dard and other industry professionals were suggesting him they did not want to make Friday the 13th Part 11 or 12, to the producers.[15] The studio worried that Mears’ pleas- but wanted to rework the mythology. They liked elements ant demeanor might affect his ability to portray a menacing from the first four films—such as plot points and ways par- character, but Mears assured them he was suitable for the ticular characters are killed—and planned to use these in role.[8] According to Mears, “They were like, 'You're really their remake, which they did with Paramount’s approval.[6] nice ... are you going to be able to switch over, right?' I Fuller said, “I think there are moments we want to address, was like, 'I cage fight..and I've got a lot of dad issues. So like how does the hockey mask happen. It’ll happen dif- yeah.'".[8] Mears said he related to “Jason the victim” when ferently in our movie than in the third one. Where is Ja- he was growing up, and he wanted to portray Jason as a 2.12. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (2009) 53

victim in the film. To Mears, Jason represents people who tance themselves from self-referential slasher films such as were bullied in high school—specifically those with phys- Scream and to give the film a gritty, more 1980s feel that ical deformities—for being outcasts. Jason is unusual be- had been lost in recent films. They wanted to create a quick, cause he exacts his revenge on those trying to take over his loose Jason. The writing team decided to create a version territory at Crystal Lake.[16] of Jason “who was actually in the woods surviving off the When Mears went to audition for the role, he was asked, land”, and whose killings are presented as a way of defend- ing his territory rather than randomly murdering whoever “Why do we need an actor as opposed to just a guy in [21] a mask?" Mears said portraying Jason is similar to Greek came along. Mask Work, in which the mask and the actor are separate “We felt it was important to go back to the basics and put entities, and depending on the scene, there will be various Jason back in the woods again.” combinations of mask and actor in the performance. Mears Mark Swift on conceptualizing a new Friday the 13th said the energy from the actor’s thoughts will be picked up film.[21] by the camera. He compared his experience behind the camera to a stock car race: he is the driver and the ef- The writers did not want to spend a lot of time covering Ja- fects team is his pit crew. As he performs, the effects team son’s childhood experiences, which they felt would remove subtly suggest ways he can give the character more life on the sense of mystery from the character. They tried to write camera.[17] scenes that would add verisimilitude, like the audience find- ing a deer carcass lying on the ground as they follow Ja- Amanda Righetti had not read the script when she was of- son through his underground tunnels. Fuller told the writ- fered the role of Whitney Miller. She wanted to be part ers they would have to do without it because it would cost of the Friday the 13th franchise from the start. Righetti [8] $100,000. Because of budget constraints, certain charac- said she wanted to act in the film after she read the script. ter deaths and the ending of the film were also scaled back Jared Padalecki describes Clay Miller as a real hero because from what Shannon and Swift originally envisioned.[20] he sets out “to do the right thing” when his sister goes miss- ing, and goes about it as a “lone wolf” who wants to take The writers had written a scene in which Willa Ford’s char- on the responsibility alone.[18] Adjustments were made to acter Chelsea is stranded on the lake for hours after she sees the filming schedule to accommodate Aaron Yoo, who por- Jason standing on the shore.[21] Eventually, the girl would trays Chewie. Yoo had his appendix removed shortly before tire and drown. Shannon and Swift felt this was some- filming began, and could not film his scenes immediately. thing they had not seen in slasher films, but later decided to As soon as Yoo was ready for filming, Nispel immediately make the death quicker and more visceral.[20] A similar in- hung him upside down from some rafters, exposing the sta- cident occurred with Danielle Panabaker’s character Jenna. ples over his surgical wound for the character’s post-death Panabaker said Jenna was scripted to survive longer than shot.[19] she did in the final version of the film; Jenna was supposed to escape Jason’s lair and recite a “cute line” about a sec- Fuller and Form said the casting process for Friday the 13th ond date with Clay before an elaborate fight sequence that was more difficult than that for The Texas Chainsaw Mas- ends in her death.[22] The writers wanted to strike a balance sacre because thirteen young actors were involved in Friday between finding new and interesting ways to kill characters the 13th, as opposed to five in The Texas Chainsaw Mas- and paying homage to popular death scenes that appeared sacre. The pair continually recast roles to find which actors in previous installments of the series. To accomplish this, worked best together. This recasting process lasted until the Shannon and Swift included the presence of a wheelchair start of filming. Hostel: Part II's Richard Burgi, who was and a sweater in Jason’s tunnels; the character Mark (Tom cast as Sheriff Bracke, did not sign his contract until twelve [6] McBride) was a paraplegic who was killed by Jason in Fri- hours before he was due to start filming his scenes. day the 13th Part 2 and Mrs. Voorhees wore the sweater in the original version of Friday the 13th.[20] Writing The writers altered Jason’s character. Mears describes him as a combination of , Tarzan, and the Abom- When Shannon and Swift began writing the script for Fri- inable Snowman from . To Mears, Jason is day the 13th, they imposed some rules based on their ex- similar to Rambo because the audience sees him setting up periences of writing Freddy vs. Jason on themselves. They the other characters to fall into his traps. Like Rambo, he is wanted their teenage characters to “sound normal”. Shan- calculating because he feels he has been wronged and he is non and Swift said they did not want the characters to fighting back; he is supposed to be more sympathetic in this [17] know Jason’s name or to become what they considered film. However, Fuller and Form said they learned from “the Scooby-Doo cliché where it’s a bunch of kids trying their experience with The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The to figure something out”.[20] The writers also wanted to dis- Beginning not to make Jason too sympathetic to the audi- 54 CHAPTER 2. FILMS ence. They decided against an origin story because they did Asylum also enhanced some of Jason’s signature machete not want to focus on Jason’s tormented childhood because kills. In several scenes, the company used a computer- the producers felt that would “demystify” the character in generated machete because Nispel wanted to show multi- an unhelpful manner. Fuller said, “We do not want him to ple characters’ deaths in one shot instead of cutting from be sympathetic. Jason is not a comedic character, he is not the acts of murder to the aftermath of their deaths. In one sympathetic. He’s a killing machine. Plain and simple.”[6] scene, Jason kills Richie by slamming a machete into his head. Instead of using a real machete with a fake head, Nis- pel had Feldman act dead as Mears pulled a handle—with Visual effects only a portion of the blade attached—away from Feldman’s head. Then, Asylum digitally created the rest of the ma- The producers used Asylum Visual Effects to create digi- chete blade to complete the effect.[24] For this scene, Asy- tal effects for Friday the 13th. Although director Marcus lum adjusted the actor’s facial expressions to create a “post Nispel is a proponent of practical effects, Asylum had to mortem” look. The special effects team digitally drooped digitally create some shots to protect the actors and to allow half of the actor’s face to appear as though the nerves had the director to achieve a specific look. Visual effects super- been severed by Jason’s machete.[25] visor Mitchell Drain assigned ten crew members to work Asylum digitally created weapons for various scenes. In the on the visual effects; they first analyzed the script in pre- scene in which Nolan is killed suddenly by a shot in the production to decide which shots would need digital effects. head from Jason’s arrow, Asylum created the arrow in post- [23] Asylum worked on 25 shots for the film. production. Another scene involved Jason hurling a hatchet at Lawrence as he runs away, striking him in the back. The shot of a hatchet flying through the air—in one instance ap- pearing in the same frame as the actor—would be too dif- ficult to achieve practically. Asylum rendered a complete 3D model of the hatchet then inserted the model into the frames leading up to the frame in which it hits the character in the back. One of the final images added by Asylum was for Trent’s death scene. Here, Asylum digitally created a metal spike that bursts through Trent’s chest as Jason slams him onto the back of a tow truck.[25]

Creating Jason Mears being filmed performing the killing of Ben Feldman’s char- acter. Asylum digitally created the rest of the machete to show it Further information: Jason’s development over time being pulled away from Feldman’s face. Effects artist Scott Stoddard described his look for Ja- son’s face as a combination of Carl Fullerton’s design for One of the first scenes Asylum was given was the scene de- Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini's design for Friday picting the death of Amanda, in which Jason ties her into the 13th: The Final Chapter. Stoddard’s vision of Jason in- her sleeping bag and hangs her over a campfire. The risk cluded hair loss, skin rashes, and the traditional deformities to the actor and the surrounding woodland was deemed too in his face. Stoddard tried to craft Jason’s look so it would great to physically perform the scene. Asylum created a allow more human side of the character to be seen.[8] Mears composite of two shots to show Amanda burning to death in was required to wear full body make-up from the chest up- her sleeping bag. Instead of creating a computer generated wards while performing as Jason. The actor wore a chest (CGI) model of the campfire, a real campfire was filmed. plate with fake skin that would adjust to his muscle move- Asylum compositor blended that footage with ments. He wore a hump on his back to give the impres- shots of the hanging sleeping bag into a single shot. Stew- sion that Jason had scoliosis. A prosthetic eye was glued to art digitally altered the flames to keep continuity between Mears’ face to show realistic eye movements.[17] Stoddard frames.[24] Another composite shot is used in the scene in initially spent three-and-a-half hours applying the make-up which Chelsea is hit by a speedboat. Because the scene to Mears’ head and .[8] He was eventually able to re- would be too dangerous for even a stuntperson to perform, duce the required time to just over an hour for scenes in Asylum digitally combined footage of Willa Ford reacting which Mears wore the hockey mask. For scenes in which to an imaginary boat that runs over her with shots of the Jason’s face is revealed, it took approximately four hours to actual boat to create the effect.[25] apply the make-up.[26] 2.12. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (2009) 55

censing rights to the music, which was composed and origi- nally performed by Harry Manfredini. They did not plan to use the score in its entirety, but they used to compose a score that was reminiscent of Manfredini’s and created the atmosphere for the 2009 film.[6][27] Nispel contacted Jablonsky to score Friday the 13th after having worked with him on the remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre. Nispel told Jablonsky he wanted him to create something that Nispel could “whistle when [he] left the the- ater”, but was subtle enough that it would not immediately register while watching the film. Nispel said, “I don't be- lieve that, when you watch a Friday the 13th film, you want to feel like John Williams is sitting next to you with the London Symphony Orchestra”.[28]

2.12.3 Release

On Friday, February 13, 2009,[7] Friday the 13th was re- leased in 3,105 theaters in North America.[1] The 2009 film was given the widest release of any Friday the 13th film, in- cluding the crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street. A bust of Jason as seen in the film. Effects artist Scott Stoddard It was released in nearly three times as many theaters as combined characteristics from Jason’s appearance in Friday the the original 1980 film and exceeded Freddy vs. Jason by 13th Part 2 and The Final Chapter when crafting his design. 91 theaters.[29] Friday the 13th was also released in 2,100 theaters in 28 markets outside North America.[30] The film For Jason’s wardrobe, Mears was given a pair of combat was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Apple TV on June 16, [31] boots and a “high-priced t-shirt” that allowed the special 2009. The DVD and Blu-ray releases contain the theatri- [32] effects make-up to be seen through holes in the shirt. The cal release and an extended cut of the film. jacket Jason wears in the film was created by combining a jacket and a military jacket. Mears wanted to use Box office the hunting jacket, but the creative team liked the way the military jacket billowed as he was making his “kill move- On its opening day, Friday the 13th grossed $19,293,446,[1] ments.” The top of the hunting jacket was removed and and immediately exceeded the individual box office grosses placed over the top of the military jacket. Mears called it a for Jason Takes Manhattan (1989), Jason Goes to Hell “giant Frankenstein jacket.” He describes Jason as leaner in (1993), and Jason X (2002), which earned $14,343,976, this film because the character does not eat much. A leaner $15,935,068, and $13,121,555, respectively.[29] From Jason was deemed more functional and allowed more em- February 14–16, Friday the 13th earned an additional phasis to be placed on the hump on his back.[17] Stoddard $24,292,003, making its four-day President’s Day week- was inspired by the third and fourth films when designing end total $43,585,449.[1] By the end of its three-day open- Jason’s hockey mask. Using an original mold, Stoddard ing weekend, it was already the second highest grossing made six new versions of the mask. He said, “Because I film in the series, having earned $40,570,365,[29] slightly didn't want to take something that already existed. There exceeding The Grudge (2004) for the best 3-day weekend were things I thought were great, but there were things I opening of any horror film.[33] When comparing the 2009 wanted to change a bit. Make it custom, but keep all the film’s opening weekend to that of its 1980 counterpart in fundamental designs. Especially the markings on the fore- adjusted 2009 US dollars,[34] the original Friday the 13th head and cheeks. Age them down a bit. Break them up.”[8] film earned $17,251,975. Although the 2009 film made more money, when factoring in the number of theaters each Music film was released in, the 1980 film earned an average of $15,683 per theater, compared to the 2009 film’s average [29][35] Form and Fuller recognized the iconic status of the mu- of $13,066. sic used in the first four Friday the 13th films. For their Friday the 13th saw a significant drop in attendance in its 2009 film, they immediately had the studio attain the li- second weekend at the box office. On its second Friday, 56 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

the film earned $2,802,977—a decrease of 85.5% from its proval rating from critics with an average score of 4.2 out opening Friday.[1] By the end of its second weekend, the of 10. The consensus reads: “Though technically well- film had earned $7,942,472—a decrease of 80.4% from constructed, Friday the 13th is a series rehash that features the previous weekend.[36] As a result, the film went from little to distinguish it from its predecessors.”[51] Metacritic, first place to sixth in the weekend box office chart.[37] By which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews its third weekend, Friday the 13th had left the top ten, from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 34 earning $3,689,156—a 53.6% decrease from its second based on 29 reviews.[52] CinemaScore polls reported that weekend.[38] By the end of its box office run, Friday the average grade cinemagoers gave the film a “B-" on a scale 13th earned an estimated $65 million at the United States of A+ to F.[53] Exit polls showed that 51% of the audience box office,[2] but failed to regain a top ten spot after its third was male and 59% were at least 25 years old.[54] weekend.[39] As of July 2014,the 2009 film is the fifth-highest earn- ing President’s Day weekend with $45,033,454.[40] It is the eighth-highest grossing weekend in the month of February,[41] and the eighth- highest-grossing weekend for the winter season—the period from the first day after the New Year weekend until the first Thursday of March.[42] Friday the 13th finished as the fourth-highest grossing film of any February with $59.8 million, just behind Taken with $84.3 million, He’s Just Not That into You with $77.2 mil- lion, and Goes to Jail, with $60.9 million.[43] Friday the 13th was the fifteenth-highest grossing R-rated film of 2009.[44] Because of the significant decrease in box office revenues in its second weekend, the film had the sixth-largest second-weekend drop.[45] It is the seventh- largest drop for a film that opened as the top-earning film in the United States.[46] With its $65 million revenue at the North American box office, Friday the 13th is the highest-grossing film among the recent slasher remakes, which comprise When a Stranger Calls (2006), Black Christ- mas (2006), Halloween (2007), Prom Night (2008), and (2009).[47] The film is ranked seventh- highest earning of all horror remakes,[48] and is the seventh- highest earning slasher film in unadjusted dollars.[49] Aaron Yoo’s performance as the marijuana-smoking Chewie was In addition to its North American box office gross, Friday praised by critics who gave the film both positive and negative the 13th earned over $9.5 million in foreign markets on its reviews.[55][56] opening weekend.[50] The film’s biggest markets were the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany. Fri- Alonso Duralde wrote that the film should please slasher day the 13th took in approximately $1.7 million in both fans, but that it added nothing new to the genre or the the United Kingdom and Russia, an estimated $1.1 mil- franchise and would not appeal to people who did not lion in Spain, and $1 million in both Italy and Germany. like slasher films. Duralde criticized the film for adding According to Paramount, this was the largest opening out- a black and an Asian character in an attempt to “update side North America of any of the Friday the 13th films.[30] the movie for the new millennium”. He also said the The film finished its North American box office run with prospect of another Friday the 13th—crafted by the film’s $65,002,019; coupled with its earnings of $26,377,032 out- “sequel-friendly” ending—did not leave him with a feel- side North America, the film has accumulated $91,379,051 ing of dread.[57] Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic worldwide.[2] said the film accepts the “ridiculousness” of what it is trying to accomplish—mainly the “death and dismemberment” of “party-hungry kids”, and that audiences would enjoy it if Critical reception they also recognized that. Although Goodykoontz acknowl- edges the unique touches the film brings to certain charac- Based on 166 reviews collected by review aggregator web- ters’ deaths, he was unimpressed with the acting and said site Rotten Tomatoes, Friday the 13th has a 25% ap- Padalecki’s presence gave the film a “less-good episode of 2.12. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (2009) 57

Supernatural" vibe.[58] with his comic timing and with his “memorable death”. 's Dan Zak wrote that the film fails to Carle said Derek Mears’ portrayal of Jason adds more to provide laughs, scares, suspense, or gore. Zak also said it the character than being simply a stuntman; Mears’s subtle movements, athleticism, and physicality created an impos- fails to provide the exhibition of nudity expected of horror [56] films that cannot deliver on the previously listed criteria.[59] ing image of Jason. Mark Olsen of the said Nispel captured the despair he created with his Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2.12.4 References remake. Olsen also said the film failed to provide the “gid- diness”, “teenage lust”, and “rambunctiousness” that made [60] [1] “Daily Box Office Calendar”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved the previous Friday the 13th films work. Wesley Morris February 15, 2009. said Friday the 13th did have humor; he said the characters continually act the clichéd role of would-be-victim, mak- [2] “Total Gross (Main Page)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May ing it hard to fear for their safety. In his opinion, the 2009 31, 2009. film lacked the “psycho-social” aspect—a mother killing out of revenge for her son’s death—crafted by its 1980 pre- [3] Joal Ryan (February 16, 2009). “Sorry, Shopaholic, Hockey decessor, and ultimately the film is “more hilarious than Masks Are the New Black”. E! Online. Retrieved February terrifying”.[61] 20, 2009. The 's Kyle Smith said Nispel made no at- [4] Nathan Lee (February 13, 2009). “A Slice of Life”. The tempt to create a movie beyond blood and guts, and even New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2009. those attempts were “forgettable”. Smith said that apart [5] Gary Kemble (January 13, 2006). “Movie Minutiae: the from Clay and Trent, the rest of the cast were merely “faces Friday the 13th series (1980–?)". ABC. Archived from the in the crowd” with no attempt to give them any sort of original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2007. backstory.[62] USA Today's Claudia Puig said that the film keeps to the same formula as its predecessors, with a story [6] Ryan Stewart (November 28, 2008). “Friday the 13th: The that adds little to nothing to the franchise. She also said Producers”. SuicideGirls.com. Archived from the original Padalecki and Panabaker filled their lead roles well, and that on May 4, 2009. Retrieved December 1, 2008. Aaron Yoo’s comic relief made him one of the most likable characters on screen.[55] Rob Nelson of Variety also praised [7] “Young Jason Cast in Friday the 13th remake”. FearNet. Panabaker and Yoo’s performances.[55] May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 28, 2008. In contrast to the film’s detractors, The New York Times's [8] Ryan Rotten (October 30, 2008). “On the Set of Friday the Nathan Lee said Friday the 13th managed to “reboot the 13th”. Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved December 1, 2008. concept” of the original films with style. Lee said the film [9] Kit, Borys; Masters, Kim (June 5, 2013). “Warner Bros. takes pleasure in killing off each of its characters, that there Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board Christopher is a desire among cinemagoers for this type of material, and Nolan’s 'Interstellar'". The Hollywood Reporter. that Friday the 13th satisfies that desire.[4] Adam Graham from said the film is the most effective and [10] Devin Faraci (January 8, 2007). “Exclusive: Paging Tommy scary film in the Friday the 13th series; he praised its choice Jarvis?". CHUD. Archived from the original on July 17, of allowing Jason to run after his victims—as opposed to 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2007. slowly walking behind them, as became prominent in later sequels—because it made him more menacing. Graham [11] Ryan Rotten (June 9, 2008). “Set Visit Preview: Friday the also said the film does not “soften” Jason’s scariness by pro- 13th”. Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved June 28, 2008. [63] viding a sympathetic backstory. Entertainment Weekly's [12] Borys Kit (October 2, 2007). “Duo pumps new blood into Clark Collis said director Nispel made a competent film that 'Friday the 13th'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from performs better as a whole than the previously released re- the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 21, makes of Prom Night (2008) and My Bloody Valentine 3D 2007. (2009), although it does provide a few too many unbeliev- able character moments.[64] [13] Brad Fuller (June 6, 2008). “Why THIS Friday the 13th is important!". Platinum Dunes Official Blog. Retrieved June Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star said the film added 15, 2008. freshness to the standard formula of the previous films by focusing on the chasing and killing aspects instead of lin- [14] Jay Frasco (March 31, 2008). “Casting of new 'Friday gering on the prolonged suffering of victims like the Saw the 13th' villain splits fans down the middle”. IFMagazine. films.[65] IGN's Chris Carle said Aaron Yoo stole the film Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008. 58 CHAPTER 2. FILMS

[15] Brittany Kaplan (February 12, 2009). “New Jason Un- [32] “Friday the 13th Remake Blu-ray / DVD Art”. Dread Cen- masked for Friday the 13th". CNN. Retrieved February 25, tral. April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009. 2009. [33] Scott Bowles (February 15, 2009). "Friday the 13th scores [16] “Friday the 13th: Derek Mears”. SuicideGirls.com. Febru- largest horror-film debut”. USA Today. Retrieved February ary 3, 2009. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. 22, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009. [34] “Adjusted 2009 dollars”. Half Hill. Retrieved February 22, [17] Paulington James Christensen III (June 9, 2008). “Set Visit: 2009. Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th!". Movieweb.com. Retrieved March 27, 2011. [35] Simple division used with Tom’s Inflation calculator to de- termine the “per theater” rate of the 1980 film. [18] “Shock Video: Friday the 13th Cast Interviews!". Shock Till You Drop. February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 24, [36] “Weekend Box Office”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved Febru- 2009. ary 23, 2009.

[19] “Interview: Friday the 13th Marcus Nispel”. Shock Till You [37] “February 20–22, 2009 Weekend Studio Estimates”. Box Drop. February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009. Office Mojo. Retrieved February 22, 2009.

[20] Ryan Rotten (February 3, 2009). “Interview: The Writers of [38] “February 27 – March 1, 2009 Weekend Studio Estimates”. Friday the 13th”. Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved February Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 2, 2009. 3, 2009. [39] “Weekend Box Office”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March [21] Sheila Roberts. “Friday the 13th Screenwriters Interview”. 10, 2009. Movies Online. Retrieved February 26, 2009. [40] “President’s Day weekend grosses”. Box Office Mojo. Re- [22] “Panabaker Describes Alternate Friday the 13th Kill”. trieved February 16, 2009. Shock Till You Drop. April 7, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009. [41] “Top Opening Weekends by Month”. Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved February 22, 2009. [23] Silas Lesnick (February 16, 2009). “Friday the 13th: Com- positing Kills at Camp Crystal Lake (1)". VFX World. Re- [42] “Top Opening Weekends by Season”. Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved February 24, 2009. trieved February 22, 2009.

[24] Silas Lesnick (February 16, 2009). “Friday the 13th: Com- [43] Brandon Gray (March 3, 2009). “February Breaks Box Of- positing Kills at Camp Crystal Lake (2)". VFX World. Re- fice Record”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 3, 2009. trieved February 24, 2009. [44] “2009 Yearly Box Office by MPAA Rating”. Box Office [25] Silas Lesnick (February 16, 2009). “Friday the 13th: Com- Mojo. Retrieved September 9, 2009. positing Kills at Camp Crystal Lake (3)". VFX World. Re- trieved February 24, 2009. [45] “Biggest Second Weekend Drop”. Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved February 22, 2009. [26] Tony Carroll (January 31, 2009). “Fridaythe13thfilms.com Exclusive Interview with new Jason, Derek Mears!". Fri- [46] “Second Weekend Rank Drops (#1)". Box Office Mojo. Re- daythe13thfilms.com. Archived from the original on July trieved February 22, 2009. 24, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2009. [47] “Slasher Remake Comparison Chart”. Box Office Mojo. [27] Todd Gilchrist (October 30, 2008). “Set Visit: Friday the Retrieved March 1, 2009. 13th (page 3)". IGN. Retrieved February 4, 2009. [48] “Horror Remake Comparison Chart”. Box Office Mojo. [28] “Friday’s Nispel talks Hodder and Manfredini’s absences, Retrieved March 1, 2009. etc.”. Fangoria. February 13, 2009. Archived from the orig- inal on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2009. [49] “Horror Comparison Chart”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 1, 2009. [29] “Friday the 13th franchise”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 27, 2009. [50] Conor Bresnan (February 19, 2009). “Around the World Roundup: 'Benjamin Button' Clings to Lead”. Box Office [30] Frank Segers (February 15, 2009). "'Benjamin Button' stays Mojo. Retrieved February 24, 2009. on top overseas”. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 17, [51] "Friday the 13th Movie Reviews”. Rotten Tomatoes. IGN 2009. Entertainment. Retrieved April 12, 2012.

[31] "Friday the 13th on Apple TV”. Apple.com. Retrieved [52] "Friday the 13th (2009): Reviews”. Metacritic. CNET Net- November 11, 2009. works. Retrieved February 22, 2009. 2.12. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (2009) 59

[53] Joshua Rich (February 15, 2009). "'Friday the 13th' slashes records”. Entertainment Weekly. CNN.com. Retrieved February 16, 2009. [54] Brandon Gray (February 17, 2009). "'Friday the 13th' Hacks Up Top Spot”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 16, 2009. [55] Claudia Puig (February 13, 2009). “Same old number for 'Friday the 13th'". USA Today. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [56] Christopher Carle (February 12, 2009). “Carle reviews Fri- day the 13th". IGN. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [57] Alonso Duralde (February 12, 2009). "'Friday the 13th' doesn't stray from formula”. msnbc.com. Retrieved Febru- ary 18, 2009. [58] Bill Goodykoontz (February 11, 2009). “Goodykoontz re- views Friday the 13th". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [59] Dan Zak (February 13, 2009). “Editorial Review of Fri- day the 13th". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [60] Mark Olsen (February 13, 2009). “The remake misses the point: Slasher flicks should be gory, giddy and full of lusty teens.”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [61] Wesley Morris (February 13, 2009). “This 'Friday the 13th' redux is just a hack”. . Retrieved February 18, 2009. [62] Kyle Smith (February 13, 2009). “Flesh, Blood, and the Usual Flying Hatchets”. New York Post. Retrieved Febru- ary 18, 2009. [63] Adam Graham (February 13, 2009). “New 'Friday the 13th': A slice above the rest”. The Detroit News. Retrieved Febru- ary 18, 2009. [64] Clark Collis (February 12, 2009). “Collis reviews Friday the 13th". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved February 18, 2009. [65] Jason Anderson (February 13, 2009). “Friday the 13th: Ja- son’s back and it’s not so bad”. Toronto Star. Retrieved February 18, 2009.

2.12.5 External links

• Friday the 13th at AllMovie • Friday the 13th at Box Office Mojo • Friday the 13th at the Internet Movie Database • Friday the 13th at Metacritic • Friday the 13th at Rotten Tomatoes • Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site • Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms .com Chapter 3

Characters

3.1 List of ''Friday the 13th'' char- briefly as Chris Higgins nearly runs him over with her van as acters he is laying in the middle of the road. He thanks the teens for their compassion and kindness, then claims that “he” (Jason) had given him a token to warn off any who venture Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that con- into the area. He reveals the gift as a disembodied eyeball sists of twelve slasher films, a television show, novels, and which suddenly frightens the kids who drive off and leave comic books. The main villain in the series is Jason him behind as he continues to proclaim his warning. He is Voorhees, who drowned at Camp Crystal Lake as a boy never seen again. due to the negligence of the teenage counselors. Decades later, the lake is rumored to be “cursed” and is the setting for a series of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the Alice Hardy films, either as the killer or as the motivation for the killings. Each entry in the series features a different cast of charac- Alice L. Hardy[1] is the main hero of the film Friday the ters, including a final girl who defeats the killer in the end. 13th, played by Adrienne King. She is one of seven camp Recurring characters in the series include Jason’s vengeful counselors hired by Steve Christy, with whom she is in a mother Pamela Voorhees, Tommy Jarvis, Alice Hardy and romantic relationship, to reopen and work at Camp Crys- Crazy Ralph. tal Lake. On Friday the 13th, the counselors are murdered one-by-one by a prowler. Alice is eventually left alone, 3.1.1 Recurring cast and characters the sole survivor, and is discovered by Pamela Voorhees. Mrs. Voorhees explains to Alice how her young son Jason Note: A gray cell indicates the character did not drowned at the camp several years ago, and reveals her- appear in that film. self to be the killer/assassin. After a long chase and a brief struggle, Alice is finally able to decapitate Mrs. Voorhees Note: * indicates the character appeared in a with a machete in revenge, before passing out in a canoe on flashback. the lake. There, she suffers a nightmare in which Jason’s de- Note: (h) indicates the character appeared as a cayed corpse drags her underwater. When the police arrive hallucination. and she tells them her story, they explain that they did not find a boy, to which she replies “Then he’s still there...”[2] Alice makes a brief reappearance in the opening scene of 3.1.2 Contents Friday the 13th Part II, where she is stabbed in the temple in her apartment by an adult Jason Voorhees, who evidently • A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W survived his childhood drowning and had tracked her down. X Y Z Later in the movie, Paul explains how Alice went missing and blood was found in her apartment. Her decomposed [3] 3.1.3 A body is later seen in Jason’s shack. Alice also appears in a flashback in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter. Abel Alice’s backstory is expanded upon in the novelization of Friday the 13th, which reveals she has a boyfriend named Abel is portrayed in Friday the 13th Part III who picks up John in California and that her father was neglectful worka- where Crazy Ralph left off by warning off teenagers who holic who, due to stress, died of a heart attack while at his venture into the area of Camp Crystal Lake. He is met office.[4] This backstory is contradicted in the novelization

60 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 61 of the second film, which states Alice’s father is still alive, Toyz has also released a screen grab statuette of Alice, also mentioning that Jason had tracked Alice down to her which depicts the hallucination of Jason attacking her from apartment by memorizing what her car looked like when the ending of Friday the 13th.[14] Alice Hardy was Jason she had made a visit to the camp.[5] Alice also appears in Voorhees’s first murder victim, yet he murdered her in her the prologue of the Freddy vs. Jason novelization as a shade house, not at the Crystal Lake Campground. in Hell.[6] In the novel Friday the 13th: The Jason Strain, Ja- son witnesses a holographic projection of Pamela being at- tacked by a soldier and suffers a hallucination which causes Alice Jane Witney him to perceive the soldier as Alice, while the novel Fri- day the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs adapts Alice’s battle with Alice Jane Witney is a character in the novel Friday the Pamela as its prologue, and also features an appearance by 13th: Carnival of Maniacs. The daughter of George Arthur her corpse which is found in Jason’s shack by Glo and her Witney, the owner of a traveling carnival called Doktor friends and later, the police.[1][7] Alice makes a cameo ap- Geistmann’s Carnival of Terror, Alice loathes her life, be- pearance in the sixth and final issue of Wildstorm’s Friday lieving the carnival has ruined any chance she has for a bet- the 13th comic series, in a flashback depicting Jason’s at- ter life. After the carnival is run out of Crystal Lake by the tack on her from the first film.[8] The second issue of the superstitious locals, Alice, while driving an RV drunk, runs comic miniseries Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale by Wild- over Jason Voorhees. Jason, weakened due to his battle with storm also features a cameo appearance by Alice, depict- Freddy Krueger, is knocked out after being hit and is col- ing the scene from the first film when she first meets Mrs. lected by Alice and the other carnival workers, who decide Voorhees.[9] to use him as the newest sideshow attraction. While setting up the Jason display in a town, Alice learns from fellow car- Although always the heroine, Alice was originally scripted nival worker Kenton Freely that her mother had hated the as a slightly less sympathetic character than seen in the final carnival and that her father had lied to her - Alice’s mother cut of the first film. In early drafts, she was having an affair did not die in a carnival accident, she had actually died when with a married man on the West Coast, which was the rea- George stabbed her to death after finding her and Kenton son her relationship with Steve Christy is deteriorating and together; Kenton had been blackmailing George with this she wants to leave Crystal Lake. Adrienne King claims she information, so he could embezzle from the carnival and played the character as a traditional horror movie character, eventually take it over. Devastated by this news, Alice, be- stating “I think that Alice is a great heroine. coming drunk, steals a laptop from one of the carnies and You got the feeling that Alice could handle anything which, uses it to put Jason up for sale on an internet auction site in a way, she could”. She also expresses regret that, due to called ZingBid. Passing out after putting Jason up for auc- the nature of horror movies, audiences never got to see more tion, Alice awakens to find Jason rampaging through the of Alice’s relationship with Steve, or what could have hap- carnival, having woken after a teenage girl named Glo, who [10] pened between her and fellow counsellor, Bill. Rather had been possessed by Pamela Voorhees, came in proxim- than viewing the character as a victim, King describes the ity to him. After he kills the Pamela-possessed Glo, Jason role as an “empowering position” due to her survival in the falls comatose again and is taken by Alice, who drives away [11] film. Steve Miner, director of Part II, says “Alice was a from the ruined carnival. Despite losing her laptop and be- very special character: she was the hero of the first film and ing attacked by FBI agents and Jason when he briefly re- indestructible in a way. It was important that she be killed vives, Alice manages to reach a computer and successfully off in a dramatic way because this is Jason’s film and aveng- sells Jason to a shock rocker named Ross Feratu for five ing the death of his mother is what motivates him.” Because million dollars. Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs ends the character displayed an artistic side in the first film, pro- with Alice relaxing in a resort in the Caribbean, enjoying duction designer Virginia Field included various sketches in her new wealth.[1] her apartment in order to show that Alice was a “real per- son”. She says, “It didn't seem like a big deal at the time we were filming, but I knew that Alice liked to draw and I Andy wanted to show evidence of that.” Adrienne King felt that killing her character was somewhat unusual since she had Appeared in Friday the 13th Part III Andy is Chris Hig- survived so much in the original film. She claims Alice’s gins’ friend as well as Chuck, Chili, Vera, and Shelly and death was done in such a way to leave the door open for boyfriend of Debbie. At Higgins Haven Andy gets into a possible return, but does not know how she could have a juggling challenge with Shelly and Debbie walks up to survived an icepick through the head.[12] him and tells him there are better things he could be doing with his hands. Andy forfeits and leaves Shelly to his jug- Alice’s decayed corpse appears as a part of the model of gling while he and Debbie go upstairs. Later, after Vera is Jason’s shrine to his mother NECA has released.[13] Mezco speared through the eye, the camera cuts to Andy and Deb- 62 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS bie as they finish having sex. Debbie then gets up to take a 3.1.4 B shower. Andy handstands his way into the bathroom, ask- ing if she wants a beer, to which she accepts. Andy is soon Barry killed when Jason walks up to him while he handstands, and slices him in half with his machete. His halves are soon Barry (Willie Adams) is a character in the original Friday wedged in the rafters of Chris’ room. the 13th (1980 film). He was a camp counselor at Camp Crystal Lake during the summer of 1958 and was the boyfriend of Claudette, a fellow counselor. After singing with the other counselors around a campfire, he and his Annie Phillips girlfriend snuck away and secretly entered a cabin used for storage to have sex. Unbeknownst to the two teens, Annie Phillips is a character that appeared in the origi- Pamela Voorhees was lurking and watching them. Eventu- nal Friday the 13th film. She is a young teenage girl who ally, Pamela Voorhees came out of hiding and interrupted hitch hikes her way to Camp Crystal Lake because she was the teens. Barry attempted to convince her that they were hired to work as the camp cook. At some point, she stops just horsing around, but Pamela Voorhees stabbed him in in a diner and one of the locals known as Enos, agrees to the abdomen and he died shortly thereafter. Little informa- drive her part of the way to the camp and offers her some tion is given about this character, but he is notable for being warning. He informs her about the two counselors, Barry the first murder victim of the entire series. and Claudette, who were murdered in 1958 as well as about fires and water contamination that occurred after the deaths of the two counselors. Despite all of the warnings, Annie • Shortly before their death Claudette had confronted refuses to believe them. Eventually Annie is picked up by and asked Barry, “Does Mary Anne kiss as good as I someone else whose identity is not revealed. During the do?" But Barry denied having kissed Mary Anne (pre- second car ride, Annie tells the driver that she really likes sumably another camp counselor) and sweet talked his children when she suddenly notices that they drove past the way out of it. Claudette then gave in and agreed to have camp. Annie then opens the passenger door and jumps out sex with him. of the car. However, the unknown driver stops alongside the • road and pursues Annie in the woods. After a brief chase 9-1-1 was not established as a nationwide emergency scene, the unknown driver of the car finds Annie and slits telephone number in the United States until the year her throat. Later in the film, Annie’s corpse is discovered 1968. Prior to that year if there was an emergency, by Alice Hardy inside the car of Pamela Voorhees. a person would have to get in touch with a telephone operator who would then connect them with the police etc. This would have been the case in the year 1958.

Ash Williams • In the original film when it is several years later, a young teenage girl named Annie Phillips hitches a ride Main article: to the newly reopened Camp Crystal Lake. During the ride, Enos, the truck driver, briefly mentions the murders of Barry and Claudette as well as a series of Ashley J. Williams is the main character of other follies that befell the former owners of the camp series, played by Bruce Campbell. An employee of the su- in an effort to warn her of the possible dangers ahead. permarket S-Mart, he discovers his destiny as the “Cho- sen One” while vacationing at a cabin in the woods, where • According to the original Friday the 13th film, it is he and his friends raise the demonic “deadites” after read- known that Pamela Voorhees swore revenge on the ing from the Necronomicon. Ash’s friends are killed, and camp counselors of Camp Crystal Lake. However, he loses his right hand to the deadites, which he replaces there is no information or evidence directly linking with a chainsaw. Ash’s first appearance in the Friday the Barry and Claudette to Jason’s death. But some fans 13th series is the crossover comic Freddy vs. Jason vs. of the film strongly suspect that these two counselors Ash, in which he arrives at Crystal Lake to work at the were responsible for Jason’s death in some way while town’s S-Mart. Learning the legend of Jason Voorhees, others do not. As a result, this has caused debates he becomes convinced that Jason is some kind of deadite among fans of the film. and travels to the Voorhees house to find and destroy the [15][16][17][18][19][20] Necronomicon. • Barry and Claudette are featured and or mentioned Ash faces Jason again in the comic miniseries, Freddy vs in some of the Friday the 13th comics which attempt Jason vs Ash: The Nightmare Warriors.[21] to fill in some of the blanks. 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 63

• It can be assumed that Barry was born some time in zombies or Jason, who had reached mainland, Butch and the 1930s or very early 1940’s which would have made Alex reach the compound of the soldiers’ boss, Dr. He- him a teenager or perhaps place him in his early 20’s len Cain, the person who accidentally created the “Jason in the year 1958 when he was employed and died on Strain” virus while trying to artificially recreate Jason’s ap- the job at Camp Crystal Lake. parent immortality. Using holographic technology devel- oped by Dr. Cain, Butch and Alex manage to capture Ja- son by making him believe Alex is Pamela Voorhees and Big Red Gleason take him to Dr. Cain’s compound, where a cure for the Jason Strain (which will not affect Jason, but will kill the Big Red Gleason is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: infected and immunize the living) is being released into the Jason’s Curse. An inhabitant of the Crystal Lake area, Big air. Upon reaching the compound, Butch and Alex find Dr. Red, due to abuse suffered at the hands of his family has Cain dying, having been shot repeatedly by soldiers work- several mental and physical handicaps, such as a missing ing for Caleb Carson, who still believes he can salvage what eye and leg. While fishing in Crystal Lake, Big Red discov- is left of Extreme Elimination 2. Before being captured by ers the hockey mask of Jason Voorhees and puts it on, which Caleb’s soldiers, Butch manages to obtain the dosage of the places him under the influence of Jason’s soul. Setting out to Jason Strain cure meant to rid Jason of his plague spread- kill all those he perceives as having hurt him, Big Red kills ing abilities from Dr. Cain. Put on a plane set for America, various members of his family before beginning to murder Butch, after Jason breaks free of his restraints and begins to a group of teenagers who have come to Camp Crystal Lake kill everyone on the plane, learns from Caleb that he was the in search of Jason. After all her friends are murdered, Kelly one who actually ordered the double homicide Butch was Boone, despite being severally injured, manages to kill Big imprisoned for. Giving Alex a recording of Caleb’s confes- Red, shooting and impaling him before managing to hack sion, Butch has her jump out of the plane with a parachute him apart with an axe. Unlike the other characters influ- while he stabs Jason in the eye with the syringe containing enced by Jason, Big Red retains some level of his human- the cure for the Jason Strain before the plane crashes, re- ity, showing hesitation and unease about his actions several moving Jason’s ability to reanimate his victims. With Butch times.[22] dead, Alex honors his last request, giving the tape contain- [7] Eric Morse, the author of Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse, ing Caleb’s confession to Butch’s adoptive father. has stated that Big Red “came about because I wanted to explore the world of the abused child getting revenge on those who hurt him”. He also views Big Red as the opposite 3.1.5 C of Jason; whereas Jason grew up with loving parents, Big [23] Red was raised by abusive and apathetic ones. Carly McDonnell

Butch Mahan Carly McDonnell is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. After the death of her father when she Butch “The Butcher” Mahan is a character in the novel was a toddler, Carly is left alone with her overprotective Friday the 13th: The Jason Strain. A champion ultimate mother, who shelters her constantly. Going on a trip with cage fighter, Butch, after being framed for a double homi- her friends and her boyfriend Billy Boone to Camp Crystal cide, is put on death row and disowned by his mentor and Lake on a Friday the 13th, Carly and her friends are at first adoptive father. While in prison, Butch is approached by oblivious to the legends surrounding the place, only being media mogul Caleb Carson, who convinces him to com- told about the Voorhees family en route to the camp. It is pete as one of twelve contestants on his death sport reality there that Carly encounters Joe Travers, a hunter who kills show Extreme Elimination 2, promising Butch that if he wins all her friends while under the influence of Jason Voorhees’ the game Caleb will help him prove he was innocent of the hockey mask and the reanimated head of Pamela Voorhees. murders he was imprisoned for. While on the Costa Rican After several attempts to flee from Joe and Pamela fail, island where Extreme Elimination 2 is set, Butch befriends Carly fights back, stabbing Joe to death before using his own fellow contestants Alexandra Coyle and Randall shotgun to blast Pamela’s head apart. After killing Joe and Pamela, Carly tears Jason’s mask from his face and tosses and together, the trio escape the island with a group of sol- [24] diers after a plague spread by Jason Voorhees, a it into a stream. “special guest” on Extreme Elimination 2 who, after being A minor mention of Carly is made in the novel Friday the exposed to an artificial virus, begins to emit a reanimat- 13th: Jason’s Curse, which reveals that after her experience ing plague that causes his victims to come back as the un- at Camp Crystal Lake, she has managed to get her life back dead. After Valkyrie and the soldiers are killed either by on track, having gotten into Harvard University.[22] 64 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

Caroline most of his time focusing on delinquent popular girl Tamara Mason, who has shrugged off his final report and threatens Caroline is a character in the six-issue comic miniseries her that she will not graduate or visit New York without a Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash by Wildstorm. A resident of proper report. She uses the report as an excuse to trap him Crystal Lake and employee in the town’s new Super Mega in a compromising position recorded by Wayne Webber, Ultra Warehouse Sized S-Mart, Caroline wishes to leave though he is disgusted by the fact he realizes he can't do any- Crystal Lake, believing the town to be too boring and un- thing as the evidence can still be construed that he is guilty. eventful. When Ash Williams is transferred to the S-Mart, He ignores a deckhand’s warning that Jason Voorhees is on Caroline (who Ash refers to as “Carrie”), unlike her fellow board killing his students in cold blood stating that “Walk- employees, believes the stories he tells about having fought ing corpses don't exist” and he thinks the deckhand is re- evil entities. After Ash tells Caroline about his various ad- sponsible for the murders of his students, until he discovers ventures, Caroline tells him about Jason Voorhees, who Ash him dead from an axe to his back. McCulloch, Van Deusen, surmises is a Deadite, an old enemy of his. When citizens Rennie, Seah Robertson and Julius Gaw escape the Lazarus of Crystal Lake begin to be murdered by Jason, who has before it sinks into the sea. Finding their way to New York been sent out by Freddy Krueger to find the Necronomicon by sextant, the group is shortly thereafter mugged by a pair Ex-Mortis, Ash travels to the old Voorhees house, believ- of punks who kidnap Rennie and he advises they split up. ing the Necronomicon could be there, not knowing Caro- McCulloch gets the police and shortly after reunites with line is following him. When Ash, who finds the Necronomi- Sean, Rennie and Van Deusen before discovering Julius’ con in the Voorhees’s basement, he and girl named Bree disembodied head in the police patrol car. After the po- are attacked by Jason, Caroline saves the two, ramming Ja- liceman is taken, Rennie gets into the front seat and tries son with her car and taking Ash and Bree to the S-Mart. to drive, smashing the car into a light post. Van Deusen is Shortly after reaching the S-Mart, Jason, who had followed immolated in the car when it explodes, but the fire makes the trio, enters the store and, after killing several shoppers Rennie remember that McCulloch was responsible for her and store employees, knocks Ash unconscious and murders fear of the water, by forcing her into deep water to learn Bree, taking the Necronomicon from her; Jason brings the how to swim. Disgusted, Sean and Rennie leave him be- book to Freddy, who uses it not only to free himself from hind and Jason recovers from being hit by the police car. Jason’s mind and increase Jason’s intelligence, but also give Still not believing Jason to be real, McCulloch runs from himself reality warping powers. After Ash regains con- him, he is thrown from a window like a rag doll then cor- sciousness, Caroline helps him reclaim the Necronomicon, nered by Jason who then stuffs McCulloch in a slime and after narrowly escaping both Freddy and Jason on several water filled barrel, and he is drowned. occasions. Together, Ash and Caroline open a portal to the Deadites’ dimension and send both Freddy and the Necro- nomicon there, also trapping Jason under the ice of Crystal Chelsea Lake.[15][16][17][18][19][20] In Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors, set Chelsea is a character in Friday the 13th (2009), played by six months after the events of the first miniseries, Caroline Willa Ford. She joins Trent and the others for a fun filled has gone steady with Ash and the two have lived together weekend at Trent’s parent’s summer home on Crystal Lake. in Franklin, ever since defeating Freddy and Ja- After passing the time playing some games and drinking, son. While preparing for a backyard barbecue in June with she along with Nolan decide to go down to the lake and family and friends Caroline is killed by Jason while Ash is do some wakeboarding. As Nolan drives the boat, a topless at the store getting refreshments. When Ash returns home Chelsea loses her balance while performing a jump and falls he finds Caroline’s body pinned to the wall and her severed into the lake. As Nolan turns the boat around to go and pick head burning on the grill.[21] her up, he is suddenly shot in the head with an arrow, caus- ing his body to fall forward onto the throttle, increasing the boats speed. Chelsea (who is oblivious to what just hap- Charles McCulloch pened), watches as the boat comes towards her, realizing too late as the boat runs over her, Chelsea suffering a head Charles McCulloch is a character in Friday the 13th Part injury. As she comes to, a panic stricken Chelsea calls out VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan portrayed by Peter Mark to Nolan, scanning the lake for any sign of him or the boat. Richman.A Biology teacher at Lakeview High School, Suddenly her eyes find Jason standing in the woods on the McCulloch is a chaperone aboard the S.S. Lazarus; a ship banks of the lake, watching her. A terrified Chelsea begins bound for New York City for a senior class trip. Much to his to swim away from him towards shore, screaming out for chagrin, his coworker Colleen Van Deusen brings his niece help as she goes. She finally emerges from under the water, Rennie along, who has a strong fear of the water. He spends finding herself under the dock at the shoreline but before 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 65

she can get out, Jason appears and walks out onto the dock. flashback that Chris survived an attack by a disfigured man Chelsea half submerges herself in the water to keep Jason who turns out to be Jason Voorhees. Jason, who is still from hearing her, and it appears to work as Jason is shown living in the forest, attacks her again at her summer home walking off the dock and out of Chelsea’s sight. She starts and murders her friends. Chris manages to hit Jason in the to relax when suddenly a machete bursts through the dock head with an axe, before suffering a hallucination of Mrs. and directly into the top of Chelsea’s head. Her body is Voorhees dragging her into the lake, similar to the ending lifted slightly out of the water as Jason pulls out his ma- of the first Friday the 13th. She is then taken away by the chete, and Chelsea’s body falling back into the water. Her police, severely traumatized.[25] body is never shown after. In the opening sequence of Friday the 13th: The Final In a deleted scene, her body is shown lying on the shoreline Chapter (which takes place the day after Part III), a mother when Clay & Jenna stumble across her while trying to get is seen consoling her daughter in a hospital waiting room. away from Jason. Since the daughter is only seen from behind, the probable In an interview, the writers revealed that they had actually implication is that she is Chris. written a different scene involving Willa Ford’s character. In an alternate ending of Friday the 13th Part III, Chris’ fate Originally after spotting Jason on the shoreline, her charac- is changed; after hearing her boyfriend Rick’s voice while ter would end up treading water for hours and hours, afraid canoeing to safety, Chris follows it to a cabin, only to be of heading to shore. She eventually would tire and drown, dismembered by Jason, who is waiting inside.[26] which was something that the writers had not seen in this In the 1982 novelization of the film, Chris, instead of strik- genre of movie. Ultimately they decided to make the death ing Jason with an axe, decapitates him with a sickle, later more quick & “visceral”. falling unconscious and awakening in her own bed, with it being implicated by an attending doctor and police officer Chewie that the events of the previous night were simply delusions. Sneaking out of her room and to her barn after being left Chewie is a character in Friday the 13th (2009), played by alone, Chris discovers both the place completely cleaned Aaron Yoo. He joins Trent and others for a fun filled week- up and the bodies of her friends and the trio of bikers Jason end at Trent’s parent’s summer home on Crystal Lake. Af- had killed. After discovering the bodies, Chris is killed by ter reaching the Sutton’s summer home, Chewie passes the Jason. The scene then shifts to the police officer who was time getting stoned and playing games with Trent, Bree, and guarding Chris who, after waking from a nap, enters Chris’s his best friend Lawrence. When night falls he tries to im- room and finds her sleeping peacefully; after checking in on press Bree with a flaming shot, but ends up burning his lip Chris, the officer listens to a radio broadcast that mentions and breaking a chair. Apologizing profusely and claiming the shopkeepers Jason had murdered earlier in the book, he can fix the chair with some tools Chewie is directed to but makes no reference to any events having transpired at [27] the tool shed alone by the seething Trent. Upon seeing the Higgins Haven. size of the shed, instead of getting to work goofs off, drink- Dana Kimmell has said that she only took the role of Chris ing from Mr. Sutton’s private beer stock and playing with due to the paycheck, stating she felt uncomfortable working some sports equipment left lying around. After accidentally on the movie, persuading executive producer Frank Man- breaking a light fixture with a hockey stick Chewie bumps cuso to alter or remove several scenes involving gratuitous into Jason. Knocked around by Jason the frantic Chewie sexual or violent material.[28] Her reason for taking the role tries to defend himself with a screwdriver he grabs off the is similar to that of Ted White taking the role of Jason in wall, only for it to be turned against him by Jason, who stabs Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter. Chewie under the chin with it. Killing Chewie by driving the screwdriver deeper and deeper into his skull Jason af- terward hangs Chewie’s body from the ceiling, with it later Claudette swinging down and hitting Lawrence when he goes looking for his friend. Claudette (Debra S. Hayes) is a character in the original Friday the 13th film. She was a counselor working at Camp Crystal Lake during the summer of 1958 and was Chris Higgins Barry’s girlfriend. After having sung a camp fire song with the other counselors, she snuck away with her boyfriend to Chris Higgins is a character in Friday the 13th Part III, have sex privately in a cabin that was used for storage. Un- played by Dana Kimmell. A teenage girl who lives in the beknownst to them at the time, Pamela Voorhees was lurk- Crystal Lake area, she returns to her home three years after ing and watching. She eventually interrupted the two teens a traumatic event occurred there. It is later revealed through and killed Barry first. Claudette was left alone, screaming 66 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS and pleading for her life. Despite attempts to defend herself Clay Miller with a few items and run away from her assailant, she was ultimately cornered and killed off-screen by Pamela. Little Clay Miller is the male protagonist in Friday the 13th else is known about her, except that she is the third murder (2009), played by Jared Padalecki. Clay comes to Crys- victim of the entire series. tal Lake searching for his missing sister, Whitney, who is attacked by Jason Voorhees early in the movie. The Crystal • Shortly before their death Claudette had confronted Lake locals have given up searching for Whitney, who has and asked Barry, “Does Mary Anne kiss as good as I not been seen for six weeks, and advise Clay to look for her do?" But Barry denied having kissed Mary Anne (pre- somewhere else. Undeterred, Clay eventually meets a group sumably another camp counselor) and sweet talked his of college students vacationing in the woods, and befriends way out of it. Claudette then gave in and agreed to have one of them, a girl named Jenna. Jenna decides to aid Clay sex with him. in his investigation of Camp Crystal Lake, but while search- ing the camp grounds, they witness Jason Voorhees haul- • 9-1-1 was not established as a nationwide emergency ing a dead body. The pair escape to warn Jenna’s friends, telephone number in the United States until the year but Jason follows them and kills the other students. Clay 1968. Prior to that year if there was an emergency, and Jenna eventually wind up back at the camp, where they a person would have to get in touch with a telephone discover Whitney alive in Jason’s underground lair. As the operator who would then connect them with the police three make their way through the tunnels, Jason murders etc. This would have been the case in the year 1958. Jenna, leaving only Clay and his sister alive. The siblings • Her death was not shown on camera but is revealed in take refuge in a barn, where Jason catches up with them. the script as having sustained a slit throat. However, Whitney uses her resemblance to Jason’s mother to distract there are production still photographs that have been the killer long enough to stab him with his own machete. circulated on the internet showing Claudette’s throat She and Clay then dispose of his body in the lake, only to being slit by a machete. be attacked once more.[29] • In the original film when it is several years later, a Jared Padalecki describes his character as a real hero, be- young teenage girl named Annie hitches a ride to the cause when his sister goes missing he sets out “to do the newly reopened Camp Crystal Lake. During the ride, right thing”, and tends to go about it as this “lone wolf” Enos, the truck driver, briefly mentions the murders of who wants to take on this responsibility of finding his sister [30] Claudette and Barry as well as a series of other follies himself. that befell the former owners of the camp in an effort to warn her of the possible dangers ahead. Crazy Ralph • According to the original Friday the 13th film, it is known that Pamela Voorhees swore revenge on the Crazy Ralph is a character from both Friday the 13th and camp counselors of Camp Crystal Lake. However, Friday the 13th Part II, played by Walt Gorney. A man who there is no information or evidence directly linking lives in the Crystal Lake area, Ralph rides around on his Claudette and Barry to Jason’s death. But some fans bicycle telling people to stay away from Camp Crystal Lake of the film strongly suspect that these two counselors (which he refers to as Camp Blood) or they will be killed, were responsible for Jason’s death in some way while claiming he was a messenger sent by God to warn people of others do not. As a result, this has caused debates the campground’s “death curse”, always saying “Doomed. [2] among fans of the film. You're all doomed!" Ralph is murdered in Friday the 13th Part II by Jason Voorhees, who strangles him with a length • Claudette and Barry are featured and or mentioned of barbed wire and stuffs his body in a pantry, where Ginny in the Friday the 13th novel (1987) and in some of Field discovers him.[3] the Friday the 13th comics which attempt to provide some background information on these characters. Two other characters have had a Crazy Ralph-type role. In Friday the 13th Part III, the main characters encounter an • In the script she was listed simply as GIRL. old drifter named Abel (David Wiley) while travelling to Higgins Haven. Abel carries around an eyeball which he • In the script Claudette was killed before the BOY. views as an “omen” and warns the group to “Go back from • It can be assumed that Claudette was born some time whence ye came!"[25] In Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason in the 1930s or very early 1940s which would have Takes Manhattan, an unnamed deck hand (Alex Diakun) made her a teenager or place her in her early 20’s at of the Lazarus, having seen Jason climb aboard, attempts to the time of her employment and death at Camp Crystal warn the crew and passengers of the ship about him (stat- Lake in the year 1958. ing “This voyage is doomed! Doomed!") but is dismissed 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 67

as insane and later, when people aboard the ship are found on a rampage at the police station while looking for Jes- dead, is accused of being the killer. The deck hand is later sica. Going to the diner where Diana worked, Creighton killed by Jason with a fire axe to the back.[31] abducts Stephanie, Steven and Jessica’s infant daughter, and In the novel Jason X: Death Moon, a character named Tobe brings her to Pamela Voorhees's old house, leaving a note Cunningham is hired to portray Ralph on Moon Camp for Steven and Jessica telling them to meet him there. When Americana, a job which entails warning new arrivals to Jessica and Steven arrive, Creighton gives Jessica a dagger, the Moon Camp about Jason and telling them to stay away which he claims can kill Jason if it is used against him by from the woods and lake. Tobe is murdered by Jason in someone of Voorhees descent. When Jason (who has pos- sessed a local deputy) arrives at the Voorhees house, he finds a manner almost identical to Ralph’s death, being stran- gled with barbed wire, which is later used to decapitate and possesses Diana’s body, which had earlier been moved to the house by Robert Campbell. Attempting to fight the him.[32] In the later novel Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill-Repeat a farmer named Jack Flanahan recalls an encounter he had newly resurrected Jason, Creighton dies when Jason breaks his back in a bear hug.[36] with Ralph on a stormy night, nearly shooting him by ac- cident when he found Ralph skulking about his property, Creighton makes a cameo appearance in the 2003 novel- ranting about how he “knew what was going on under the ization of Freddy vs. Jason. While in Hell, Jason, after lake”.[33] Ralph also makes a cameo appearance in the two- impaling a girl to a tree with his machete, watches as she issue comic series Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale by Wild- shifts into several mocking former victims of his, Creighton storm, which features the scene, from the first film, of him among them.[6] [9] warning Annie and Enos not to go Camp Crystal Lake. Creighton’s original name was Anderson Duke.[37] Addi- Victor Miller claims that “the function of Crazy Ralph is tionally, cut dialogue was to reveal that Creighton’s obses- to set the tone for this horrible geographic area.”[11] Miller sion with Jason stemmed from him witnessing Jason kill his also states that in the original screenplay for Friday the 13th, girlfriend while the two were out boating on Crystal Lake. Ralph was known as “Ralphie the Rat Boy” and describes Adam Marcus, the director of Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- the character as “one of those crazies you see in Deliverance, nal Friday, has said that he believes Creighton to be, after a demented person who knows the truth, a character who Jason, the best character in the Friday the 13th series, also gives you the sense that the world you're in is not what it stating Creighton “is the flip side of the Jason coin. A sadis- seems, a soothsayer right out of Shakespeare. Most people tic psychotic who happens to be sort of a hero or at least an think people like Ralphie are nuts, but they are closer to enemy of Jason”[38] reality in some ways than the 'normies’.”[34] Ralph is featured in the third installment of IGN’s Obscure Character of the Day feature, which has him referred to as 3.1.6 D the “unsung hero of the slasher movie genre”.[35] Davie Falkner

Creighton Duke Davie Falkner is a character in the two-issue comic minis- eries Friday the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation by Creighton Duke is a character in Jason Goes to Hell: The Wildstorm. A 13-year-old boy suffering from a disfiguring Final Friday, played by Steven Williams. An anti-heroic bone disorder called craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, Davie is bounty hunter who styles himself like a cowboy, Creighton sent to the Camp Crystal Lake adjacent Camp Piney Woods witnesses Jason Voorhees being blown apart by the FBI, but by his mother, despite his objections, in an attempt to have remains unconvinced that Jason is truly dead. After sev- him interact with other children. While at the camp, Davie eral murders are committed in a style similar to Jason’s, is relentlessly bullied by the other children who, one night, Creighton is hired by talk show host Robert Campbell to after telling him about Jason Voorhees, throw Davie in the hunt down and kill Jason. Before going to search for Ja- lake. As Davie struggles to swim, Jason appears and pro- son, Creighton attempts to warn Jason’s half-sister Diana ceeds to kill the other children, before spotting Davie. In- that Jason will be searching for her, but is arrested by Di- stead of attacking Davie, Jason simply stares at him, only ana’s boyfriend, the sheriff, for harassing her. While in reacting when Davie flees from him along with two coun- jail, Creighton meets Steven Freeman, the ex-boyfriend selors. As Jason chases Davie and the counselors, the group of Diana’s daughter Jessica who has been blamed for Ja- runs into the local sheriff, Elroy P. Tanneyhill. Sheriff Tan- son’s murder of Diana. Creighton tells Steven that Jason neyhill, in a deranged state due having just used meth, opens will be looking for Jessica because; if he manages to pos- fire on Davie and the counselors, killing the two counselors. sess her he can recreate his body. Creighton later escapes As the sheriff approaches him, planning on killing him as his jail cell when a Jason-possessed Robert Campbell goes well, Davie is grabbed by Jason, who leaves the scene and 68 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

the sheriff. Unable to get away from Jason, Davie can only beer. At first she says yes, but later changes her mind and watch as he murders a group of police officers the two en- calls out to Andy to tell him, but there is no answer. When counter before moving on, Davie slung over Jason’s shoul- she dries herself off, she calls out to Andy again...still no der. answer. Disregarding it, she lays down on the hammock While held captive by Jason for nine days, Davie befriends to read a Fangoria magazine, presumably one of Andy’s. him, after realizing Jason has not once tried to injure him Debbie soon notices blood dripping down on the magazine. and has provided him with such things as food and shelter; She looks up and sees Andy’s mutilated corpse wedged in Davie grows to admire Jason, relating to him due to their the rafters. Unfortunately for Debbie, Jason grabs her head before she can react and stabs her through the chest, killing similar childhood and deformities. After following Jason into the woods and aiding him in killing a pair of soldiers her and her unborn baby. sent to look for him, Davie attacked by Sheriff Tanneyhill from a helicopter, the sheriff having tracked Davie down • Debbie’s Death was “X” rated because it originally with the intent of killing him, Davie being the only witness showed blood spraying her chest and face. to the sheriff murdering of the two camp counselors. Davie and Jason escape the sheriff and hide in a cave after Jason • Debbie mentioned in the film several times that she causes Tanneyhill’s helicopter to crash. Spending the night was pregnant, which is probably by Andy. in the cave, Davie wakes up and finds Jason leaving and • attempts to stop him, only to be ignored by him. When Ja- On A Fan Created Website Debbie’s full Name is re- son exits the cave, Davie is grabbed by Sheriff Tanneyhill, vealed to be Deborah Klein. who tries to slash Davie’s throat with a switchblade, only to be knocked backwards into a hole by Davie, who stabs Diane Cavanaugh the sheriff in the leg with a knife he had earlier taken from one of Jason’s victims. Rushing outside the cave, Davie Diane Cavanaugh is a character in the two-issue comic witnesses Jason being shot by soldiers and knocked to the miniseries Friday the 13th: Bad Land by Wildstorm. An ground, seemingly dead. As Davie mourns for Jason, Sher- experienced camper and hiker, Diane, while out hiking with iff Tanneyhill, having climbed out of the pit Davie knocked friends Phil and Jeremy in early April, becomes stuck in a him into, grabs the boy and yells his intent to kill him in blizzard. Seeking shelter, the trio discovers an abandoned front of all the soldiers present. As Sheriff Tanneyhill yells cabin located in Camp Crystal Lake and, breaking in, pro- at the soldiers to drop their weapons, he is attacked by a ceed to make themselves at home. While waiting out the recovered Jason. Despite Davie telling him to be careful, blizzard, Diane and Jeremy have sex. While with Jeremy, Jason falls off a cliff while fighting with the sheriff, who Diane notices Jason Voorhees glaring in a window at her. also falls. Shocked by the sight of Jason, Diane accidentally wakes With Sheriff Tanneyhill dead due to the fall and Jason hav- Phil up, who walks in on her and Jeremy together. Angered ing disappeared, Davie is taken by two soldiers back home, and hurt at the sight of Jeremy and Diane, the latter who he stating to himself that his time with Jason was exciting and has a crush on, Phil storms off outside, dismissing Diane’s taught him a lot, also saying that all the people Jason had sighting of someone out there as a trick of the snow. Wor- killed during their time together were “assholes” and de- ried that Phil could freeze to death in the blizzard, Diane served to die, rationalizing that Jason was defending him convinces Jeremy to go look for him. and himself and simply doing what he had to in order to While Diane waits for Jeremy to return, Phil enters the survive.[39] cabin, telling Diana to barricade the entrances, as he had just found Jeremy in the woods, decapitated. While Phil pushes a couch in front of the cabin door, he is killed when Debbie Jason forces a ski pole through the door and his head. De- spite Diane’s attempts to keep him out, Jason bursts into the Debbie is a character in Friday the 13th Part III. She is cabin and knocks her to the floor. Before Jason can attack Andy’s girlfriend and a good friend of Chris Higgins in the her, Diane, tearing the ski pole out of Phil’s head, impales summer of 1984 she goes along with her friends to Higgins Jason with it before fleeing outside. While running from Haven with Andy’s roommate Shelly and his blind date Vera the cabin, Diane trips on a rock, allowing Jason to catch up Sanchez. At Higgins Haven she watches Andy and Shelly with her. As Jason readies himself to kill her, Diane be- have a juggling contest and walks over to Andy telling him gins to beg for her life and ask why he is doing this, before he can do better things with his hands. She and Andy go falling into a rant about how she should not have come her upstairs to have sex. She then goes to take a shower and and how it’s “a bad place”. As Diane mumbles this over Andy walks in doing a Handstand asking her if she wants a and over again, Jason strikes her in the head with his ma- 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 69 chete, killing her instantly, and proceeds to drag her body prove unable to defeat Jason, resorts to blasting Jason apart to Crystal Lake.[40] with a weapon referred to as The Berzerker. With Jason ap- parently dead, Dr. Castillo begins the process of rebuilding him. After Jason is reconstructed, he once more break free Diane Kimble and goes on a rampage. Tracking down Dr. Castillo, who had just finished having session with his robotic mistress, Diane Kimble is a character in Jason Goes to Hell: The Jason murders him, stabbing his face with shards of a mir- Final Friday who is Jason’s half-sister, mother of Jessica ror before tearing him apart and stomping his head into the Kimble, and grandmother of Stephanie Kimble. In the film, ground.[32] she is targeted by Jason after his body is destroyed by the FBI, forcing him to possess other people, however his hosts Despite Dr. Castillo stating in Jason X: Death Moon that eventually decay forcing him to find a surviving member of he does not have a family, the novel Jason X: To The Third his family in order to be reborn. After possessing a police Power (in which Dr. Castillo’s name is changed from Ar- officer named Josh, Jason goes to his sister’s house inter- mando Castillo to Arthur J Castillo) reveals he has a wife rupting a phone call with her daughter. Seeing Jason’s re- and three daughters - Luna, Terra and Skye Fellows. Jason flection in a mirror, Diane realizes her half brother has pos- X: To The Third Power also states that after the events of sessed Josh and grabs a handgun from a drawer, shooting Jason X: Death Moon almost all evidence of Dr. Castillo’s [41] him in the head. Believing she had killed him, she steps over existence was wiped out. Josh’s body only for Jason to grab her and tries to transfer his soul into her. However the father of her granddaugh- ter, Steven Freeman ends the house and seeing Diane be- Doctor Hyacinth Stein ing attacked, attacks Josh unaware that he is actually Ja- son. During the ensuing struggle, Diane is killed and Ja- Doctor Hyacinth Stein is a character in the novel Jason son escapes. Steven is blamed for her murder and arrested. X: The Experiment. A well-known scientist working for the Her daughter’s current boyfriend, American Casefiles host government, Dr. Stein is strict and has little regard for hu- Robert Campbell, later steals her body from the morgue and man life, traits which have caused some of her employees places it in Voorhees house to have it found by the police to privately refer to her as “Dr. Bitchenstein”. When Ja- to spice up his shows ratings, only for Jason to transfer his son Voorhees is captured by the military after going on a soul from Josh’s body to Roberts. During the film’s climax, rampage at the Three Mile Island Power Plant, he is placed after his latest host is killed, Jason escapes in the form of a in the custody of Dr. Stein, who makes plans to replicate demonic fetus. He eventually ends up inside the cellar were Jason’s abilities to create an army of supersoldiers. After Diane’s body ended up and uses her body to completely res- having four staff members at her research facility killed for urrect himself, as he only requires the body of a Voorhees breaking into her office, Dr. Stein begins experimenting to be resurrected. with their corpses, hoping to somehow imbue them with Ja- son’s powers. After several failed experiments, Dr. Stein’s attempts at replicating Jason bear fruit, as a clone of Ja- Doctor Armando Castillo son, one formed when some of Jason’s nano ants (which Doctor Armando Castillo is a character in the novel Jason Dr. Stein had been keeping immobilized, thus paralyzing X: Death Moon. An infamous scientist, Dr. Castillo has lit- Jason) manage to migrate from Jason’s body to the cadav- tle regard for human life, his experiments often resulting in ers of three of the staff members she had killed. Shortly the mutilation and death of his subjects; a necrophile, cy- after her discovery of the clone, Dr. Stein is killed by it borg and sadomasochist, Dr. Castillo is a lifelong admirer and Jason (who grows immune to the devices Dr. Stein had of Dr. Wimmer (a minor character in Jason X). After Jason been keeping him captive with) when the two tear her arms is captured by the government, he is in the custody of Dr. off, though not before Dr. Stein has a chance to press the Castillo, who has the government convert one of their bases panic button in her lab, signaling the military to come and on the moon into a laboratory; to cover up the unexpected "sterilize" the research facility. The Jason clone, after Dr. reopening of the Moon Base, the government rechristens it Stein is disposed of, absorbs her body into itself, the clone Moon Camp Americana, a camp for delinquent girls and being in a constant state of needing to absorb living tissue the set for reality TV show hosted by pornographic and ex- to survive. ploitation film maker Roger Bordeaux. Wanting to replicate Later on the novel, when two interns named Lynne and Jason, Dr. Castillo keeps him in suspended animation, as he Fredo encounter Jason’s clone, they discover it now has Dr. begins to murder the campers in Moon Camp Americana to Stein’s mind and voice. Before the clone can attack, Lynne use as test subjects for his experiments. After Jason escapes and Fredo blast it apart with laser weaponry, only to notice and goes on a rampage, Dr. Castillo, after armed soldiers moments later, while leaving the scene, that it has begun 70 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

to regenerate. The book ends with it being stated that the and left up to fan speculation, but the closest thing to an an- clone, as well another research facility member who was swer is given in and with the writer of the first film, Victor mutated by exposure to Jason’s cells, have been captured Miller. When he was asked about the background of the by government.[42] father, Miller says that there was no time allowed for a Dr. Stein and her work with Jason are mentioned frequently proper back-story when they made the film, including that by Professor Bardox in novel Jason X: Planet of the Beast; of Jason’s father. The only idea Miller had was that Mr. Bardox holds the opinion that Dr. Stein’s (who for an un- Voorhees simply ran off at least in part because he could known reason is referred to being male) work was both “ex- not handle Mrs. Voorhees’ slightly unbalanced obsession with their child. Miller’s wording does not make it clear if tremely brilliant, and primitive”.[43] it was due to how Jason came out, though it is of note that Miller did not envision Jason with deformities. However, Doug as this is only Miller’s admitted assumption, the issue of discrepancies is moot.[34] Doug is a character in The Final Chapter he goes upstairs Because the information regarding Elias does not derive to have sex with his girlfriend Sara in the shower who then from what made it to film, its canonicity is unknown. How- leaves to go blow dry her hair. While Doug is in the shower ever, the ninth film Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday singing, Jason walks in, and Doug mistakes him for Sara, does briefly mention Elias as the father of Jason, securing thinking she had changed her mind on sex, but is then killed the name, at least, as canon.[36] Elias himself is present by Jason who crushes his head on the shower tile. He is later in an early screenplay of Jason Goes to Hell: The Final seen again with his corpse being impaled to the wall through Friday written by Dean Lorey, which portrays him as the the back of the neck when discovered by Sara and Trish. film’s main antagonist and Jason’s brother, instead of his father.[45][46] The film’s director, Adam Marcus, has stated that the version of Elias present in this early screenplay is 3.1.7 E “far more evil than Jason”.[38]

Elias Voorhees In the Jason vs. Leatherface comic miniseries by Topps Comics, Elias (never referred to by name and seen only in Elias Voorhees (or simply Mr. Voorhees) is the husband flashbacks caused by Jason witnessing Hitchiker’s abuse of of Pamela Voorhees, and the father of Jason Voorhees and his brother Leatherface) is depicted as stereotypical "white Diana Kimble and father-in-law of Jeanette Johnson. trash" and is highly abusive towards a young Jason, beating him and calling him a freak and monster; Elias is killed by Virtually nothing is known about the character, making him his wife, Doris (a renamed Pamela) with a machete while one of few mysteries surrounding Jason in the series. The trying to beat Jason once again.[47] nature of Elias is much debated among fans largely due to what little information is given in Friday the 13th Part VI: Elias is mentioned in the novel Jason X: Death Moon by Jason Lives, which is the first installment to touch upon the Black Flame. Here, Elias is described as being little more character in any way. Though the scenes involving and men- than a hillbilly, whose great-great-great-grandfather Jebe- tioning Elias were edited out of the theatrical cut (but pre- diah Voorhees was a warlock who lived in Salem, Mas- served in the novelization) it nevertheless is, to date, the sachusetts and possessed the Necronomicon. In the year most information given on the character. 1667 on Samhain, the townsfolk living near Jebediah, be- lieving him to be responsible for the disappearance of sev- According to Tom McLoughlin's treatment, the red-haired eral local girls, burned his mansion to the ground with him Elias is depicted as being silent, but quite intimidating. The inside, though after the fire no body was ever found. Af- caretaker of Jason’s grave makes sure not to touch Elias’ ter Jebediah was supposedly killed the Necronomicon was hand when taking his payment and is careful not to look passed down to Elias, who uncovered it one day while into his eyes. There is a general that Elias is quite searching for kindling. After accidentally using the Necro- aware of what Jason is. This evidence stems from the fact nomicon to summon a demon, which proceeded to possess that Elias paid for of Jason and Pamela rather than the then unborn Jason, Elias attempted to use the book to a cremation, which would have prevented Jason’s resurrec- become a warlock himself, with minimal success. The au- tion. Additionally, at the end of the film and novel, Elias is thenticity of this story remains in doubt, as the character seemingly aware of the fact that Jason’s body is no longer who tells the story admits that “that’s just one version of in his grave (in the deleted scene, he peers into the camera; what happened”.[32] in the novel, he looks in the direction of the lake where he was left defeated in the film).[44] A version of Elias similar to the one presented in Jason vs. Leatherface, both in appearance and demeanor, appears in The reason for abandoning his family also remains unknown 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 71

the two-issue comic miniseries Friday the 13th: Pamela’s searching, Ethan, unaware that Ben has been killed by the Tale by Wildstorm. Here, Elias is shown to be a worker in Native from earlier, finds Joseph impaled on a tree, barely a mine and abusive towards Pamela. After a particularly alive. With his last breaths, Joseph continues his rant to brutal beating (and possible sexual assault) at Elias’ hands, Ethan about how the surrounding land is cursed before dy- Pamela, driven by a voice she believes to be the unborn ing. Convinced that Joseph is right, Ethan is about to run Jason, murders Elias with an axe blow to the head before when he is attacked by the Native man with a tomahawk, entering a manic state and proceeding to hack his body to getting an ear chopped off and being knocked to the ground. pieces. Afterwards, Pamela disposes of Elias’s remains by Attempting to fight back, Ethan tries to shoot the Native dumping them in Crystal Lake, after blowing up the trailer with his gun, but misses and hits a nearby tree, and resorts the two of them lived in using gasoline.[9] to clubbing the Native in the face with his gun. After doing this, Ethan tries to run away, only to be tripped by the Na- tive. As the Native readies to kill him with a rock, Ethan Enos mutters “I am so sorry...” before having his head crushed. Centuries later, in the year 2008, Diane Cavanaugh, while Enos is the nice gentleman who agrees to drive Annie part fleeing from Jason Voorhees, unknowingly passes the tree of the way to Camp Crystal Lake. During the drive, he accidentally shot by Ethan, which still has the bullet lodged informs Annie about the 1958 murders of the camp coun- in it; she also trips on the very rock used to kill him.[40] selors Barry and Claudette as well as about mysterious fires and water contamination. However, his warnings are dis- missed by Annie. He is played the late Rex Everhart (who Eva Watanabe later became known for the voice of Belle’s father, Maurice, from Disney’s Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)). Eva Watanabe is a character in Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, portrayed by Kelly Hu. Eva is a female student of Ms. Van Deusen’s first shown on the SS Ethan Lazarus. She is shown to be friends with Tamara Mason, and tries her best to emulate Tamara in small ways. When Ethan is a character in the two-issue comic miniseries Fri- Eva & Tamara are about to do some cocaine, they are al- day the 13th: Bad Land by Wildstorm.A fur trapper living most caught by Mr. McCulloch, which scares Eva into get- in the 19th century, Ethan, while hunting with fellow fur ting herself away from Tamara. When the announcement trappers Ben and Joseph, becomes stranded in a blizzard goes out that all students need to meet, Eva goes in search near Crystal Lake.[48] While searching for shelter, the trio of Tamara, not knowing she had been killed minutes before of fur trappers discover a hut belonging to a Native family by Jason. Upon discovering Tamara’s body, Eva runs out of and break in. While Ethan is content to simply wait out the the room only to come face to face with Jason. She flees and storm and leave the occupants of the hut, a woman and her ends up on the dance floor, which Jason follows her onto. child, alone, Ben grows restless and, with help from Joseph, Eva becomes almost disoriented, between the flashing lights the woman, threatening Ethan with violence if he in- and loud music, she begins to see Jason on different parts terferes. After raping the woman, Joseph and Ben rest, of the dance floor at once. Jason suddenly grabs Eva around while Ethan voices his at what they have done. As the neck and lifts her into the air, strangling her to death. Ethan talks, Joseph notices the woman reaching for some- thing and, believing it to be a weapon, shoots her and her baby dead, only to learn to afterwards that what she was 3.1.8 F reaching for was a rattle. Enraged by what Joseph has done, Ethan begins to yell at him, only to be interrupted in his Freddy Krueger speech when the husband of the dead woman enters, hav- ing been out fishing. Seeing his family dead, the man lunges Main article: Freddy Krueger at Ethan, only to be shot in the face by Ben and sent running. Soon after the woman’s husband is shot, Joseph begins act- Freddy Krueger is a horror icon and main antagonist of ing erratic before fleeing from the hut, manically claiming the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. Played by Robert that this is “a bad place”. Believing Joseph could freeze to Englund, he appears in several crossovers with the Friday death outside; Ethan prepares to go after him, attempting the 13th series. Freddy Krueger was a child murderer who to convince Ben to do so as well. When Ben refuses to go was burnt to death in the boiler room where he worked by outside, not caring about what happens to Joseph; Ethan the vengeful parents of the children he murdered; he later threatens him, but gives up on attempting to convince him returned to haunt the dreams of his killers’ children in which to go searching and leaves, cursing Ben as he does so. While he used his supernatural powers to execute them in their 72 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

sleep. His clawed glove cameoed in Jason Goes to Hell: The Skye Fellows and learns his true parentage from some logs Final Friday and he appeared fully in Freddy vs. Jason. In Skye, the daughter of Jason obsessed scientist Dr. Castillo, that film, Freddy has grown weak, as people in Springwood, has. When the prisoners being held in a prison on Elysium his home, have suppressed their fear of him. Freddy, by im- escape due to the machine being used to transport them to personating Pamela Voorhees, sends Jason (Ken Kirzinger) another moon malfunctions, Free, Skye and their compan- to Springwood to cause panic and fear. Jason accomplishes ions are captured by the prisoners. Befriending the leader this, but refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues in both the of the prisoners, a man named JJ, Free, Skye and JJ, af- dream-world and Crystal Lake. The winner is left ambigu- ter a battle between prisoners, are captured by Viper, a ri- ous, as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy’s sev- val of JJ’s. Escaping captivity, Free, Skye and JJ travel to ered head, which winks and laughs.[49] the prison, believing that they can use the transport there to escape Elysium. While in the prison, Free, Skye and JJ References to Freddy and his battle with Jason are occasion- ally made in novels, such as Jason X: Death Moon, Friday encounter a clone of Jason and, after JJ is killed, Free and Skye escape back to their laboratory, finding all the prison- the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath and Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs.[1][32][50] ers and their fellow scientists dead. In order to combat the Jason clone, Free and Skye create another clone of Jason. Freddy and Jason reunited in the comic book miniseries After briefly joining forces, the two Jason clones fight each Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, which reveals that since his other, with the second clone winning the battle and absorb- death in Freddy vs. Jason, Freddy has been trapped in ing the first clone, adding to its own power. After Skye is Jason’s mind for five years. After searching the bowels killed by the Jason clone, Free manages to launch the clone of Jason’s mind, Freddy discovers the existence of the into space, and is left alone on Elysium to wait for rescue.[41] Necronomicon Ex-Mortis and has Jason seek it out, hav- ing Pamela Voorhees tell him in dream that the book can be used to turn him into “a real boy”. Despite the inter- ference of Ash Williams and several local teenagers, Jason 3.1.9 G does gain the Necronomicon and brings it Freddy’s severed head, which is in his shack. Reading the magic words in Ginny Field the Necronomcon, Freddy resurrects himself, gains reality warping powers and also increases Jason’s intelligence as a reward for his aid. Despite his newfound abilities, Freddy Ginny Field is a character in Friday the 13th Part II, played is defeated when Jason turns on him and Ash, having taken by Amy Steel. A friend of Paul Holt, she arrives at Crystal the Necronomicon from Freddy, uses it send him to the Dea- Lake to partake in his counselor training camp. Familiar dites’ dimension. The comic miniseries ends with it being with the legend of “Camp Blood”, she initially feels sorry stated that the Necronomicon, having foreseen that Freddy for Jason Voorhees, sympathizing with his lonely childhood would want to harness its powers, had manipulated events and the traumatic death of his mother. However, when Ja- so that Ash came to Crystal Lake, with the book realiz- son enters the camp and murders all the counselors, Ginny ing that Freddy having access to all its secrets would end is forced to fight for her life. She eventually discovers Ja- disastrously.[15][16][17][18][19][20] son’s shack in the woods, and dons Pamela Voorhees’ old sweater in effort to convince him she is his mother. Jason falls for her plan, and she manages to calm him down before driving a machete into his shoulder. One of the final scenes Free Jefferson in the movie is of Ginny being carried away in a stretcher, crying out for Paul, whose fate is unknown.[3] Free Jefferson is a character in the novel Jason X: To The Third Power. A 24-year-old cybertechnician, Free is the Ginny appears briefly in Friday the 13th Part III, using footage from Friday the 13th Part II. She can be seen on son of London Jefferson and Jason Voorhees, conceived [25] when his mother was artificially inseminated with Jason’s a news report detailing the events of the last film. sperm in the novel Jason X: Planet of the Beast. As a child, Ginny is referenced to in the novel Friday the 13th: Car- Free spent the bulk of his life with his mother on a satellite nival of Maniacs, which states that her claims of finding owned by one of the richest men in the universe, Jackson Jason’s shack in the woods went ignored, due to the author- Mansfield, who had rescued London when she was lost in ities doubting her sanity.[1] space. In order to prepare Free for the real world, Jack- son Mansfield places him in charge of a project dedicated to creating the perfect cyborg, giving him and his team one of Earth II’s moons, Elysium, to work on. While working 3.1.10 H on Elysium, Free enters a relationship with fellow scientist 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 73

Halo Harlan discovered by Wayne.

Hayley “Halo” Harlan is a character in the novel Friday Jane the 13th: Hate-Kill-Repeat. A nineteen-year-old woman trapped in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend Trey, Jane is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Halo’s father left her family before she was born and her Blood, played by Staci Greason. She plays Jane, the girl- mother died of cancer shortly afterward, leaving Halo to friend of Michael, played by William Butler. En route to his be raised by older sister Shelley. While returning home birthday party being thrown by his cousin and their friends, one day after discovering she is pregnant, Halo encounters their car breaks down, forcing them to walk the remainder a psychic named Denzela, who tells Halo that “a storm is of the way through the woods. They decide to take a quick coming... in the shape of a man” and that only “the wings break so Michael can go relieve himself, while Jane waits a of destiny” can save her. After meeting Denzela, Halo, Trey short distance away. As she is standing waiting, Jason ap- and a couple of their friends take a trip to the Clear Water pears from behind, covering her mouth while pushing her (formerly Crystal Lake) area, where Halo’s sister Shelley against a tree and taking a metal tent spike and ramming it works as a receptionist in the newly opened Phoenix Heights into her neck, pinning her to the tree. Hotel. Halo is contemplating leaving Trey after the trip is over, but the decision is taken out of her hands when Jason Voorhees attacks their camp, killing Trey and the others Jason Voorhees and leaving Halo on the run. Although she manages to trap Jason under a fallen tree at one point, she is unable to kill Main article: Jason Voorhees him, fleeing from him only to encounter serial killers Nor- wood and Penelope Thawn, strict moralists attempting to Jason Voorhees is the main antagonist in the Friday the make contact with Jason due to their belief that he shares 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) as their 'moral code'. Having escaped the Thawns while Jason Mrs. Voorhees' son, portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created attacks Norwood and murders Penelope, Halo makes her in combination by Victor Miller, Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cun- way to the Phoenix Heights Hotel, a comment of Norwood’s ningham and Tom Savini, he was never intended to carry having led her to believe that her sister has been murdered. the series as the main villain. Jason Voorhees has also been With the aid of Tom Sheridan, a marketing executive be- represented in numerous novels, comic books, and a cross- coming disillusioned with his life, Halo manages to fight off over film with another horror legend, Freddy Krueger. Jason and Norwood, Jason killing Norwood shortly before Halo throws Jason off the top of the burning hotel, caus- The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films, ing him to be impaled on the sharp wing-tips of the metal whether by stalking and killing the characters, or acting as phoenix fountain in the park. Although she has lost the baby a psychological threat to the lead character, as is the case during her struggle, the novel ends on an encouraging note in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning. Since Lehman’s por- for Halo, when it is implied that she and Tom will enter into trayal, the character has been represented by numerous ac- a relationship.[33] tors and Stuntman, sometimes by more than one at a time; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal. In the fifth film, Jason is knocked 3.1.11 J off the edge of a chicken coop, then lands on a tractor har- row which impales him in the chest. The end of the film J.J. Jarrett features Roy with the hockey mask. The mask features two blue markings instead of three red markings. Kane Hod- der is the most well known of the stuntman to portray Jason J.J Jarrett is a character in Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason [51][52] Takes Manhattan, portrayed by Saffron Henderson. She is Voorhees, having played the character in four con- first shown aboard the SS Lazarus, playing her guitar while secutive films. being filmed by her young friend Wayne. After giving him The character’s physical appearance has gone through many some advice about women, she heads down into the sub transformations, with various special makeup effects artists floors of the ship due to the major acoustics she'll receive making their mark on the character’s design, including playing the guitar down there. While having herself a jam makeup artist . Tom Savini’s initial design has session, Jason stalks her and upon seeing him, runs deeper been the basis for many of the later incarnations. The trade- into the ship. After running down a flight of steps, she sud- mark hockey mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part denly stops and lets out a blood curdling scream just as Ja- III. Since Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, filmmakers son is shown standing before, wielding her guitar which he have given Jason superhuman strength, and near invulnera- uses to bash her head in. Her body is shown later when it is bility. He has been seen as a sympathetic character, albeit 74 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

one whose motivation for killing has been cited as driven Jim Miller by the immoral actions of his victims. Jason Voorhees has been featured in many humor Jim Miller is a character in Jason Takes Manhattan He is magazines, referenced in feature films, parodied in televi- the one who accidentally brings Jason back to life. He is sion shows, and been the inspiration for a horror punk band. a Lakeview High Student. While on His boat while having Several toy lines have been released based on various ver- sex with his girlfriend Suzie and is killed when Jason dis- sions of the character from the Friday the 13th films. Jason embowls him with a harpoon. He is portrayed in the movie Voorhees’s hockey mask is one of the most recognizable by Todd Caldecott. images in popular culture.[53] Jimmy

Jimmy is a character in The Final Chapter. He goes with Jenna his friends in 1984, after an unsettling breakup with his girl- friend “BJ” Betty, Jimmy joins his friends on a trip to a Jenna is a character in Friday the 13th (2009), played by summer house at Crystal Lake not knowing the murderous Danielle Panabaker. Jenna is Trent’s girlfriend. She is ath- Jason Voorhees is still loose. His friend Ted teases him as letic, nice, and adventurous. She meets Clay at a gas station being a “deadfuck” and convinces him to find someone new. and immediately feels an attraction for him. Jenna and Clay Sure enough the gang meets local twins Tina and Terri and, eventually meet up again, and she decides to help him look He proves he is not a “deadfuck” after he sleeps with her. for his sister, Whitney. Jenna and Clay stumble upon Ja- Jimmy then goes to gloat to Ted and celebrate with a bottle son’s home and return to the cabin where most of Jenna’s of wine. While searching for a corkscrew, Jason appears friends are dead. Jenna, Clay and Trent are left and Trent from the shadows and slams it on Jimmy’s hand and hits wants to leave with Jenna while Clay wants to go find his him in the face with a meat cleaver. sister. Jenna ends up deciding to stay with Clay, angering Trent even more. When Jenna and Clay find Jason’s lair they find Clay’s sister. As Clay attempts to free Whitney, Joe Travers Jenna hears Jason coming and warns Clay to hurry. Jenna, Clay and the now released Whitney attempt to escape and Joe Travers is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: they eventually find an exit. When Whitney and Clay are Mother’s Day. A hunter who lives in the Crystal Lake area, safe Clay attempts to help Jenna but Jason stabs her in the while hunting for deer, he finds Pamela Voorhees reani- heart after sneaking up behind her. mated head in a shallow grave, brought back to life through the power of her son Jason’s cursed hockey mask. Led to Jason’s mask by Pamela, Joe puts it on and begins to be influenced by Jason’s soul and proceeds to go on a killing Jessica Kimble spree under the orders of Pamela, murdering several mem- bers of a group of camping teenagers with a machete and Jessica Kimble is a character in Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- shotgun. Joe is eventually killed by the final girl of the novel, nal Friday, played by Kari Keegan. She is the niece of Jason Carly McDonnell, who destroys Pamela’s head with Joe’s own shotgun, after tearing Jason’s mask off Joe and stab- Voorhees and daughter of Diana Kimble. While searching [24] for a host body, Jason tries to transfer his soul into Jessica’s bing him to death. baby, Stephanie, but later claims Diana’s instead. Being a Voorhees, Jessica is the only one who can kill Jason, and Juan Jimenez Gonzales is responsible for sending him to Hell with an enchanted dagger after he recreates his body after possessing Diana’s Juan Jimenez Gonzales (often shortened to simply JJ) is body.[36] In the comic book Freddy vs Jason vs Ash: The [21] a character in the novel Jason X: Death Moon. A conspir- Nightmare Warriors, Steven mentions that Jessica died. acy theorist, J.J. is placed on Moon Camp Americana on Dean Lorey, the writer of Jason Goes to Hell: The Final the moon Elysium, a camp for delinquent girls, to spy on Friday, has stated he had Jessica be a mother because “I Dr. Castillo, the man who was responsible for murdering thought that a mother fighting to protect her baby would his parents. Working as a technical consultant on Moon really up the stakes and elevate the movie.” Lorey would Camp Americana while uncovering Dr. Castillo’s crimes, later regret this decision, agreeing with film director Adam JJ befriends and soon enters a relationship with a girl named Marcus that Jessica having a child “made her less sexy and, Amanda Cartwright. When Jason Voorhees, who was be- therefore, less appealing to the core audience.”[37] ing held captive by Dr. Castillo for experimentation, es- 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 75 capes imprisonment and goes on a rampage, JJ attempts to the roof, Julius soon becomes exhausted and his fists start stop him, but fails. After Jason is killed and subsequently bleeding from punching the maniac’s protective mask. Un- rebuilt by Dr. Castillo, JJ, after finding Amanda being tor- able to make anymore ground, Julius tells Jason to “Take tured by one of Dr. Castillo’s employees, kills the torturer your best shot”. Jason obliges by decapitating Julius with and, working with Amanda and a pair of androids named a single blow. Julius’ dying sight is his head flying off a Major Tom and Pinkie 3K, sends the rampaging Jason off building, and rolling down a short ramp and into a dump- Elysium and into a , which regurgitates him onto ster. Later, his head is stuck on a pike and is discovered in another part of the moon, near a city.[32] a police car by the rest of his party and a policeman. JJ returns as a main character in Jason X: To The Third Power. After the events of Jason X: Death Moon, both JJ 3.1.12 K and Amanda are imprisoned on Elysium by the government for knowing too much about Dr. Castillo and his experi- Kate ments. Becoming the leader of the convicts who are placed in the prison, JJ, Amanda and the other prisoners, after the Kate is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The device meant to transport them off Elysium and on to an- New Blood, portrayed by Diane Almeida. Kate is one other moon malfunctions, escape from the prison. Encoun- of Michael’s friends and is first shown at the house where tering a group of young scientists who are staying on Ely- Michael’s surprise birthday part is taking place. Her sium, JJ learns from them that they are there working on the boyfriend is Ben and early on it is shown that there is creation of the ultimate cyborg and that Jason Voorhees, or some tension between them after David slips up and reveals at least a copy of him, is on Elysium. During a battle be- something unbeknownst to Kate, which Ben quickly tries to tween prisoners, in which Amanda is killed, JJ, after the cover. They make up and head out to the van where while battle, is imprisoned along with three of the scientists by in the middle of having sex, begin to hear noises outside Viper, a rival of JJ’s who wants to depose him as leader of the van, as well as it shaking here and there. They believe the convicts. Escaping captivity, JJ and two of the scien- that it is Michael screwing around with them, so Ben goes tists, Free and Skye, begin to travel to the prison, believing out to try to scare him, leaving Kate in the van. Kate calls they can still use the transport system there to escape Ely- out to Ben several times with no reply, not knowing that sium. It is at the prison that JJ, Skye and Free encounter a he had just been killed by Jason. She crawls into the front clone of Jason. Attempting to give Free and Skye enough seat and sticks her head out the window, calling for Ben and time to escape the Jason clone, JJ battles him and is killed telling him to quit fooling around. Suddenly Jason appears, [41] when the clone halves him at the waist with its machete. grabbing her by the back of the neck, and taking a party horn and ramming it into her eye, killing her. Her body is later shown along with Sandra’s, Maddy’s and Russell’s Julius Gaw when Tina discovers them. Julius Gaw is a character in Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan and is portrayed by Vincent Craig Kay-Em 14 Dupree. An avid boxer Julius is highly competitive and has a tenancy to leap before he looks. He is easily the best boxer Kay-Em 14 is a character from Jason X. She is a gynoid at Lakeview High School, and is part of the graduating party who accompanies Professor Braithwaite Lowe and his stu- on the S.S. Lazarus on their trip to New York City where he dents on their field trip to Earth in 2455, when they dis- spends his time doing what he loves. After the captain and cover the frozen Jason and Rowan LaFontaine. She is the his first mate are murdered, he decides to override McCul- one who reveals that Rowan is still alive and perfectly pre- loch’s authority and rallies the rest of the students to hunt served, leading to her being revived on board the Grendel. down the killer. He is caught by Jason and overpowered She is among the survivors of Jason’s attack on the Grendel. before being thrown overboard. After Charles McCulloch, While the other survivors prepare to escape on the shutter, Colleen Van Deusen and his classmates Rennie and Sean es- Kay-Em goes off with Tsunaron, who ends up making out cape the ship via life raft, Julius and Rennie’s dog Toby are with her (it is implied they may have done more than kiss- recovered alive. They make their way to New York on the ing). Tsunaron later upgrades Kay-Em into a combat an- life raft where Rennie is kidnapped by a pair of punks, and droid complete with an array of weapons and new combat McCulloch advises they split up to find help. Finding a pay- skills to take on Jason. She fights Jason off and seemingly phone, Julius tries to call for the police, but he is attacked kills him, knocking him into a nanite-equipped medical sta- by Jason. Fleeing Jason up a fire escape and onto a roof, he tion and blasting off his right arm, left leg, right rib cage, finds himself unable to escape and he decides to beat Jason and, finally, part of his head. However Jason is resurrected down. Punching Jason and making him back away across by the malfunctioning medical station into a more power- 76 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

ful cyborg called Uber Jason. Kay-Em tries to destroy his veloped a crush on her, Kelly, after Jason is awakened by body as she had before, but his new body is impervious Father Eric and begins to slaughter church members, flees to her weapons and he easily defeats her by punching her from him and reaches a black ops group, which had been head off, though she remains functional and is saved by her sent to seek out and destroy Jason, stationed nearby. Even- lover Tsunaron. She later helps Tsunaron create a hard light tually, Kelly and the black ops group leader, Walter Hobb, holographic simulation of Crystal Lake to distract Jason, to are the only ones left at Camp Crystal Lake, Walter’s fellow allow the others time to open the door to the patrol ship, operatives and the cult members having been either killed Tiamat. She, Tsunaron, and Rowan are the only survivors by each other or Jason. Aiding Walter in a plan to defeat of Uber Jason’s rampage and Tsunaron promises to get her Jason, Kelly lures Jason to the main cabin of Camp Crystal a new body. Lake, where Walter blows him apart with grenade launch- ers. With Jason seemingly dead, Walter and Kelly collect his remains before leaving the area in a partially working Kelly Boone LAV.[50]

Kelly Boone is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse. The sister of Billy Boone, the character is Kristen first mentioned in the novel Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day, with her brother stating that she is too sick to go on a trip Kristen is a character in the comic Jason X Special by to Camp Crystal Lake with him and his friends.[24] Avatar Press.A bio-engineer living in a laboratory on the dead Earth Prime, Kristen, wanting to study and replicate After her brother is murdered by Jason Voorhees (actu- Jason Voorhees’s regenerative abilities to help her dying ally a hunter named Joe Travers possessed by Jason) on the lover Neil, hacks into and takes control of the holo-deck of aforementioned trip taken by him to Camp Crystal Lake, The Grendel, the ship Jason is on, and manipulates the crew Kelly becomes obsessed with the place and the history of of it into setting course for her planet. After The Grendel it, an obsession which begins to ruin her life. Kelly eventu- explodes, seemingly killing the crew who had thought they ally decides to travel to Camp Crystal Lake with her room- were heading to Earth II, Kristen and her android assistant mates and boyfriend, intent on hunting Jason and avenging Michelle capture Jason and extract some of his tissue. Be- her brother’s death. While at the camp, Kelly’s compan- fore Kristen can inject Neil with Jason’s tissue, Jason breaks ions are murdered by the Jason-possessed Big Red Gleason free from his restraints and, destroying Michelle, goes af- and the malevolent ghost of her brother. After Big Red ter Kristen. Fleeing from Jason, Kristen manages to reach kills a policeman, Kelly encounters him and is forced into Neil and inject him with the tissue sample before luring Ja- a fight against him. Despite being shot and stabbed by Big son into the launch bay of her lab, where she proceeds to Red several times, Kelly manages to kill him by shooting launch him into space in a shuttle. With Jason gone, Kris- him, impaling him and hacking him apart with an axe, af- ten returns to the now fully healthy Neil who, upon seeing terwards witnessing Big Red’s leg, under its own power, at- Kristen, attacks her with knife, driven to do so by the voice tack her brother’s ghost, vanquishing it. With her brother’s of Pamela Voorhees. As she lies on the floor dying, Kris- spirit gone, Kelly takes Jason’s hockey mask from Big Red’s ten is cursed at by Neil, who now has Pamela’s voice, and body and buries it, before dying due to the wounds she had watches as he kills himself by slitting his own throat.[54] obtained during her fight with Big Red.[22]

3.1.13 L Kelly Mills Laura Upland Kelly Mills is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath. A 26-year-old woman Laura Upland is a character in the comic Friday the 13th with a troubled history, Kelly, while in a drunken stupor, Special. The daughter of Camp Crystal Lake’s founder, wanders into The Ministry of the Heavenly Vessel cult and Laura and her brother Miles are driven to near bankruptcy joins the group, developing a crush on the founder of it, when Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger, during their the charismatic Father Eric Long. As time goes on, Kelly fight at the campground in during the events of Freddy grows increasingly disillusioned with the cult, especially vs. Jason, destroy practically all the uninsured equipment when Father Eric has his followers sell all their belong- the two had been using to renovate the place into a re- ings and move to Camp Crystal Lake, where he plans to sort. Wanting revenge on Jason for ruining her plans for revive Jason Voorhees, who the cult is dedicated to wor- the camp, Laura hires a paramilitary group to hunt Jason shipping. Only staying at the camp due to her friendship down and destroy him. When her hired soldiers are all with a seventeen-year-old girl named Meredith, who has de- killed by Jason, Laura, having witnessed their deaths from 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 77

a helicopter, attacks Jason with the helicopter’s weaponry. Lori Campbell Retaliating from Laura’s assault, Jason manages to kill the helicopter’s pilot and cause the vehicle to crash into the Lori Campbell is a character in Freddy vs. Jason, played trees near Crystal Lake. Having survived the helicopter by Monica Keena. Her name was inspired by both charac- crash, Laura confronts Jason and explains why she hates ter Laurie Strode from the Halloween franchise and actress him before challenging him to enter Crystal Lake, which Neve Campbell who played Sidney Prescott in the horror she landed in after falling from her helicopter. Jason, not film Scream. Being one of the few residents of Springwood wanting to enter the water, responds to Laura’s challenge by who realizes Jason Voorhees is responsible for the recent knocking her helicopter out of the trees by throwing his ma- string of murders there and not Freddy Krueger, Lori and chete at it, causing it to land on Laura and slice her apart.[55] her boyfriend Will, along with their friends, make several attempts to stop the latter’s return to full power. After a failed attempt at retrieving the dream suppressant Hypnocil and after Jason is left comatose due to the machinations London Jefferson of Freddy, Lori volunteers to enter the dream world and confront Freddy there and bring him to earth; after nearly London Jefferson is a character in the novel Jason X: being raped by Freddy and learning he was responsible for Planet of the Beast. A 28-year-old geneticist from the the death of her mother as a child, Lori does successfully province New on Earth II, London is named force him into entering the real world, where he and the after the city of the same name and is unofficial second- reawakened Jason battle in Crystal Lake. In the end, Lori in-command of G7, a space station orbiting and studying blows up the dock the two are fighting on with gasoline and Planet #666 (nicknamed “The Planet of the Beast"). When propane, and later decapitates Freddy, whose body falls into the head of G7, Professor Bardox, unintentionally brings Ja- the depths of Crystal Lake, along with Jason.[49] son Voorhees aboard the space station after returning from In an unused ending for Freddy vs. Jason, Lori dies when, an unauthorized trip to Planet #666 (where Jason had crash- while having sex with Will two months after Jason and landed, along with two ships, the crews of which he had Freddy’s battle, he transforms into Freddy and proceeds to slaughtered) London and her co-workers are forced to fight kill her. This scene is retained in the novelization of the for their lives against Jason, who proves to be unstoppable. film.[57] A small mention of Lori is made in the novel A After all her co-workers and boyfriend Andre are killed by Nightmare on Elm Street: Suffer the Children, in which the Jason, London narrowly escapes him, flying away from the protagonists of the book discover her online journal.[58] In crumbling G7 in a semi-functional space shuttle. It is only the Wildstorm and comic minis- while traveling through space that London is informed by eries Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, set five years after the events the shuttle computer that she is pregnant with Jason’s child, of Freddy vs. Jason, both Lori (spelt Laurie in the comic) Bardox having impregnated her with some of Jason’s ge- and Will return to Crystal Lake (renamed Forest Green netic material after tampering with the G7’s life-support to once more) to make sure Jason and Freddy are gone for knock the entire crew of it unconscious.[43] good. While investigating the woods around Crystal Lake, London has a cameo appearance in the novel Jason X: Death Lori encounters Jason in a partially constructed condo after Moon, where she and her shuttle are sucked into a black finding Will’s disemboweled body in it. Fleeing from Ja- hole.[32] The later novel Jason X: To The Third Power re- son, Lori is injured by him with a metal rod. Despite her veals that London, as her shuttle was being sucked into the injury, Lori manages to get the upper hand against Jason, black hole, had managed to escape death using a one-man finding a handheld circular saw and attacking him with it. pod that was in shuttle. While in the pod, London was found Lori manages to knock Jason out a window and rushes out- and rescued by a satellite owned by Jackson Mansfield, one side to finish him off, only to be met at the door by him. of the richest men in the universe. For the rest of her life, Before Lori can attack him again, Jason kills her by split- London lived on Jackson’s satellite, giving birth to her and ting her head open with his machete, and proceeds to take Jason’s son, who she named Free.[41] her body and Will’s to his shack in the woods.[15] Nancy Kilpatrick, London’s creator, had intended all along Monica Keena has praised the depth of her character, for London to have one final showdown with Jason in a later claiming “I think Lori’s a very independent and tough char- Jason X novel and was outraged to discover that Alex John- acter. She has an arc in the film because she learns that son had killed her off in his novel Jason X: Death Moon; Freddy killed her mother and that inspires her to have a when she gained the opportunity to write another Jason X need to get revenge. She’s the real hero of the story.”[59] novel, Nancy retconned London’s death, having her survive Jeff Katz, who worked on the original screenplay for Freddy the black hole she had been sucked into in Jason X: Death vs. Jason vs. Ash, explains that Lori and Will’s deaths were Moon.[56] a way to continue the long-running tradition of Friday the 78 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

13th and Nightmare on Elm Street survivors being killed off which causes Maddy to become angry and disappear up- in subsequent films.[15] stairs. Later she is shown to have given herself a mini makeover, wearing makeup, hair styled and dressed more provoca- Lynne Bowes tively. She ventures out of the house in search of David, but ends up finding the body of Russell, which tumbles out Lynne Bowes is a character in the novel Jason X: The of the tree which he was tied up into. Jason appears and Experiment. A 28-year-old journalist working for a local chases Maddy into small shed like building. She hides, and newspaper, Lynne is given the chance to tour the newly it appears that she may have given him the slip. Suddenly opened and controversial Three Mile Island Power Plant. Jason’s arm comes bursting through the wall directly be- While Lynne is at the power plant, it is attacked by Ja- hind her, grabbing her, followed by his other hand, which son Voorhees, who goes on a rampage in the plant, killing is wielding a sickle, which he swings into her neck, killing various personnel in his search for the plant power source, her. Her body is shown later along with Kate’s, Sandra’s which the nano ants in his body are driving him to find. and Russell’s. Lynne is saved from Jason when his nano ants become over- loaded by the energy being shot at him by guards and shut down, immobilizing Jason. Maggie After the events that occurred at the power plant are cov- ered up, Lynne, suspicious of the military and Dr. Hyacinth Stein, who Jason has been placed in the custody of, applies Maggie is a character from the one-shot comic Friday the for an internship at Dr, Stein’s research facility, which she 13th: Abuser and the Abused by Wildstorm. A troubled gains. While working under Dr. Stein, Lynne, discovering and bullied teenage girl, after her mother died, Maggie that all the surviving personnel from the power plant are was raised by an abusive stepmother and apathetic father. being held by her as test subjects, manages to convince her After her boyfriend Steve begins to become violent with co-workers to turn against Dr. Stein, who intends to use Ja- her, Maggie, finding no help from school guidance coun- son to create an army of supersoldiers. After waking all the selors, psychiatrists or church officials, decides to solve power plant workers from their comatose state, Lynne and her problems on her own. Murdering her parents, Maggie a fellow intern named Fredo try to escape the facility after calls Steve and convinces him to take her to Camp Crystal Dr. Stein, who is killed by Jason and a clone of him she had Lake, promising to have sex with him if he does so. Upon created, hits the panic button in her lab, signaling the mil- reaching the campsite, Maggie attacks Steve with a knife itary to come and cleanse the facility. While escaping the and begins beating him, only for him to be killed by Ja- facility, Lynne and Fredo encounter Jason’s clone, which son Voorhees, after he discovers the two. Enraged at being appears to have Dr. Stein’s consciousness, and blow it apart robbed of the chance to kill Steve, Maggie begins to at- with laser weaponry, just as the real Jason is launched into tack Jason, ultimately blowing him up. Seeing Jason has space in a rocket. The book ends with Lynne and several survived the car explosion unscathed, Maggie begins trying other interns, having escaped the research facility, on the to reason with him, saying that they are both the same, as run from the military, who have covered up everything that they both know what it is like to have lost a mother and happened at the facility and arrested several people involved to be hurt and ridiculed by others. Unfazed by Maggie’s with the events that transpired.[42] speech, Jason decapitates her with his machete, afterwards submerging himself in Crystal Lake, taking Maggie’s head and body with him.[60] 3.1.14 M

Maddy Marcie Stanler

Maddy is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Marcie Stanler is a character in the first film. she was the Blood played by Diana Barrows. She first appears at the girlfriend of Jack Burell and the friend of Ned Rubenstein. house scene where the party is taking place for Michael. Marcie, Jack and Ned were a stoner three-person gang. she She is a quiet, shy type who appears to share a close friend- spent most of the day messing around like the other coun- ship with Robin and also like Robin, has an attraction for selers. After explaining to Jack her fear of thunder storms, David. She is also shown to be one of the few people they sneak into a cabin to have sex. Marcie goes in the bath- who shows Tina any kindness. Later on in the evening, af- room while Jack is murdered by Pamela Voorhees. Mrs. ter Maddy asks Robin about the way David looked at her, Voorhees then sneaks into the bathroom and slams an axe Robin tells her to “get real” and that “you're not his type” in her face, killing her. 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 79

Maxi Wagner Melda

Maxine “Maxi” Wagner is a character in the novel Friday Melda is a character in the two-issue comic miniseries Fri- the 13th: The Carnival. A juvenile delinquent who is pined day the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X by Avatar Press. The pilot after by most of her male classmates, Maxi comes from a of the scavenging ship The Pompeii, Melda and her crew troubled home, having an alcoholic mother and adulterous mates find the remains of the spaceship The Grendel while father. At first not wanting to attend Vince Fantana’s Trav- searching for derelict vessels to salvage. As her comrades elling Fun House and Carnival which has come to Crystal board The Grendal to search it for valuables, Melda mon- Lake, Maxi eventually does go with her friends and teacher itors their status from her ship. When all her crewmates due to boredom. When Jason possessed carnival mechanic life signs drop, Melda, realizing that something dangerous Mitch Deever and his dog Stump go on a rampage through is lurking on The Grendel, undocks her ship from it and the carnival and kill her teacher and friends, as well as her leaves, unaware that a clone of Jason Voorhees, the being father and mistress who were also attending the carnival, that murdered her friends, has stowed away on The Pom- Maxi is forced to fight for her life alongside Selene Tokar, peii. When her ship begins to malfunction, due to Jason the daughter of the carnival’s fortune teller. In the carni- sabotaging it, Melda docks with a passing ship named the val funhouse, both Maxi and Selene are attacked by Mitch, S.S. Fun Club, a party vessel. While exploring the S.S. Fun and, as he tries to kill Selene with a guillotine, Maxi, using a Club, Melda, having left the maintenance crew of the S.S decorative axe, kills Mitch by striking him in the head with Fun Club in charge of her ship, encounters the real Jason it. Shortly afterwards, Maxi is killed by Stump, who mauls Voorhees on the vessel and, while trying to flee from him, and dismembers her. Her body is presumably incinerated runs into his clone, which has killed the maintenance men when the carnival catches fire and explodes, an explosion she left with her ship and tracked her down. Fleeing from which Selene escapes by climbing a tree and leaping over the two Jasons, who begin to fight each other, killing anyone the electric fence.[61] they encounter, Melda reaches the controls of the S.S. Fun Club, after the ship’s android captain is destroyed. With as- sistance from a gynoid named Alice, Melda manages to take control of the S.S. Fun Club and crash land it on Earth II. Both Melda and Alice manage to survive the crash landing Megan Garris and, after discovering Jason and his clone have as well, flee from the two into some nearby woods.[63] Megan Garris is a character in Friday the 13th Part VI: Ja- son Lives, played by Jennifer Cooke. A counselor working at the rebuilt and renamed Camp Forest Green, she is also the daughter of the local sheriff. Megan finds herself drawn Melissa to Tommy Jarvis, who claims to have brought local killer Jason Voorhees back from the dead while trying to cremate his body. Rebelling against her father’s wishes and more Melissa is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood, played by Susan Jennifer Sullivan. than slightly motivated by the fact that she knows Tommy did not commit the murders as he was with her at the time She first appears at the house scene where the party is taking one was being committed, she releases Tommy from jail place for Michael. She has a huge attraction to Nick, and and helps him track down Jason. When Jason arrives at becomes jealous when she sees that he is more interested in Camp Forest Green and enters the children’s cabin, Megan Tina. She then starts to pick on and tease Tina, which only lures him out before he can hurt the children, Tommy sub- results in Nick becoming more distant towards her and more sequently calling Jason over to a boat on the lake. Although protective towards Tina. She then feigns being interested in he manages to tie weights to Jason’s feet, Tommy nearly another guy at the house to try to make Nick jealous, which drowns in the process, but Megan is able to get him back garners no results. to land and stop Jason by cutting his neck and face with Later that evening, she pushes the supposed interest in the a speedboat motor, subsequently performing CPR on him [62] other guy further by planning on sleeping with him, but at and saving his life. the last second, she changes her mind, and instead goes out Jennifer Cooke was at first hesitant to appear in Friday the in search of Nick. She is later shown, having found Nick, 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, but decided to take the part of back at Tina’s. Upon hearing their stories, she does not be- Megan due to the pay. Cooke found her experience as lieve them for a second and begins to storm out. She opens Megan enjoyable though, stating “My character, Megan, the door and standing there is Jason, who proceeds to slam was likeable and funny, and I got to drive a car fast.”[28] an axe into her head, killing her. 80 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

Michelle Kyler eling carnival which pitches its tents near Crystal Lake. On a Friday the 13th, Mitch, while playing fetch with his pet Michelle Kyler is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: rottweiler Stump, discovers Jason Voorhees’ hockey mask Carnival of Maniacs. An FBI agent, Michelle is obsessed when Stump digs it up. Later, after getting a call to fix a ride with Jason Voorhees, believing him to be her mother’s mur- in the carnival, Mitch decides to use Jason’s mask instead of derer. After receiving a call from a teenage girl named Glo, a welding helmet and upon putting it on, becomes possessed who had heard of Michelle on a news broadcast and claims by Jason. After killing a handful of people, Mitch goes on a that her friends were killed by Jason, who was found and rampage around the carnival after trapping all the employ- taken by a carnival, Michelle heads to New Jersey along ees and attendees in it by locking the exits and turning on with her partner Cory Tolleson to find Glo and Jason. Upon the electric fence surrounding the place. After chasing a reaching the carnival Jason was being put on display in, pair of girls named Maxi and Selene into the carnival fun- Michelle and Cory find the carnival in complete ruin, Ja- house, Mitch, after torturing Selene, attempts to murder her son having destroyed it when Glo, who had been possessed with a guillotine, only to be killed by Maxi with an axe. Af- by Pamela Voorhees, had awakened him from a comatose ter Mitch’s death, the mannequins in the funhouse, having state. Chasing Alice, the carnival owner’s daughter, who come to life, attempting to revive him, only to be destroyed has Jason in the back of her truck, Michelle crashes her alongside Mitch’s corpse when the funhouse, and the entire car, a crash Cory seemingly perishes in. Despite not man- carnival, catches fire and explodes.[61] aging to follow Alice, Michelle finds, among the objects References to Mitch and the events that transpired in Fri- that fell from Alice’s truck, a laptop and the head of Pamela day the 13th: The Carnival are made by a corrupt state Voorhees. Traveling to a nearby town, Michelle learns from trooper in the novel Friday the 13th: Road Trip; the trooper Alice’s laptop that Alice plans to sell Jason on the inter- had gotten the idea of blaming Jason for a double homicide net auction site ZingBid, before Pamela Voorhees’s spirit, he planned to commit after hearing rumors of how “some which inhabits her severed head, tries to possess her. Prov- fool mechanic put on Jason’s mask and went berserk at a ing too strong for Pamela to possess, Michelle learns from carnival”.[64] her that Jason is severely weak now and only awakens when her head is placed in moonlight. Additionally, if Jason does not kill someone on Friday the 13th, he will remain in this 3.1.15 N weakened state permanently. Preparing to find Jason with Pamela’s reluctant help, Michelle, as she tries to steal the car Norwood Thawn of the local sheriff, is attacked by Cory, who had survived the car crash. Knocked unconscious by Cory, Michelle is Norwood Thawn is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: taken to Nathanial Morgas, a wealthy Jason-obsessed man Hate-Kill-Repeat. A member of a cult known as the Re- who had earlier contacted her. Tortured by Cory and Natha- deemers along with his wife Penelope, Norwood is also nial, who wish to learn how Jason operates, Michelle even- a serial killer who follows a warped moral code, believ- tually reveals to them that by exposing Pamela’s head to ing he and his wife are emissaries of God charged with moonlight they can awaken Jason, who had recently been ridding America of sinners. While being chased by FBI bought by a rock star named Ross Feratu, who plans to have agents across the country for committing various murders, Jason appear as a prop in a new music video. As Cory and both Norwood and Penelope search for and encounter Ja- Nathanial, who had exposed Pamela’s head to moonlight, son, who has just been accidentally released from Crystal are distracted by a televised broadcast of Jason rampag- Lake, and attempt to befriend him, believing he shares their ing at Ross Feratu’s music video recording, a barely alive same moral outlook and beliefs. After Norwood and Pene- Michelle is contacted by Pamela. Revealing to Michelle that lope offer Jason a girl named Halo Harlan as a “peace offer- her mother was not killed by Jason, instead being murdered ing”, Jason, uninterested in the offer of partnership the two by a backwoods cannibal living near Crystal Lake, Pamela make, kills Penelope with his machete and knocks Norwood possesses her, which Michelle allows. Having taken over unconscious, before proceeding to chase the fleeing Halo to Michelle’s body, Pamela kills both Cory and Nathanial be- the nearby Phoenix Heights Hotel. Recovering from Jason’s [1] fore leaving, planning to search for Jason. attack, Norwood creates a makeshift weapon out of bones from Penelope’s body and begins to trek to the Phoenix Heights Hotel in search of Jason, only to be found and ar- Mitch Deever rested by FBI agents. Norwood eventually does reach the Phoenix Heights Hotel when one of the agents who arrested Mitch Deever is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: him is revealed to be a member of the Redeemers, and re- The Carnival. Mitch is the chief mechanic of Vince Fan- leases him after killing her partner. Stabbing the agent who tana’s Travelling Fun House and Carnival, a rundown trav- helped in the chest with his bone knife, angered at her at- 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 81 tempts to suggest that they go out for a drink once the Jason Paul Holt situation is resolved and swearing that his wife is irreplace- able, Norwood ascends to the roof of the Phoenix Heights Paul Holt is a character in Friday the 13th Part II and is por- Hotel, where he finds Jason and Halo. Engaging Jason in a trayed by John Furey. Paul is the head of a group of hope- fight as the Phoenix Heights Hotel burns down, Norwood is ful camp counselors operating close to the original “Camp killed when Jason strikes him in the stomach with a cleaver Blood” on Crystal Lake. Confident and sure, he defies sev- and disembowels him with his bare hands, before throwing eral warnings that he is too close to where the killings hap- him into a hole in the roof of the blazing hotel.[33] pen. Having to balance a professional and personal rela- tionship with his girlfriend Ginny Field he proves to be a capable leader. When several of them leave for one night on the town, Ginny suggests thinking of Jason in real terms, 3.1.16 P but Paul dismisses it on the idea that Jason is just an urban legend. He is proven wrong, and when he and Ginny return Pam Roberts to the camp, they find Jason lying in wait for them. Left for dead, Jason chases Ginny around the camp, but Paul even- Pam Roberts is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Be- tually catches up to him as he is about to kill her. He is ginning, played by Melanie Kinnaman. The assistant direc- wrestled to the ground from Jason’s overpowering strength tor of the Pinehurst halfway house in Crystal Lake, she is and is nearly killed when Ginny slices Jason’s shoulder with forced to protect herself and a young boy named Reggie a machete, killing him. He carries a weakened and shocked (whose brother and grandpa were killed) from machete- Ginny back to the camp, and goes to defend her when they wielding killer Roy Burns. The film ends with the impli- think someone is at the cabin door, opening it to find Terry’s cation that Pam is killed by Tommy Jarvis, but her fate is dog Muffin on the other side. Ginny goes to call for Muffin never revealed in the series.[65] and Jason suddenly bursts through the window behind her. Pam is mentioned in the novelization of Friday the 13th Part Paul vanishes by the time Ginny awakens and she calls for VI: Jason Lives, which states that she survived Tommy’s at- him as she is being put into an ambulance by paramedics tack on her, having fought him off and calmed him down. and his fate is unknown, though it is strongly implied in the Afterwards, when Tommy is placed back in a mental insti- following film that the scene where Jason attacked Ginny tution, she decided to help him recover his mental state.[44] unmasked was a hallucination. Melanie Kinnaman was to reprise her role as Pam in the sixth Friday the 13th and died in the original script, but was Pete cut when it was decided that the film would not be a direct [28] sequel to Friday the 13th: A New Beginning. Pete is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning who is stranded with his best friend Vinnie when his car breaks down in the woods. Pushy and wanting to get laid, Pete orders Vinnie to fix the car by the time he gets back Pamela Voorhees from using the bathroom. He is briefly startled by a rabbit he sees in the woods, unaware that Vinnie is being killed Main article: Pamela Voorhees by Roy Burns (Disguised as Jason). He returns to the car and sees Vinnie propped in the engine and tells him he’s Pamela Voorhees is the mother of Jason and the killer in the a “dead man” if he hasn't fixed the car. He gets in the car, original Friday the 13th. She was beheaded by Alice Hardy. which finally starts after several attempts and he tells Vinnie “Let’s GO!" Before Roy; hidden behind the driver’s seat, grabs his head and slits his throat with a machete he falls onto the horn dead. Paul

Paul is a character in The Final Chapter. He is the boyfriend Phil of Samantha. While at Camp Crystal Lake, Tina - one of the twins - starts flirting with him, which angers Samantha Phil is a character in Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday who storms out of the house to go Skinny Dipping. He then who is an African American coroner who examines Jason’s rejects Tina and goes looking for Sam (whom he finds dead). remains after he is blown up by the FBI. While examining He then panics and is stabbed in the groin with a harpoon Jason’s heart he discovers a mysterious black liquid that he gun by Jason which kills him. concludes is not blood before the heart states beating and 82 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS causes him to inexplicably consume Jason’s heart causing to control Jason, manages to rouse the nearby, unconscious Jason’s soul to be transferred to his body. In Phil’s body, London awake by yelling at her to abandon him and save Jason kills Phil’s assistant and guards outside, before return- herself.[43] ing to Crystal Lake. He finds three partying teens. While In Jason X: Death Moon, London Jefferson makes refer- two of them have sex, Jason kills the third, then kills the ence to Professor Bardox (referred to as Bartox in this teens as their having sex. He then attacks two police offi- book) who she correctly assumes was the one who impreg- cers, Edna and Josh. He kills Edna by smashing her head nated her with Jason’s sperm; later it is mentioned that all into a car door, before abducting Josh. After giving Josh a the events that transpired at G7 were covered up by the shave, he transfers his soul from Phil’s body to Josh’s. Later government.[32] Professor Bardox is briefly mentioned in in the film, it is revealed that when Jason possesses a new Jason X: To The Third Power in one of Dr. Castillo’s logs, host, his pervious host decomposes and dies, indicating that in which Dr. Castillo makes reference to the events that this is presumably what happened to Phil’s body. transpired on G7, also referring to Bardox as an “esteemed colleague”.[41] Professor Claude Bardox

Professor Claude Bardox is a character in the novel Ja- 3.1.17 R son X: Planet of the Beast. A forty-year-old, famous ge- neticist and the head of the space station G7, Dr. Bardox’s most noticeable feature is the black metal prosthetic he has Rennie Wickham in place of an arm. Not much of Bardox’s past is revealed, though it is stated he was raised by a strict and possibly abu- Rennie Wickham is a character in Friday the 13th Part sive father, who pressured him into becoming a scientist. VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan, played by Jensen Daggett, and In the novel, Bardox, after discovering Jason Voorhees has Amber Pawlick as a child. When she was young, Rennie crash-landed on Planet #666, which G7 monitors, ventures was pushed into Crystal Lake by her uncle, in an attempt there with his assistant Emery to find Jason’s body and take to make her swim, and nearly dies when a young Jason at- samples of his tissue, which Bardox plans to use to create tempts to drag her underwater. During the events of the his own offshoot of humanity. When the samples film, Rennie is traveling to New York on the cruise ship he takes from Jason’s comatose body prove useless, Bardox Lazarus when Jason climbs on to it when it passes through and Emery hijack a space shuttle and travel back to Planet Crystal Lake. As Jason begins killing everyone aboard, #666 to get more samples, unintentionally awakening Jason. Rennie, her dog and a handful of others manage to flee After Emery is killed by Jason, Bardox signals for help from from him and reach Manhattan after Jason sinks the ship. the G7 (his shuttle having been damaged while landing on Tracking Rennie and her boyfriend Sean Robertson down Planet #666) and is rescued by G7 crew member Felicity, after killing the other survivors from the ship, Jason chases who he abandons on Planet #666, stealing her shuttle, which them through New York and into the city sewer system. It unknown to Bardox, Jason stows away on after killing Fe- is there that Rennie and Sean defeat Jason, flinging toxic licity. waste at his face and climbing back to the surface as the Upon reaching G7, Bardox tampers with the life-support of sewer floods, sweeping Jason, who is regressed back to a child, away. Safe from Jason, Rennie and Sean reunite with the station, knocking out all his co-workers, one of whom, [31] London Jefferson, he impregnates with some of Jason ge- Rennie’s pet dog in the middle of Times Square. netic material. When it becomes evident that Jason is In Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors, the aboard the G7 and has begun killing crew members, Bar- non-canon, comic miniseries Rennie appears under the care dox and the crew attempt to capture and pacify him using of Doctor Maggie Burroughs and Doctor Neil Gordon, be- a specialized serum, a ploy which fails. After every mem- ing one of the first recruited to their group of those who have ber of the G7 crew except himself, London and an engineer survived both Jason Voorhees and Freddy Krueger. Ren- named Bill are killed by Jason, Bardox, still believing he can nie’s power is described by Maggie as "empathy", powerful control Jason, uses a combination of powerful tranquilizers enough to alter her perception (explaining the visions she to subdue him, making Jason calm and subservient. The had of Jason throughout Jason Takes Manhattan). After effects of the tranquilizers prove only temporary though, as Jason attacks the group when it first assembles Rennie and they soon wear off and Jason, after disposing of Bill, turns the others head to the capitol building in search of Director on Bardox, ripping off his arm and impaling him with his Gordon Russell, who Maggie claims is her father and the machete. As Jason begins to crush Bardox’s head, the pro- head of “Project Black Book". Along with Neil and the di- fessor, having seen the error of all the deeds he had per- rector Rennie is killed by Maggie, revealed to be Freddy’s formed in his attempts at creating a new species and trying daughter Kathryn, after she reunites with her father.[21] 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 83

Rob Dier sending her falling to her death.

Rob Dier is a character in The Final Chapter. He is the brother of Friday the 13th Part II victim Sandra Dier. He Rowan LaFontaine is at Crystal Lake to hunt and kill Jason for murdering San- [66] dra. He meets Trish Jarvis and her younger brother, Tommy Rowan LaFontaine is the main protagonist in Jason X, Jarvis, whose car had stopped by the side of the road. Tr- played by Lexa Doig. The project leader of a group run- ish and Tommy bring Rob to their house where he meets ning experiments on Jason Voorhees, she leads several un- their mother, Mrs. Jarvis. Later on, he reveals to Trish why successful attempts to execute him, and is ultimately forced he’s at Crystal Lake, after they see some dead bodies. Rob to cryogenically freeze Jason when he escapes confinement tells her and Tommy about Jason Voorhees being respon- and kills the team meant to transport him to another facility. sible for killing his sister. They encounter Jason and Rob However, before the process is complete, Jason breaches tries to fight off Jason so Trish and Tommy can get away the containment with his machete and stabs Rowan in the and dies in the process. abdomen, critically wounding her just as cryonics fluid spills into the room and freezes her along with him. Unfrozen in the year 2455 aboard the spacecraft the Grendel, she is then Robin Brown forced to fight for her life when Jason awakens and starts killing everyone on the ship. At the conclusion of the film, Robin is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning she, a student named Tsunaron and the gynoid Kay-Em 14 played by Juliette Cummins. She is one of three girls at he created are the only survivors of Jason’s attack, picked the Pinehurst Halfway House when Tommy Jarvis is sent up by a rescue vessel while Jason is sent hurtling through there to try an acclimate to society. She has a demure de- the atmosphere of Earth II when the Grendel explodes.[67] meanour and an upbeat personality, and is close friends with fellow patient Violet. She does not spend much time social- izing with the others, but has a genuine concern for other Roy Burns people. While watching A Place in the Sun with Reggie and Jake, Jake attempts to confess her feelings toward her, Roy Burns, is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Be- which makes her laugh suddenly and Jake storms off upset ginning, and the true main antagonist of the film. A quiet having his feelings hurt. Later, she puts a blanket on Reg- loner paramedic who keeps to himself, Roy, after discov- gie, who had fallen asleep and goes upstairs to bed. She ering that his son Joey, who he had presumably abandoned, regrets hurting Jake’s feelings and turns over to go to sleep, has been murdered by a troubled, abusive teenager, named only to discover Jake’s body lying next to her. She screams “Vic”, at the Pinehurst halfway house, becomes unbalanced and tries to get up, but a hand grabs her by the throat while and decides to avenge his death by murdering all those he a machete is stabbed through her bed and into her back. deems responsible, similar to Pamela Voorhees. As he goes Her body, along with Violet’s and Jake’s are discovered by on a massacre throughout the suburb where Pinehurst is. Reggie a short time later. The rest of the series would resume with masks once more containing red designs which have once again been worn by Jason even into the 21st Century. Robin The novelization of Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives makes reference to Roy’s crimes, with it implicating that Robin is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Roy may have somehow been influenced from beyond the Blood played by Elizabeth Kaitan. She first appears at the grave by Jason to commit the murders. The novel also in- house scene where the party is taking place for Michael. correctly states that Roy was the one who had transported She is shown to have a closer bond with Maddy than the Tommy Jarvis to Pinehurst.[44] others, as well as having a huge attraction towards David, as does Maddy. She is then shown throughout the movie spending most of her time with David, dancing, drinking, Rob Dier smoking, etc. Before long they wind up having sex, just as Jason cuts the power to the house and enters it. While Rob Dier is a character in The Final Chapter. He is the David goes downstairs to get something to eat, Robin stays brother of Friday the 13th Part II victim Sandra Dier. He upstairs. After David does not return, she ventures out and is at Crystal Lake to hunt and kill Jason for murdering San- starts looking, winding up in David’s bedroom, where she dra. He meets Trish Jarvis and her younger brother, Tommy finds a cat. Shortly after she discovers Eddie’s severed head, Jarvis, whose car had stopped by the side of the road. Tr- then Jason enters the room, backing her into a corner. He ish and Tommy bring Rob to their house where he meets grabs her around the neck then launches her out a window, their mother, Mrs. Jarvis. Later on, he reveals to Trish why 84 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

he’s at Crystal Lake, after they see some dead bodies. Rob to cryogenically freeze Jason when he escapes confinement tells her and Tommy about Jason Voorhees being respon- and kills the team meant to transport him to another facility. sible for killing his sister. They encounter Jason and Rob However, before the process is complete, Jason breaches tries to fight off Jason so Trish and Tommy can get away the containment with his machete and stabs Rowan in the and dies in the process. abdomen, critically wounding her just as cryonics fluid spills into the room and freezes her along with him. Unfrozen in the year 2455 aboard the spacecraft the Grendel, she is then Robin forced to fight for her life when Jason awakens and starts killing everyone on the ship. At the conclusion of the film, Robin is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning she, a student named Tsunaron and the gynoid Kay-Em 14 played by Juliette Cummins. She is one of three girls at he created are the only survivors of Jason’s attack, picked the Pinehurst Halfway House when Tommy Jarvis is sent up by a rescue vessel while Jason is sent hurtling through there to try an acclimate to society. She has a demure de- the atmosphere of Earth II when the Grendel explodes.[67] meanour and an upbeat personality, and is close friends with fellow patient Violet. She does not spend much time social- izing with the others, but has a genuine concern for other Roy Burns people. While watching A Place in the Sun with Reggie and Jake, Jake attempts to confess her feelings toward her, Roy Burns, is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Be- which makes her laugh suddenly and Jake storms off upset ginning, and the true main antagonist of the film. A quiet having his feelings hurt. Later, she puts a blanket on Reg- loner paramedic who keeps to himself, Roy, after discov- gie, who had fallen asleep and goes upstairs to bed. She ering that his son Joey, who he had presumably abandoned, regrets hurting Jake’s feelings and turns over to go to sleep, has been murdered by a troubled, abusive teenager, named only to discover Jake’s body lying next to her. She screams “Vic”, at the Pinehurst halfway house, becomes unbalanced and tries to get up, but a hand grabs her by the throat while and decides to avenge his death by murdering all those he a machete is stabbed through her bed and into her back. deems responsible, similar to Pamela Voorhees. As he goes Her body, along with Violet’s and Jake’s are discovered by on a massacre throughout the suburb where Pinehurst is. Reggie a short time later. The rest of the series would resume with masks once more containing red designs which have once again been worn by Jason even into the 21st Century. Robin The novelization of Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives makes reference to Roy’s crimes, with it implicating that Robin is a character in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Roy may have somehow been influenced from beyond the Blood played by Elizabeth Kaitan. She first appears at the grave by Jason to commit the murders. The novel also in- house scene where the party is taking place for Michael. correctly states that Roy was the one who had transported She is shown to have a closer bond with Maddy than the Tommy Jarvis to Pinehurst.[44] others, as well as having a huge attraction towards David, as does Maddy. She is then shown throughout the movie spending most of her time with David, dancing, drinking, 3.1.18 S smoking, etc. Before long they wind up having sex, just as Jason cuts the power to the house and enters it. While Sally Thomas David goes downstairs to get something to eat, Robin stays upstairs. After David does not return, she ventures out and Sally Thomas is a character in Wildstorm's Friday the 13th starts looking, winding up in David’s bedroom, where she comic series. Sally suffers from such mental illnesses as bi- finds a cat. Shortly after she discovers Eddie’s severed head, polar disorder and depression, which need medication to then Jason enters the room, backing her into a corner. He be controlled. Little of Sally’s life is revealed, but what is grabs her around the neck then launches her out a window, revealed is that six months before the events of the comics sending her falling to her death. she witnessed her boyfriend die in car crash the two were in. Rowan LaFontaine Sally is first seen in the comics fleeing from both Camp Crystal Lake and Jason, naked, injured and filthy. Finding Rowan LaFontaine[66] is the main protagonist in Jason X, a road, Sally collapses in the middle of it, where a traveling played by Lexa Doig. The project leader of a group run- elderly couple find her and, seeing the condition she is in, ning experiments on Jason Voorhees, she leads several un- hastily take her to their RV and drive away. As she is driven successful attempts to execute him, and is ultimately forced away, Sally sees through a window in the RV Jason calmly 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 85 standing in the middle of the road, looking right at her as she woods, as he goes after and kills Rico and Alisha. escapes him. Taken to a hospital in the town near Crystal At this point, the flashbacks stop and Sheriff Wilson voices Lake, Sally begins to act irrationally due to suffering from his opinion to the still semi-catatonic Sally that he believes posttraumatic stress disorder and is sedated and left in the she had murdered of her friends and bosses at the camp, not company of Sheriff Wilson, who begins talking with her in some non-existent zombie or death curse. As Wilson rants an attempt to discover what has happened to her. As Wil- about how she will not escape justice, Sally is roused to full son speaks with her, Sally lies semi-conscious and begins to consciousness when a blood covered Jason bursts into the have flashbacks. room, having just slaughtered his way through the hospi- Two weeks previously, Sally, along with several other peo- tal staff. Grabbing Wilson’s keys as he fights with and is ple, who include Alisha, Nate, Jerry, Brian, Sasha, Rico subsequently dismembered by Jason, Sally rushes outside and Ryan, is hired by Camp Crystal Lake’s newest owner, and reaches Wilson’s car. Failing to unlock the car in time, Trevor Gaines, to renovate the camp for its reopening as Sally is grabbed and dragged away, kicking and screaming, both a summer camp and a tourist attraction. The workers by Jason. Her heavily decayed body is later shown near the are to live in the camp for two weeks, working under the shore of Crystal Lake six weeks later.[8] supervision of Mike Burns, a local who takes an instant at- traction to Sally. Soon after entering the camp, Sally nearly dies, as, while swimming, she is dragged underwater by in- Sandra Dier numerable decayed, ghostly children and has a near-death experience in which Jason attacks her. Sally is saved from Sandra Dier is a character in Part II. In the summer of the ghosts in the lake by Mike, who brings her ashore and 1984, she goes to Camp Crystal Lake with her boyfriend performs CPR on her. Regaining conscious, Sally has no Jeff and later on, shortly after having sex with Jeff, San- recollection of being attacked by the children in the lake, dra notices Jason Voorhees enter the room, wielding Ted’s believing her foot had simply become snagged on some- spear. Before she can warn Jeff, who is on top of her, thing. Sandra is killed when Jason drives the spear through Jeff, her body, the bed and into the floor. After killing her, Ja- When Jason begins his killing spree at the camp, Sally en- son hides Sandra’s corpse. Days after her murder, Sandra’s counters him while driving with Mike in search of the miss- brother Rob would travel to Crystal Lake, wanting to avenge ing Nate and Jerry. As Jason kills Mike while he is changing his sister’s death at Jason’s hands. Eventually encountering a tire on his jeep, Sally manages to flee from him and reach Jason, Rob’s attempt to avenge his sister fails and he too is the camp, where she finds the others and tells them what slain by the hulking killer, though he manages to hold off has happened. While her friends elect to barricade them- Jason long enough for Tommy and Trish to get away. selves in the camp’s rec cabin, due to all available vehicles having been sabotaged by Jason, Sally decides to venture out and find her medication, believing herself useless if she Sandra has break down during a crisis. Reaching and searching her cabin, Sally finds her pills in the toilet and urinated upon Sandra has a small role in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New and reluctantly begins trying to scoop them out, only to be Blood. She was played by Heidi Kozak. She was the girl- attacked by Jason. As Jason tries to kill her with a knife, friend of Russell, whose uncle owned the house that the Sally fights back and manages to beat him to death with a birthday party was held in. She goes out for a walk early toilet cistern lid - only realizing minutes later that the per- in the night with her boyfriend Russell and she goes skinny son she has killed was actually Brian, who she had halluci- dipping in the lake. She tries to entice him into joining her nated was Jason. Realizing what she has done, Sally suffers and dives under water. Jason kills Russell by axing him from a panic attack and tears off her bloodstained clothing in the face and when she resurfaces she sees his body and before collapsing naked on Brian’s corpse. It is in this posi- screams. Jason goes into the water after her and pulls her tion that the real Jason finds her moments later and, instead under water, which drowns her. of killing her, takes her away to a cabin, along with Brian’s body. Waking up in the cabin, Sally runs from it in terror Sara after finding Brian’s and Sasha’s corpses in it. Outside, Sally finds both Ryan and Trevor’s bodies on the ground and sees Sara is a character in The Final Chapter. She goes with Alisha and Rico running into the woods away from Jason, her friends in 1984 and has sex with her boyfriend Doug in who approaches her. Handing Sally his machete, Jason ges- the shower. Soon after she leaves to blow dry her hair Jason tures in the direction Rico and Alisha have fled, implicating Proceeds to kill Doug by crushing his head on the bathroom he wants her to chase and kill the two. Hesitating for a mo- tile and cannot hear him scream, later she goes back to the ment, Sally attacks Jason with his machete and runs into the bathroom and sees Doug dead and runs down stairs in Panic 86 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

and is killed when Jason throws an axe at her through the Jason and Stephanie watches helplessly as her father is mur- door. Her body is later spotted when Trish goes into the dered in front of her. Upon discovering that, as a Voorhees, house with Rob. she is destined to become a killer just like her great-uncle, Stephanie dons a similar hockey mask and, during the final showdown, impales Jason with a machete, which weakens Sam him enough for Tommy Jarvis to finish him off.[21] Sam is a character in The Final Chapter. She is angered when her boyfriend Paul dances with Tina - one of the twins Steve Christy they meet at Crystal Point. Enraged with Paul she runs to Crystal Point where she goes skinny dipping. While in the Steve Christy appears in Friday the 13th and is played by water, she climbs into a nearby raft and is stabbed through Peter Brouwer. A man from a rich family, he tries to re- the raft. Her body is later discovered by Paul, who is killed build Camp Crystal Lake or “Camp Blood” as the locals by Jason also. have coined it, he is old fashioned and has an attraction to- ward Alice Hardy, who works with him in rebuilding the Shelly camp. He leaves Crystal Lake to go to town for supplies and stops at a diner, leaving late after a heavy storm comes Shelly is a character in Friday the 13th Part III An over- into the area. He drives a Jeep Wrangler much like the one weight prankster with an afro, Shelly is self-conscious about that the movie’s killer had been seen in, leading the audi- his looks and pulls pranks on his friends. He is notable for ence into believing he was the one responsible for killing being the owner of Jason’s original hockey mask. Shelly his counselors. His car breaks down and he has a deputy tries an unsuccessful advance on Vera but is rejected. An- give him a lift to Crystal Lake, but he is dropped off when gered by Vera spurning him, Shelly later sneaks up on her at an emergency is called over the radio and Steve makes his the Crystal Lake dock, wielding a harpoon while wearing a way back on foot. Approaching the sign for Crystal Lake, wetsuit and hockey mask, intending to scare her. After be- he encounters someone holding a flash light whom he rec- ing frightened by Shelly, an enraged Vera tells Shelly that ognizes and as he approaches, he is suddenly stabbed in the she would like him more if he did not act like a “jerk,” which abdomen. Later, his body is discovered by Alice when it Shelly responds to by saying that “being a jerk is better than falls from a tree she is running past, a knife plunged deep being a nothing” before walking to a nearby barn where the into his chest. hiding Jason Voorhees slits his throat and takes his hockey mask and harpoon. Steven Freeman

Stephanie Kimble Steven Freeman first appears in Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday and is played by John D. LeMay. He is Jessica Stephanie Kimble appears in Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- Kimble's ex-boyfriend and the father of her baby Stephanie, nal Friday. Originally played by actress Brooke Scher. She with whom he has no contact. When Jessica’s mother Di- is the daughter of Jessica Kimble and Steven Freeman, and ana is murdered by Jason Voorhees, Steven is blamed. In the great-niece of Jason Voorhees. In Jason Goes to Hell, jail, he learns from bounty hunter Creighton Duke that Ja- she is a baby and Jason tries to use her to be reborn in an- son is attempting to be reborn through another Voorhees, other body, but is stopped and sent to Hell by Jessica and [36] and that Jessica and Stephanie are his only surviving blood Steven. relatives. Steven escapes from jail and tries to warn Jessica Stephanie reappears in the comic book miniseries, Freddy of the danger she and their daughter are in, but she does not vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors. Now believe his story. When Jason attacks Jessica in the body of a teenager, she suffers from nightmares about Jason her current boyfriend Robert Campbell, Steven guns him Voorhees. Her mother Jessica (the protagonist of Jason down and saves her. Steven and Jessica eventually travel Goes To Hell ) is revealed to have died a few years earlier, to the Voorhees house to retrieve their baby from Duke, and her father has spent thousands of dollars on psychiatric who reveals that Jessica is the only one capable of killing help for her, but none of it has been successful. Eventu- Jason permanently. When Jason is finally reborn through ally, the family are contacted by Dr. Maggie Burroughs, Diana’s corpse, he and Steven engage in a fist fight until who is forming a group of people who have survived Ja- Jessica uses a mystical dagger to send Jason to Hell. Steven son Voorhees and Freddy Krueger. Steven is cynical, but is almost dragged into Hell as well, but Jessica rescues him Stephanie insists they let her help them. However, when and the couple reconcile, walking off into the sunrise with the group meets up for the first time, they are attacked by their baby.[36] 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 87

Steven reappears in the comic miniseries Freddy vs. Jason of Jason Voorhees and become possessed by it. Fleeing vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors. His wife Jessica is now from the campgrounds with her boyfriend Slick and the deceased, and the now-teenage Stephanie is having night- football team lineman Russ Johnson, Summer and Russ are mares about her great-uncle Jason Voorhees. Having spent found by Teddy and knocked unconscious, while Slick is thousands of dollars getting psychiatric help for his daugh- swarmed upon and eaten by bats. Taken to a cave in Crys- ter, Steven (spelt Stephen in the comic) eventually takes tal Hill by Teddy, who plans to cut out her heart on a de- her to Doctor Maggie Burroughs, who is forming a group monic altar located in the cave, Summer is saved by Russ, of people who have survived Jason Voorhees and Freddy who had awoken and tracked Teddy down. Together, Sum- Krueger. However, Steven becomes frustrated when Mag- mer and Russ kill Teddy, lighting him on fire and tearing gie reveals her plan to combine their strengths to stop the Jason’s mask, along with his face, off. With Teddy dead, killers permanently. During his rant, Jason Voorhees bursts Summer and Russ manage to travel back the main road and into the house and crushes his head as Stephanie looks on find help.[64] in horror.[21] The book Making Friday the 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood describes Steven as “a deadbeat who refuses to grow Suzie Donaldson up and take responsibility for his actions, but who, nonethe- less, eventually summons the courage to fight Jason”.[68] Suzie is a character in Friday the 13th: Jason takes Manhat- Horror website Slasherama labels him “plucky, if rather tan. While on her boyfriend Jim’s boat, she learns of Jason geeky” and “one of the more quirky Friday heroes”.[69] The and how he drowned in Camp Crystal Lake in 1958. Af- role was initially offered to Blair Underwood but he re- ter hearing the story she is terrified, and has sex with Jim. fused it for “personal reasons"; Making Friday the 13th asks Jason walks in the room wielding a new hockey mask and whether having a “strong African-American presence” may a harpoon, which Jim previously used to scare Suzie. She have been beneficial for the series, but concludes that it is screams and jumps out the window while Jim gets stabbed a moot point since Jason is “an equal opportunity killing in the stomach. She hides in a storage room on the boat, machine”. The part of Steven eventually went to John but Jason finds her, stabbing her with the arrow from the D. LeMay, who had previously appeared as lead character harpoon. Ryan Dallion in Friday the 13th: The Series. LeMay was hesitant about returning to the Friday franchise, having left the television series to avoid being typecast. He states “It’s 3.1.19 T hard to say, looking back, if it was a good move or a bad move, career-wise"; he ultimately accepted the role because Tamara Mason “it was a lead role and I liked the character and, with New Line involved, it seemed like the series was going in a whole Tamara Mason is a character in Friday the 13th Part VIII: other direction.”[68] However, he also admits “I was broke Jason Takes Manhattan portrayed by Sharlene Martin. A at the time so it was a beautiful lifesaver. I needed it to pay prom queen and popular girl, Tamara often hangs out with the rent!" Nevertheless, he says “I had a blast making Ja- her best friend Eva Wantabe. She rejects the advances of son Goes to Hell. You had to have a sense of humour while Wayne Webber who has a crush on her and prefers more fighting Jason at three in the morning, trying to find ways to mature men. She is a delinquent as well, earning the ire hit him with a shovel and stuff like that [laughs]. As if that of chaperone Charles McCulloch who threatens that she would do any good!".[69] will not be able to visit New York City if she does not pro- vide him a passable biology report. After his niece Rennie catches Tamara and Eva doing drugs, they are nearly caught Summer Stone by McCulloch moments later. Believing that Rennie rat- ted on them, she plays a prank and knocks her overboard. Summer Stone is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: Later, using Wayne and his camera, she uses her biology re- Road Trip. A cheerleader for the Carville High Hornets port as a sexual advance toward McCulloch, recording him football team, Summer, while traveling via van back to in a compromising position. She spurns Wayne and lets him Carville from a football game alongside several football out of her cabin before going to take a shower, when she players, fellow cheerleaders and the team coach and mas- emerges she discovers Jason has entered her cabin and tries cot, is involved in accident near Crystal Lake. As the team to hide quietly in the bathroom. Jason punches through her coach goes off to seek aid, Summer and her friends go off bathroom door, grabs her by the hair and hurls her into her into the forest to explore, leaving the team mascot, Teddy, mirror. She collapses and sobs as Jason smashes her mirror, behind. Discovering Camp Crystal Lake, Summer and her begging him to let her go. Instead, Jason grabs a large shard friends are soon hunted by Teddy, who had found the mask of the mirror and kills her with it. After an emergency is 88 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS called on the ship, Eva goes to find Tamara and finds her bear as a come on. First to Tina, then to Terri at a party body still in her cabin’s bathroom. he asks them if they “Want to give the “teddy bear” a kiss. After he is spurned by both girls, he turns to smoking pot and watching vintage stag films. After the reel is cut, he Teddy Bateman stands in front of the white screen looking for Jimmy and is suddenly stabbed in the back of the head through the screen. Teddy “Buzzy” Bateman is a character in the novel Fri- day the 13th: Road Trip. The bullied mascot of the Carville High Hornets football team, Buzzy was raised by his ac- Tina & Terri countant father, after his mother died of lung cancer when he was a child. While traveling back to Carville after a foot- Tina & Terri are two twins in The Final Chapter played by ball game with several football players, cheerleaders and the Camilla More and Carey More who live locally in Crystal team coach, the van the group are traveling in is involved in Lake where they meet six teens who have rented a cabin for an accident, crashing into a tree near Crystal Lake. While the weekend. They spend the day skinny dipping with their the coach goes to seek aid, Teddy is left alone with the van new friends and at a party that night, Terri decides to leave when his companions go off to explore the area. As Teddy the more promiscuous Tina and return . She is tries to change a flat tire on the van, the vehicle starts itself impaled through the back by Jason and killed before she can and proceeds to ram itself into a tree, the inside of which, gather her bike and leave. After Tina and Jimmy have sex, Teddy finds the hockey mask of Jason Voorhees. Putting on Jimmy goes downstairs and is murdered. While waiting for Jason’s mask, Teddy is possessed by it and proceeds to track him to return, Tina notices Terri’s bicycle out in the rain down and begin murdering several of the football players before Jason suddenly bursts through the window and hurls and cheerleaders, eventually finding and knocking out both her from the second floor. She falls onto the teens’ parked Russ Johnson and Summer Stone. Taking the unconscious car below and hits it with enough force to blow out all the Summer to an altar in a cave in nearby Crystal Hill, Teddy windows in the vehicle and falls into . Her body prepares to cut her heart out with an X-Acto knife, before is later discovered by Trish. being attacked by an awakened Russ, who had followed him to the cave. Working together, Summer and Russ manage to kill Teddy, lighting him on fire and tearing Jason’s mask, Tillamook and his face, off.[64] The Tillamook are an extinct group of Native American flatheads once indigenous to Crystal Lake who appear in Ted the Friday the 13th comic books by Wildstorm. The first mentioning of the Tillamook is in the sixth and final issue Ted is a character in Friday the 13th Part II who is good of Wildstorm’s Friday the 13th comic series, where they friends with counsellors in training Jeff and Sandra, showing are the subject of an extended flashback sequence. The it after playing a prank on them in which he has their car flashback reveals that in the 19th century the Tillamook towed a couple of blocks. He is also the second-in-charge of were in the midst of being wiped out by a group of fur the team; a practical joker, he aids Paul in telling a story of traders. The fur traders, knowing that the shaman of the Jason Voorhees by scaring the other counsellors wielding a Tillamook was responsible for giving his people the hope spear and a mask. His spear is later used by Jason ironically they needed to fight back, invade the ’s main village to to kill Jeff and Sandra. When he leaves with Ginny, Paul abduct him, killing anyone in their way. Before they can and most of the others from the cabin, he drinks heavily escape with the shaman, the fur traders are surrounded by but promises to have someone else drive back to the camp. Tillamook warriors. Trapped, the fur traders attempt to He luckily is spared by Jason’s attack at Crystal Lake. force the shaman to call his warriors off, but the shaman refuses, telling his warriors to attack. Before the warriors Ted “Teddy Bear” close in on him and his allies, the fur trader’s leader slits the shaman’s throat. The shaman, in his death throes, manages Ted is a character in The Final Chapter played by Lawrence to crawl to the shore of Crystal Lake while his warriors and Monoson. Ted is a know-it-all who is always on his best the fur traders wipe each other out, and proceeds to bleed friend Jimmy “” for his sexual failures and inserting out into the lake’s water, his “seemingly neverending flow the information into an imaginary “computer” concludes of blood adding another quarter mile to the circumference that Jimbo is a “dead fuck”. He is easily turned on by girls of Crystal Lake.” and fawns after Tina and Terri as soon as they meet. He is For years afterwards, the spirits of the Tillamook, bound also not bashful about skinny dipping and also uses a teddy to Crystal Lake and the surrounding woods, begin to search 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 89

for “a vessel” to use to spread their hatred, killing many who her father with her powers, but instead succeeds in releas- enter Crystal Lake in their search, those they kill becom- ing Jason from his watery prison. As Jason wanders the ing trapped in the lake and woods as well. Eventually, the forest killing anybody in his way, Tina experiences psychic Tillamook find a worthy vessel in the form Jason Voorhees, visions of the people he kills. When Jason murders Tina’s who they imbue with superhuman abilities so that he may mother (Susan Blu), her doctor, and friends, she is forced to destroy anyone who enters the wilderness surrounding Crys- use her powers to defend herself and fellow survivor Nick tal Lake.[8] (Kevin Blair). Tina eventually summons a manifestation of [70] In Friday the 13th: Bad Land, a two-issue comic minis- her father to drag Jason back underwater. eries released by Wildstorm with two stories in it, one taking Tina is mentioned in the novel Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill- place two-hundred and fifty years in the past and the other Repeat, which is set shortly after the events of Friday the in the present, a Tillamook family consisting of a mother, 13th Part VII: The New Blood; the book states that, due to father and infant son appear in the story set in the past. Dur- the outlandish nature of her story and the lack of evidence ing a blizzard, the husband leaves to fish, leaving his wife supporting it, Tina and Nick were arrested by the authori- and son at home in their hut. While in the midst of feeding ties, who suspected they were the ones who murdered the her child, the woman is found by a trio of fur trappers, who people they claimed Jason had. The epilogue of the book break into her house seeking shelter from the blizzard. At mentions that due to the revelation that Jason actually does first content to simply wait out the blizzard, two of the fur exist, Tina and Nick were both released from custody.[33] trappers grow restless and, despite their companion’s pleas In the Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare War- not to, the woman; afterwards, one of the rapists kills riors comic miniseries, Tina appears under the care of doc- the woman and her child when he believes her to be reaching tors Maggie Burroughs and Neil Gordon, one of the first for a concealed weapon, in actuality, a rattle for her child. recruited to their group of those who have survived Jason Directly after doing this, the fur trappers are found by the Voorhees and Freddy Krueger.[21] woman’s husband who, seeing his wife and son dead, tries A New Blood was initially conceived as Freddy vs. Jason; to attack them, only to be shot in the face. Injured, the man when studios failed to agree over rights to the respective flees from his home and the fur trappers, who believe he franchises, the concept became Jason vs. Carrie instead, will die. The man, seeking vengeance, attacks one of the with Tina created to fill in for Stephen King's telekinetic fur trappers when he runs from the hut and into the nearby character Carrie White.[71] Screenwriter Daryl Haney be- woods, panicking and rambling about how this is “a bad lieved giving the character telekinetic abilities would add a place”. Impaling the fur trapper on a large tree branch and new twist to the commonly seen final girl in the films.[72] leaving him to die, the man returns to his hut and kills an- Director John Carl Buechler sees similarities between Tina other fur trapper, the man whose idea it was to rape his wife, and Alice Johnson, the protagonist of A Nightmare on Elm with a tomahawk before seeking out the remaining fur trap- Street 4: The Dream Master. He says, “Both films are about per, who is in search of his runaway associate. Getting into heroines who take on special powers which they use to fight a fight with the fur trapper, the man manages to knock him the monster. In The New Blood, Tina’s able to fully har- to ground and, picking up a large rock, crushes his head ness her telekinetic powers by the end of the film and she with it, right after the fur trapper gives a whispered apol- uses the powers to defeat Jason which is what happened, ogy for everything his two companions have done. With more or less, in The Dream Master.” Buechler was disap- the fur trappers dead, the Tillamook, procuring his wife and pointed that the film did not explore Tina’s powers more, “I son’s bodies, proceeds to throw them in Crystal Lake before [40] wanted to really get into the clairvoyant stuff and have Tina drowning himself. experience all of these surreal nightmares because I'd really done a lot of homework about the paranormal and the way that clairvoyants use their powers. The producers did not Tina Shepard like the idea.” One of Beuchler’s plans involved Tina seeing her mother holding Pamela Voorhees’ head, which would Tina Shepard is a character in Friday the 13th Part have cried, “Help me, help me.” The idea was vetoed by VII: The New Blood, played as an adult by Lar Park Barbara Sachs for being too “out there”. Composer Fred Lincoln and as a child by Jennifer Banko. Possessing Mollin came up with theme music for Tina “because she telekinetic/psychokinetic powers, Tina accidentally killed was a psychic and I felt like she'd project a certain aura since her abusive father as a child when she destroyed the pier there had never been character like her before in a Friday he was standing on, causing him to drown in Crystal Lake. the 13th film.[71] When developing the comic miniseries, As a teenager, Tina is being treated by psychiatrist Dr. The Nightmare Warriors, the creators felt that Neil Gordon Crews (Terry Kiser), who secretly plans to exploit her psy- from A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors would chic powers for his own personal gain. Returning to Crys- be a natural replacement for Dr. Crews as Tina’s doctor.[73] tal Lake to deal with the trauma, Tina attempts to resurrect 90 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

Actress Lar Park Lincoln was intrigued by the role of Tina the film has a hockey-masked Tommy preparing to stab the and her telekinetic powers, saying, “It was a complex story halfway house’s assistant director, Pam. Original Tommy and it would allow me to play something other than a drug actor Corey Feldman resumes the role for a cameo appear- addict or a prostitute. So I said sure.” Lincoln was already ance in a dream sequence at the beginning of the film.[65] a Friday the 13th fan, and was proud to have seen every In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, a more stable one of the films. She claimed, “I don't think anybody re- Tommy (Thom Mathews) decides to confront his demons ally set out to change the world with these movies. Nobody by cremating Jason’s body. Digging up Jason’s body, will ever be accused of trying to make a social statement or Tommy’s memories of his encounter with Jason rise to great art. What these films are is entertainment.” Serious the surface, and he ends up repeatedly impaling Jason’s about doing the movie justice, Lincoln took it upon herself corpse with a piece of cemetery fence. Unfortunately, this to study with real life psychics.[74] She explains, “I knew attracts a bolt of lightning, which both resurrects Jason how important Tina’s telekinetic powers were to the char- and grants him numerous superhuman abilities. Trying to acter so I went out and met with real psychics and learned make amends for his mistake, Tommy warns Sheriff Garris about psychic visions and the way that psychics can relate that Jason has returned to Crystal Lake (renamed “Forest their visions because it’s one thing to have a vision and an- Green”), but the sheriff assumes he has had another psy- other to be able to explain it.” Lincoln admits she does not chotic break and ignores him; the pile of bodies Jason racks know how genuine the psychics she met were, but claims it up only convinces the sheriff that the killer is in fact Tommy. was an interesting experience. Another area of Tina’s char- Tommy eventually teams up with Garris’ daughter Megan, acterization the actress took interest in was her guilt over a counselor at Camp Forest Green, to defeat Jason him- her father’s death; “It gets worse by the end of the story self. Researching occult books, he decides to return Jason because so many people die, including her mother, and it’s [71] to the lake where he originally drowned as a child. Tommy really her fault because she brought Jason back.” succeeds in chaining Jason to the bottom of the lake, but almost drowns in the process. After regaining conscious- ness thanks to Megan swimming him ashore and perform- Tommy Jarvis ing CPR on him, Tommy grimly notes that it is finally over, and Jason is at last home.[62] Tommy Jarvis is one of the series’ most frequently re- The novelization of Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives curring characters, and is Jason’s . He appeared reveals that what happened between Tommy and Pam at in three films played by three different actors. Tommy the end of Friday the 13th: A New Beginning; the book (Corey Feldman) made his first appearance in Friday the explains that Pam had managed to return Tommy to his 13th: The Final Chapter as a young boy with an affinity senses and, when Tommy was put back in a mental institu- for making his own masks and make-up effects. When tion, she helped him recover.[44] The novel Friday the 13th: Jason Voorhees brings his to the Jarvis cabin, Carnival of Maniacs references Tommy, revealing he has Tommy is forced to fight for his life along with his sister written at least six books about Jason and Crystal Lake, Trish. In an attempt to trick Jason, who is attacking Trish, with the title of one them being mentioned as My Life of Tommy shaves his head to make himself appear as Jason Hell: One Man’s Fight Against Jason Voorhees, which is de- was when he himself was young. Distracted by Tommy’s scribed as a “whiny piece of garbage” by a character.[1] In appearance, Jason is attacked by him with a machete and the mockumentary called “The Crystal Lake Massacres Re- knocked to the floor, apparently dead. While embracing visited” (included on the 2009 DVD extra) it is mentioned Trish, Tommy notices Jason beginning to stir and proceeds that Tommy was thought to be the killer in “Friday the 13th to go into a maniacal state, brutally attacking Jason with Part VI: Jason Lives” by the local town folk. It also talks his machete while screaming “Die! Die! Die!", ignoring about Tommy’s stay at the state mental hospital, and how Trish’s desperate protests for him to stop. The film ends due to overcrowding was sent to Pinehurst. Tommy faces with Tommy visiting Trish at a hospital an unspecified time Jason again in the comic miniseries Freddy vs. Jason vs. after killing Jason and being hugged by her, while staring Ash: Nightmare Warriors. When Jason attacks Dr. Mag- emotionlessly and blank-faced at the camera.[75] Tommy gie Borrough’s group for those who have survived Jason (John Shepherd) returns in Friday the 13th: A New Begin- Voorhees and Freddy Krueger, Tommy intervenes and re- ning as a teenager/adult, now living in a halfway house, hav- veals his intent to finish Jason off, ultimately decapitating ing spent the last five years in a mental institution. When him with the help of Jason’s great-niece, Stephanie. After Roy Burns begins committing murders in the style of Ja- both Freddy and Jason are defeated, Tommy is appointed son Voorhees, Tommy’s sanity begins to slip away again leader of the Nightmare Warriors by Ash Williams.[21] and he starts suffering hallucinations and nightmares of Ja- son. Tommy is later forced to kill Burns in self-defense, It was Joseph Zito’s original intention to have Tommy be- and this seems to push him over the edge; the final scene of come the antagonist and “new Jason” in any subsequent Fri- 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 91 day the 13th films created after the fourth.[76] The ending off with a machete while Tommy distracts him. She is last of Friday the 13th: A New Beginning leads up to this, al- seen being visited in the hospital by Tommy after he kills though due to the negative reaction to that film, the idea Jason.[75] was dropped.[77] The producers of the 2009 Friday the [78] Trish can be seen briefly in Friday the 13th: A New Begin- 13th reboot considered using the Tommy character, but ning along with her mother in a photo belonging to Tommy. decided not to because they wanted to create their own [79] In the mockumentary called “The Crystal Lake Massacres mythology. Revisited”, (included in the extras of the 2009 DVDs) it is Mezco Toyz has released a statuette of both Tommy and mentioned that Trish was the one who had Tommy insti- Jason, depicting the scene of the two grappling with each tutionalized after he was having difficulty adjusting to life other underwater from Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason after Jason killed their mother. Trish did not want to have Lives.[80] Tommy committed, but in the end agreed it might help him. She also visited Tommy during his six-year stay, but the vis- its were lessened due to lack of . Trey Leblanc

Trey Leblanc is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: Trent Sutton Hell Lake. A student at Forest Green University, Trey and his friends, after several murders are committed by Jason Trent Sutton is a character in the 2009 Friday the 13th Voorhees and a group of criminals who have escaped from reboot, played by Travis Van Winkle. Hell, are placed under suspicion by the authorities, who be- lieve they committed the murders. After several more peo- ple are killed despite the security at Forest Green University 3.1.20 V being tightened and a curfew being in place, Trey leads an il- legal walkout of students. After Trey and his fellow students Vera Sanchez encounter Jason and a group of criminals they are arrested by the authorities and placed in the Cunningham County Vera Sanchez is a character in Friday the 13th Part III. Vera Prison. When Jason and the criminals attack the prison, was invited by Andy to be his friend Shelly’s blind date for a Trey and several others manage to flee. Along with his girl- weekend stay at Higgins Haven, and was put off by Shelly’s friend Shawna Black, Trey finds their friend Gretchen (who odd appearance and even odder behavior (such as using his appears to be channeling the spirit of Pamela Voorhees) special effects expertise to make himself appear dead) Vera and together, the trio joins a group refugees who have been began to warm up to him after an encounter with members driven from their home by the invading criminals from Hell. of a biker gang, led by Ali. Vera had told Shelly the reason While Trey is with the refugees, their camp is attacked by she was not attracted to him was because of his behavior Jason, who kills several refugees and Shawna. Escaping Ja- and as he leaves she gets up and drops his wallet in Crystal son by hijacking an RV, Trey and Gretchen travel to Crys- Lake and retrieves it, but is killed by Jason when he shoots tal Lake. Using Gretchen’s connection with Jason, Trey has an arrow at her which lands in her eye. her summon him and, after Jason teleports to the lake and enters it, Trey kills him and himself by jumping into the Vera’s death had to be re-shot as the original take was too water while holding several cables attached to the RV.[81] realistic for test audiences.

Trish Jarvis Vinnie

Patricia “Trish” Jarvis[82] is a character in Friday the Vinnie is a character in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning 13th: The Final Chapter, played by Kimberly Beck. A lo- played by Anthony Barrile who is stranded with his friend cal of the Crystal Lake area, she lives with her mother and Pete after their car breaks down in the middle of the woods. younger brother, Tommy. Trish and Tommy meet a man Knowledgeable of cars, Vinnie is elected by Pete to fix the named Rob Dier in the woods, who claims to be hunting car while Pete goes off to use the bathroom. While Pete’s bears but is actually searching for Jason Voorhees, the man gone, someone lights a road flare, startling Vinnie who mis- who killed his sister, Sandra (a character in Friday the 13th takes it for Pete. As he approaches, the killer shoves the Part II). Trish and Rob discover that Jason has murdered road flare in Vinnie’s mouth, killing him. Pete sees Vin- a group of teenagers vacationing next to the Jarvis house. nie propped up against the car and assumes he is still alive, When Rob and her mother are killed, Trish is forced to threatening that he’s a “dead man” if he hasn't gotten the car protect herself and her brother from Jason, fighting him started yet. 92 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

Violet Defalco Violet to the Trent Organization’s headquarters, planning to use her as bait to lure Jason to the facility, realizing he will be searching for her. Feigning needing to go the wash- Violet Defalco is a character in the three-issue comic room, Violet manages to escape her guard, seducing and miniseries Friday the 13th: Bloodbath. A teenage girl with a disarming him. Shortly afterwards, Violet, after encoun- punk style appearance, Violet was orphaned at a young age tering Jason on the base, barricades herself and the Trent and raised by a variety of foster parents, some of them crim- Organization’s board of directors in an office, while Jason inals. Hired along with several other teens by a man named begins killing security guards while trying to reach them. Kevin Carny to renovate the Camp Crystal Lake adjacent After disposing of the guards, Jason breaks into the office Camp Tomorrow, Violet soon develops a relationship with and, killing the board members, goes after Violet. As Jason fellow co-worker Rich. While working at Camp Tomor- advances on her, Violet jumps out a nearby window, only row, Violet notices that she and several of her co-workers to be grabbed by Jason, who drags her back into the office all have similar backgrounds, as they are all orphans. When and kills her off panel.[84] several of the others working at the camp go missing, Vi- olet and Rich go looking for them, finding that they have been killed by Jason Voorhees. Chased by Jason back to Violet “Vi” Camp Tomorrow, Violet and Rich warn the others about Jason, and are attacked by Kevin with a shotgun while try- In the film Friday the 13th: A New Beginning Violet was ing to flee the camp, after finding the only vehicle has been portrayed as a punk/goth girl who was independent and oc- sabotaged. As two of their co-workers are chased into the casionally absent minded, by accidentally setting plates for woods by Kevin, Violet and Rich are captured by a group people no longer at the Pinehurst halfway house and often of soldiers working for Kevin, who is revealed to be actu- listened to loud music. She spurns Jake who wants to talk to ally named McClintock. Violet and Rich are subsequently her about his attraction to Robyn and is unbeknownst killed taken to McClintock, whose soldiers have captured Jason immediately after she dismisses him. Later Roy, a killer with liquid nitrogen and who explains that they and the other under the guise of Jason sneaks up to her as she is dancing camp workers were all a part of his plan to capture Jason; to His Eyes by Pseudo Echo (who created the song for the they would be the bait used to lure him out into the open, film) when she is grabbed by the neck and lifted up into the as they lacked families and no one would miss them if they air before being stabbed in the stomach. Her body is later disappeared. After McClintock is distracted when his heli- discovered by Reggie who goes searching for Tommy at the copter has trouble picking up Jason, Violet and Rich attack house. him and, grabbing a nearby machine gun, Violet opens fire on the transport helicopter, causing it to crash. 3.1.21 W Fleeing the scene as an unfrozen Jason begins killing sol- diers, Violet and Rich hijack one of the soldiers’ tank trucks Walter Hobb (which, unbeknownst to them, Jason is clinging to the roof of) and interrogate the man driving it, throwing him out Walter Hobb is a character in the novel Friday the 13th: after learning that McClintock works for a group called the Church of the Divine Psychopath. An operative for a gov- Trent Organization. While driving away from Crystal Lake, ernment black ops group simply referred to as The Agency, Violet hits a land mine planted by the soldiers, which causes Walter, after two of his fellow operatives are killed in a raid the truck to crash. Surviving the crash, both Violet and Rich at a meth lab (in which Walter receives an injury to his eye flee from Jason and open fire on him, missing and hitting after being struck with a nail-studded baseball bat) is de- the tank of the crashed truck, rupturing it and causing it to moted by his superiors. Despite being pressured by his wife release liquid nitrogen, which freezes Jason and several sol- Lauren to quit working for The Agency, Walter keeps his diers. With Jason stopped, Violet and Rich make their way job, eventually being assigned to work with a group other to the main road, where McClintock finds and attempts to operatives who are being sent out to find and destroy Ja- shoot them. Wrestling McClintock’s gun from him, Violet son Voorhees, in a mission Walter views as little more than shoots him in the head before she and Rich steal his car and [83] a snipe hunt. While at Camp Crystal Lake, Walter and drive away. his companions find themselves fighting not only Jason, but Violet makes a return appearance in the one-shot comic a cult calling itself The Ministry of the Heavenly Vessel, Friday the 13th: Fearbook, which takes place directly af- which has dedicated itself to worshipping and protecting ter the events of Friday the 13th: Bloodbath. While driving Jason. Eventually, Walter and a woman named Kelly Mills away from Crystal Lake in McClintock’s car, Violet and are the only survivors at Camp Crystal Lake, Walter’s fellow Rich are ambushed by a group of soldiers, who cause Vio- operatives and the cultists having died either at the hands of let to crash. After pronouncing Rich dead, the soldiers take each other or Jason. Wanting to destroy Jason once and for 3.1. LIST OF ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' CHARACTERS 93

all, Walter, arming himself with a pair of Milkor grenade Whitney Miller launchers, battles Jason in the main cabin of the camp. Suc- cessfully blowing Jason apart with grenades, Walter collects Whitney Miller is the female protagonist in Friday the 13th what is left of him before leaving the camp with Kelly in a (2009), played by Amanda Righetti. Her mother is dying of semi-functional LAV.[50] cancer and Whitney looks after her full-time. She is con- vinced by her boyfriend Mike to take a vacation to Crystal Lake, but while there, they are attacked by Jason Voorhees. Jason kills Mike and the rest of the group, but leaves Whit- Wayne Ricardo Sanchez ney unharmed and takes her prisoner because she reminds him of his mother. Six weeks later, Whitney’s brother Clay explores Crystal Lake looking for his sister, concerned by Wayne Ricardo Sanchez is a character in the novel Friday her failure to attend their mother’s funeral. He eventually the 13th: Hell Lake, loosely based on real-life serial killer finds and rescues her from Jason’s underground tunnels. Richard Ramirez.A Satanist serial killer and rapist (dubbed Whitney later uses her resemblance to Mrs. Voorhees to “The Daytona Beach Devil Boy” by the media) Wayne, af- her advantage by distracting Jason long enough to stab him ter being caught by a mob of vigilantes and the authorities, with his own machete. She and Clay then dump Jason’s is executed via lethal injection. Sent to Hell after his death, body in the lake, but he rises and grabs Whitney, leaving Wayne is at first disappointed to find that Satan appears not her fate unknown.[29] to exist, but is overjoyed to discover Jason Voorhees, one of his personal heroes, is in Hell. Befriending Jason and estab- lishing a mental bond with him, Wayne has Jason breakout 3.1.22 See also of Hell, releasing him and innumerable other denizens of Hell. Finding himself in Crystal Lake after exiting Hell, • List of characters in the Nightmare on Elm Street se- Wayne, after bidding goodbye to Jason, begins to travel to ries Florida, committing various robberies, rapes and murders along the way. Upon reaching Florida, Wayne and a boy named Paul Christos, who Wayne had decided to take on 3.1.23 References as an apprentice, are attacked in a motel room by another escapee from Hell. Fighting the man, Wayne disembowels [1] Hand, Stephen (2006-06-06). Friday the 13th: Carnival of him with a stiletto knife before betraying Paul and doing Maniacs. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-380-6. the same to him. After going on a killing spree, Wayne, while walking down the street, is attacked by a mob of vig- [2] Sean S. Cunningham (Director) (1980). Friday the 13th ilantes, led by the same man who had led the mob that had (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. captured him years earlier. Beaten by the group, Wayne is [81] [3] Steve Miner (Director) (1981). Friday the 13th Part II killed when the mob leader curb stomps him. (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures.

[4] Hawk, Simon (1987). Friday the 13th. New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-15089-9.

Wayne Webber [5] Hawk, Simon (1988). Friday the 13th Part II. Signet. ISBN 0-451-15337-5. A young man on a cruise ship bound for New York City with his graduating class in Jason Takes Manhattan who is appar- [6] Hand, Stephen (2003). Freddy vs. Jason. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. ently best friends with fellow student J.J. he has large glasses and shoulder-length hair. He rejects helping J.J. with her [7] Faust, Christa (2006-01-31). Friday the 13th: The Jason guitar audio test in the bowels of the ship in an attempt to Strain. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-320-2. impress his crush Tamara. He helps her bribe Principal Mc- Culluch so she can secure a high grade by videotaping him [8] Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti (w), Adam Archer (p), Pe- with her in a compromising position. He later discovers ter Guzman (i). Friday the 13th 1-6 (2006-2007), Wildstorm J.J.'s body and accidentally kills another student when he [9] (w), Shawn Moll (p). Friday the 13th: loses his glasses and fires a shotgun at someone he cannot Pamela’s Tale 1-2 (2007), Wildstorm see. He uses his video camera to accommodate for his poor eyesight and encounters Jason who hurls him into an elec- [10] Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the 13th: The trical box, killing him. His body later catches fire and sets Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: FAB Press. p. 36. the events in motion that cause the ship’s sinking. ISBN 1-903254-31-0. 94 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

[11] Sean Cunningham, Victor Miller, Adrienne King and Betsy [32] Johnson, Alex (2005-11-29). Jason X: Death Moon. Black Palmer (1980). “Return to Crystal Lake: Making of Friday Flame. ISBN 1-84416-273-7. the 13th” Friday the 13th DVD (Special Features) (DVD (Re- gion 2)). United States: WB. [33] Arnopp, Jason (2005-10-25). Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill- Repeat. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-271-0. [12] Grove, David, pg.71-73 [34] “Victor Miller Interview by Royce Freeman”. Pit of Horror. [13] “Part 2 Jason and Mrs. Voorhees Figures from NECA”. Fri- Retrieved 2009-08-02. day the 13th: The Website. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [35] “OCD: Crazy Ralph”. IGN. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [14] “Cinema of Fear Screen Grabs”. Mezco Toyz. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [36] Adam Marcus (Director) (1993). Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. [15] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #1”. Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. [37] “Friday the 13th Part 9: Jason Goes to Hell”. Livejournal. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [16] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #2”. Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. [38] “Adam Marcus Interviewed by Royce Freeman”. Pit of Hor- [17] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #3”. ror. Retrieved 2009-08-02. Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. [39] Jason Archer (w), Adam Archer (p), Peter Guzman (i). Fri- [18] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #4”. day the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation 1-2 (2007), Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. Wildstorm

[19] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #5”. [40] Ron Marz (w), Mike Huddleston (p). Friday the 13th: Bad Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. Land 1-2 (2008), Wildstorm

[20] “Director’s Commentary: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #6”. [41] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2005-04-25). Jason X: To The Third Newsarama. Retrieved 2009-08-14. Power. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-281-8.

[21] Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric (w), Jason Craig (p). Freddy vs. [42] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X: The Experiment. Black Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors 1-6 (2009), Wild- Flame. ISBN 1-84416-169-2. storm and Dynamite Entertainment [43] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2005-06-07). Jason X: Planet of the [22] Morse, Eric (1994-06-01). Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse. Beast. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-183-8. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14339-2. [44] Simon Hawke (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives. [23] “Friday the 13th Novelist William Pattison (aka Eric Morse) New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-14641-7. speaks with Fridaythe13thfilms”. Friday the 13th: The Website. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [45] “Dean Lorey Interviewed by Royce Freeman”. Pit of Hor- ror. Retrieved 2009-08-02. [24] Morse, Eric (1994-06-01). Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14292-2. [46] “Dean Lorey (“Coroner’s Assistant"; writer; Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday)". Friday the 13th: The Website. [25] Steve Miner (Director) (1982). Friday the 13th Part III Retrieved 2009-08-02. (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. [47] Nancy A. Collins (w), Steve Montano (p). Jason vs. Leather- [26] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United face 1-3 (1995), Topps Comics Kingdom: Titan Books. p. 92. ISBN 1-84576-343-2.

[27] Avallone, Michael (August 1982). Friday the 13th Part 3 [48] “Ron Marz on Friday the 13th: Bad Land”. Newsarama. 3-D. Tower & Leisure Sales Co. ISBN 0-352-31249-1. Retrieved 2009-08-14.

[28] Fangoria #62 [49] Ronny Yu (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. [29] Marcus Nispel (Director) (2009). Friday the 13th. United States: Warner Bros. [50] Phillips, Scott (2005-08-05). Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-181-1. [30] “Shock Video: Friday the 13th Cast Interviews!". Shock Till You Drop. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-24. [51] Chris Carle (2002-09-27). “Jason X (review)". IGN. Re- trieved 2007-07-12. [31] Rob Hedden (Director) (1989). Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (DVD). United States: Paramount [52] Robert Berry. “100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances”. Pictures. RetroCrush.com. Retrieved 2007-07-12. 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 95

[53] Gary Kemble (2006-01-13). “Movie Minutiae: the Friday [74] Shapiro, Mark. “The Women of Crystal Lake Part II”. the 13th series (1980-?)". ABC. Retrieved 2007-05-21. Fangoria #84. Retrieved 2009-10-04.

[54] Brian Pulido (w), Sebastian Fiumara (p). Jason X Special 1 [75] Joseph Zito (Director) (1984). Friday the 13th: The Final (2005), Avatar Press Chapter (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures.

[55] Brian Pulido (w), Mike Wolfer (p). Friday the 13th Special [76] “Joseph Zito Interviewed by Royce Freeman”. Pit of Horror. 1 (2005), Avatar Press Retrieved 2009-08-14.

[56] “Nancy Kilpatrick (author; Jason X: Planet of the Beast, Ja- [77] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The son X: To the Third Power)". Friday the 13th: The Website. Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. pp. 146– Retrieved 2009-08-14. 148. ISBN 1-84576-343-2.

[57] Hand, Stephen (July 29, 2003). Freddy vs. Jason. Black [78] Devin Faraci (2007-01-08). “Exclusive: Paging Tommy Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. Jarvis?". CHUD. Retrieved 2007-10-21.

[58] , David (2005-04-26). A Nightmare on Elm Street: [79] Ryan Stewart (November 28, 2008). “Friday the 13th: The Suffer the Children. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-172-2. Producers”. SuicideGirls.com. Retrieved 2008-12-01.

[59] Grove, David, pg.226 [80] “Cinema of Fear Screen Grabs Series 2”. Mezco Toyz. Re- trieved 2009-08-14. [60] (w), Andy B. (p). Friday the 13th: Abuser and the Abused 1 (2008), Wildstorm [81] Woods, Paul (2005-08-09). Friday the 13th: Hell Lake. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-182-X. [61] Morse, Eric (1994-07-01). Friday the 13th: The Carnival. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-15825-X. [82] Daniel Farrands (2009). The Crystal Lake Massacres Revis- ited Part I (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. [62] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. [83] Brian Pulido (w), Mike Wolfer (p). Friday the 13th: Blood- bath 1-3 (2005-2006), Avatar Press [63] Mike Wolfer (w), Mike Wolfer (p). Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X 1-2 (2005-2006), Avatar Press [84] Mike Wolfer (w), Sebastian Fiumara (p). Friday the 13th Fearbook 1 (2006), Avatar Press [64] Morse, Eric (1994-08-01). Friday the 13th: Road Trip. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14383-X.

[65] Danny Steinmann (Director) (1985). Friday the 13th: A New 3.2 Jason Voorhees Beginning (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the [66] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X. Black Flame. ISBN 13th series. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980) 1-84416-168-4. as the young son of camp cook-turned-murderer, Mrs. [67] James Isaac (Director) (2002). Jason X (DVD). United Voorhees, in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Cre- States: New Line Cinema. ated by Victor Miller, with contributions by Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham, and Tom Savini, Jason was not orig- [68] Grove, David, pg.200 inally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist. [69] Arnopp, Jason (2005-10-22). “Family Values”. The character has subsequently been represented in various Slasherama.com. Retrieved 2009-08-21. other media, including novels, video games, comic books, and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film char- [70] John Carl Buechler (Director) (1988). Friday the 13th Part acter, Freddy Krueger. VII: The New Blood (DVD). United States: Paramount Pic- tures. The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films, whether by stalking and killing the other characters, or act- [71] Grove, David, pg.151-160 ing as a psychological threat to the protagonist, as is the case in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning. Since Lehman’s [72] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories: The portrayal, the character has been represented by numerous Complete History of Friday the 13th. Titan Books. p. 173. actors and stuntmen, sometimes by more than one at a time; ISBN 1-84576-343-2. this has caused some controversy as to who should receive [73] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash 2 interview with Kuhoric and credit for the portrayal. Kane Hodder is the best known of Katz”. ComicMonsters.com. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009- the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees, having played the 09-16. character in four consecutive films.[3][4] 96 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

The character’s physical appearance has gone through many (Richard Brooker) escapes to a nearby lake resort, Higgins transformations, with various special makeup effects artists Haven, to rest from his wounds. At the same time, Chris making their mark on the character’s design, including Higgins (Dana Kimmell) returns to the property with some makeup artist Stan Winston. Tom Savini’s initial design friends. An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who has been the basis for many of the later incarnations. The wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday mask from a victim to hide his face, he leaves the barn to the 13th Part III. Since Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason kill the rest of the group. Chris fends off Jason by slam- Lives, filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength, ming an axe into his head, but the night’s events drive her regenerative powers, and near invulnerability. He has been into hysteria as the police take her away.[9] seen as a sympathetic character, whose motivation for Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues the killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral ac- story, with a presumed-dead Jason (Ted White) found by tions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned the police and taken to the morgue. Jason awakens at the as a child.[5] Jason Voorhees has been featured in various morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse, and makes his humor magazines, referenced in feature films, parodied in way back to Crystal Lake. A group of teens renting a house television shows, and was the inspiration for a horror punk there fall victim to Jason’s rampage. Jason then seeks out band. Several toy lines have been released based on various Trish (Kimberly Beck) and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman) versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films. Ja- next door. While Trish distracts Jason, Tommy evidently son Voorhees’s hockey mask is a widely recognized image [10] [6] kills him with his own machete. Friday the 13th: A New in popular culture. Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Fi- 3.2.1 Appearances nal Chapter, and has grown up constantly afraid that Ja- son (Tom Morga) will return. Jason’s body was suppos- Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main edly cremated after Tommy killed him. Roy Burns (Dick character Alice (Adrienne King) in the original Friday the Wieand) uses Jason’s persona to become a copycat killer 13th film; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved. Ja- its sequels. As well as the films, there have been books and son appears in the film only through Tommy’s dreams and [11] comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason, or hallucinations. In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives been based on a minor aspect of him. (1986), Tommy (Thom Mathews), who has run away from a mental institution, visits Jason’s grave and learns that Ja- son’s body was never actually cremated, but buried in a Films cemetery near Crystal Lake. While attempting to destroy his body, Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Gra- Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original ham) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning Friday the 13th on May 9, 1980. In this film, 10-year-old rod. Now possessing superhuman abilities, Jason returns to Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother, Mrs. Crystal Lake, now renamed Forest Green, and begins his Voorhees (Betsy Palmer), and as a hallucination of the killing spree anew. Tommy eventually lures Jason back to film’s protagonist, Alice. Though the character makes no the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a contemporary appearance onscreen, he propels the film’s boulder on the lake floor, leaving him for dead.[12] plot—Mrs. Voorhees, the cook at Camp Crystal Lake, Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an seeks revenge for his death, which she blames on the camp undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane counselors.[7] Jason’s second appearance was in the sequel, Hodder) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981). Revealed to be alive, an adult Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who was attempting to resur- Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother rect her father. Jason begins killing those who occupy Crys- in the original film. Jason (Warrington Gillette), returns tal Lake, and after a battle with Tina, is dragged back to to Crystal Lake, living there as a hermit and guarding it the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina’s father.[13] from all intruders. Five years later a group of teenagers Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) arrive to set up a new camp, only to be murdered one by sees Jason return from the grave, brought back to life via one by Jason, who wears a pillow case over his head to an underwater electrical cable. He follows a group of stu- hide his face. Ginny (Amy Steel), the lone survivor, finds dents on their senior class trip to Manhattan, boarding the a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the sev- Lazarus to wreak havoc. Upon reaching Manhattan, Jason ered head of Mrs. Voorhees, and surrounded by mutilated kills all the survivors but Rennie (Jensen Daggett) and Sean corpses. Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Ja- (Scott Reeves); he chases them into the sewers, where he son’s shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away is transformed into a child by toxic waste.[14] Jason Goes to in an ambulance.[8] In Friday the 13th Part III (1982), Jason 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 97

Hell: The Final Friday (1993) marked the second time Ja- she appears.[18] son was officially killed according to studio canon. Through an unexplained resurrection, he returns to Crystal Lake, where he is hunted by the FBI. The FBI sets up a sting Literature to kill Jason, which proves successful. Through mystical possession, however, Jason survives by passing his demon- Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization infested heart from one being to the next. Though Jason of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone.[19] Aval- does not physically appear throughout most of the film, it is lone chose to use an alternate ending, which was filmed for learned he has a half-sister and a niece, and that he needs Part 3 but never used, as the ending for his 1982 adapta- them to retrieve and reinhabit his body. After resurrecting tion. In the alternate film ending, Chris, who is in the ca- it, Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble (Kari Kee- noe, hears Rick’s voice and immediately rushes back to the gan) and dragged into Hell.[15] house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there Jason X (2002) marked Kane Hodder’s last performance as with a machete, and he decapitates her.[20] Jason next ap- Jason. The film starts off in 2010; Jason has returned af- pears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by ter an unexplained resurrection. Captured by the U.S. gov- Simon Hawke,[21] who also adapted the first three films ernment in 2008, Jason is being experimented upon in a in 1987 and 1988.[22][23][24] Jason Lives specifically intro- research facility, where it has been determined that he has duced Elias Voorhees, Jason’s father, a character that was regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio. In the only possible solution to stop him, since numerous attempts novel, instead of being cremated, Elias has Jason buried af- to execute him have proved unsuccessful. Jason escapes, ter his death.[25] killing all but one of his captors, and slices through the Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of cryo-chamber, spilling cryonics fluid into the room, freez- Jason Goes to Hell, written by Andy Mangels. The three- ing himself and the only other survivor, Rowan (Lexa Doig). issue series was a condensed version of the film, with a few A team of students 445 years later discover Jason’s body. added scenes that were never shot.[26] Jason made his first On the team’s spacecraft, Jason thaws from his cryonic sus- appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan’s Six pension and begins killing the crew. Along the way, he is No. 4, published in 1993, which is a continuation of the enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process, which events of Jason Goes to Hell.[27] In 1995, Nancy A. Collins gives him an impenetrable metal body. Finally, he is ejected wrote a three-issue, non-canonical miniseries involving a into space and falls to the planet Earth 2, burning in the crossover between Jason and Leatherface. The story in- atmosphere.[16] volves Jason stowing away aboard a train, after being re- Set before the events of Jason X, Freddy vs. Jason (2003) is leased from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm heavy toxic waste dumping. Jason meets Leatherface, who Street's villain Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), a super- adopts him into his family after the two become friends. natural killer who murders people in their dreams. Krueger Eventually they turn on each other.[28] In 1994 four young has grown weak, as people in his home town of Spring- adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th. wood have suppressed their fear of him. Freddy, who is im- They did not feature Jason explicitly, but revolve around personating Jason’s mother (Paula Shaw), resurrects Jason people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his (Ken Kirzinger) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to mask.[29][30][31][32] cause panic and fear. Jason accomplishes this, but refuses In 2003 and 2005, Black Flame published novelizations of to stop killing. A battle ensues in both the dream world and Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively.[33][34] In 2005 Crystal Lake. The identity of the winner is left ambiguous, they began publishing a new series of novels; one set was as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy’s severed published under the Jason X title, while the second set uti- head, which winks and laughs.[17] lized the Friday the 13th title. The Jason X series consisted In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot, young Jason (Caleb of four sequels to the novelization of the film. Jason X: Guss) witnesses his mother’s (Nana Visitor) beheading as a The Experiment was the first published. In this novel, Ja- child and follows in her footsteps, killing anyone who comes son is being used by the government, who are trying to to Crystal Lake. The adult Jason (Derek Mears) kidnaps use his indestructibility to create their own army of “su- Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), a girl who looks like his per soldiers”.[35] Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of mother, and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels. Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a Months later, Whitney’s brother Clay (Jared Padalecki) comatose Jason, and shows their efforts to stay alive when comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her. Eventually, Whit- Jason wakes from his coma.[36] Death Moon revolves around ney uses Jason’s devotion to his mother against him, stab- Jason crash-landing at Moon Camp Americana.[37] Jason is bing him with his own machete while he is distracted when discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened 98 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

in To The Third Power. Jason has a son in this book, con- highest bidder.[48] [38] ceived through a form of artificial insemination. In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began On May 13, 2005, Avatar Press began releasing new Friday publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the 13th comics. The first, titled Friday the 13th, was writ- the Friday the 13th moniker. The first set was a six-issue ten by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg miniseries involving Jason’s return to Camp Crystal Lake, Waller. The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in prepa- Jason, where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inher- ration for its reopening as a tourist attraction. The series ited Camp Crystal Lake. Knowing that Jason caused the depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crys- recent destruction, Laura, unknown to her brother, sets out tal Lake. Jason’s actions in this storyline are driven by the to kill Jason using a paramilitary group, so that she and her vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the brother can sell the property.[39] A three-issue miniseries lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century.[49][50] On titled Friday the 13th: Bloodbath was released in Septem- July 11 and August 15, 2007, Wildstorm published a two- ber 2005. Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike part special entitled Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale. The Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse, the story involves a group two-issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees’ journey to of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow, a camp that Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Ja- sits on Crystal Lake, for work and a “party-filled weekend”. son as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie, a camp counselor The teenagers discover they share common family back- who was killed in the original film.[51] Wildstorm released grounds, and soon awaken Jason, who hunts them.[40] Brian another two-part special, entitled Friday the 13th: How I Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Spent My Summer Vacation, that was released on Septem- Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film, ber 12 and October 10, 2007. The comic book provides Über-Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer, new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he Kristen, attempts to subdue Jason, in hopes that she can use befriends a boy born with a skull deformity.[52] Wildstorm his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of released a six-issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, those she loves.[41] In February 2006 Avatar published Fri- starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series. day the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X. Written and illustrated In this story, Freddy uses the Necronomicon, which is in the by Mike Wolfer, the story takes place after the events of Voorhees’ basement, to escape from Jason’s subconscious the film Jason X. A salvage team discovers the spaceship and “gain powers unlike anything he’s had before”. Freddy Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees. The attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book, stating it will “original” Jason and Über-Jason are drawn to each other, make him a real boy. Ash, who is working at the local S- resulting in a battle to the death.[42] In June 2006 a one- Mart in Crystal Lake, learns of the book’s existence and shot comic entitled Friday the 13th: Fearbook was released, sets out to destroy it.[53] Wildstorm released another two- written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara. The issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13, 2008, ti- comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by tled Friday the 13th: Bad Land, written and illustrated by the Trent Organization; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet, Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively. The minis- the survivor of Friday the 13th: Bloodbath, who is being eries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake.[54] [43] headquarters. A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, subtitled The Night- The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to mare Warriors, was released by Wildstorm in 2009. Jason the Jason X series, and did not continue the stories set forth escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt by the films, but furthered the character of Jason in its own for Ash, but is captured by the U.S. government. Freddy way. Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath has helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Dea- Jason resurrected by a religious cult.[44] Jason is stuck in dite army, using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated Hell, when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez injuries and decomposition; it removes his natural defor- persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the mities in the process. At the climax of the story, Jason bat- 13th: Hell Lake.[45] In Hate-Kill-Repeat, two religious serial tles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great-niece Stephanie killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake, believing that Kimble; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates the three of them share the same contempt for those that him with a shard of glass. Jason’s soul is then absorbed by break the moral code.[46] In The Jason Strain, Jason is on Freddy, who uses it to increase his own power.[55] an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show.[47] The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs. Pamela is in search of Jason, who is now part of 3.2.2 Concept and creation a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 99

include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason. The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors, some not credited, others taking great pride in their parts. Due to the physical demands the adult character requires, and the lack of emotional depth depicted, many of the actors since have been stuntmen. The most well-known among them is Kane Hodder, who is cited as the best to play the role.[3][4] Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th, including making the title part of a serialized franchise, where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker.[60] It was Phil Scuderi, one of the producers for Tom Savini applies make-up to Ari Lehman, creating his vision of the original film, which suggested bringing Jason back for Jason Voorhees. the sequel. The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series, as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake. Creating a monster Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the “real Jason” in her dream, and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up.[60] After killing Jason in The Initially created by Victor Miller, Jason’s final design was a Final Chapter, it was the director Joseph Zito’s intention combined effort by Miller, Ron Kurz, and Tom Savini.[56] to leave the door open for the studio to make more films The name “Jason” is a combination of “Josh” and “Ian”, with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist. Screenwriter Miller’s two sons, and “Voorhees” was inspired by a girl Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Ja- that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van son, but the idea was never fully developed in A New Be- Voorhees. Miller felt it was a “creepy-sounding name”, ginning.[61] Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann which was perfect for his character.[56] Miller initially wrote disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer, but decided Jason as a normal-looking child, but the crew behind the to use Tommy’s fear of Jason as the primary story.[61] This film decided he needed to be deformed. Victor Miller idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives, when A explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the New Beginning did not spark the “creative success” the stu- “Black Lagoon” in his script, and scripted Jason as a dio was looking for. Executive producer Frank Mancuso, mentally disabled young boy; it was Savini who made Ja- Jr. wanted to bring Jason back, and he did not care how son deformed.[57] Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller’s version it was achieved.[62] In yet another alteration of the series’ of Jason was that of a normal child, but claims that it was his continuity, Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that idea to turn Jason into a “mongoloid creature”, and have him Jason had survived his drowning, instead presenting him as “jump out of the lake at the end of the film”.[56] Miller later always having been some sort of supernatural force.[5] Since agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked A New Beginning, no sequel has attempted to replace Jason like "Betsy Palmer at eight years old”.[58] Miller wrote a as the main antagonist. Miller, who has not seen any of scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Ja- the sequels, took issue with all of them because they made son, and then she wakes up in a hospital bed. Miller’s in- Jason the villain. Miller believes the best part of his screen- tention was to get as close to Carrie's ending as possible.[57] play was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be death of her son. Miller stated, “Jason was dead from the psychologically disturbing to the audience, and since Alice very beginning; he was a victim, not a villain.”[63] is supposed to be dreaming, the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted.[57] When it came time to cast the role of Jason, Ari Lehman, Men behind the mask who had received a part in Sean Cunningham’s Manny’s Or- phans,[59] arrived to read for the character of Jack. Before "... So I go from lead role to no role. Needless to say, I was he could get started, Cunningham walked in and offered disappointed. But I said, 'What the hell?'" him a different part: Jason. Without having read a single [64] word, Cunningham just looked at Ari and said, “You're the —Steve Daskawisz, on losing screen credit right size, you've got it.”[57] In the original Friday the 13th, Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full-grown Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise man for Friday the 13th Part 2, and Warrington Gillette ending.[60] Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason was hired to play the role. Gillette auditioned for the role of 100 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

Paul; that role eventually went to John Furey. Under the be- on, and you're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World lief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman’s School, Series. It’s an incredible feeling.” [64] Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees. Initially —C. J. Graham, on his experience as Jason[72] Gillette was unsure about the character, but the idea of star- ring in his first film grew on Gillette,[65] and he also thought A nightclub manager in Glendale, C. J. Graham, was in- the role was amusing.[64] It became apparent Gillette could terviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives, but was not perform the necessary stunts, so the stunt coordina- initially passed over because he had no experience as a tor Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz.[66] Daskawisz stuntman.[72] Dan Bradley was hired, but Paramount execu- filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and tives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the the unmasking shot at the end; Gillette returned for the un- role, and Graham was hired to replace him.[73] Although masking scenes. Gillette received credit for playing Jason, Bradley was replaced early during filming, he can be seen while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double. When in the paintball sequence of the film.[25] Graham opted to Part 3 was released the following year, Daskawisz was cred- perform most of his own stunts, including the scene where ited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake.[73] film.[9] Initially, Daskawisz was asked to return to the role The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham, remarking that for Part 3, but it would have required him to pay for his own he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations transportation and housing during filming. Having secured he was placed in. Graham had no intention of being an ac- a part on Guiding Light, Daskawisz declined.[66] tor or a stuntman, but the idea of playing the “bad guy”, and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics, intrigued him. Gra- Now wanting a “bigger and stronger-looking” Jason, one ham was not brought back to reprise the role, but has often that was also “more athletic and powerful”, Steve Miner been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part.[72] hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker. After a simple conversation, Miner decided he was the right person Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood, and for the job. Being new to the country, Brooker believed played Jason in the next four films. He previously worked that “playing a psychopathic killer” was the best way into alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called the movie business. Brooker became the first actor to wear Prison. Based on his experience working with Hodder, Jason’s now-signature hockey mask. According to Brooker, Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him, but “It felt great with the mask on. It just felt like I really was Ja- Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder’s limited size. son because I didn't have anything to wear before that.”[67] Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics, Buechler For The Final Chapter, Joseph Zito brought his own spin scheduled a test screening, the first in Friday the 13th his- to the character, one that required a “real hardcore stunt- tory for the character, and Mancuso immediately gave Hod- man"; Ted White was hired to perform the role.[68] White, der approval upon seeing him.[74] It is Buechler’s contention who only took the job for the money, did “get into the Ja- that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality, based on son psychology” when he arrived on the set. White went the emotions, specifically the rage, that Hodder would emit so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long while acting the part.[74] According to Hodder, he wanted to stretches.[68] As filming continued, White’s experience was “get in touch with Jason’s thirst for revenge” and try to better not pleasant, and in one instance, he went to battle for co- understand his motivation to kill.[75] After viewing the pre- star Judie Aronson, who played Samantha, when the direc- vious films, Hodder decided that he would approach Jason tor kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time. as a more “quick and agile” individual than he had been por- Displeased with his experience from filming, White had his trayed in the previous sequels.[75] John Carl Buechler felt name removed from the credits.[69] As with Friday the 13th that Kane had “natural affinity for the role”—so much that Part 2, there was confusion over who performed the role Kane’s appearance, when wearing the mask, would often in A New Beginning, partly because Jason is not the literal terrify the cast, the crew, and in one incident a lone stranger antagonist in the film. When Ted White turned down the that he came across on his walk back to his trailer.[75] Ini- opportunity to return, Dick Wieand was cast.[70] Wieand is tially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use credited as Roy Burns, the film’s actual murderer, but it was a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan. Hod- stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of der acted as his own voice, calling and requesting that he Jason, as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked be allowed to reprise the role; the ultimate decision was left scenes.[71] Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of en- to director Rob Hedden, who intended to use Hodder, be- thusiasm over his role in the film. Feeling alienated during cause he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series.[76] With the shoot, Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer.[71] Sean Cunningham’s return as producer for Jason Goes to By comparison, Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made Hell, Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even sure he “really got into the character”.[70] better: Hodder had worked as Cunningham’s stunt coordi- nator for years.[77] Regardless, Adam Marcus, the director “It’s like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform for Jason Goes to Hell, always intended to hire Hodder for 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 101

the role.[77] Jason X would mark Hodder’s last performance mask and actor in the performance.[84] as Jason, to date. Todd Farmer, who wrote the screenplay for Jason X, knew Hodder would play Jason from the begin- ning. Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder’s work on the previous Design films, so hiring him was an easy decision.[78] New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start, The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through and choose a new actor for Jason. Cunningham disagreed changes, some subtle and some radical. For Friday the 13th, with their decision, believing Hodder was the best choice the task of coming up with Jason’s appearance was the re- for the role.[79] Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. sponsibility of Tom Savini, whose design for Jason was in- Jason, and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New spired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and Line executives, but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role ears did not line up straight.[57] The original design called should be recast to fit Yu’s image of Jason.[79] According for Jason to have hair, but Savini and his crew opted to make to Hodder, New Line failed to provide him with a reason him bald,[56] so he would look like a "hydrocephalic, mon- for the recasting, but Yu has explained he wanted a slower, goloid pinhead”, with a dome-shaped head.[57] Savini cre- more deliberate Jason, and less of the aggressive move- ated a plaster mold of Ari Lehman’s head and used that to ments that Hodder had used in the previous films.[80] Yu create prosthetics for his face.[56] Lehman personally placed and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry mud—from the bottom of the lake—all over his body to among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason, but make himself appear “really slimy.”[56] stood by their choice in recasting.[79] For Part 2, Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton, the make- The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian up effects supervisor, to stick to Savini’s original design, stuntperson who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan. There but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast. head. Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed According to Yu, Kirzinger was hired because he was Jason should look like, and had it approved by Miner.[64] taller than Robert Englund, the actor who portrays Freddy Fullerton added long hair to the character. Gillette had to Krueger. Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m), com- spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over pared to the 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) of Kane Hodder, and his face, and had to keep one eye closed while the “droopy Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5-foot-10- eye” application was in place. Gillette’s eye was closed for inch (1.78 m) Englund. Kirzinger believes his experience twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes on Part VIII helped him land the part, as Kirzinger doubled of the film. False teeth created by a local dentist were used for Hodder on two scenes for the film,[79] but also believes to distort Gillette’s face.[64] Much of the basic concept of he was simply sized up and handed the job.[80] Although he Fullerton’s design was eliminated for Part 3. Miner wanted was hired by the creative crew, New Line did not officially to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film. Kirzinger’s Carl Fullerton, but as work progressed the design began to first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street. New Line lean more and more toward Savini’s concept.[85] Stan Win- wanted a specific movement in Jason’s walk; Kirzinger met ston was hired to create a design for Jason’s head, but the their expectations and signed a contract with the studio.[79] eyes were level and Doug White, the make-up artist for Part However, concerns that test audiences were confused by the 3, needed a droopy right eye. White did keep Winston’s de- film’s original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final sign for the back of the head, because the crew did not have scene. Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new the time to design an entirely new head for Jason.[85] The ending, as he was available for the reshoot and had been process of creating Jason’s look was hard work for White, the production’s second choice to portray the role of Jason who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker’s during the original casting.[81] face, even up to the last day of filming.[85] For the 2009 remake, stuntman Derek Mears was hired to The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup his face, having worn a bag over his head in Part 2; what no special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard.[82] Mears’s pleas- one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would be- ant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to come a trademark for the character, and one instantly rec- portray such a menacing character on screen, but Mears as- ognizable in popular culture in the years to come.[6] Dur- sured them he would be able to perform the role.[83] When ing production, Steve Miner called for a lighting check. Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make-up for hire an actor over just another guy in a mask. As Mears the light check, so they decided to just throw a mask on explained, portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work, Brooker. The film’s 3D effects supervisor, Martin Jay Sad- where the mask and the actor are two separate entities, and, off, was a hockey fan, and had a bag of hockey gear with based on the scene, there will be various combinations of him on the set. He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goal- 102 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

flect that of the damage he received in the previous install- ments. Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives, and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood.[74] Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous en- try, the effects team wanted Jason to appear “rotted”, with bones and ribs showing, and for Jason’s features to have a more defined feel to them.[89] was inspired by Carl Fullerton’s design in The New Blood, and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell. Berger designed Jason’s skin to overlap with the mask, to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed.[77] Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full-body, foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume. The idea was to Jason’s original mask was molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie reveal as much of Jason’s skin as possible, because Nicotero mask, and would become a staple for the character for the rest of and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen [77] the series. for most of the film.

tender mask for the test.[86] Miner loved the mask, but it was too small. Using a substance called VacuForm, Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with. After White finished the molds, Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance. Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered, making it different from Sadoff’s mask.[86] There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask. One mask was com- posed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker’s face; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed. In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face, a simple head mask was created. This one-piece mask would slip on Original concept drawings for "Über-Jason”, by makeup effects su- over Brooker’s head, exposing his face but not the rest of pervisor Stephan Dupuis, took months to plan. Dupuis sculpted a his head.[86] small-scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers, before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder.[78] Tom Savini agreed to return to make-up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason [87] Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for full circle in terms of his look from child to man. Savini the tenth Friday the 13th film. One concept brought into the used his design from the original Friday the 13th, with the film was Jason’s regenerative abilities.[16] Dupuis gave the same practice of application as before, but molded from character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance Ted White’s face. Since Jason is not the actual killer in A to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes New Beginning, it was not necessary to do any major design- through; Dupuis wanted a more "gothic" design for Jason, ing for Jason’s look. Only a head mask to cover the top and so he added chains and shackles, and made the hockey mask back of the head, like the one Brooker wore while wearing more angular.[78] Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted the hockey mask, was needed for the film. Make-up artist to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film. The Louis Lazzara, who cites A New Beginning as almost a di- idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason’s body, al- rect sequel to The Final Chapter, did base his head-mask on [78] [88] lowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life. Tom Savini’s design for The Final Chapter. What was referred to as Über-Jason was designed to have Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood sought to make chunks of metal growing from his body, bonded by tendrils Jason more of a “classic monster along the lines of that grew into the metal, all pushing through a leather suit. Frankenstein.”[89] From the beginning, Buechler tried to tie The metal was created from VacuForm, the same material the previous films together by having Jason’s appearance re- used to increase the size of the original hockey mask, and 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 103

was attached by Velcro. The tendrils were made from sili- ries. Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a cone. All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit, includ- child, and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the ing an entire head piece, which Hodder wore. The make- character cries out “Mommy, please don't let me drown!" up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit, in a child’s voice before being submerged in toxic waste, which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other minutes.[78] individuals.[57] Online magazine Salon's Andrew O'Hehir [93] By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had describes Jason as a “silent, expressionless...blank slate.” been ten previous Friday the 13th films. Make-up effects When discussing Jason psychologically, Sean S. Cunning- ham said, "...he doesn't have any personality. He’s like artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason’s look—he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed a great white shark. You can't really defeat him. All you can hope for is to survive.”[94] Since Friday the 13th and more defined, so that the audience would see a new Ja- son, but still recognized the face. Terezakis tried to keep Part VI: Jason Lives, Jason has been a “virtually indestruc- tible” being. Tom McLoughlin, the film’s director, felt it continuity with the previous films, but recognized that had he followed them too literally, then “Jason would have been was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask, who would kill people left and right, but get reduced to a pile of goo.”[79] Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame, making the “beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end”. McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a “formidable, un- mask the focal point of each shot. To achieve this, Terezakis [25] created a “pooled-blood look” for the character by painting stoppable monster”. In resurrecting Jason from the dead, the skin black, based on the idea the blood had pooled in McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered the back of his head because he had been lying on his back helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake; in- for a long time. As with other make-up artists before him, spired by vampire lore, McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child, and that returning him to his orig- Terezakis followed Savini’s original skull design, and aged [95] it appropriately.[79] inal resting place would immobilize him. This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood, and the idea For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th, effects artist Scott that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton’s design in Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan. Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini’s work in Friday the [57] 13th: The Final Chapter. Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster. Stod- Many have given suggestions as Jason’s motivation for dard’s vision of Jason includes hair loss, skin rashes, and killing. Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a “psychotic mama’s boy gone horribly awry...very resilient. You can't the traditional deformities in his face, but he attempted to [96] craft Jason’s look in a way that would allow for a more hu- kill him, but he feels pain, just not like everyone else.” Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a “psycho-savant”, man side to be seen.[83] Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason’s hockey mask. and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother, and not anything personal.[79] Andrew O'Hehir has stated, The make-up artist managed to acquire an original set piece, which he studied and later sculpted. Although he had a “Coursing hormones act, of course, as smelling salts to prudish Jason, that ever-vigilant enforcer of William Ben- model of one of the original masks, Stoddard did not want [93] to replicate it in its entirety. As Stoddard explains, “Be- nett-style values.” Todd Farmer, writer for Jason X, cause I didn't want to take something that already existed, wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hiberna- tion just as two of the teenagers are having sex. Farmer there were things I thought were great, but there were things [78] I wanted to change a bit. Make it custom, but keep all the liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life. fundamental designs. Especially the markings on the fore- Whatever his motivations, Kane Hodder believes there is head and cheeks. Age them down a bit, break them up.” a limit to what he will do. According to Hodder, Jason In the end, Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask, each might violently murder any person he comes across, but with varying degrees of wear.[83] when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character’s dog, Hodder refused, stating that, while Ja- son has no qualms against killing humans, he is not bad enough to hurt animals.[97] Another example from Jason 3.2.3 Characteristics Takes Manhattan, involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens In his original appearance, Jason was scripted as a mentally him with a knife, however Jason chooses not to kill them disabled young boy.[90] Since Friday the 13th, Jason and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and show- Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal, indestructible, ing them his face. Likewise, director Tom McLoughlin machete-wielding mass murderer.[91][92] Jason is primarily chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he en- portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film se- 104 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

counters in Jason Lives, stating that Jason would not kill a considered to be an “unstoppable killing machine.” Par- child, out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated ticipants were impressed by the “cornucopic feats of slic- by his own death as a child.[95] ing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason, it was decided that and the occasional adult.” Out of the ten monsters used one of the villains needed a redeemable factor. Ronald D. in the —which included , Freddy Krueger, Moore, co-writer of the first draft, explained that Jason was Frankenstein’s monster, Michael Myers, , Chucky, the easiest to make redeemable, because no one had previ- Hannibal Lecter, , and the Alien—Jason scored ously ventured into the psychology surrounding the charac- the highest in all the categories involving killing variables. Further characteristics that appealed to the participants in- ter. Moore saw the character as a “blank slate”, and felt he was a character the audience could really root for.[98] An- cluded Jason’s “immortality, his apparent enjoyment of killing [and] his superhuman strength.”[101] other draft, penned by Mark Protosevich, followed Moore’s idea of Jason having a redeemable quality. In the draft, Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels. 3.2.4 In popular culture Protosevich explained, “It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters. Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live. Ultimately, the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster.”[98] Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, who wrote the final draft of the film, disagreed about mak- ing Jason a hero, although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim. They stated, “We did not want to make Jason any less scary. He’s still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They're both villains to be equally feared.”[98] Brenna O'Brien, co-founder of Fri- daythe13thfilms.com, saw the character as having sympa- thetic qualities. She stated, "[Jason] was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his child- hood growing up alone in the woods. He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th, and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who re- turns to Camp Crystal Lake. Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation, which you can't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael My- ers.”[6] As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film, Derek Mears likens him more to a combina- tion of John Rambo, Tarzan, and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes. To him, this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps. Like Rambo, he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film.[99] Fuller and Form contend In 1988, Screamin' toys introduced the build-it yourself Jason fig- that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the ure. audience. As Brad Fuller explains, “We do not want him to Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of be sympathetic. Jason is not a comedic character, he is not American popular culture.[101][102][103] In 1992 Jason was sympathetic. He’s a killing machine. Plain and simple.”[100] awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award.[104] He In 2005, California State University's Media Psychology was the first of only three completely fictional characters to Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to be presented the award; Godzilla (1996) and Chewbacca 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters. Many (1997) are the others.[105][106] Jason was named No. 26 in of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were Wizard magazine’s “100 greatest villains of all time”.[107] appealing to the participants. In the survey, Jason was Universal Studios theme parks, in collaboration with New 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 105

Line Cinema, used the character for their Halloween Horror pays homage to Lehman’s portrayal of Jason Voorhees in Nights event.[108] the original Friday the 13th. One of the band’s songs is en- [120] The character has been produced and marketed as merchan- titled “Jason is Watching”. In 1986, coinciding with the dise over the years. In 1988 Screamin' Toys produced a release of Jason Lives, Alice Cooper released "He’s Back model kit where owners could build their own Jason stat- (The Man Behind the Mask)" from his album Constrictor. uette. The kit required the owner to cut and paint various The song was written to “signal Jason’s big return” to the [109] cinema, as he had been almost entirely absent in the previ- parts in order to assemble the figure. Six years later, [121] Screamin' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to ous film. Rapper has referenced Jason in sev- eral of his songs. The song “Criminal”, from the album The Hell. Both kits are now out of production.[110] McFarlane Toys released two toy lines, one in 1998 and the other in Marshall Mathers LP, mentions Jason specifically, while songs “Amityville” and “Off the Wall”—the latter featured 2002. The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes [111] fellow rapper —contain Harry Manfredini’s music to Hell, and the other was of Über-Jason from Jason [122] [112] “ki, ki, ki ... ma, ma, ma” from the film series. Eminem X. Since McFarlane’s last toy line in 2002, there has [123] been a steady production of action figures, dolls, and stat- sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts. Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include , uettes. These include tie-ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason [122] (2003).[113] In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a poly- Dr. Dre, LL Cool J, and . In 1989, Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled “Viernes 13” stone statue of Jason, based on the version appearing in the [124] 2009 remake.[114] which featured Jason in . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part ti- Jason has made an appearance in four video games. He tled “Viernes 13, Parte II”.[125] VH1 issued an advertise- first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game.[115] His next ment for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled appearance was in 1989, when LJN, an American game “Friday the 20th”, and featured Jason’s mask created out of company known for its games based on popular movies rhinestone.[126] in the 1980s and early 1990s, released Friday the 13th on [127] the Nintendo Entertainment System. The premise involved Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films. the gamer, who picks one of six camp counselors as their In the film Scream, directed by Freddy Krueger creator player, trying to save the campers from Jason, while bat- Wes Craven, actress 's character is being tling various enemies throughout the game.[116] On October stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone. In order 13, 2006, a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile to survive, she must answer the man’s trivia questions. One phones. The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as question is “name the killer in Friday the 13th.” She incor- rectly guesses Jason, who did not become the killer for the he battles the undead.[117] Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game X as a down- franchise until Part 2. Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this ques- loadable content bonus character.[118] tion in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz The character has been referenced, or made cameo appear- game. He received a free drink, because nobody got the an- ances, in various entertainment mediums. Outside of liter- swer right.[128] In another Wes Craven film, Cursed, a wax ature sources based on the character, Jason has been fea- sculpture of Jason, from Jason Goes to Hell, can be seen in tured in a variety of magazines and comic strips. Cracked a wax museum.[129] magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of [107] Jason has also been referenced by several television Jason, and he has been featured on two of their covers. [130] Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen shows. The stop motion animated television show Robot stories. He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches. Goose and Grimm.[107] In episode seventeen, "Operation: Rich in Spirit", the mystery-solving teenagers from Scooby-Doo arrive at Camp "...Shit, half the shit I say, I just make it up Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders, To make you mad, so kiss my white naked ass and are killed off one by one. Velma is the only survivor, And if it’s not a rapper that I'll make it as and in typical Scooby-Doo fashion, she rips off Jason’s mask I'mma be a fuckin' rapist in a Jason mask." to reveal his true identity: Old Man Phillips.[131] In episode —Final verse to Eminem's “Criminal”[119] nineteen, "That Hurts Me", Jason reappears, this time as a housemate of “Horror Movie Big Brother", alongside other Many musical artists have made references to Jason famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers, Freddy Voorhees. Inspired by his own experience, Ari Lehman Krueger, Leatherface, Pinhead, and .[132] Three founded a band called FIRSTJASON. Lehman’s band is years later, in episode sixty-two, Jason is shown on the classified as horror punk, and is influenced by the sounds of days before and after a typical Friday the 13th.[133] Ja- [120] the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits. The band’s name son is spoofed in the season five episode of 106 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS entitled "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One". [9] Steve Miner (Director) (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3 The so-called “Mr. Voorhees” explains to Asian reporter (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife re- turn following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Qua- [10] Joseph Zito (Director) (1984). Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. hog. He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the “Britches and Hose” clothing store. As opposed to [11] Danny Steinmann (Director) (1985). Friday the 13th: A New his monstrous personality in the films, Jason is depicted Beginning (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. here as polite and articulate, albeit still a psychopath; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his em- [12] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part ployee if she screws up.[134] In an episode of The Simp- VI: Jason Lives (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. sons, Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the [13] John Carl Buechler (Director) (1988). Friday the 13th Part couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to ar- VII: The New Blood (DVD). United States: Paramount Pic- rive. When Freddy asks where the family is, Jason responds, tures. “Ehh, whaddya gonna do?" and turns the TV on.[135] He also appears in episode "Stop, or My Dog [14] Rob Hedden (Director) (1989). Friday the 13th Part VIII: Will Shoot!", alongside Pinhead, menacing Bart in a fantasy Jason Takes Manhattan (DVD). United States: Paramount sequence.[136] The episodes "Imaginationland Pictures. Episode II" and "III" feature Jason among an assortment of [15] Adam Marcus (Director) (1993). Jason Goes to Hell: The other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the “bad side” Final Friday (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. of Imaginationland, a world populated by fictional char- acters. This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and [16] James Isaac (Director) (2002). Jason X (DVD). United describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake's eyeball as States: New Line Cinema. “super hardcore”.[137][138][139] Experimental pop artist Eric [17] Ronny Yu (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees United States: New Line Cinema. out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his “Totally Sweet” series in 2013.[140][141] [18] Nispel, Marcus (Director) (February 13, 2009). Friday the 13th (2009) (Motion picture). US: Platinum Dunes.

3.2.5 References [19] Michael Avallone (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3. United Kingdom: Star. ISBN 0-352-31249-1. [1] Stuart Fischoff; Alexandra Dimopoulos; FranÇois Nguyen; [20] Bracke, p. 92 Leslie Hurry; Rachel Gordon (2003). “The psychologi- cal appeal of your favorite movie monsters (abstract)". IS- [21] Simon Hawke (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives. CPubs. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-14641-7. Retrieved June 22, 2009. [22] Hawke, Simon (1987). Friday the 13th. New York: Signet. [2] Puig, Claudia (April 25, 2002). "'X' marks Jason’s return to ISBN 0-451-15089-9. theaters”. USA Today. Retrieved July 24, 2007. [23] Hawke, Simon (1988). Friday the 13th Part 2. New York: [3] Carle, Chris (September 27, 2002). “Jason X (review)". Signet. ISBN 0-451-15337-5. IGN. Retrieved July 12, 2007. [24] Hawke, Simon (1988). Friday the 13th Part 3. New York: [4] Berry, Robert. “100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances”. Signet. ISBN 0-451-15311-1. RetroCrush.com. Retrieved July 12, 2007. [25] Grove, p. 147 [5] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives Director’s Commentary (DVD). United [26] Andy Mangels (w), Cynthia Martin (Issue No. 1 and 2) and States: Paramount Pictures. Bobby Rubio (Issue No. 3) (a). Jason Goes to Hell (comic) 1–3 (1993), Topps Comics [6] Kemble, Gary (January 13, 2006). “Movie Minutiae: the Friday the 13th series (1980–?)". ABC. Archived from the [27] “Satan’s Six No. 4”. The Project. original on January 15, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2010.

[7] Sean S. Cunningham (Director) (1980). Friday the 13th [28] “Jason vs. Leatherface (review)". Digital-Retribution. Re- (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. trieved July 12, 2007.

[8] Steve Miner (Director) (1981). Friday the 13th Part 2 [29] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. New (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14292-2. 3.2. JASON VOORHEES 107

[30] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse. Berkley [51] “Wildstorm: Pamela’s tale”. DC Comics. Retrieved July 18, Books. ISBN 0-425-14339-2. 2007.

[31] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: The Carnival. New [52] “Wildstorm: How I Spent My Summer Vacation”. DC York: Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-15825-X. Comics. Retrieved July 18, 2007.

[32] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Road Trip. New York: [53] “Freddy vs Jason vs Ash”. Fangoria. Archived from the orig- Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14383-X. inal on February 6, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

[33] Hand, Stephen (July 29, 2003). Freddy vs. Jason. Notting- [54] “Ron Marz on Friday the 13th: Bad Land”. Newsarama. ham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2008. [34] Cadigan, Pat (January 25, 2005). Jason X. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-168-4. [55] Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric (w), Jason Craig (p). Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors 1–6 (2009), [35] Cadigan, Pat (January 25, 2005). Jason X: The Experiment. Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-169-2. [56] Grove, pp. 50, 55, 57 [36] Kilpatrick, Nancy (June 7, 2005). Jason X: Planet of the Beast. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-183-8. [57] Bracke, p. 206

[37] Johnson, Alex (November 29, 2005). Jason X: Death Moon. [58] “Victor Miller on Jason’s design”. CampCrystalLake.com. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-273-7. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2007. [38] Kilpatrick, Nancy (April 25, 2006). Jason X: To The Third Power. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-281-8. [59] Grove, p. 27

[39] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th". Avatar Press. Retrieved October [60] Bracke, p. 50 21, 2007. [61] Bracke, p. 122 [40] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Bloodbath". Fri- daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved October 21, 2007. [62] Bracke, pp. 146–148

[41] “Avatar’s Jason X". Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved Oc- [63] “Friday the 13th sequels”. VictorMiller.com. Archived tober 21, 2007. from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007. [42] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X". Fri- daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved October 21, 2007. [64] Bracke, pp. 60–65

[43] “June 2006 Solicited Releases”. Avatarpress.com. Re- [65] Grove, pp. 69–71 trieved April 14, 2008. [66] “Interview with Steve Dash”. CampCrystalLake.com. [44] Phillips, Scott (August 5, 2005). Friday the 13th: Church Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved July of the Divine Psychopath. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 17, 2007. 1-84416-181-1. [67] Grove, pp. 91–92, 94, 100 [45] Woods, Paul (August 9, 2005). Friday the 13th: Hell Lake. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-182-X. [68] Grove, p. 113

[46] Arnopp, Jason (October 25, 2005). Friday the 13th: Hate- [69] Bracke, p. 119 Kill-Repeat. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416- 271-0. [70] Grove, p. 131

[47] Faust, Christa (January 31, 2006). Friday the 13th: The Ja- [71] Bracke, pp. 129, 136 son Strain. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-320- [72] Bracke, pp. 157–159 2. [73] Grove, pp. 144, 148 [48] Hand, Stephen (June 6, 2006). Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs. Nottingham: Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-380-6. [74] Bracke, pp. 181–182, 185

[49] “Wildstorm comics”. Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved [75] Grove, pp. 154–155 July 18, 2007. [76] Bracke, pp. 198–200 [50] “Wildstorm comics No. 6”. G-Mart. Retrieved July 18, 2007. [77] Bracke, pp. 231–232 108 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

[78] Bracke, pp. 243, 248, 257–258 [100] Stewart, Ryan (November 28, 2008). “Friday the 13th: The Producers”. SuicideGirls.com. Retrieved December 1, [79] Bracke, pp. 280–286 2008.

[80] Grove, p. 217 [101] Stuart Fischoff; Alexandra Dimopoulos; François Nguyen; [81] “Interview: Douglas Tait (Jason Voorhees, 'Freddy vs Rachel Gordon (August 25, 2005). “The Psychological Ap- Jason')". fridaythe13thfilms.com. October 14, 2010. peal of Movie Monsters” (PDF). Journal of Media Psychol- Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved ogy. 10 (3). Retrieved July 11, 2007. April 6, 2011. [102] Muehlberger, Matthew (August 29, 2003). “Freddy vs. Ja- [82] Frasco, Jay (March 31, 2008). “Casting of new 'Friday son is an evil treat full of blood, gore that is sure to satisfy”. the 13th' villain splits fans down the middle”. IFMagazine. The Pacer. Retrieved July 24, 2007. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved April [103] “Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Book- 5, 2008. stores With Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History [83] Rotten, Ryan (October 30, 2008). “On the Set of Friday the of Friday the 13th”. PRWEB. Retrieved July 24, 2007. 13th”. Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved December 1, 2008. [104] “Jason’s Lifetime Achievement Award”. AOL.com. [84] “Friday the 13th: Derek Mears”. SuicideGirls.com. Febru- Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Re- ary 3, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009. trieved April 25, 2010.

[85] Grove, p. 103 [105] “Godzilla win’s MTV’s Lifetime Achievement Award”. AOL.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2005. [86] Bracke, pp. 84, 86 Retrieved April 25, 2010.

[87] Grove, p. 124 [106] “Chewbacca win’s MTV’s Lifetime Achievement Award”. AOL.com. Archived from the original on December 22, [88] Grove, p. 137 2004. Retrieved April 25, 2010. [89] Grove, p. 157 [107] “Magazine/Comic references”. Friday the 13th films. Re- [90] Bracke, pp. 34–36 trieved July 16, 2007.

[91] Harrington, Richard (August 14, 1993). "'Jason Goes to [108] “Universal Theme Parks and New Line Cinema Present Hell: The Final Friday' (R)". Washington Post. Retrieved Jason, Leatherface and Freddy Krueger”. universalor- July 24, 2007. lando.com. June 28, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007.

[92] “USF Oracle”. USF Oracle. October 30, 2003. Archived [109] “Jason model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved July 16, from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 2007. 24, 2007. [110] “Jason Goes to Hell model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Re- [93] O'Hehir, Andrew (May 1, 2002). “Jason X: review”. trieved July 16, 2007. Salon.com. Retrieved July 17, 2007. [111] “McFarlane Toys: Jason Goes to Hell”. Friday the 13th [94] Grove, p. 211 films. Retrieved July 16, 2007.

[95] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI [112] “McFarlane Toys: Jason X”. McFarLane.com. Retrieved Director’s Commentary (DVD). United States: Paramount July 16, 2007. Pictures. [113] “Jason Voorhees Toys”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved [96] Grove, pp. 221–22 July 16, 2007.

[97] Grove, p. 185 [114] “Brave Enough to Bring the Terror of Crystal Lake into Your Home?". Dread Central. April 9, 2010. Retrieved April 9, [98] Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore (2003). “Freddy & 2010. Jason Go to Development Hell/Slicing Towards Production” Fangoria Magazine Articles in September/October 2003 issues [115] “Friday the 13th (C64 game)". GameSpot. Retrieved (Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features) (DVD (Region 2)). September 27, 2009. United States: New Line Cinema. [116] “Friday the 13th (NES game)". GameSpot. Retrieved July [99] Paulington James Christensen III (June 9, 2008). “SET 14, 2007. VISIT: Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th!". Movieweb.com. Retrieved June 28, [117] “Friday the 13th (mobile phone game)". GameSpot. Re- 2008. trieved July 14, 2007. 3.3. PAMELA VOORHEES 109

[118] Karmali, Luke (March 13, 2015). “Jason Voorhees Con- [138] (writer and director) (October 31, 2007). firmed For ”. IGN. Retrieved March 13, "Imaginationland Episode III". South Park. Season 11. 2015. Episode 12. .

[119] ""Criminal” lyrics”. Eminem24-7.net. Retrieved July 16, [139] IGN Staff (October 31, 2007). “South Park: “Imagina- 2007. tionland Part III” Preview”. IGN. Retrieved December 18, [120] “FIRSTJASON Bio”. FirstJason.com. Retrieved July 16, 2007. 2007. [140] Burkart, Gregory. “Get a Taste of ’s Totally [121] “Alice Cooper’s “He’s Back (The Man Behind the Mask)"". Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics”. FEARnet. Retrieved 9 X-Entertainment. October 5, 2004. Retrieved October 15, November 2013. 2007.

[122] “Music references”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved July [141] Millikin, Eric. “Eric Millikin’s totally sweet Halloween 16, 2007. candy monster portraits”. . Retrieved 9 November 2013. [123] “Eminem in a hockey mask”. Friday the 13th films. Re- trieved July 16, 2007.

[124] Vico C - Viernes 13 on YouTube 3.2.6 Bibliography

[125] Guzmán, Marcos Billy (July 13, 2012). “La máscara de Ja- • Bracke, Peter (October 11, 2006). Crystal Lake Mem- son es símbolo del terror”. El Nuevo Día. ories. London: Titan Books. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. [126] “A Night of Killer Music and Fashion”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved July 16, 2007. • Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. Godalming, Eng- [127] “Movie references”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved July 16, 2007. land: FAB Press. ISBN 1-903254-31-0.

[128] Wes Craven (Director) and Kevin Williamson (1996). Fea- ture film commentary for Scream (DVD). United States: 3.2.7 External links . [129] Wes Craven (Director) and Kevin Williamson (2005). • Jason Voorhees at the Internet Movie Database Cursed (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.

[130] “Movie references”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved July 16, 2007. 3.3 Pamela Voorhees [131] , Matthew Senreich (June 26, 2005). "Operation: Rich in Spirit". . Season 1. Episode 17. Adult Pamela Sue Voorhees is a character in the Friday the 13th Swim. films, and the main villain of the original Friday the 13th [132] Seth Green, Matthew Senreich (July 10, 2005). "That Hurts film. She is a former camp-cook and the vengeful mother Me". Robot Chicken. Season 1. Episode 19. . of Jason Voorhees, the main villain of the series.

[133] Seth Green, Matthew Senreich (December 14, 2008). "They In the original Friday the 13th film, the character introduces Took My Thumbs". Robot Chicken. Season 4. Episode 2. herself as Pamela Voorhees, and makes reference to her son Adult Swim. named Jason who drowned in the lake in 1957.

[134] Seth MacFarlane, A.bo., Zac Moncreif (May 13, 2007). "It The character was portrayed by Betsy Palmer in the first two Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One". Family Guy. Sea- films. During the character’s brief appearance in Freddy son 5. Episode 17. Fox. vs. Jason, she was played by Paula Shaw. According to the actress herself at conventions, Betsy Palmer was asked [135] “Treehouse of Horror IX”. BBC. Retrieved July 14, 2007. to reprise her role as Pamela Voorhees for the Freddy vs. [136] John Frink (writer) and Matthew Faughnan (director) (May Jason film but turned the part down after she read the script, 13, 2007). "Stop, or My Dog Will Shoot!". The Simpsons. as she stated in the “Friday The 13th Reunion” available as Season 18. Episode 20. Fox. a “special feature” on the 2009 Paramount release of the “Uncut: Special Edition”. [137] Trey Parker (writer and director) and Matthew Faughnan (director) (October 24, 2007). "Imaginationland Episode Nana Visitor played Pamela Voorhees in the 2009 reimag- II". South Park. Season 11. Episode 11. Comedy Central. ining of Friday the 13th. 110 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

3.3.1 Appearances Alice around the camp with a machete, saying “Kill her, mommy!" in Jason’s voice. Finally, Alice was able to de- Films capitate her with her own machete as she bleeds to death after her head was ultimately separated from her body.

Friday the 13th Pamela (whose maiden name is never re- vealed) was born in 1930 (revealed in Friday the 13th: The Later films Two months later, a mysteriously revived Ja- Final Chapter). At age 15, Pamela became pregnant by a son carries out his own revenge by killing Alice in cold man named Elias Voorhees. Very little is known about blood, Jason had kept his mother’s severed head, first to their romance and short marriage, aside from the fact that frighten the girl (by placing it in her refrigerator) and then Pamela kept a class ring which belonged to Elias which she took both her corpse and the head to his shack deep in the then wore on her ring finger of her left hand (as seen in sev- woods where no one can find it. In it, he has built something eral scenes in the first Friday the 13th film). On June 13, of a shrine to his mother and subsequently placed some vic- 1946, at age 16, she gave birth to a hydrocephalic boy she tims there. After he is hit in the shoulder with a machete named Jason, as shown in Jason Goes to Hell: The Final (the same machete with which his mother was killed) and Friday. Because of his deformity, Pamela never sent Jason left for dead at the end of his first killing spree, he leaves to school, and was extremely overprotective of him. his crudely made home and his mother. Pamela got a job as a cook at Camp Crystal Lake. On a fate- Pamela Voorhees is initially laid to rest in a run down, road- ful day in 1957, Jason, infuriated with the constant teasing side cemetery seen in The Final Chapter. When Jason is and harassing from other children, snuck out of his cabin killed by Tommy Jarvis a few years later, it is presumed late at night to prove that he could swim. The counselors that her body is relocated to Eternal Peace Cemetery along were not watching him at all, as they were at a party in one of with her son.[6] the adult cabins. Jason was never, ever recovered from the lake and presumably drowned. Pamela blamed the coun- Although Pamela does not share her son’s immortality, she selors for his death because she was working the day that it does reappear in later films. The character is seen again in happened. the climax of Friday the 13th Part 2 in which Betsy Palmer reprises her role when Jason sees his mother talking to him After her son’s death, Pamela began hearing her son’s voice while in reality it is one of Jason’s potential victims trying telling her to kill the people who were responsible for his to fool him. Pamela is seen again in Friday the 13th Part death. In 1958, a year after Jason’s death, Pamela brutally III when lone survivor Chris Higgins has a nightmare which murdered, massacred, slaughtered, and killed two coun- ends with Pamela’s corpse (played by the Second Assistant selors (Barry and Claudette) in cold blood who she felt were Director, Marilyn Poucher), wearing her blue sweater with responsible for her son’s death. Camp Crystal Lake was head attached, reaching up from the lake to pull her un- closed after the murders and was nicknamed “Camp Blood” der. She is seen again in Freddy vs. Jason (played this by local residents. When the owner tried to re-open the time by Paula Shaw), seen in Hell commanding her son to camp in 1962, Pamela returned, poisoned the water, and kill the children of Elm Street; however, it turns out that it set several fires. The camp was shut down once again and is actually Freddy Krueger masquerading as Pamela in or- did not reopen until 1979. Pamela lived in a house which der to manipulate Jason for his own ends. Pamela appears bordered the Camp Crystal Lake property. In Friday the very briefly in the more recent Friday the 13th reboot in the it is revealed that no one or nobody knew who set the 13th, beginning credits chasing a young girl (presumably Alice). fires or poisoned the water. In Friday the 13th, Pamela says She is decapitated, as in the original film, and a young Ja- she does not want the camp reopened because she fears that son Voorhees finds a locket containing pictures of him and another tragic accident will happen again. his mother. Jason hears her voice telling him to “Kill for On Friday, June 13, 1979, the new owner of Camp Crys- mother.” tal Lake named Steve “Steven” Christy, and seven young In an interview, John Carl Buechler revealed he had origi- counselors return to the deadly, dangerous, and lethal camp- nally intended to have a scene in Friday the 13th Part VII: ground to prepare it for reopening, even after several omi- The New Blood in which heroine Tina Shepard has a surreal nous warnings of a death curse by the local residents. En- vision in which Pamela’s severed head appears in Jason’s raged, Pamela goes on a savage killing spree, killing, slaugh- arms, repeatedly yelling “Help me mommy!" The scene was tering, and murdering Christy and six of the camp coun- never shot, due to being deemed too over-the-top.[7] Re- selors in cold blood. portedly, the character was to make another appearance for The sole survivor named Alice Hardy, discovers two of the Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday in a flashback.[8] Jason murdered victims and later meets Pamela, who tells her X was originally meant to feature an appearance of Pamela about Jason’s death. Pamela flies into a rage and chases in the holographic projection of Camp Crystal Lake that 3.3. PAMELA VOORHEES 111

Jason is distracted by in the film; one idea was to even have first issue and another in the second; in the first flashback, Jason attack the virtual Pamela to show just how evil he had brought on by Jason being asked his name by Cook, she become.[9] appears, face obscured, encouraging a young Jason as he writes his name on a chalkboard.[11] The second flashback, provoked by Jason seeing the Hitchhiker abuse his younger Literature brother Leatherface, has her killing Elias Voorhees with a machete while he attempts to beat Jason.[12] The comic one-shot Jason X Special by Avatar Press fea- tures Pamela coming back from the dead by possessing a swarm of nano ants. Discovering Jason has been captured by a bio-engineer named Kristen, Pamela releases him and guides him to a camp near Kristen’s laboratory populated by androids, who Jason begins to destroy, quickly becoming disastified with these victims due to the fact that, as Pamela states, “they aren't real.” At the end of the comic, Pamela, after Jason is launched into space by Kristen, gets revenge on the bio-engineer by possessing her lover Neil and forcing him to stab Kristen in the stomach and slit his own throat. In the sequel to the one-shot, the two-issue miniseries Fri- day the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X, Pamela appears only as a fragmented memory shared between Jason and his clone (which was created using a portion of Jason’s brain). After Jason disposes of his clone and assimilates the portion of his brain it possessed, his memories of Pamela (who he and the clone did not recognize) are restored. In the novel Jason X: Death Moon by Black Flame, a charac- ter, while in a holographic version of Crystal Lake, stumbles across an underwater recreation of Pamela’s grave in the lake and is attacked by a zombified version of her created by Dr. Armando Castillo. In Friday the 13th: Hell Lake, the character Gretchen Andrews, after an encounter with Jason, seemingly becomes possessed by Pamela. Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs involves Pamela possessing characters who come into contact with her severed head. The cover of Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale #1, which reveals In 2007, a two issue comic miniseries titled Friday the much of Pamela’s early life, such as her pregnancy with her son 13th: Pamela’s Tale, detailing much of Pamela’s history, Jason. was printed by Wildstorm; the comics take place before the main events of Friday the 13th and feature Pamela pick- The severed head of Pamela Voorhees is a major character ing up Annie, one of the Camp Crystal Lake counselors in the first book of Eric Morse’s Camp Crystal Lake series. in-training, and recounting her past. She reveals that Elias In the novel, hunter Joe Travers finds an unmarked grave- abused her while she was pregnant, which may have caused stone in the forest and digs nearby to find a wet cardboard Jason to be born deformed. Driven by what she believed box containing the still living head, having been reanimated to be the unborn Jason’s voice, Pamela killed Elias with an by Jason’s cursed mask. Pamela then gives him directions to axe, blew up their trailer and dumped her husband’s body in the location of Jason’s buried hockey mask, which he digs Crystal Lake. After killing Elias, Pamela moved to Crystal up and puts on, thus becoming possessed by Jason in the Lake and got a job as a chef at a diner, later being hired process. Carly, the novel’s heroine, later discovers the head as Camp Crystal Lake’s cook by the Christy family. Af- still in its box, still in the grave. During the final showdown ter telling Annie her origin Pamela, as in the film, slits her with Pamela and the hunter, she destroys the head with a throat, but treats her body as if it were still alive afterwards. [10] shotgun blast, killing Pamela. The miniseries ends with a recreation of the scene from the In the non-canononical Jason vs. Leatherface comic minis- film where Pamela meets Alice at Camp Crystal Lake. In eries by Topps Comics, Pamela is renamed "Doris" for un- the two-issue miniseries Friday the 13th: How I Spent My explained reasons and appears in two flashbacks, one in the Summer Vacation, Pamela appears in a flashback to when 112 CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERS

she first brought Jason to Camp Crystal Lake in the first is- [2] Steve Miner (Director) (1981). Friday the 13th Part 2 sue and the end of the second issue has Jason visiting his (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. mother’s grave. [3] Steve Miner (Director) (1982). Friday the 13th Part II In the six issue comic miniseries Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. by Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment, Pamela ap- pears in the first issue of the miniseries, in a dream sequence [4] Ronny Yu (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. of Jason’s, where Freddy Krueger uses her to manipulate Ja- son into seeking out the Necronomicon. The fifth issue of [5] ScreenGeeks Radio » Updated: Nana Visitor Is Mrs. the series, in which Pamela makes a cameo appearance on Voorhees! a portrait in her old house, and also implies she may have used Necronomicon in an attempt to resurrect Jason after he [6] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. drowned. [7] Pit Of Horror.com - Interviews

3.3.2 2009 film trailer controversy [8] Pit Of Horror.com - Interviews [9] Thirteen Questions with Todd Farmer Initial teaser trailers for the 2009 reboot of Friday the 13th contained dialogue from the original 1980 film that was spo- [10] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-14292-2. ken by Mrs. Voorhees to Alice. Upon release of the trailer, Betsy Palmer was notified that the voice sounded like her, [11] Nancy Collins (w). “Goin' South” Jason vs. Leatherface 1: yet she had never given permission for the studio to use 30/4 (October 1995), Topps Comics her voice. After contacting Paramount’s legal representa- tive, Palmer was given a chance to listen to the recording [12] Nancy Collins (w). “A Day in the Life...” Jason vs. Leather- face 2: 22/6 (November 1995), Topps Comics first hand. After hearing the voice, Palmer concluded that they had taken an audio sampling of her from the original [13] “Betsy Palmer on the New Friday the 13th”. Shock Till You film. In their defense, Paramount stated that they had used Drop. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-02-19. a voice double. Bill Neil has gone on record stating that he was present when Kathleen Garrett was in the recording stu- [14] LJN (1988). Friday the 13th. Nintendo Entertainment Sys- tem. LJN. dio reciting the dialogue from the original film, and that he was the one that originally placed the into the first [15] Mrs. Pamela Voorhees from Sideshow Toys trailer. Neil states that Palmer’s voice is tied to the music and sound effects of the original film, making it impossible [16] Part 2 Jason and Mrs. Voorhees Figures from NECA for them to have taken a clean sample for their trailer.[13] 3.3.5 External links

3.3.3 Other media • Pamela Voorhees at the Internet Movie Database

Pamela also appears in the Friday the 13th video game for • Inside the Head of Pamela Voorhees (Part 1, Part 2) the NES. Her severed head is a mini-boss in a hidden cave. at Bloody Disgusting It floats around after lifting itself off a pedestal surrounded • Interview with Betsy Palmer on the podcast The Fu- by candles, reminiscent of the second movie. Just as Jason ture and You (anecdotes about working on Friday the has to be defeated three times to complete the game, Pamela Thirteenth and the story of how she got her first acting can also be fought three times, and each defeat earns the job.) player a unique item—a powerful weapon (usually a ma- chete or axe), then her sweater, and finally the pitchfork.[14] Action figures of Pamela have been released by both and NECA.[15][16]

3.3.4 References

[1] Sean S. Cunningham (Director) (1980). Friday the 13th (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. Chapter 4

Comics

4.1 ''Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash'' Freddy and Jason at the Voorhees home where Freddy has already unleashed the full power of the Necronomicon, giv- Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash is a six-issue comic book limited ing him reality-altering power. series that was released in November 2007 and ran until In a final confrontation between the three horror movie March 2008. It was published by Wildstorm (DC Comics) icons, Freddy resurrects all of Jason’s previous victims from and Dynamite Entertainment.[1][2] Based on the original the Friday the 13th films as Deadites after Jason turns on Freddy vs. Jason (2003) film treatment by Jeff Katz, the him, and turns the Voorhees home into the Elm Street story serves as a sequel to Freddy vs. Jason and The house. Ultimately, Ash uses the Necronomicon to open a Evil Dead trilogy.[3] The comic book series was written by portal, banishing Freddy to the Deadite world, while Ja- James Kuhoric and illustrated by Jason Craig. son and the Necronomicon are isolated underneath a frozen Crystal Lake. 4.1.1 Plot summary 4.1.2 Collected editions Set in December 2008, 5 years after the events of the film Freddy vs. Jason and 16 years after the end of Army The series is collected as a trade paperback: of Darkness, the story begins with Will Rollins and Lori Campbell (the former protagonists from Freddy vs. Jason) returning to Crystal Lake to put closure to their experience, • Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash (144 pages, Wildstorm, but Jason kills them a short while after and takes their de- September 2008) composed corpses to his shack in the woods nearby. There, Jason enters a trance, and Freddy and Jason’s “mother” appear to him. Freddy Krueger is now trapped, power- 4.1.3 Sequel less inside the mind of Jason Voorhees, where he learns of the Necronomicon hidden in the old Voorhees home, with In August 2009, the first issue of Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: the power to resurrect him. He and Jason’s mother (false The Nightmare Warriors, another six issue mini-series, was Pamela Voorhees) convince Jason that if he gets the Necro- released with James Kuhoric and Jason Craig returning to nomicon, Jason will become “a real boy”. Meanwhile, Ash write and illustrate, respectively. The story picks up where Williams is called to the new Crystal Lake S-Mart to give Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash left off and features cameos from his retail expertise to its team of teenage slacker employees. known characters from the previous Friday the 13th and A While there, he interprets a nearby Jason murder as work Nightmare on Elm Street films.[4][5] of the Deadites. Later, he follows a group of teens to the Voorhees house where he finds the Necronomicon before Jason appears, killing the teens. 4.1.4 References At the S-Mart, Ash and the employees begin to make a plan [1] CBR News Team (2007-08-12). ""Freddy Vs. Jason Vs. to deal with Jason; however, he ends up killing mostly ev- Ash” #1-4 Reprint Covers”. ComicBookResources.com. Re- eryone in the store and escaping with the evil book. Freddy trieved 2009-07-03. uses the Necronomicon to restore himself to full power and increase Jason’s intelligence. Later when Ash and the sur- [2] Jeffrey Renaud (2007-08-21). “MANO-A-MANO-A- vivors sleep, they are confronted by Freddy in their dreams. MANO: “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash"". ComicBookRe- Ash and his motley crew of S-Mart employees confront sources.com. Retrieved 2009-07-03.

113 114 CHAPTER 4. COMICS

[3] "'Freddy vs Jason vs Ash' Script Treatment!!!". Bloody Dis- 4.2.1 Plot gusting. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2009-07-03.

[4] Ryan Rotten (2009-03-07). “EXCL: Survivor Reunion in A group of government agents led by Director Gordon Rus- Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash 2". ShockTillYouDrop.com. Re- sell excavate Crystal Lake for the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis, trieved 2009-07-03. which they plan to use for “Project Black Book”. As Russell leaves with the book, the remaining agents go underwater to [5] Back to Crystal Lake with Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash 2, retrieve the body of Jason Voorhees, who awakens and kills , March 18, 2009 them. Prompted by Freddy Krueger posing as his mother, Jason leaves Crystal Lake in search of Ash Williams. Six months later, in July 2009, Ash is living in Franklin, Michi- 4.1.5 External links gan with his girlfriend Caroline, believing his days of fight- ing monsters are behind him. While preparing to host a • 'Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash' at the Comic Book DB backyard barbecue Ash is visited by Doctor Maggie Bur- • Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash at Nightmare on Elm Street roughs, who tries to convince him to join a group started by Companion herself and Doctor Neil Gordon consisting of people who have fought and survived “unnatural evils”. Annoyed by his visitor, Ash sends Maggie away before going to the store for supplies for the party, leaving Caroline alone. Elsewhere 4.2 ''Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Stephanie Kimble and Alice Johnson experience visions of Nightmare Warriors’' Jason and Freddy, while Jason attacks and kills Caroline. Meanwhile, at the Pentagon, Russell reveals his plan to cre- ate an army of demonic soldiers using the Necronomicon. Warning: Page using Template:Infobox comic book title with unknown parameter “covers” (this message is shown After discovering Caroline’s body, Ash flees the scene as only in preview). the police arrive, not noticing a man in a hummer spy- ing on him. At his headquarters, Russell uses a com- bination of modern technology and the Necronomicon to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors is a pull an unburnt and seemingly powerless Freddy Krueger six-issue limited series comic book written by Jeff Katz and out of Deadites’ realm to Earth. Ash boards a train to James Kuhoric, with art by Jason Craig. The series was pub- Baltimore, Maryland to look for Maggie and her group and lished by Dynamite Entertainment and DC Comics, with Jason follows him by stowing away in the vehicle’s boxcar. imprint by Wildstorm, beginning in August 2009 and con- Stephanie, her father Steven, Alice, and her son Jacob show cluding in December 2009. The Nightmare Warriors is a up at Maggie and Neil’s house, where Tina Shepard and sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, which was published in Rennie Wickham are already living. When Ash arrives, 2007 and was itself a sequel to the 2003 film Freddy vs. Ja- Maggie gets everyone settled and begins to tell them about son. The series is a crossover between the Nightmare on Elm her and Neil’s goals. They are interrupted by Jason, who Street, Friday the 13th, and Evil Dead horror film franchises. comes crashing through the door and kills Steven. As Ash The Nightmare Warriors sees Freddy Krueger and Jason arms himself, the man in the hummer drives through the Voorhees resurrected by the United States government, who wall of the house and rams into Jason. Everyone escapes, wish to exploit their supernatural powers; however, the gov- and their savior introduces himself as Tommy Jarvis. ernment is unable to control them, and the killers attempt Government agents show up at Maggie and Neil’s house and to take over the world using the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis. take Jason down with bullets and missiles. Meanwhile, the Meanwhile, Ash Williams joins forces with the Nightmare survivors take refuge at a motel and Maggie suggests they Warriors, a support group for people who have survived en- visit her father, Gordon Russell, to use the Necronomicon counters with Freddy and/or Jason which consists of nu- to defeat the killers. Unimpressed, Tommy breaks away merous established characters from the A Nightmare on Elm from the group and goes solo. At the Capitol, Jason is put Street and Friday the 13th franchises, to defeat Freddy and in a holding cell full of Deadites. He is visited mentally by Jason for good. Freddy, who proposes that they team up to massacre the Katz and Kuhoric wrote the sequel as an epic “fanboy world. Jason accepts when he hears that his old enemies— story”, and modeled the concept after the Crisis events from including Tommy—will be coming for them. Freddy ap- DC Comics. The titular Nightmare Warriors were designed points him the general of his Deadite army, repairs his as a -style team.[1][2] The writers decomposed body, and brings him back to life as before attempted to take the three separate mythologies and com- he was killed by Tommy. Meanwhile, the group (minus bine them into one coherent continuity.[2] Stephanie and Jacob, who remain at the motel) also arrive at 4.2. ''FREDDY VS. JASON VS. ASH: THE NIGHTMARE WARRIORS’' 115

the Capitol and are locked up, with the exception of Mag- dies, she releases the souls of the people Freddy has killed gie, Neil, and Rennie, who Russell takes to visit Freddy. over the years. Furious at his mother’s death, Jacob declares Freddy transforms back into his burned, demonic form, and he is the Dream Master now, surrounded by the spirits of reveals that he has bonded with the Necronomicon and pos- Amanda Krueger and the Dream Warriors. sesses all of its powers. Russell attacks Freddy with his Amanda and the other souls successfully destroy the Dea- own glove, but Maggie turns the blades back on him and dite army, but Freddy quickly severs their connection to kills him. She reveals her true identity as Freddy’s daughter, Earth by mortally wounding Jacob. As Tina tends to Ja- Kathryn Krueger, and attacks Neil and Rennie. Tina feels cob and Ash battles Freddy, Tommy takes it upon himself the psychic impact of Rennie’s death, and uses her telekine- to deal with Jason. In a closely matched fight, he taunts Ja- sis to break out of her cell. As she, Ash, and Alice escape, son for never being able to kill him. Stephanie appears and Jason and his army of Deadites descend on Washington. impales her uncle with a machete; this distraction provides Ash, Tina, and Alice fight and destroy a Freddy-controlled Tommy the opportunity to decapitate Jason with a shard of robot to acquire the Necronomicon. Meanwhile, Tommy glass. However, Freddy exploits this victory by absorbing confronts Jason on the streets of Washington as he and the Jason’s soul to increase his own power. As Neil struggles to Deadites cut a swath of destruction across the city. While read the Necronomicon's passages to banish Krueger, he is opening fire on his nemesis, Tommy is attacked by winged joined by the spirit of Nancy Thompson; together Neil and Deadites, who take him to Freddy. Back at the motel, Jacob Nancy recite the words to open the Deadite’s dimension. and Stephanie fall asleep, and Freddy possesses the latter. Freddy resists the vortex, until the Necronomicon itself de- Stephanie/Freddy seduces and attacks Jacob, forcing him clares him unworthy and strips him of his power. The hu- to call out to his mother. Alice hears her son’s cries and man Freddy begs for forgiveness, but Ash mercilessly blasts uses her Dream Master powers to transport herself, Ash, him into the vortex with his shotgun, citing his own lack of and Tina into Jacob’s nightmare. Immobilizing Ash during a 'storybook ending'. At the same time, Nancy leaves Neil the fight, Freddy flays Stephanie alive and escapes with Ja- to rejoin the other spirits. Around the same time, we pan to cob. Still in the dreamscape, Tina and Alice put Stephanie’s Jason’s mask (which Tommy split in half with a rock) and skin back on and she wakes up physically unharmed. At Mrs. Voorhees’ voice telling Jason that he can never die. the White House, Tommy and Jacob are held hostage by The next morning, Ash bids farewell to Tommy, Tina, Neil, Freddy, Jason, and Maggie. Disguised as the President, Jacob, and Stephanie, appointing Tommy the new captain Freddy addresses the nation, describing his new policy “no of the “Nightmare Warriors”. kid left alive” and the carnage he plans to cause all over the Later is shown that in 1964 Springwood, a time-displaced globe. Having seen Freddy’s broadcast, Ash and the girls and disoriented Agent Wesley Carter -who had been sucked break into a nearby pawn shop for weaponry and head to into the Necronomicon’s vortex- finds himself in the Spring- the White House. wood Police Department on the day of Freddy’s arrest, and As it literally rains blood in Washington, Ash, Alice, Tina, impulsively signs Freddy’s search warrant when he finds the and Stephanie plan their way into the White House. Up- file on a desk in front of him, altering history. set by Ash and Alice’s bickering, the traumatized Stephanie wanders off alone. The group are provided the distraction they need to get in when an army of soldiers arrive to res- 4.2.2 Development cue the President. Tanks, helicopters, and fighter jets bat- tle the Deadites, but the soldiers suffer heavy losses and Writing Freddy manifests in the clouds to blast the helicopters out of the sky. Elsewhere, Stephanie passes out and finds herself Co-writer Jeff Katz had plans for The Nightmare Warriors back in the dream world. She arrives at a church and meets as soon as the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash moved from Freddy posing as a priest; he informs her that, as member film to the comic book medium. He says, “I basically knew of the Voorhees family, it is her destiny to become a mur- most of the larger strokes of what I'd want to do to cap the derer like Jason. Clad in a hockey mask, Stephanie leaves Vs. “trilogy”, so to speak. In many ways, it’s very simply the church to fulfill her birthright and kill Jason. Back at the been about - “What would I most want to see as a fan?" And White House, Maggie and Jason break out in a fight, but are as a fan of these franchises, what I appreciate more than interrupted by Ash, who drives a tank in the middle of the anything is a sense of continuity.” Katz claims that these room, killing Maggie, much to Freddy’s anger. As Ash res- horror franchises were always best when they carried char- cues Neil, Jacob, and Tommy, Alice confronts Freddy face- acters over from film to film, and that the aim of Nightmare to-face. She reveals that she has a terminal illness and that Warriors was “about tying everything together”. The sub- her Dream Master abilities are weakened, so allows Freddy title, The Nightmare Warriors, was homage to A Nightmare to kill her so she can pass her power over to Jacob. As she on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, Katz’s favorite entry of 116 CHAPTER 4. COMICS

that series.[2] Kuhoric feels the title is fitting since Night- Moby Dick; “it is Tommy who has escaped from Jason’s mare Warriors is a survivor’s story.[3] clutches time and time again”.[3] The writers’ biggest concern was making sure the charac- Kuhoric describes the returning survivors from the films as ters’ voices felt accurate. James Kuhoric says, “A licensed “a huge part of the overall story arc”. He explains, “See, comic book’s first priority has to be that the actions and di- there is something special about people who managed to alog are true to the series they comes from. As a fan, I survive encounters with Freddy and Jason. They have an can't stand picking up any book that reads like the writer inner strength that makes their souls much more powerful didn't watch the show. It’s sad to say, but I've read far more to our maniac killers. And it’s that same inner strength that bad licensed stuff than good.” The writers held several dis- makes them a threat, especially the ultimate F13 survivor, cussions debating how the characters should act in certain Tommy Jarvis.” According to Kuhoric, the characters of scenes. Jeff Katz asserts that Freddy and Ash are “defined The Nightmare Warriors are all “chosen ones”, “led by the by their tones”, so getting their voices right was crucial; he one true Chosen One, Ash Williams”. Katz says “Exploring feels the success of the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash came the dynamic between all of these characters has been a lot from their accurate characterization. However, artist Jason of fun and it’s something I think the fans will hugely enjoy”, Craig feels that “it’s a tightrope to walk"; he enjoys Freddy’s while Craig reveals “One of the things we tried to do was wisecracks but prefers the character to be darker, stating connect all the dots and bring all three storylines together in “People forget he was a child killer. He was a very sadis- one linear history”.[1] Jason Craig describes the story as "X- tic man.” Discussing the relationship between Freddy and Files meets horror”, due to the government’s involvement. Ash, Craig says that “it’s almost like watching two stand up He points out how this vaguely foreshadows Jason X, set comedians try to kill each other”.[1] chronologically after Nightmare Warriors, in which Jason Katz points out that, after two previous confrontations, has been captured by the government, who wish to turn his “Freddy and Jason are extremely familiar with each other regenerative abilities into a weapon. Craig says, “This is a story that gets out of camp grounds, or cabins in the woods, at this point. Maybe the only person they dislike more than [4] each other is Ash.” While Jason wants personal revenge on and takes place at our nation’s capital”. Ash, Freddy’s goals are “a bit larger or ambitious in scope”. The Nightmare Warriors was originally designed as a 12- Katz says, "[Freddy]'s looking to clear the board of any issue maxi-series, and it was up to Kuhoric to condense threat or nuisance before he launches his final . I it to six issues. Katz was pleased with the result, claim- can promise relationships will evolve in some very interest- ing “All the major beats are there everyone gets their time ing ways in this one.” He compares Ash’s story in the series to shine. [Kuhoric]'s terrific at retaining the tone of these to Frank Drebin (Leslie Nielsen) in Naked Gun characters, which isn't easy to do when you're juggling so 33⅓: The Final Insult; “he’s trying to embrace domestic life many voices.[2] Katz summarizes The Nightmare Warriors but often can't get out of his own way. The trusty old chain- as a “labor of love”, and a “love letter to these characters as saw is mounted on the mantle over the fireplace at this point. well as the survivors we've come to know and love over the He’s very much retired. But he'll learn very quickly that the years”. He asks readers to think of the series as being “for Chosen One will never be able to retire. It’s an eternal quest, fans, by fans”.[1] Craig labels it a “fan boy’s wet dream",[4] really.” However, Katz says that Ash “is not alone in this saying “This is the DC Crisis of horror. This is the movie battle” and that there are other survivors like him, “peo- they could never afford to make”.[1] ple with special skills or purposes that have guided them successfully through encounters with Freddy or Jason”. He asks, “who doesn't want to see Ash and Tommy Jarvis fight Artwork for the alpha male slot? That’s too rich an opportunity to pass up.”[2] The Nightmare Warriors is drawn by Jason Craig, who pre- Katz describes Tommy as “the wild card in our group”. His viously worked on the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash and sole priority is to kill Jason and "[e]verything else is inciden- Wildstorm’s Nightmare on Elm Street comics. Craig was tal”. The writers enjoyed developing the “natural rivalry” concerned with capturing the physical likenesses and man- between Ash and Tommy; Craig compares them to Butch nerisms of the characters. He explains, “Freddy isn't some Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, “these two men, who when man that slashes maniacally like a super villain, he has together are completely at odds against one another, two al- panache. Robert Englund told me once that the character pha males, but when things get tough, the two find them- moves in dance steps, foot over foot, very elegant, it’s Fosse selves working together side by side”. Kuhoric believes moves. Remove his glove and add a top hat and cane and he Tommy is a “Chosen One” like Ash, albeit with “a different is no longer Fred Krueger, he’s Fred Astaire.” Craig com- approach to his supernatural calling”. He compares Jason’s pares Jason’s body language to that of a shark, “turning his relationship to Tommy to that between Captain Ahab and head and the body follows, keeping in a straight line until 4.2. ''FREDDY VS. JASON VS. ASH: THE NIGHTMARE WARRIORS’' 117

something better comes along”. He says that once he began scrimping on the red stuff. It’s just presented on a much to understand the characters’ mannerisms, he started to see larger canvas this time”.[1] In contrast, Craig claims that the them come to life on the page.[4] gore was “toned down maybe just a tad to compromise more with the Army of Darkness franchise”. He explains that the Evil Dead/Army of Darkness movies “have an obvious hu- mor in the gore” which makes it easier to swallow than that of the Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th kills, which are “grounded more in reality”. His artistic aim was to “show the brutality without showing some of the intense gore yet still leave you with that feeling that you saw some- thing horrible”.[1]

4.2.3 Reception

Describing #1 as “predictable and a fair bit cheesy”, IGN's Jesse Schedeen claimed there is a lot to dislike about Night- Artist Jason Craig was proud of Jason’s “half mask” design, which mare Warriors, “but only if you approach it from the wrong he felt made the character resemble the Grim Reaper.[3] ”. Provided readers expect no more than a “camp romp”, he admitted that the issue is fun and humorous. Craig tried to maintain consistency with his work on the Schedeen also praised Craig’s “snazzy pencils”, stating “as original Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash comic, but says that he long as the story is going the goofball route, there’s no rea- [5] was “not really experimenting as much as just having fun son the art can't follow suit”. Mike Fish of Fangoria felt and trying things I would want to see”. He based the char- that #1 signaled an improvement over the “mediocre” first acters’ looks on the Freddy vs. Jason movie, but also cites series, as the writers dropped the “cut and paste a movie” Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood as an inspiration for formula and replaced with a “refreshing start to an intrigu- Jason’s appearance. According to him, “Freddy’s never had ing matchup”. Fish praised the initial focus on Jason and a consistent look, and Ash is always Ash, so it really goes Ash and the more “mature” writing from Katz and Kuhoric. back to focusing more on keeping the look of the first se- He described the art as “kick ass”, since it resembles the ries which was a continuation of the FvJ Ronny Yu film.”[4] films without looking photocopied. However, he noted In The Nightmare Warriors, Jason still bears the injuries he that Craig’s Ash seems based on Bruce Campbell in Bubba suffered in the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash series. His Ho-tep, which “disrupts the characterization of Ash a little [6] mask is shot in half, displaying his teeth, and his left arm bit”. is cut off with a machete imbedded in the stump. Craig Total Sci-Fi Online’s James Skipp believed that #1 strug- claims it was difficult to keep track of these injuries panel- gles to balance its three main characters, with the Freddy to-panel, but was especially proud of the “half mask” look, story coming across as “a little intrusive and confusing”. a design he would like to see incorporated into the Friday He also criticized Ash’s characterization, believing that he the 13th films one day. He says, “It’s a way to show Jason’s was “more of a straightforward hero here [...] than the self- emotions under the mask while still keeping him mysteri- deprecating fellow of the Evil Dead movies”, but admitted ous, and it’s also a way to give him this Grim Reaper look it was hard to capture the character’s “idiosyncratic charm” [3] especially when you see him in shadow. without Bruce Campbell. Skipp summarized that the issue [7] Discussing the level of gore in the story, Kurhoric says, “Ja- was adequate for its concept. son Craig is scary when it comes to the amount of detail he puts into his death scenes. [...] He lives for gore and tries to one up each panel in intensity.” He describes The 4.2.4 References Nightmare Warriors as “a blood bath of epic proportions”, [1] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash 2 interview with Kuhoric and and says that the creative team took the “big screen sequel Katz”. ComicMonsters.com. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009- approach” of increasing the action and violence. Katz elab- 09-16. orates, “Like any good sequel, the mantra is bigger and bet- ter. We're looking to up the ante and top ourselves. This [2] “Jeff Katz on Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: Nightmare War- premise is inherently larger scale and more epic in nature, riors”. Newsarama. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-09-16. so that lends itself to blowing open the artwork.” Using the [3] “Exclusive: Talking with the team behind Freddy vs. Jason MPAA rating system as an analogy, Katz labels Nightmare vs. Ash 2: Nightmare Warriors!". Fangoria. 2009-07-29. Warriors a hard-R in terms of gore”, saying “we're hardly Retrieved 2009-09-20. 118 CHAPTER 4. COMICS

[4] “Exclusive Interview With Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash 2 Artist Jason Craig”. RetroSlashers. 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2009- 09-16.

[5] “IGN: Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors #1 Review”. IGN. 2009-06-24. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

[6] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors #1 (Comic Review)". Fangoria. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009- 09-20.

[7] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors”. Total Sci-Fi Online. August 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-20.

4.2.5 External links

• Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors at the Grand Comics Database

• Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors at the Comic Book DB

• Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion Chapter 5

Games and TV

5.1 ''Friday the 13th'' (1985 video costumes, and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th game) artwork. Jason’s hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[4]

Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that, as 5.1.1 Films of 2016, comprises twelve slasher films, a television show, novels, comic books, a video game, and tie‑in merchan- Overview dise. The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional charac- ter Jason Voorhees, who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal In the original Friday the 13th (1980), Mrs. Pamela Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff. Decades later, Voorhees (Betsy Palmer) stalks and murders the teenagers the lake is rumored to be “cursed” and is the setting for a se- who are preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re‑opening. She ries of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the films, as is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after either the killer or the motivation for the killings. The orig- her son Jason (Ari Lehman) drowned in the lake because inal film was written by Victor Miller and was produced and two staff members who were supposed to be watching him directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The films have grossed were having sex. The last counselor, Alice Hardy (Adrienne over $464 million at the box-office worldwide. King), fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a ma- The first film was created to cash in on the success of chete and decapitate her.[5] In Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981), Halloween (1978),[1] and its own success led Paramount Jason (Steve Daskewisz/Warrington Gillette) is revealed to Pictures to purchase the full licensing rights to Friday the be alive and fully grown. After killing Alice Hardy, Jason 13th. Frank Mancuso, Jr., a producer of the films, also de- returns to Crystal Lake to guard it from all intruders. Five veloped the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after years later, a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to set Paramount released Jason Lives. The television series was up a new camp, but Jason murders them. Ginny Field (Amy not connected to the franchise by any character or setting, Steel), the last counselor Jason attempts to kill, finds a cabin but was created based on the idea of “bad luck and curses”, in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of which the film series symbolized.[2] While the franchise was Mrs. Voorhees. Ginny fights back and slams a machete owned by Paramount, four films were adapted into nov- through Jason’s shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is els, with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate taken away in an ambulance.[6] During the events of Friday authors. When the franchise was sold to New Line Cin- the 13th Part III (1982), Jason (Richard Brooker) removes ema, Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris additional films, in addition to a crossover film with charac- Higgins’ (Dana Kimmell) local homestead. Chris returns to ter Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film her property with some friends, and Jason kills anyone who series. Under New Line Cinema, 13 novellas and various wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey comic book series featuring Jason were published. mask from a victim to hide his face, Jason leaves the barn Although the films were not popular with critics, Friday the to kill the rest of the group. Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head, but the night’s events drive her into 13th is considered one of the most successful media fran- [7] chises in America—not only for the success of the films, but hysteria as the police take her away. also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues where references to the series in popular culture.[3] The franchise’s Part III leaves off, with Jason (Ted White) found by the po- popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their lice and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe. own Friday the 13th films, fashioned replica Jason Voorhees Upon arrival, Jason kills the coroner and a nurse before re-

119 120 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

turning to Crystal Lake. A group of friends rent a house only method of stopping him, but Jason breaks free and on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason’s rampage. Af- kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be ter killing the teens, Jason seeks out Trish (Kimberly Beck) again imprisoned. Rowan manages to lure Jason into the and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman), who live next door. cryo‑chamber, but he ruptures the tank and freezes both While distracted by Trish, Jason is attacked and killed by himself and Rowan. Over 400 years later, a team of stu- Tommy.[8] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985) fol- dents studying Earth discover Jason’s body and take it into lows Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd), who was committed space. Upon being thawed by the team, he proceeds to mur- to a mental health institution after the events of The Fi- der everyone aboard the spacecraft. He is seemingly killed, nal Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg ver- Morga) would return. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Ja- sion of himself. Finally, he is ejected into space and lands son’s persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway on the planet Earth 2.[14] The next Friday the 13th film, home to which Tommy has moved. Tommy, supervisor Freddy vs. Jason (2003), was a crossover with A Night- Pam (Melanie Kinnaman), and a young boy named Reggie mare on Elm Street. Set in the contemporary period, Freddy (Shavar Ross) manage to defeat Roy. They eventually learn Krueger (Robert Englund) resurrects Jason (Ken Kirzinger) that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create at the institution, triggering Roy to take on Jason’s likeness enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong and kill everyone there.[9] Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason enough to invade their dreams. Jason accomplishes this but Lives (1986) begins with Tommy (Thom Mathews) visiting refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues both in the dream- Jason’s grave after being released from another mental in- world and at Crystal Lake. The outcome is left ambiguous, stitution. Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Gra- as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy’s severed ham) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery head, which winks and laughs.[15] acting as a lightning rod. Jason immediately heads back to In 2009, a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new sum- series continuity was released. In this film, after witnessing mer camp. Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that [10] his mother being beheaded at a young age, an adult Jason he tosses into the lake, where he leaves Jason to die. (Derek Mears) follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an comes to Crystal Lake. Jason subsequently kidnaps a young indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane woman, Whitney Miller (Amanda Righetti), who resembles Hodder) is resurrected again, this time by the telekinetic his mother at a young age. Six weeks after her disappear- Tina Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who is trying to resur- ance, her brother, Clay Miller (Jared Padalecki), comes to rect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a look for her. The pair reunite and work together to seem- child. Jason once again begins killing those who occupy ingly kill Jason.[16] Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina.[11] Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) by an un- Development derwater electrical cable. He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan, where he kills the The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by ship’s crew and the majority of the students. Upon reach- Sean S. Cunningham, who had previously worked with film- ing Manhattan, Jason chases Rennie (Jensen Daggett) and maker Wes Craven on The Last House on the Left (1972). Sean (Scott Reeves), the two remaining students, into the Cunningham, inspired by the success of John Carpenter's sewers. Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is Halloween (1978), wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking, flooded with toxic waste.[12] In Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- visually stunning, and "[make] you jump out of your seat”. nal Friday (1993), Jason, through an unexplained resurrec- Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left, Cun- tion, is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake. The FBI sets ningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a “roller up a sting that successfully kills Jason. Through possession, coaster ride”.[1] The first film was meant to be “a real scary Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from movie”, and at the same time make audiences laugh. The one being to the next. It is revealed that he has a sister and concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a a niece, and that he needs them to get his body back. Ja- title. A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title son resurrects himself, but his niece, Jessica Kimble (Kari Victor Miller used while he drafted a script, but Cunning- Keegan), stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged ham believed in his “Friday the 13th” moniker and rushed to into Hell.[13] place an advertisement in International Variety. Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting Jason X (2001) takes place in the future, when Jason has to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be again been inexplicably resurrected. A scientist, Rowan La- best to find out immediately. Cunningham commissioned a fontaine (Lexa Doig), decides that cryonic suspension is the New York advertising agency to develop his visual concept 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 121

be a joke. Steve Miner, associate producer of the first film, believed in the idea, and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the direc- tor’s chair.[19] The studio continued to generate sequels over the years, based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets. With every film repeating the same basic premise, the filmmakers came up with subtle ad- justments so the audience would return. Changes involved the addition of a subtitle—as opposed to just a number at- tached to the end—like “The Final Chapter” and “Jason Takes Manhattan”, or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III.[20] The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable im- ages in popular culture, that of Jason’s hockey mask.[4] Pro- ducer Frank Mancuso, Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good, after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies, because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series.[21] Jason would not stay buried for long, as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film. Man- cuso, Sr. stated, “Quite simply, the public still wanted to see these films. So until they really stopped coming, why not continue to make more?" A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean how he battles his inner demons, hallucinations, and “rages S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety to kill” after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter.[22] magazine. This premise was not repeated, as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead. Jason Lives attempted to create a “funnier, faster, and more action-packed [...] of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block Friday" than had previously been done.[23] The limited fi- letters bursting through a pane of glass.[17] In the end, Cun- nancial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive ningham believed there were “no problems” with the title, to create another sequel, The New Blood. The idea pro- but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an posed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his re- issue: “There was a movie before ours called Friday the alization that the films always ended with Jason battling the 13th: The Orphan. Moderately successful. But someone "final girl". Haney decided that this final girl should have still threatened to sue. I don't know whether Phil [Scuderi] telekinetic powers, which led Producer Barbara Sachs to paid them off, but it was finally resolved.”[18] dub the film, Jason vs. Carrie.[24] Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel and and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film. immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights. New York City was selected as the main setting, with Jason According to Paramount Pictures’ Chairman and CEO spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat be- Frank Mancuso, Sr., “We wanted it to be an event, where fore reaching New York. The film was then subtitled Jason teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to Takes Manhattan. Ultimately, the character spent the ma- see the latest episode.” Initial ideas for a sequel involved the jority of the time on the cruise ship, as budget restrictions Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinu- forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded. ous films, released once a year, and each would be a separate Vancouver had to substitute for the majority of the New “scary movie” of its own right. Phil Scuderi—a co‑owner of York scenes.[25] Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform success- and a producer of the original film—insisted that the sequel fully at the box office, Sean Cunningham decided that he must have Jason Voorhees, Pamela’s son, even though his wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to 122 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason, as they wanted to use pieces from the early films. Fuller said, New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise. “I think there are moments we want to address, like how The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not does the hockey mask happen.”[31] Damian Shannon and new, since Paramount had approached New Line about Mark Swift, writers of Freddy vs. Jason, were brought on filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the to pen the script for the new film,[32] with Marcus Nispel, licensing rights to Friday the 13th. At that time, both com- director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003, panies wanted the license to the other’s character so that hired in November 2007 to direct.[33] they could control the making of the film. Negotiations on the project were never finalized, which led Paramount to make The New Blood. After Jason Takes Manhattan was re- Music leased in 1989, the rights reverted to Scuderi, Minasian, and Barsamianto, who sold them to New Line. Before Cunning- When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical ham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason, Wes Craven score for the 1980 film, the decision was made to play the returned to New Line to make New Nightmare. This ef- music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audi- fectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold, but allowed Cun- ence into believing that the killer was around during mo- ningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight ments that they were not supposed to be.[34] Manfredini ex- with Jason Goes to Hell.[26] The ninth installment “turned plains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliber- a healthy profit”, though it was only intended to open the ate: “There’s a scene where one of the girls [...] is setting up door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to the archery area [...] One of the guys shoots an arrow into start a new series for New Line.[27] Ultimately, the film the target and just misses her. It’s a huge scare, but if you series would go through another sequel before that would notice, there’s no music. That was a choice.”[34] Manfre- happen. Cunningham’s “frustration” with the delayed de- dini also noted that when something was about to happen, velopment of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in bit, which allowed the scare to become more effective. the minds of audiences. Based on Jason Takes Manhattan's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake, the 10th Since Mrs. Voorhees, the killer in the original Friday the film would put the titular character in space.[28] The film 13th, does not show up until the final reel of the film, Man- suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter, President of fredini had the job of creating a score that would represent Production Michael De Luca, when he resigned from his the killer in her absence.[34] Manfredini was inspired by the position. Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for 1975 film Jaws, where the shark is not seen for the major- two years before finally being released on April 26, 2002, ity of the film, but the motif created by John Williams cued and it would go on to become the lowest-grossing film in the the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes franchise at the domestic box office. It also held the distinc- and unseen.[35] While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Pen- tion of having the largest budget of any of the previous films derecki music, which contained a chorus with “striking pro- at that time.[29] nunciations”, Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th. He came up with the sound “ki ki After more than 15 years of off-and-on development, and ki, ma ma ma”, based on the line “Kill her mommy!", which approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel. The more than a dozen screenwriters, New Line finally pro- “ki” comes from “kill”, and the “ma” from “mommy”. To duced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003. One of the achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that man- spoke the two words “harshly, distinctly, and rhythmically aged to bring the two horror icons together. Potential stories into a microphone” and ran them into an echo reverberation varied widely, from Freddy having molested and drowned machine.[34] Manfredini finished the original score after a Jason as a child, to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the few weeks and recorded it in a friend’s basement.[35] Victor “Fred Heads”.[30] In January 2007, Platinum Dunes produc- Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on ers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller outlined their intended how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life. New Line ap- “iconographic”. Manfredini makes note of the mispronun- proached Fuller and Form to create a reboot, but because ciation of the sounds: “Everybody thinks it’s cha, cha, cha. Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film, I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha'? What are you talking about?"[36] the reboot would not be able to use anything from the origi- nal. Paramount, who wanted to be included in the develop- When Manfredini returned for the first sequel, he had an ment of a reboot, approached the producers and gave them easier time composing since he only needed to perfect license to use anything from the original films, including the what he had already created.[37] Over the course of the se- title. With Paramount on board, Fuller and Form decided quels, Manfredini loosened the philosophy that the theme should be reserved just for the killer. Manfredini describes 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 123

the style of the sequels as more of a “setting 'em up and high body counts over plot and character development and knocking 'em down” approach, which meant that there how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last. were more "McGuffins and red‑herrings” that required the Nevertheless, the films were a financial success, prompt- killer’s theme music be played to try to trick the audience. ing Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the Manfredini explains, “The original had the real myopic ap- box office appeal.[44] When comparing Friday the 13th proach, and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as to the other top-grossing American horror franchises— more conventional films.”[34] For Part 3, Manfredini only A Nightmare on Elm Street, Child’s Play, Halloween, the returned to score the first and last reels of the film because Hannibal Lecter series, Psycho, Saw, Scream, and The he was busy with a Broadway production. Jack Tillar pieced Texas Chainsaw Massacre—and adjusting for the 2011 together portions of the score from the first two films to fill inflation,[45] Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror the remaining time for Part 3, while Michael Zagar com- franchise in the United States, with approximately $687.1 posed an opening and closing theme. Manfredini and Zagar million.[46] A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 met at the latter’s apartment, where Zagar rescored the orig- million,[47] with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely be- inal opening theme using a disco beat. Manfredini returned hind with $588.7 million.[48] Then comes Halloween with for The Final Chapter, and although there were similar el- $557.5 million,[49] Saw with $457.4 million,[50] Scream ements to the score, everything was newly recorded for the with $442.9 million,[51] Psycho with $376.3 million,[52] The fourth Friday the 13th.[38] Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million,[53] and the Child’s Play film series rounding out the list with approxi- When he began work on the score for A New Begin- [54] ning, Manfredini created a theme just for the character of mately $203 million. The financial success has extended to home release, with more than five million DVDs sold by Tommy Jarvis. The idea was to suggest that there was “mad- [55] ness afoot”, which he believed helped to "'point the finger' 2005. at various characters [...] to suggest that things were not as you might expect”.[39] For Jason Lives, Tom McLoughlin Future instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to hap- In an interview, producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form pen, “but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves”. expressed an interest in doing another Friday the 13th McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter’s 1978 film film, citing the enjoyment they had working on the 2009 Halloween, which would always follow any shock in the film reboot.[70] On October 1, 2009, Warner Bros. Pictures an- with Carpenter’s “Eeeeeeee!" sound. McLoughlin wanted nounced that they planned to release the Friday the 13th something more subtle, with a “Gothic” resonance.[40] sequel on August 13, 2010.[71] Subsequently, Warner Bros. Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes announced on December 10, 2009 that the sequel had been Manhattan because of prior film engagements, but his pulled from the August 13 release slot and is now listed scores from previous films were reused.[34] While Manfre- as “TBD” (to be determined). Damian Shannon and Mark dini was working on Sean Cunningham’s DeepStar Six, Pro- Swift were penning the sequel.[72] On April 21, 2010, Fuller ducer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin, who was scoring announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 re- Friday the 13th: The Series, to finish composing the mu- make was no longer in the works, declaring it, “dead — not sic to The New Blood. Manfredini’s original music only happening”.[73] In a later interview, Fuller explained that the filled half the film.[41] Mollin returned to fully score Jason making of the 2009 remake was a joint effort by Paramount Takes Manhattan, and worked with Steve Mizer to write an and New Line, who both own portions of the Friday the original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening 13th franchise. With the economy down, both studios are credits.[42] Manfredini would score the next two entries in limiting the films that they produce each year, opting for the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason.[43] lower risks and higher rewards. As such, films like Friday The official reason for Manfredini’s replacement was be- the 13th Part 2 were put on hold, with the hope that when cause New Line wanted to take the series in a “new direc- the economy bounced back, they would move forward with tion”, but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy the next installment. Form explained that since neither stu- vs. Jason was “just the same thing”.[34] dio wants to walk away from the production of a sequel and have it perform well without their involvement, thus mak- ing them look like “idiots”, the chance of having one studio Reception being the primary producing house was rejected. Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may [74] The Friday the 13th films generally received negative re- be a 3‑D film, should it ever be green-lit for production. ception from professional critics, in contrast to other slash- On February 1, 2011, it was reported that a script for a se- ers like Halloween. Critics disliked how the series favored quel had been completed. Brad Fuller states that he is ready 124 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

when New Line Cinema is ready.[75] On June 5, 2013, it was ity of bringing Friday the 13th to television, with the series reported that Warner Bros. relinquished their film rights to focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake the Friday the 13th series back to Paramount as part of a area.[87] On October 22, 2005, Cunningham discussed the deal that allows Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar.[76] potential series further. He explained that the idea was to One week later, Derek Mears revealed that Paramount is call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles, and “set [it] in a town working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment with all this Jason history”. The series would focus more on “as fast as possible”.[77] David Bruckner is set to direct the “coming-of-age issues”, in a similar style to Buffy the Vam- next installment of Friday the 13th.[78] After altering the re- pire Slayer, Dawson’s Creek, and Smallville, with Jason as lease date numerous times, Paramount has set the film for more of a recurring “background” character.[88] [79] a Friday, May 13, 2016 release date. In March 2015, In April 2014, it was announced that Emmett/Furla/Oasis it was announced TV writer Nick Antosca would write the [80] Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to script. On October 20, 2015, The Wrap reports that the produce an hour-long Friday the 13th television series. The film is pushed back to January 13, 2017.[81] On December series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal 3, 2015, it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski will write Lake, who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees, a new script, but that same day, Bruckner was reported to [82] as well as discover new information about him and his have left in late 2015. On May 31, 2016, Fuller told that family.[89] On August 2015, it was announced that the series the reboot will be an origin story for Jason and his mother was being developed by The CW. Steve Mitchell and Craig will be in the film.[83] On August 8, 2016, Variety reports [84] Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot, while Sean S. Cun- that Breck Eisner is in talks to direct the reboot. ningham, Randall Emmett, George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers.[90] On August 2016, the 5.1.2 Television network announced that decided to not move forward with the series. The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained, “We had better pilots. The bottom line is we felt we had On September 28, 1987,[85] Paramount began airing Friday stronger things to go with, and we didn’t go forward with the 13th: The Series, a television series that focuses on two it. It was well-written, it was darker than we wanted it to cousins’ attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold be, and we didn’t believe it had sustainability... We didn’t from a shop they inherited from their uncle. The show believe that it was a sustainable script, a sustainable series. starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey It was a very good pilot, but not a sustainable series.”[91] as Michelle Foster. It was created by Frank Mancuso, Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour, and the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso, Jr. 5.1.3 Literature never intended to link the television show directly to the film series, but he utilized “the idea of Friday the 13th, which Novels is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses”. The creators wanted to tie‑in Jason’s trademark hockey mask to the se- Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels—Friday ries, but the idea was discarded so that the show could have the 13th 1 – 3, Jason Lives, Jason X, and Freddy vs. Jason— a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso, Jr. was afraid that with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice. The first mentioning any events from the films would take the au- novel was Michael Avallone's 1982 adaptation of Friday the dience away from “the new world that we were trying to 13th Part 3;[93] Avallone had previously adapted Beneath create”. The decision to name the show Friday the 13th the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment.[92] The author over the original title was made because Mancuso, Jr. be- chose to use an alternate ending, one that was filmed for lieved a "Friday the 13th" moniker would better help to Part 3 but never used, as the conclusion for his adaptation. sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, [2] In the alternate ending, Chris, who is in a canoe, hears her Canada. Friday the 13th: The Series initially aired in first- boyfriend Rick’s voice and immediately runs back to the run syndication in a late-night spot; the success of the series house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to with a machete and decapitates her.[94] The next book was move it to primetime. Produced on a budget estimated be- not published until 1986, when Simon Hawke adapted Ja- low $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second son Lives.[95] Hawke would also adapt the first three films in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind into novels, and his adaptation of the original Friday the Paramount’s Star Trek: The Next Generation. In addition, 13th was published in 1987,[96] with novelizations of Part the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49-year-old [97][98] [86] 2 and 3 both being published in 1988. Hawke’s first demographic. adaptation, Jason Lives, introduced the character of Elias In September 2003, during a panel session at the Maniafest Voorhees, Jason’s father, who was supposed to appear in convention, Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibil- the film before being cut by the studio. The book explains 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 125

how Elias has Jason’s body buried, instead of the planned Hell, written by Andy Mangels. The three-issue series was cremation, after his death in The Final Chapter.[99] a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes.[115] In 1994, four young adult novels were released under the Topps Comics published another series in 1995, with Nancy title of Friday the 13th. These stories focused on different A. Collins writing a three-issue, non‑canonical miniseries people finding Jason’s mask and becoming possessed by his involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chain- spirit, but the actual character did not appear in the novels. saw Massacre's Leatherface. The story involves Jason stow- The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published ing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface. in 1994. The books are titled Mother’s Day, Jason’s Curse, The two initially become friends, with Leatherface adopting [100][101][102][103] Jason into the former’s family. After a series of misunder- The Carnival, and Road Trip. In 2003 and [116] 2005, Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. standings, Jason and Leatherface turn on each other. Jason and Jason X.[104][105] After the release of the Jason X On May 13, 2005, New Line first exercised their rights novel, Black Flame began publishing two series of novels. to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they, along with One set was published under the Jason X title, while the Avatar comics, released a special issue of Friday the 13th. second set used the Friday the 13th moniker. The Jason X Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation. The Greg Waller, the story takes place after the events of Freddy first to be published was Jason X: The Experiment, which vs. Jason, where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit saw the government attempting to exploit Jason’s indestruc- Camp Crystal Lake. Knowing that Jason caused the re- tibility to create an army of “super soldiers”.[106] The second cent destruction, Laura, unknown to her brother, sets out novel, Planet of the Beast, follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay brother can sell the property.[117] The issue pre‑sold more alive when Jason awakens.[107] Death Moon revolves around than 17,500 copies.[118] Avatar released a three-issue minis- Jason crash-landing at Moon Camp Americana,[108] and the eries titled Friday the 13th: Bloodbath in September 2005. final novel, To the Third Power, is about the discovery of a The series was written by Brian Pulido, illustrated by Mike Jason clone underneath a prison.[109] Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse, and revolves around a group The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow, a camp that the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth sits on Crystal Lake, for work and a “party-filled weekend”. by the films. Instead, each novel developed the charac- The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason, who proceeds ter of Jason in its own way. Friday the 13th: Church of [119] the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious to kill them. Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar, ti- cult.[110] In Friday the 13th: Hell Lake, a recently executed serial killer, Wayne Sanchez, persuades Jason to help him tled Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film, Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer, Kristen, escape back to the real world.[111] In Hate-Kill-Repeat, two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake, attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his re- generative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those believing that the three of them share the same contempt for [120] those that break the moral code.[112] The Jason Strain places she loves. In February 2006, Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic, a two-issue miniseries titled Friday Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts— placed there by television executives running a reality game the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X. The series was written and il- show—while a scientist attempts to create an age-retarding lustrated by Mike Wolfer. The story takes place after the “super drug” from Jason’s DNA. Instead, she creates a virus events of the film Jason X, where a salvage team discov- that reanimates the dead into zombies.[113] The character of ers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Ma- Voorhees. The “original” Jason and Über-Jason, a version of Jason with mechanical limbs, are drawn into a battle to niacs, and she searches for Jason, who is now part of a trav- [121] eling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest the death. In June 2006, a one-shot comic titled Friday bidder.[114] the 13th: Fearbook was released, written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara. In the comic, Jason is cap- tured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization. Jason escapes and seeks out Violet, the survivor of Friday Comic books the 13th: Bloodbath, whom the Trent Organization is hold- ing in their Crystal Lake headquarters.[122] Since New Line Cinema's acquisition of the franchise, sev- In December 2006, WildStorm began publishing its own eral Friday the 13th comic books have been published series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title. The by Topps Comics, Avatar Press, and DC Comics imprint first set was a six-issue miniseries that involves Jason’s re- WildStorm. The first comic book release for the franchise turn to Crystal Lake, a lone survivor’s tale of the mur- was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to 126 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

der of her friends by a monster, a new revelation about 2008. The story involves a teenager named Maggie trick- the evil surrounding Crystal Lake, and the truth of what ing her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake, Jason embodies.[123][124] The miniseries pre‑sold approxi- where she plans to murder him, but she encounters Jason mately 60,318 copies altogether, with each issue pre‑selling shortly after arriving at the camp.[142] On June 24, 2009, 15,800,[125] 9,600,[126] 8,964,[127] 8,637,[128] 8,715,[129] the six-issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, subtitled and 8,602 copies, respectively.[130] The trade paperback The Nightmare Warriors, began. Written by Jeff Katz and of the series, released in September 2007, contained a James Kuhoric, and illustrated by Jason Craig, the minis- foreword by musician Andrew W.K..[131] On July 11 and eries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason band- August 15, 2007, WildStorm published a two-part special ing together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from titled Friday the 13th: Pamela’s Tale. The two-issue comic the world of the Deadites by government operatives who book covers Pamela Voorhees’ journey to Camp Crystal had discovered the Necronomicon.[143] Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she re- counts it to hitchhiker Annie, a camp counselor who is [132] killed in the original film. The miniseries pre‑sold a 5.1.4 Documentaries combined 16,051 copies.[133][134] WildStorm released another comic book special, titled Fri- There have been two documentary books released chron- day the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation, consist- icling the making of the Friday the 13th films. In Febru- ing of two issues that were released on September 12 and ary 2005, FAB Press published their book containing in- October 10, 2007. The comic book provides insight into terviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th se- the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy ries of films. David Grove, a film journalist who has writ- born with a skull deformity.[136] The first issue of How I ten for Fangoria, Cinefantastique, and various other British Spent My Summer Vacation pre‑sold approximately 7,837 magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th copies.[137] WildStorm released a six-issue sequel to Freddy films, wrote the comprehensive book, Making Friday the vs. Jason, titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, starring the two 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. Grove interviewed over aforementioned killers and Ash from the Evil Dead film se- 100 “key personnel involved in making the films” to col- ries. The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon, lect “detailed production histories of each of the 11 films”, which is in the basement of the Voorhees home, to escape not including interviews with other film professionals like from Jason’s subconscious and “gain powers unlike anything Wes Craven. Grove’s book also includes previously un- he’s had before”. Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve seen production photos which were acquired from private the book, but Ash, who is working at the local S‑Mart in collections.[144] Crystal Lake, learns of the book’s existence and sets out Eight months after the release of Grove’s book, Titan to destroy it once and for all.[138] The story, by Jeff Katz, Books, in association with Sparkplug Press, released a de- was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development tailed history on the Friday the 13th series. Peter M. Bracke before the former film had been theatrically released. Af- released Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of ter meeting with executives, the negotiations ended and the Friday the 13th on October 24, 2005. The book chroni- story was shelved. Following the success of Freddy vs. Ja- cles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy son, the idea of including Ash was brought up again, but vs. Jason. Bracke spent three years researching the series New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and crew of each of the films. Bracke’s extensive work for the Jason Craig to do the artwork.[135] On January 9 and Febru- book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword. ary 13, 2008, WildStorm released another two-issue minis- Crystal Lake Memories also includes images, storyboards, eries, titled Friday the 13th: Bad Land, which was written concept art, and publicity material that had not been re- and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston, respec- leased to the public. A private party was held on October tively. The series explores the history of Crystal Lake be- 22, 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk Hollywood for the fore Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived.[139][140] Bad Land book’s premiere.[55] takes place in two time frames, the “present day” and 250 years before “present day”. It follows three hikers in the A documentary film, titled His Name Was Jason: 30 Years present and three fur trappers in the past, each of whom is of Friday the 13th, was released in February 2009. This snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake. Each group expe- film was directed by Daniel Farrands, who had also writ- riences similar events, suggesting that there is a connection ten the film Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers as well between the two groups.[141] A one-shot comic, titled Fri- as a documentary on The Amityville Horror. The film was day the 13th: Abuser and the Abused, written by Joshua Hale broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first Fialkov with artwork by Andy B., was released on April 30, week of February,[145] and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3, 2009. The documentary is hosted by 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 127

special make‑up effects artist Tom Savini, who interviews erKit collecting US$271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th Kickstarter collecting US$823,704.20 from 12,128 back- films, asking them questions on the choices they made dur- ers, collecting a total of US$1,095,143.40 from an overall ing filming. It also features interviews with journalists and 28,237 backers, with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th: other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series.[146] The Game.[153][154] A developer panel for Gun Media and Illfonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with In September 2013, Farrands wrote and directed a second [155] documentary film on the Friday franchise, this time directly alpha footage and a list of kill animations. inspired by Bracke’s book. Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th discusses each of the 5.1.6 Merchandise twelve films, from the original to the 2009 remake, as well as the television series. It is narrated by Corey Feldman, In addition to the films, television series, and various liter- and also features interviews with key individuals in the fran- ature based on the Friday the 13th franchise, there are over chise’s history. Farrands has suggested that his work on the 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 well-received 2010 film, Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street million in revenue.[55] Over the years, the characters of Fri- Legacy, which documented the making of the Nightmare on day the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines. Elm Street series, demonstrated the possibility for a docu- In 1988, Screamin' Toys produced a model kit of Jason mentary film that was more in depth and more comprehen- Voorhees.[156] Six years later, Screamin' Toys issued a sec- sive than his previous effort, His Name Was Jason. In mak- ond model kit based on Jason’s appearance in Jason Goes ing such a film, Farrands turned to Bracke’s book, which to Hell. Both kits are no longer in production.[157] In 1998, he had also worked on, and drew from its structure and as part of McFarlane Toys' Movie Maniacs 1 collection, a content.[147] Curious Goods: Behind the Scenes of Friday figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released.[158] the 13th: The Series by Alyse Wax, a retrospective focusing Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from on the 1987 television series, was released in October 2015 the Movie Maniacs 1 collection, and the other two were by BearManor Media.[148] Freddy Krueger and Leatherface.[159] The following year, 6 in (150 mm) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass dis- [160] 5.1.5 Video games play case were released by MacFarlane Toys. In 2002, as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection, McFarlane re- leased a model of Über-Jason from Jason X.[161] McFar- Main articles: Friday the 13th (1989 video game) and lane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable un- Friday the 13th: The Game til November 2006, when a 3-dimensional movie poster was released.[162] Since 2002, there has been a steady produc- In May 1986, Domark released a Friday the 13th game for tion of action figures, dolls, and statuettes, with more mer- the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. The chandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason.[163] plot involved the player picking a "sanctuary" and attempt- Apart from video games and toys, the series has also seen ing to persuade others to hide there. Jason is “disguised the release of its films’ soundtracks. In 1982, Gramavision as a friend” until he decides to attack the player.[149] Three Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry years later, LJN developed a game for the Nintendo Enter- Manfredini’s scores from the first three films.[164] On tainment System.[150] In 2007, Xendex released their own September 27, 2005, BSX Records released a limited edi- Friday the 13th game for mobile phones. In the game, the tion CD of Fred Mollin’s scores.[165] On January 13, 2012, player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake. La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer containing Manfredini’s scores from the first six films.[166] weekend, an “unknown stalker” begins murdering each of Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell, each film in the se- them. The player must discover the truth and escape the ries has had their musical score and soundtrack released for camp alive.[151] sale.[167][168][169][170] Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new survival horror, multi-platform[152] "asymmetrical, co-operative and competitive multiplayer predator/prey 5.1.7 Impact horror experience” is in development, with a tentative re- lease date of October 2015. This game was originally titled In December 2006, IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh Slasher Vol. 1: Summer Camp, in which it was originally in the top 25 film franchises. Qualifications included: the developed by Illfonic, but Gun Media joined and helped franchise must have at least three films released before De- develop, in which they will publish the game. The game cember 2006; the franchises must be either a commercial was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter, with Back- or artistic success; and the franchise must have had some 128 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

form of impact on popular culture. Three senior editors, (Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part the editor-in-chief, and IGN’s entertainment editorial man- 2, he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the ager judged the various film franchises. In commenting on victims and cheered during death scenes), Karnick explains Friday the 13th's seventh-place ranking, the general con- that Ebert’s remarks show how the film series forces “audi- sensus among the reviewers was that even though the Hal- ences to experience the very thing that motivates the mur- loween franchise started the slasher genre, Friday the 13th ders: a lack of compassion”. In closing, Karnick suggested became one of “the most influential franchises of the 1980s” that these films were not puritanical, but proved that audi- and that its commercial success through 11 films, noveliza- ences “could be just as indifferent and callous as the char- tions, comic books, and other collectables is proof of its acters in the films”.[171] legacy.[3] ABC Online's Arts and Entertainment reporter, Gary Kemble, makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture. Kemble points out that Jason’s 5.1.8 Notes mask, which was not adopted until the third film in the se- ries, is one of the most widely recognizable images in popu- [1] Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: FAB Press. pp. lar culture. Talking with Brenna O'Brien, co‑founder of the 11–12. ISBN 1-903254-31-0. Fridaythe13thfilms.com website, the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with [2] Grove, David, pp. 189–196 the series that they have created films, latex body suits to [3] "IGN:Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time: #7”. IGN. emulate Jason’s appearance, and tattoos of Jason and the 2006-12-18. Retrieved 2008-01-26. Friday the 13th moniker on their body.[4] S. T. Karnick, editor of American Culture, wrote an arti- [4] Gary Kemble (2006-01-13). “Movie Minutiae: the Friday the 13th series (1980-?)". ABC. Archived from the original cle for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 2007-05-21. 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the rea- sons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons [5] Sean S. Cunningham (Director) (1980). Friday the 13th why the franchise has had such a strong influence. Kar- (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. nick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recre- [6] Steve Miner (Director) (1981). Friday the 13th Part 2 ate the same “clever” film that John Carpenter made in (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. 1978, but instead "[codified] the formula” of Halloween, and "[boiled] it down to its essentials” so that it could be [7] Steve Miner (Director) (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3 copied by other filmmakers. In his assessment, Friday the (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not pro- [8] Joseph Zito (Director) (1984). Friday the 13th: The Final viding back‑stories for characters so that when the audi- Chapter (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. ence witnessed a character’s death, they are “strangely unaf- fected”. Instead, Friday the 13th focuses on the history and [9] Danny Steinmann (Director) (1985). Friday the 13th: A New motivations of the killer, who would exact revenge not on Beginning (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. the people directly responsible, but on innocent people— [10] Tom McLoughlin (Director) (1986). Friday the 13th Part a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on VI: Jason Lives (DVD). United States: Paramount Pictures. Elm Street, Child’s Play, Scream, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Saw, the Hannibal Lecter films, and the Halloween [11] John Carl Buechler (Director) (1988). Friday the 13th Part sequels. As Karnick sees it, “these films spoke directly to VII: The New Blood (DVD). United States: Paramount Pic- fears of increasing crime and social dislocation [and] pro- tures. vided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and [12] Rob Hedden (Director) (1989). Friday the 13th Part VIII: [171] conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it.” Jason Takes Manhattan (DVD). United States: Paramount In Karnick’s eyes, contemporary critics have failed to Pictures. see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently [13] Adam Marcus (Director) (1993). Jason Goes to Hell: The branded the film series as “both irresponsible (for numb- Final Friday (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. ing audiences to violence) and puritanical (for showing the murders of sexually active teens)". Quoting director John [14] James Isaac (Director) (2002). Jason X (DVD). United Carpenter, Karnick emphasized that “teens thus dispatched States: New Line Cinema. became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but [15] Ronny Yu (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the United States: New Line Cinema. presence of a murderer”. Pointing to Roger Ebert as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films [16] Marcus Nispel (Director) (2009). Friday the 13th. United States: Warner Bros. 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 129

[17] Grove, David, pp.15–16 [44] Joseph Lee (2007-11-08). “A Bloody Good Time 11.08.07: Horror History Lessons, Part 8”. 411mania. Retrieved [18] Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United 2007-11-13. Kingdom: Titan Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. [45] “Tom’s Inflation Calculator”. Halfhill.com. Retrieved [19] Brack, Peter, pp. 50–52 September 21, 2011.

[20] Bracke, Peter, pp.73–74 [46] “Friday the 13th box office ranking”. Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved 2008-01-17. [21] Bracke, Peter, pg.98 [47] “A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings”. Box Of- [22] Bracke, Peter, pg.122–123 fice Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

[23] Bracke, Peter, pp.147–148 [48] “The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings”. Box Of- fice Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. [24] Bracke, Peter, pg.173 [49] “Halloween box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Re- [25] Bracke, Peter, pp.194–195 trieved 2008-01-17.

[26] Bracke, Peter, pp.218–219 [50] “Saw box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-09-05. [27] Bracke, Peter, pg. 238 [51] “Scream box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved [28] Bracke, Peter, pp.242–243 2008-01-17.

[29] Bracke, Peter, pp.263–264 [52] “Psycho box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. [30] Bracke, Peter, pp.267–269 [53] “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings”. Box [31] Devin Faraci (2007-01-08). “Exclusive: Paging Tommy Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-01-17. Jarvis”. CHUD. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [54] “Child’s Play box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. Re- [32] Borys Kit (2007-10-02). “Duo pumps new blood into 'Fri- trieved 2008-01-17. day the 13th'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [55] “Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Book- stores With Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History [33] Borys Kit (2007-11-14). “Nispel scores a date with next 'Fri- of Friday the 13th”. PR Web. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2007- day'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original 10-22. on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2007-11-14. [56] Bracke, Peter, pp. 314–315 [34] “Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini”. Slasherama. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [57] “Friday the 13th (1980) foreign box office”. The-Numbers. Retrieved 2008-11-24. [35] Bracke, Peter, pg. 39 [58] “Friday the 13th (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved [36] Victor Miller, Jay Keuper, Harry Manfredini (1980). “Re- 2007-06-12. turn to Crystal Lake: Making of Friday the 13th” Friday the 13th DVD (Special Features) (DVD (Region 2)). United [59] “Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved States: WB. 2007-06-12.

[37] Bracke, Peter, pg. 70 [60] “Friday the 13th Part III (1982)". Box Office Mojo. Re- trieved 2007-06-12. [38] Bracke, Peter, pg. 118 [61] “Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)". Box Office [39] Bracke, Peter, pg. 142 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12.

[40] Bracke, Peter, pg. 165 [62] “Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [41] Bracke, Peter, pg. 189 [63] “Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)". Box Office [42] Bracke, Peter, pg. 211 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12.

[43] “Harry Manfredini’s filmography”. HarryManfredini.com. [64] “Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)". Box Retrieved 2007-10-30. Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. 130 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

[65] “Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)". [84] Kroll, Justin (August 8, 2016). "'Last Witch Hunter' Direc- Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. tor Eyes 'Friday the 13th' Reboot at Paramount”. Variety.

[66] “Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993)". Box Office [85] Bracke, Peter, pg. 171 Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [86] Aljean Harmetz (1988-07-05). “TV Producers Discover [67] “Jason X (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. New Path to Prime Time (page 2)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-01. [68] “Freddy vs. Jason (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-06-12. [87] Peter H. (2003-09-20). "'Friday the 13th' Box-Set News and More!". Bloody-Disgusting. Retrieved 2007-10-23. [69] “Friday the 13th (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-04-09. [88] “The Godfather”. Slasherama. 2005-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-23. [70] “Friday the 13th Part 2 Talk Begins!". Shocktillyoudrop. 2009-01-26. [89] Fleming, Mike (April 24, 2014). "'Friday The 13th' Scares Up Hourlong Series”. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April [71] “Warner Bros. Announces 'Friday the 13th Part 2' Release 24, 2014. Date”. October 1, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009. [90] “Friday The 13th TV Series In The Works At The CW”. [72] “Box Office Updates: 'Friday the 13th 2' Vanishes, 'Saw VII' ComicBook.com. August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, Locked Down”. Bloody-Disgusting. December 10, 2009. 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2009. [91] Hibberd, James (August 11, 2016). “CW scraps plans [73] “Friday the 13th Sequel “Not Happening"". Dread Central. for Little Women, Friday the 13th shows”. Entertainment April 21, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010. Weekly. Retrieved August 11, 2016.

[74] Steve Weintraub (April 26, 2010). “Exclusive Interview: [92] Gove, David, pp.89–90 Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A Nightmare on Elm Street". Collider. Retrieved May 4, [93] Michael Avallone (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3. United 2010. Kingdom: Star. ISBN 0-352-31249-1.

[75] "'Friday The 13th' reboot sequel script completed”. NME. [94] Bracke, Peter, pg.92

[76] Warner Bros. Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board [95] Simon Hawke (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives. Christopher Nolan’s 'Interstellar', The Hollywood Reporter New York: Signet. ISBN 0-451-14641-7.

[77] “EXCLUSIVE: Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount [96] Hawke, Simon (1987). Friday the 13th. New York: Signet. For 'Friday The 13th' Sequel!!!". June 11, 2013. Retrieved ISBN 0-451-15089-9. June 13, 2013. [97] Hawke, Simon (1988). Friday the 13th Part 2. New York: [78] Anthony D'Alessandro (January 27, 2015). “Deaditorial: Signet. ISBN 0-451-15337-5. Horror’s Perspective Problem, or How to Save the “FRIDAY THE 13TH” Franchise”. Deadline.com. Retrieved January [98] Simon Hawke (1988). Friday the 13th Part 3. New York: 28, 2015. Signet. ISBN 0-451-15311-1. [99] Grove, David, pg.147 [79] Anthony D'Alessandro (January 27, 2015). "'Friday The 13th' & 'Paranormal Activity 6′ Pushed Back; Paramount [100] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Mother’s Day. Berkley Dates 'Rings’". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015. Books. ISBN 0-425-14292-2.

[80] "'Friday the 13th' Moves Forward at Paramount With 'Han- [101] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Jason’s Curse. Berkley nibal' Writer (Exclusive)". TheHollywoodReporter.com. Books. ISBN 0-425-14339-2. Retrieved 2015-03-26. [102] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: The Carnival. Berkley [81] Sneider, Jeff (October 20, 2015). “Paramount Bumps New Books. ISBN 0-425-15825-X. 'Friday the 13th' Movie to 2017”. The Wrap. [103] Morse, Eric (1994). Friday the 13th: Road Trip. Berkley [82] White, James (2015-12-03). “Prisoners writer Aaron Books. ISBN 0-425-14383-X. Guzikowski tackling the new Friday The 13th”. Empire. Re- trieved 2015-12-03. [104] Hand, Stephen (2003-07-29). Freddy vs. Jason. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. [83] Troncoso, Guillermo (May 31, 2016). “Exclusive: New 'Fri- day the 13th' Movie to Offer New Origin Story”. The Reel [105] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X. Black Flame. ISBN World. 1-84416-168-4. 5.1. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1985 VIDEO GAME) 131

[106] Cadigan, Pat (2005-01-25). Jason X: The Experiment. Black [127] “February 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived Flame. ISBN 1-84416-169-2. from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- 28. [107] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2005-06-07). Jason X: Planet of the Beast. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-183-8. [128] “March 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on August 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [108] Johnson, Alex (2005-11-29). Jason X: Death Moon. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-273-7. [129] “April 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [109] Kilpatrick, Nancy (2006-04-25). Jason X: To The Third Power. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-281-8. [130] “May 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [110] Phillips, Scott (2005-08-05). Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-181-1. [131] WK, Andrew. "Friday the 13th Comic”. andrewwk.com. Andrew W.K. Retrieved 2 March 2015. [111] Woods, Paul (2005-08-09). Friday the 13th: Hell Lake. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-182-X. [132] “Wildstorm: Pamela’s tale”. DC Comics. Retrieved 2007- 07-18. [112] Arnopp, Jason (2005-10-25). Friday the 13th: Hate Kill Re- peat. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-271-0. [133] “July 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [113] Christa Faust (2006-01-31). Friday the 13th: The Jason Strain. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-320-2. [134] “August 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [114] Hand, Stephen (2006-06-06). Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs. Black Flame. ISBN 1-84416-380-6. [135] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash #1: Interview with Jeff Katz”. Newsarama. 2007-11-07. Archived from the original on [115] Andy Mangels (w), Cynthia Martin (Issue # 1 & 2) and September 6, 2009. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Bobby Rubio (Issue #3) (a). Jason Goes to Hell (comic) 1-3 (1993), Topps Comics [136] “Wildstorm: How I Spent My Summer Vacation”. DC Comics. Retrieved 2007-07-18. [116] “Jason vs. Leatherface (review)". Digital-Retribution. Re- trieved 2007-07-12. [137] “September 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- [117] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th". Avatar Press. Retrieved 2007- 28. 10-21. [138] “Freddy vs Jason vs Ash”. Fangoria. Archived from the orig- [118] “May 2005 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from inal on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2007-10-01. the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28. [139] “Friday the 13th: Bad Land #1”. WildStorm. Retrieved [119] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Bloodbath". Fri- 2007-10-23. daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21. [140] “Friday the 13th: Bad Land #2”. WildStorm. Retrieved [120] “Avatar’s Jason X". Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 2007-10-21. [141] “Ron Marz on Friday the 13th: Bad Land”. Newsarama. [121] “Avatar’s Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X". Fri- 2008-01-09. Archived from the original on February 6, daythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21. 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-09.

[122] “June 2006 Solicited Releases”. Avatarpress.com. Re- [142] “Friday the 13th: Abuser and the Abused”. Wildstorm.com. trieved 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-25.

[123] “Wildstorm comics”. Fridaythe13thfilms.com. Retrieved [143] “Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: Nightmare Warriors”. Wild- 2007-07-18. storm.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-25. [124] “Wildstorm comics #6”. G-Mart. Retrieved 2007-07-18. [144] “The definitive history of the world’s most popular horror [125] “December 2006 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived film franchise!". FAB Press. Retrieved 2007-10-22. from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- 28. [145] “Friday the 13th Documentary Begins Shooting”. ShockTil- lYouDrop. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2009-01-10. [126] “January 2007 comic sales chart”. CBG Xtra. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10- [146] “His Name Was Jason (DVD Review)". Fangoria. 2009- 28. 01-07. Retrieved 2009-01-10. 132 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

[147] Galluzzo, Rob. “Exclusive: Dan Farrands Talks Crystal [167] “Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday soundtrack details”. Lake Memories - The Movie”. Fear Net. Retrieved 28 SoundtrackCollector.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. September 2013. [168] “Jason X soundtrack details”. SoundtrackCollector.com. [148] Hamman, Cody (16 October 2015). "Friday the 13th: The Retrieved 2012-01-15. Series gets its own retrospective book”. joblo.com. Arrow in [169] “Freddy Vs. Jason soundtrack details”. SoundtrackCollec- the Head. Retrieved 16 October 2015. tor.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. [149] "Friday the 13th - 1986 game”. Your Sinclair Rock 'n' Roll [170] “Friday the 13th (2009) soundtrack details”. Soundtrack- Years. World of Spectrum (5): 37. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Collector.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. [150] “Friday the 13th for the NES by LJN”. AtariGuide.com. [171] S. T. Karnick (2009-02-13). “Babes in the Woods: A fran- Retrieved 2009-05-02. chise of fear.”. National Review. Retrieved 2009-02-25.

[151] “Friday the 13th (mobile phone game)". Xendex.com. Re- trieved 2009-04-03. 5.1.9 References [152] Michael Briers (November 11, 2015). “Friday the 13th: The • Grove, David (February 2005). Making Friday the Game Reaches Funding Goal, Licensed Horror Will Hit PS4 in 2016”. Retrieved November 11, 2015. 13th: The Legend of Camp Blood. United Kingdom: FAB Press. ISBN 1-903254-31-0. [153] “Friday the 13th: The Game - BackerKit”. BackerKit. Re- • trieved 13 August 2016. Bracke, Peter (2006-10-11). Crystal Lake Memories. United Kingdom: Titan Books. ISBN 1-84576-343-2. [154] Greenback, Randy. “Friday the 13th: The Game by Randy Greenback - Gun Media - Kickstarter”. Kickstarter. Re- trieved 13 August 2016. 5.1.10 External links

[155] Mozuch, Mo (29 January 2016). "'Friday the 13th: The Databases Game' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations For Jason Voorhees”. iDigitalTimes. Retrieved 13 August • Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie 2016. • Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo [156] “Jason model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved 2007- 07-16. • Domark’s Friday the 13th' at World of Spectrum

[157] “Jason Goes to Hell model kit”. Friday the 13th films. Re- Miscellaneous trieved 2007-07-16. • [158] “McFarlane Toys: Jason Goes to Hell”. McFarlane.com. Fridaythe13thfilms.com Retrieved 2007-10-24. • Interview with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti— [159] “Movie Maniacs III Monster Roster Growing”. McFar- Writers of Windstorm’s six-issue Friday the 13th lane.com. 1999-12-15. Retrieved 2007-10-24. comic • [160] “McFarlane Toys: Jason and Freddy in glass case”. McFar- Bloody Disgusting - “13 days of Friday the 13th"—A Lane.com. Retrieved 2007-10-24. series of articles exploring the series • [161] “McFarlane Toys: Jason X”. McFarLane.com. Retrieved Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback, de- 2007-10-24. velopers of Friday the 13th: The Game

[162] “3D Movie Poster: Friday the 13th”. McFarlane.com. Re- trieved 2007-10-24. 5.2 ''Friday the 13th'' (1989 video [163] “Jason Voorhees Toys”. Friday the 13th films. Retrieved game) 2007-07-16.

[164] Bracke, Peter, pg. 94 Friday the 13th is a survival horror video game published by LJN and developed by Japanese video game developer [165] “Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred Atlus for the Nintendo Entertainment System video game Mollin”. BuySoundtrax.com. Retrieved 2012-01-15. console. It is an adaptation of the Friday the 13th franchise. [166] “La-La Land Records: Friday the 13th”. La-La Land Critics rated the game as one of the worst NES games of all Records. Retrieved 2012-01-15. time. 5.2. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH'' (1989 VIDEO GAME) 133

5.2.1 Plot the player. Players may upgrade their weapon upon find- ing a new one. A timed alarm appears at certain intervals, The game manual contains the following synopsis: requiring players to find Jason before he kills one or more children or another counselor. Using the map, players must It’s a pretty typical summer at Crystal Lake. navigate their way to Jason’s location or switch to the coun- There’s a group of happy children staying in the selor being attacked and defeat him. If they do not make it Camp. You and your six Camp Counselor friends there in time, Jason will kill the counselors or some of the are watching over the kids while enjoying the children.[2] lake and the wilderness. The days are bright and Upon nearing Jason’s location, Jason may appear on the sunny. The nights are cool and clear. And Jason path or in the lake and attack the player. When inside a is on a rampage. cabin Jason will attack the player in a way reminiscent of It’s up to you to stop him, but it’s not going the video game Punch-Out!!.[3] Players may light the fire- to be easy. You must first fight your way through places inside of larger cabins. Upon lighting all fireplaces, a forests filled with man- wolves, caves cov- flashlight and torch weapon are available. Notes are found ered with blood sucking bats and hordes of mind- in some larger cabins leading the player to other notes in less zombies everywhere you turn. You must also other locations, eventually leading to new items. The ob- help any friend who is in danger, or else you can jective of the game is to survive for three days and three just kiss them goodbye. And hiding in a cabin nights while attempting to find and kill Jason. Players may or staying adrift in a canoe won't keep you safe battle Jason’s mother who is in a hidden locked room in the - Jason will find you anywhere. The only way to cave. She is represented as a Medusa-like floating head that survive this summer is to challenge Jason face to swoops down to attack the player. Navigating in the woods face, and destroy him. or cave can be confusing as they are set up to purposely dis- orient the player. They hide several locked rooms/cabins. This plot is parallel of the film series, a spin-off. If all counselors or children die, the game is over.[2]

5.2.2 Gameplay 5.2.3 Development

Friday the 13th was developed by Atlus and published by LJN for the Nintendo Entertainment System video game console. It was released in February 1989.[4] Its music and sound effects were designed by Hirohiko Takayama.[4] It is an adaptation of the film franchise of the same name. It was developed as part of an “aggressive expansion” by LJN to focus on video games based on media licenses.[5]

5.2.4 Reception

Friday the 13th was released in North America exclusively in February 1989, as part of LJN’s focus on creating video games based on licenses. It is considered by some as one of the worst games of all time. Game Informer lists the game among the most difficult hor- ror games of all time.[6] Author Andy Slaven called it a Gameplay of Friday the 13th. horrible translation of the films.[7] Michigan Daily's Matt Grandstaff called it a “poor offering” by LJN.[8] GamePro Players control one of six camp counselors (each with vary- listed it as the 10th worst video game based on a film, crit- ing levels of speed, rowing and jumping ability) in a side- icizing its “repetitive music score and amazingly frustrat- scrolling perspective. The counselors start with an arcing ing gameplay”.[3] GamesRadar's Mikel Reparaz criticized rock attack. The goal is to find and defeat Jason Voorhees its box, commenting that only LJN “would ever think to three times. Along the paths, players will find cabins, a surround Jason Voorhees with neon-pastel vomit, thereby lake, caves and wooded areas with all but the cabins hav- making him even more of an ‘80s relic than he already is.”[9] ing enemies such as zombies, crows, and wolves attacking Writer Christopher Grant commented that the game was 134 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

more terrible than the deaths of the campers in the first Fri- [7] Video Game Bible, 1985-2002 - Google Books. day the 13th film, calling it “craptacular”.[10] IGN's Levi Books.google.com. 2004-01-16. Retrieved 2010-10- Buchanan used this game as an example of LJN’s poor de- 18. velopment abilities.[11] The book Vintage Games: An In- [8] Grandstaff, Matt (2001-11-27). “Videogames, movies make sider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, formidable mix with Gamecube''s ''Rogue Leader''". The and the Most Influential Games of All Time criticizes it for Michigan Daily. Retrieved 2010-10-18. not being frightening, citing technical reasons for this.[12] The authors of Nintendo Power rated Friday the 13th the [9] Reparaz, Mikel (2009-05-07). “Totally '80s box art! (page sixth worst game ever made in the magazine’s September 2)". GamesRadar. Retrieved 2010-10-18. 1997 issue. The writer stated “After playing a few min- utes of this aardvark, you wanted Jason to slaughter all the [10] Grant, Christopher (2007-04-13). “Happy Friday the 13th! Destroy Jason ... if you can!". Joystiq. Retrieved 2010-10- counselors and then you. Anything so it would just end.”[13] 18. Joystiq's James Ransom-Wiley noted it as a game that the [14] staff “loved to hate.” The Daily News of Los Angeles, [11] Buchanan, Levi (2010-04-30). “An NES Nightmare on Elm however, noted it as a hit.[15] Street - NES Feature at IGN”. IGN. Retrieved 2010-10-18.

[12] Vintage games: an insider look at ... - Google Books. Legacy Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-10-18.

[13] “Along With the Best Comest the...10 Worst Games of All In June 2013, the National Entertainment Collectibles As- Time”. Nintendo Power. Nintendo (100): 97. September sociation released an exclusive figurine of the video game- 1997. style Jason with the turquoise and purple color palette to go along with their other Nintendo-esque horror figure, a video [14] James Ransom-Wiley. “NES spoof: Friday the 13th Part game-style Freddy Krueger based on LJN’s A Nightmare on Deux”. Elm Street game.[16][17] [15] “VIDEO GAMES TOY WITH BLOCKBUSTERS”. Los Angeles Daily News. MediaNews Group. July 1, 1990. Re- 5.2.5 See also trieved 2012-03-26. [16] “SDCC Exclusive: Video Game Jason Voorhees Action Fig- • Friday the 13th (1985 video game) ure Coming to Comic-Con!". Neca Online. June 6, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013. • A Nightmare on Elm Street (1989 video game) [17] “NECA’s 8-Bit Freddy Krueger Based On the 1989 NES • List of video games notable for negative reception Game!!!". Bloody Disgusting. August 7, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.

5.2.6 References 5.3 ''Friday the 13th: The Series’' [1] “Atlus”. GDRI. Retrieved 2015-08-16.

[2] Friday the 13th (instruction booklet). LJN Toys Ltd. Febru- Friday the 13th: The Series is an American-Canadian ary 1989. NES-F3-USA. horror television series that ran for three seasons, from Oc- tober 3, 1987 to May 26, 1990 in first-run syndication. The [3] Smithee, Alan (2004-07-02). “10 to 1: The Worst Movie series follows Micki and Ryan, owners of an antiques store, Games Ever, Feature Story from”. GamePro. Archived and their friend, Jack Marshak, as they try to recover cursed from the original on 2010-05-25. Retrieved 2010-10-18. antiques, to put them into safety in the store’s vault. [4] “Friday the 13th Release Information for NES”. Game- Originally, the series was to be titled The 13th Hour, but FAQs. Retrieved 2010-10-18. producer Frank Mancuso, Jr. thought this would turn away viewers and instead took the name Friday the 13th to delib- [5] Steinbock, Dan (1995). Triumph and erosion in the Ameri- erately draw in audiences. Despite this title, the series has can media and entertainment industries (1. publ. ed.). West- no story connections to the film series of the same name, as port, Conn. [u.a.]: Quorum Books. ISBN 9780899309149. Jason Voorhees does not make an appearance, nor does any [6] “The Wrong Kind of Scary: Worst Horror Games Ever”. character connected to the films. In the United Kingdom Game Informer. GameStop (186): 120. October 2008. Re- it was allegedly listed on TV schedules as Friday’s Curse trieved 2010-10-18. though when going to advertisement breaks on ITV it was 5.3. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH: THE SERIES’' 135 titled Friday the 13th: The Series.[1] IMDB lists it as “Fri- vault beneath “Curious Goods” (the rechristened antique day’s Curse.” store) that is designed to magically render the objects inert. The series and the films have several cast and crew ties, A manifest, written by Lewis, holds the records of all the however. The show’s producer, Frank Mancuso, Jr., was cursed objects sold by him. The city of this antique shop is producer of the movie series from Friday the 13th Part 2 unidentified, the series mostly being vague about whether it (1981) until the final installment distributed by Paramount is in the US or Canada, but in the third season episode “My (Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan in 1989, Wife as a Dog” showed the local fire department crew wear- a year before the TV series ended). The show’s star, John ing the US flag on their uniforms and a bar’s cash register filled with US currency. D. LeMay, went on to star in Jason Goes to Hell: The Fi- nal Friday, guest star John Shepherd played Tommy Jarvis Most of the stories in the series deal with people using in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning, and episode director the cursed objects’ magic for personal gain or for revenge. David Cronenberg appeared in Jason X. Fred Mollin, Rob To use the objects’ magic powers, a human sacrifice is re- Hedden, and Tom McLoughlin worked behind the scenes quired, with the victim being killed by the object itself or of both series. in some particular manner reflecting the object’s history. Typically, the person using the cursed object ends up be- coming a victim of the object’s curse after failing to meet 5.3.1 Premise its demand for more and more human sacrifices. Some objects are sentient and intelligent, such as the doll (“The “Lewis Vendredi made a deal with the devil Inheritance”) and the radio (“And Now the News”). Oth- to sell cursed antiques. But he broke the pact, and ers do not actually speak but demonstrate intelligence and it cost him his soul. Now, his niece Micki, and awareness in other ways (“Spirit of Television”, “The Play- her cousin Ryan have inherited the store... and house”) or confer intelligence on other inanimate things with it, the curse. Now they must get everything (“Read My Lips”, “Double Exposure”, “Wax Magic”). Still back, and the real terror begins.” -- prologue that others function without intelligence, mechanically dispens- opened each episode ing a certain benefit in response to human sacrifice (“Root of All Evil”, “The Mephisto Ring”, “The Prisoner”). Oc- An antiques dealer named Lewis Vendredi (played by R.G. casionally, there would be an object-free episode in which Armstrong; “Vendredi” means “Friday” in French) has the trio would confront their uncle’s spirit or some other Sa- made a deal with the Devil to sell cursed antiques out of tanic evildoer (“The Prophecy”, “Hellowe'en”, “Wedding in his shop, “Vendredi’s Antiques”, in exchange for wealth, Black”). magic powers, and immortality. In the show’s first episode Like other sci-fi/horror shows in syndication in the late (“The Inheritance”), he rebels against the Devil and breaks 1980s (such as War of the Worlds and Freddy’s Nightmares), the deal. The Devil kills Vendredi and claims his soul for Friday the 13th: The Series pushed the limits of “acceptable breaking the deal. content”, featuring violence on par with that of the R-rated After Lewis’ death, his shop is inherited by his niece, Micki horror movies of the time. Certain episodes such as “Night Foster (played by Louise Robey) and her cousin by mar- Prey” also depicted a level of sexuality that was taboo for riage, Ryan Dallion (played by John D. LeMay). They de- network television. cide not to keep the store, and sell off many of the cursed antiques before being stopped by Jack Marshak (played by Chris Wiggins). Jack was Lewis’ friend, a retired world- 5.3.2 Second and third season traveller and occultist who originally collected many of the antiques for Vendredi before they became cursed. The second season saw the introduction of Johnny Ventura (played by Steve Monarque). He helps recover the relics and The series follows the protagonists as they hunt down the eventually replaces Ryan permanently in the third season. cursed antiques, which are usually in the possession of peo- A romantic interest between Johnny and Micki is hinted at, ple who have discovered their magic powers and are un- but not realized. willing to give them up. In some cases the object is in the possession of the one who originally discovers the curse (“The Inheritance”), while in others (e. g. “Tales of the 5.3.3 Character bios Undead”, “A Cup of Time”, “Vanity’s Mirror”, “Read my Lips”, “The Mephisto Ring”, “The Prisoner”) another per- Micki Foster son has learned of the object’s power and obtained it be- fore the object is recovered. Since the cursed antiques are Michelle “Micki” Foster (played by Louise Robey) inherits completely indestructible, they must be locked away in a the store, which she co-owns with her cousin by marriage, 136 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

Ryan Dallion. At first, Micki is a bit of a snob, a fashion Peter, who died in a young girl’s dream plane (“Bottle of plate, and fairly vulnerable. As the series progresses, Micki Dreams”). When Jack was younger, his father disappeared, becomes stronger willed, more independent, less material- only to return ten years later. However, the man who istic, and darker in character. came back was a spirit (“Midnight Riders”). Jack served She is 5'6” or 5'8” (“Mightier Than the Sword”) and in World War II and nearly died in a Nazi death camp both her parents are still alive (“The Long Road Home”). (“The Butcher”). He was engaged to a scientist, who left Her mother, Catherine, is Irish and her father is English him to do field research in Kenya. She shows up in his life (“Shadow Boxer”). She has an irresponsible sister and a years later, but gets killed shortly after they get re-engaged (“Brain Drain”). nephew, J.B., who is often left in Micki’s care (“A Friend To the End”). She is engaged at the beginning of the show, but breaks it off in order to continue recovering cursed an- Johnny Ventura tiques (“Root of All Evil”). Her fiance, Lloyd, was not her first love (“Badge of Honor”), nor her last (“Master of Dis- The naïve “kid” Johnny (played by Steve Monarque) is in- guise”). Micki gets killed once when a cursed coin is used troduced toward the end of season two and becomes a reg- on her (“Tails I Live, Heads You Die”). Ryan and Jack even- ular in season three. He is first introduced as a vain, sleezy tually trick the episode’s antagonists into bringing her back skirt-chaser with an eye for Micki (“Wedding Bell Blues”). to life. The interest begins to wane, but briefly heats up again af- ter he has matured through hard experience, when the two Ryan Dallion take a road trip to retrieve a cursed object and end up in an empty house (“The Long Road Home”). Ryan Dallion (played by John D. LeMay), Micki’s cousin Johnny’s mother died before his introduction into the show; by marriage, also inherited the store. In the beginning he is his father, a security guard, gets shot and killed on the job portrayed as a failed art student and obviously has feelings (“The Prisoner”). Johnny has been arrested three times: for Micki that get stronger as the series progresses in spite of once for having “boosted a six-pack of beer” (“Wedding her firm, consistent rejection. He is excited about fixing up Bell Blues”), once for breaking and entering (“Wedding Bell the store, but Micki talks him into selling off the inventory, Blues”), and finally as a suspect in his father’s murder (“The a decision they come to regret. Their relationship at first Prisoner”). He has useful friends (from his father) in the is cool but they grow to be very special to each other over police force. His unsophisticated, easily tempted charac- time, especially after Micki’s first death in the beginning of ter contrasts with Jack and Micki, and the third season in- the second season (“Tails I Live, Heads You Die”). cludes several “Johnny screws up” episodes (“Crippled In- Ryan’s relationship with his father, Ray, was not a good one side”, “Bad ”, “Hate on your Dial”). (“Pipe Dream”). Ryan’s brother Jimmy died at age 10, and his mother, Elizabeth, ran out on them shortly after (“Scare- crow,” “The Prophecies”). She returned just before Ryan Rashid went to France with Micki to help a comatose Jack. At the beginning of the third season, he is removed from the show An Egyptian mystic (played by Elias Zarou) who helps the by being transformed into a small child (“The Prophecies”). trio when they are dealing directly with Lewis’ ghost, who tries constantly to re-enter the world of the living (“Bottle Of Dreams”, “Doorway To Hell”). Though mentioned more Jack Marshak than actually appearing in the series, Rashid is very much competent in helping his old friend Jack and the cousins one Jack Marshak (played by Chris Wiggins) is a former stage way or another. magician and an expert in the occult. He has travelled all over the world and he has diverse skills including bartending Rashid was the one to help Jack bring back Ryan and Micki (“Cupid’s Quiver”), picking locks (“Pipe Dream”, “Brain from Lewis’ clutches twice, and even revealed to them the Drain”), ornamental metalwork (“Poison Pen”), and forgery fate of Jack’s son. (ibid.). He has a great many peculiar old friends. In so far Always knowledgeable in occult, sometimes even more so as the trio has a leader, he is it; the cousins often try to than Jack, Rashid is most capable as Jack’s psychic-link work without him but have to turn to him for aid (“Read during his first trial against Lewis. The second would be My Lips”, “Pipe Dream”) and moral support (“Root of All more guidance as to help Jack enter a cursed mirror and Evil”, “Face of Evil”, “The Quilt of Hathor”). He renames lead the cousins out of Lewis’ possessed house. the store “Curious Goods” (“The Inheritance”). During the series run, Rashid only appeared in two episodes Jack had been married once and had a clairvoyant son, though there are several others where he was mentioned 5.3. ''FRIDAY THE 13TH: THE SERIES’' 137

(“Vanity’s Mirror” and “Voodoo Mambo” are examples). 5.3.5 Cancellation

Every season had 26 episodes. However the third season was cut short due to the abrupt decision to cancel the show. Lewis Vendredi (“Uncle Lewis”) The cast and crew were informed about the ending of the series while they were filming the 20th episode of the third season, which ended up being the series finale. The can- An antiques dealer, played by R. G. Armstrong, who sells cellation was so sudden that they were unable to film more his soul to the Devil (Satan) in exchange for immortal- episodes or more scenes that would provide some kind of ity, wealth, and magic powers, including the power to heal closure. It is said had the series returned for a fourth season, wounds (“Pipe Dream”). His agreement with the Devil re- one of the storylines would have had the three protagonists quires him to sell cursed antiques from his store “Vendredi’s meeting a secret society of paranormal investigators who Antiques” (later renamed “Curious Goods”). In the series’ are dedicated to fighting the supernatural. first episode (“The Inheritance”) he breaks the pact and is killed and taken to Hell by the Devil. His niece Micki and nephew Ryan inherit his store and are soon joined by Jack. Except for the first episode, Uncle Lewis is always a pure- 5.3.6 International broadcasts evil character, the principal recurring villain of the series. He appears in occasional flashbacks (for example, in “What The series was broadcast by Tele 5 in Spain in 1991 un- a Mother Wouldn't Do”) and as a malevolent ghost (“Hel- der the title of Misterio para tres, in Greece by ANT1 and lowe'en”, “Bottle of Dreams”, “Doorway to Hell”). He is Makedoniatv under the title To mystirio tis Paraskevis (The alleged to have been the leader of a witches’ coven while he mystery of Friday) and in Germany under the title Erben des was alive (“Coven of Darkness”). Fluchs (Heirs to the Curse). It was also broadcast in Indone- sia on TVRI in 1991. In Finland, the series was known as His name, “Vendredi”, is French for “Friday”. Aaveita ja kummituksia (Ghosts and ) and broad- cast by MTV3.[4]

5.3.4 Production 5.3.7 Awards and nominations

Friday the 13th: The Series was created by Frank Mancuso, Friday the 13th: The Series was nominated for two Emmy Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The Awards in 1988 and 1989 for Visual and Graphic Ef- 13th Hour; the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso, Jr. fects. The series won two silver plaques in Chicago for the never intended to link the television show directly to the episodes Scarlet Cinema and The Sweetest Sting. In 1990 Friday the 13th film series, but utilize “the idea of Friday the the series was nominated by the Academy of Science Fic- 13th, which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses”. The tion, Fantasy & Horror Films as Best Series. The series creators wanted to tie-in Jason’s trademark hockey mask was nominated twelve times for writing, editing, directing, to the series, but the idea was discarded so that the show production design, acting, sound and music by the Gemini could have a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso, Jr. was Awards in Canada.[5] afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from “the new world that we were try- ing to create”. The decision to name the show Friday the 13th, over the original title, was made because Mancuso, 5.3.8 Home video release Jr. believed a "Friday the 13th" moniker would better help to sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) re- [2] Canada. Friday the 13th: The Series aired in first-run syn- leased all 3 seasons on DVD in Region 1 between 2008 and dication, initially in a late-night spot; the success of the se- 2009. ries as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting sta- tions to move it to prime time. Produced on a budget esti- mated below $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just 5.3.9 Episodes behind Paramount’s Star Trek: The Next Generation. In ad- dition, the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49- Main article: List of Friday the 13th: The Series episodes year-old demographic.[3] 138 CHAPTER 5. GAMES AND TV

5.3.10 Adaptations [6] Fangoria #70

There is a popular rumor that the last episode was to unite [7] Fangoria #84 the movie and television franchises by having the final item [8] “Warehouse 13 Review”. HDFEST. Retrieved September recovered (see "Premise" above) be the hockey mask be- 22, 2009. longing to Jason Voorhees. This remains unfounded and while there was talk about having a hockey mask on one of [9] “Warehouse 13 Steampunk TV”. Closet Sci-Fi Geek. Re- the sets as an in-joke,[6] there was never any serious inten- trieved September 22, 2009. [7] tion to mix the film series into the television series. [10] Lowry, Brian (July 5, 2009). “Warehouse 13”. Variety. Re- The series, about a group of individuals rooting out evil su- trieved September 22, 2009. pernatural occurrences, created a mold which many later series fit into. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and The 5.3.13 External links X-Files all have many episodes which revolve around the team recovering cursed artifacts. The 2009 Syfy origi- • Friday the 13th: The Series at the Internet Movie nal series Warehouse 13 has been accused of “borrowing” Database much from the 1980s’ television series Friday the 13th: The Series.[8][9][10] The show stars two agents, Myka Bering • Friday the 13th: The Series at TV.com (Joanne Kelly) and Peter Lattimer (Eddie McClintock), led • by older, wiser Arthur “Artie” Nielsen (Saul Rubinek) as Vendredi Antiques Fansite, formerly Curious Goods! they collect artifacts, powerful items which are “imbued Extensive and Updated! with human energy” and have supernatural powers. These • Steve Crow’s F13TS-Page artifacts are stored in the warehouse, safely hidden from both the public and those who would make use of the ar- tifacts for evil or selfish purposes. However, the artifacts featured in the Warehouse 13 series are not evil by nature nor cursed, do not require a human sacrifice in order for them to function, and can be destroyed.

5.3.11 Syndication

NBC Universal's horror-themed cable channel Chiller, which launched on March 1, 2007, airs the series in sporadic weekday marathons. During a viewers’ choice marathon on October 7, 2007, “Scarecrow” was voted most popular episode. The top five episodes were rebroadcast on Election Day, November 6, 2007. The show has been among the many second-run programs aired on Syfy chan- nel (formerly SciFi) going back to the 1990s. As of August 16, 2012, Chiller still hosts weekday marathons of the show.

5.3.12 References

[1] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092357/releaseinfo#akas

[2] Grove, David, pp. 189–196

[3] Aljean Harmetz (1988-07-05). “TV Producers Discover New Path to Prime Time (page 2)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-01.

[4] “Aaveita ja kummituksia”. Leffatykki. Retrieved 29 De- cember 2014.

[5] "Friday the 13th: The Series awards and nominations list IMDB”. IMDB. Retrieved December 17, 2009. Chapter 6

Related Topics

6.1 ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' 6.1.1 Films

Overview

The original film, written and directed by Wes Craven and titled A Nightmare on Elm Street, was released in 1984. The story focuses on Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund) at- A Nightmare on Elm Street is an American horror tacking Nancy Thompson () and her franchise that consists of nine slasher films, a television se- friends in their dreams, successfully killing all but Nancy, ries, novels, and comic books. The franchise began with in fictional Springwood, Ohio. Krueger’s back-story is re- the film A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) created by Wes vealed by Nancy’s mother, Marge, who explains he was a Craven. The franchise revolves around the fictional char- child murderer. The parents of Springwood killed Krueger acter Freddy Krueger, a former child killer who stalks after he was acquitted on a technicality. Nancy defeats teenagers in their dreams and kills them. His motives were Freddy by pulling him from the dream world and stripping to seek revenge on their parents, who had burned him alive. him of his powers when she stops being afraid of him.[6] The original film was written and directed by Craven, who Freddy returns to attack the new family, the Walshes, liv- returned to co-script the second sequel, A Nightmare on Elm ing in Nancy Thompson’s house in 1985’s A Nightmare on Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987), and to write and direct Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge. Freddy possesses the body New Nightmare (1994). The films collectively grossed over of (), using him to kill. Jesse is $457 million at the box-office worldwide. temporarily saved by his girlfriend Lisa (Kim Myers), who [7] The original film was released in 1984. A series of se- helps him exorcise Krueger’s spirit. quels produced by the independent film company New Line Wes Craven returned to write A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Cinema followed. New Line often attributes the growth of Dream Warriors, released in 1987. In the second sequel, their company to the success of the Nightmare franchise.[1] Freddy is systematically killing the last of the Elm Street The film series as a whole has received mixed reviews by children. The few remaining children have been placed critics, but has been a financial success at the box office. in Westin Hills Mental Institution, for allegedly attempting When comparing the United States box office grosses of suicide. Nancy Thompson arrives at Westin Hills as a new other American horror film series, A Nightmare on Elm intern, and realizes the children are being killed by Freddy. Street is the second highest grossing franchise in adjusted With the help of Dr. Neil Gordon (Craig Wasson), Nancy US dollars.[2] In 1988, a television series was produced with helps Kristen (), Joey (Rodney Eastman), Freddy as the host. The pilot episode focused on the night Taryn (Jennifer Rubin), Kincaid (Ken Sagoes), and Will Freddy was burned alive by the angry parents of the chil- (Ira Heiden) find their dream powers, so they can kill dren he had killed, though the rest of the series featured Freddy once and for all. Neil, unknowingly until the end, episodes with independent plots. Twelve novels, separate meets the spirit of Freddy’s mother, Amanda Krueger (Nan from the adaptations of the films, and multiple comic book Martin), who instructs him to bury Freddy’s remains in hal- series were published featuring Freddy Krueger, as well as a lowed ground in order to stop him for good. Neil completes crossover film featuring fellow horror icon Jason Voorhees his task, but not before Freddy kills Nancy.[8] The story from the Friday the 13th franchise.A remake of the 1984 of would continue with 1988’s A Nightmare film was released in 2010, and a second remake is currently on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master. This time, Kristen being planned.[3][4][5] ( Knight) unwittingly releases Freddy, who imme-

139 140 CHAPTER 6. RELATED TOPICS diately kills Kincaid and Joey. Before Freddy can kill Kris- Springwood, his home, have suppressed their fear of him. ten, she transfers her dream powers to Alice (), Freddy, who is impersonating Pamela Voorhees, the mother a friend from school. Alice begins inadvertently provid- of Jason Voorhees, sends Jason (Ken Kirzinger) to Spring- ing victims for Freddy when she begins pulling people into wood to cause panic and fear. Jason accomplishes this, but her dreams while she sleeps. Alice, who begins taking on refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues in both the dream traits of the friends who were murdered, confronts Freddy. world and Crystal Lake between the two villains. The win- She uses the power of the Dream Master to release all the ner is left ambiguous, as Jason surfaces from the lake hold- souls Freddy has taken; they subsequently rip themselves ing Freddy’s severed head, which winks and laughs.[13] from Freddy’s body, killing him in the process.[9] Picking In 2010, a remake of the original Nightmare on Elm Street up shortly after the events of The Dream Master, A Night- was released. Here, Freddy (Jackie Earle Haley) stalks the mare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child involves Freddy dreams of Nancy Holbrook (Rooney Mara) and her friends using Alice’s unborn child, Jacob (Whitby Hertford), to res- as they discover that they all share a common link from their urrect himself and find new victims. The spirit of Amanda childhood; they were all physically and sexually abused by Krueger (Beatrice Boepple) returns, revealing that Freddy Freddy before he was murdered by their vengeful parents. was conceived when she, a nun working in a mental asylum, Now a supernatural force in their dreams, Freddy kills off was accidentally locked in a room with “100 maniacs” and the children that alerted the parents about his transgres- raped “hundreds of times”. Amanda Krueger convinces Ja- sions. Freddy slowly works his way to Nancy, his favorite of cob to use the powers he was given by Freddy against him, the children, and manipulates her into going without sleep which gives her the chance to subdue Freddy long enough [10] long enough that her body falls into a coma, resulting in for Alice and Jacob to escape the dream world. permanent sleep and life with Freddy forever. Nancy is 1991’s Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare followed awakened when her friend Quentin (Kyle Gallner) injects the exploits of "John Doe"(Shon Greenblatt), an amne- adrenaline into her and pulls Freddy out of the dreamworld, siac teenager from Springwood, who was sent out to find where she and Quentin kill him and burn the remains of his Freddy’s daughter Maggie (Lisa Zane), whom he needs to body.[14] leave Springwood. Freddy’s goal is to create new “Elm Streets”, and begin a new killing spree after having killed all of the children in Springwood. Maggie, utilizing new dream Development techniques, uncovers Krueger’s past, which include: being taunted by schoolmates for being the “son of 100 maniacs”, The basis for the original Nightmare on Elm Street has been being cruel to animals, beaten by his stepfather, the murder said to have been inspired by several newspaper articles of his own wife when she discovers he has been killing chil- printed in the LA Times in the 1970s on a group of Khmer dren, and the moment when the Dream Demons arrive in his refugees, who, after fleeing to America from the Khmer boiler room to make him the offer of eternal life. Eventu- Rouge Genocide in Cambodia, were suffering disturbing ally, Maggie pulls Freddy out of the dream world, and uses nightmares after which they refused to sleep. Some of the a pipe bomb to blow him up.[11] men died in their sleep soon after. Medical authorities Wes Craven returned to the Nightmare series a third time called the phenomenon “Asian Death Syndrome”. The con- with New Nightmare in 1994. This film focuses on a fic- dition itself afflicted only men between the ages of 19-57 tional “reality”, where Craven, Langenkamp, and Englund and is believed to be sudden unexplained death syndrome all play themselves, and where the character of Freddy and/or Brugada syndrome.[15] The 1970s pop song "Dream Krueger is really an evil entity that has been trapped in Weaver" by Gary Wright sealed the story for Craven, giv- the realm of fiction by all the movies that have been made. ing him not only an artistic setting to “jump off” from, but Since the movies have stopped, the entity, which likes being a synthesizer riff from the Elm Street soundtrack as well.[16] Freddy Krueger, is trying to escape into the real world. The It has also been stated that he drew some inspiration after only person in its way is Heather Langenkamp, whom the studying eastern .[17] entity sees as “Nancy” – the first person who defeated him. Initially, Fred Krueger was intended to be a child molester, Craven explains to Langenkamp the only way to keep the but Craven eventually decided to characterize him as a child entity contained is for her to “play Nancy one last time”. murderer to avoid being accused of exploiting a spate of Langenkamp pursues “Krueger”, who has kidnapped her highly publicized child molestation cases that occurred in son, into the dream world as “Nancy”. There, she and her California around the time of production of the film.[18] son trap Krueger in a furnace until he is finally destroyed.[12] By Craven’s account, his own adolescent experiences led In 2003, New Line pitted Friday the 13th’s Jason Voorhees to the naming of Fred Krueger. He had been bullied at against Freddy Krueger. The film, Freddy vs. Jason, ex- school by a child named Fred Krueger, and named his vil- plains that Freddy Krueger has grown weak as people in lain accordingly.[18] The colored sweater he chose for his 6.1. ''A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET'' 141

villain was based on the DC Comics character Plastic Man, who contributed to the franchise, the makers of the doc- and Craven chose to make Krueger’s sweater colors that of umentary procured poster artist Matthew Joseph Peak to red and green, after reading an article in Scientific American create the artwork for the release poster and DVD cover, in 1982 that said the two most clashing colors to the human and composer Charles Bernstein for the film’s main title retina were this particular combination.[19] music.[52][53] As part of a special offering, the filmmak- On January 29, 2008, Variety reported that Michael Bay ers gave away a limited edition poster to anyone that or- and his Platinum Dunes production company would be dered the documentary from the official website. Those rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise with a same individuals would also be entered into a drawing to win one of three 27” × 40” teaser posters signed by dozens remake of the original 1984 film.[20] To provide a fresh- ness to the character, producer Brad Fuller explained that of people who worked on the films and were interviewed in the documentary.[54] Michael Gingold of Fangoria felt they were abandoning the things that made the character less scary—Freddy would not be “cracking jokes” as had the filmmakers did an amazing job bringing together all of the behind-the-scenes footage, picture, never-before-seen become a staple of his character in later sequels—and fo- cus more on trying to craft a “horrifying movie”.[21] There deleted scenes, FX scenes, and other “treasures”. Gingold noted that even die-hard fans would find something new.[55] was not agreement among the original crew as to whether it would be a good idea to remake the film. Craven expressed Bloody Disgusting's Ryan Daley praised the film for being his displeasure, primarily because the filmmakers chose not educational, and looking at the legacy of both A Nightmare on Elm Street and New Line Cinema. Daley believed that to have him as a consultant to the film, unlike with the 2009 [56] remake The Last House on the Left where he “shepherd[ed] there was no better horror documentary. Nick Hyman of it towards production”.[22] In contrast, Robert Englund felt Under the Radar noted that Never Sleep Again, unlike the it was time for A Nightmare on Elm Street to be remade. earlier His Name Was Jason documentary, provided a more Englund liked the idea of being able to “exploit the dream- candid interview process with the people involved. Hyman scape” with CGI and other technologies that did not exist pointed out that the best part of the documentary is the look when Craven was making the original Nightmare on Elm at New Line’s success through the Elm Street franchise, and Street in 1984.[23] the financial struggles and deadlines that plagued the film series.[57]

Box office

When comparing A Nightmare on Elm Street with the other 6.1.3 Television top-grossing horror franchises—Child’s Play, Friday the 13th, Halloween, the Hannibal Lecter series, Psycho, Saw, Main article: Freddy’s Nightmares Scream, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre—and adjust- [24] ing for the 2010 inflation, A Nightmare on Elm Street Beginning on October 9, 1988, Freddy’s Nightmares was an is the second highest grossing horror franchise, in the anthology series, in the vein of The Twilight Zone, which [2] United States, at approximately $583.4 million. The se- featured different horror stories each week. The show was [25] ries is topped by Friday the 13th at $671.5 million. hosted by Freddy Krueger, with Robert Englund reprising Closely following A Nightmare on Elm Street is the Hannibal his role from the films. Freddy played more of a back- [26] Lecter series with $579.4 million, then Halloween with ground character, but occasionally showed up to influence [27] [28] $547.8 million, Saw with $404.5 million, Scream the plot of particular episodes. The series ran for two sea- [29] [30] with $398.3 million, Psycho with $370.3 million, The sons and a total of 44 episodes, ending March 10, 1990.[58] [31] Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $314.6 million, and the Although most of the episodes did not feature Freddy tak- Child’s Play film series rounding out the list with approxi- ing a major role in the plot, the pilot episode “No More Mr. [32] mately $199.7 million. Nice Guy” depicts the events of Krueger’s trial, and his sub- sequent death at the hands of the parents of Elm Street af- ter his acquittal. Directed by Tobe Hooper, creator of The 6.1.2 Documentary Texas Chain Saw Massacre, Freddy’s acquittal is based on the arresting officer, Lt. Tim Blocker, not reading him his Main article: Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy Miranda rights, which is different from the original Night- mare that stated he was acquitted because someone forgot to On May 4, 2010, a 4-hour documentary chronicling the sign a search warrant. After the town’s parents burn Freddy Nightmare on Elm Street franchise was released. The doc- to death he returns to haunt Blocker in his dreams. Freddy umentary includes interviews with the cast and crew for all gets his revenge when Blocker is put to sleep at the dentist’s of the Nightmare films.[51] In a wish to utilize individuals office, and Freddy shows up and kills him.[59] 142 CHAPTER 6. RELATED TOPICS

6.1.4 Literature the series. From among those films, Dream Warriors and The Dream Master were particular influences on the game- Since his in 1984, Freddy Krueger has appeared play of each. in multiple works of literature, including countless behind- LJN (programmed by Rare) released one title for the NES, the-scenes compilations, short stories, novels (including and Monarch Software the other for the Commodore 64 and novelizations) and comics. IBM PC compatibles.

Novels NES release

Between 1987 and 2003, Freddy Krueger appeared in the Main article: A Nightmare on Elm Street (video game) novelization of each of the films. The first five films were adapted by St. Martin’s Press. Those adaptations follow the films closely, with minor changes to specific details that Up to four players control characters who jump and punch occurred in the film. A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 does not their way through Elm Street locations as they collect the follow the respective film, instead utilizing the same plot el- bones of Freddy Krueger to place them in a furnace and ements to tell a different story altogether. This novel also end his reign of terror. Each character can withstand only provides a different backstory for Freddy.[60][61] In 1992, four hits from opponents before losing a life. Abdo & Daughters Publishing Company released adapta- An on-screen meter slowly diminishes (more quickly when tions of their own for the first six films. Written by Bob sustaining damage), representing how close a particular Italia, each was under one hundred pages and followed character is to falling asleep. Obtaining cups of coffee the films’ plot.[62][63][64][65][66][67] The final two books, Wes within the game restores characters’ sleep bar. When any Craven’s New Nightmare and Freddy vs. Jason, were pub- character’s sleep bar empties, all the players are transported lished by Tor Books and Black Flame. These novels also to the dream world, where enemies take on new appear- followed the films closely, with the adaptation of Freddy vs. ances and are more difficult to defeat. In the dream world, Jason containing a different ending than the movie.[68][69] coffee cups are replaced with radios, which return the char- acters to the normal world and difficulty. Comic books Also, Dream Warrior icons appear that, once collected by any player, permit transformation into one of three “Dream • The popularity of the film series also led to the creation Warriors”. Each warrior has a projectile attack and im- of several comic book series published by companies proved movement: ninja (throwing stars, jump kick), ac- such as , Innovation Comics, Trident robat (javelins, somersault), and magician (fireballs, hover- Comics, Avatar Press and, most recently, WildStorm ing). These icons appear only in the normal world, and can Comics. Writers such as , Andy Man- be used only in the dream. If a character remains asleep too gels, and Brian Pulido have all con- long, the film’s theme song plays and a combative encounter tributed stories to the various series. There have been with Freddy ensues. crossovers with other franchises, such as Freddy vs. Upon collecting all the bones in a level, the player is auto- Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors. matically put in the dream world and battles Freddy, who takes on a special form similar to those presented in the 6.1.5 Merchandise films. The final level is set at Elm Street High School as players navigate to the boiler room to burn Freddy’s bones. In February 2010, released a Freddy Bobblehead.[70] Here one final battle with Freddy Krueger occurs. Also in 2010, NECA released a 10” puppet of Freddy The game can utilize the NES Four Score or NES Satellite Krueger from Phillip’s death scene in A Nightmare on Elm accessories to enable four-player gameplay. Street 3: Dream Warriors,[71] a metal replica of his glove, and two action figures: Freddy before he was burned and C64/IBM-PC release the other being him after the burning, including two inter- changeable heads.[72] The game produced by Monarch Software differs greatly from that for the NES. Developed by Westwood Associates, Video games its role-playing elements and overhead viewpoint bear some similarity to Gauntlet. The player chooses to play as either A Nightmare on Elm Street is the shared name of two unre- Kincaid, Kristen, Will, Nancy, or Taryn on a quest to save lated video games released in 1989, both loosely based on Joey and defeat Freddy. 6.1. ''A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET'' 143

The player must locate keys to open doors. Weapons and [16] Wes Craven. A Nightmare on Elm Street DVD audio com- items are scattered about the levels or can be purchased mentary. from vending machines. Enemies are varied, from skele- [17] Wes Craven interview at Twitch Film; accessed November tons to wheelchairs. Freddy assumes the role of "boss mon- 23, 2007. ster" and transforms into a snake, much like his appearance in A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors. [18] Rockoff, Adam, Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986 (McFarland & Company, 2002), p. 151, ISBN 0-7864-1227-5. 6.1.6 References [19] Biodrowski, Steve (October 15, 2008). “Wes Craven on [1] Guido Henkel (August 11, 1999). "A Nightmare on Elm Dreaming Up Nightmares”. Cinefantastique. Retrieved Street DVD Box set”. DVD Review. Archived from the November 22, 2007. original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. [20] Fleming, Michael (January 29, 2008). “New Line sets up [2] “A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings”. Box Office new 'Nightmare'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Re- Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved January 17, 2008. trieved January 29, 2008.

[3] Roffman, Michael. “Yep, A Nightmare on Elm Street is [21] Rotten, Ryan (December 11, 2008). “Nightmare on Elm getting remade again”. Consequence of Sound. Retrieved Street is Go, Shooting in Spring”. Shock Till You Drop. September 20, 2015. CraveOnline. Retrieved June 20, 2009.

[4] Orange, B. Alan. "'Nightmare on Elm Street' Is Getting Re- [22] Parfitt, Orlando (June 9, 2009). “Craven’s Elm Street Night- made Again”. Movieweb. Retrieved September 20, 2015. mare Exclusive: Original director angry over remake”. IGN Entertainment. News Corporation. Retrieved June 19, 2009. [5] Allen, Clark. "{TB EXCLUSIVE} New Line Cinema Plots [23] McCabe, Joseph (June 27, 2009). “Robert Englund on New “Nightmare On Elm Street” Reboot”. The Tracking Jackie Earle Haley and the 'Nightmare' Remake!". FEARnet. Board. Retrieved September 20, 2015. Horror Entertainment. Retrieved June 29, 2009. [6] Wes Craven (Director) (1984). A Nightmare on Elm Street [24] “Tom’s Inflation Calculator”. Halfhill.com. Archived from (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved January 17, [7] Jack Sholder (Director) (1985). A Nightmare on Elm Street 2011. 2: Freddy’s Revenge (DVD). United States: New Line Cin- [25] “Friday the 13th box office ranking”. Box Office Mojo. ema. IMDb. Retrieved January 17, 2008. [8] Chuck Russell (Director) (1987). A Nightmare on Elm Street [26] “The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings”. Box Office 3: Dream Warriors (DVD). United States: New Line Cin- Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved January 17, 2008. ema. [27] “Halloween box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. [9] (Director) (1988). A Nightmare on Elm Street Retrieved January 17, 2008. 4: The Dream Master (DVD). United States: New Line Cin- ema. [28] “Saw box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- trieved September 5, 2008. [10] Stephen Hopkins (Director) (1989). A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (DVD). United States: New Line [29] “Scream box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- Cinema. trieved January 17, 2008.

[11] Rachel Talalay (Director) (1991). Freddy’s Dead: The Final [30] “Psycho box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- Nightmare (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. trieved January 17, 2008.

[12] Wes Craven (Director) (1994). Wes Craven’s New Night- [31] “The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings”. Box mare (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema. Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved January 17, 2008.

[13] Ronny Yu (Director) (2003). Freddy vs. Jason (DVD). [32] “Child’s Play box office rankings”. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. United States: New Line Cinema. Retrieved January 17, 2008.

[14] Samuel Bayer (Director) (2010). A Nightmare on Elm Street [33] John Kenneth Muir (February 24, 2004). Wes Craven: The (2010 film). United States: New Line Cinema. Art of Horror. McFarland. p. 18. ISBN 0-7864-1923-7.

[15] CDCR Alert at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; [34] “A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)". Box Office Mojo. accessed September 13, 2009. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. 144 CHAPTER 6. RELATED TOPICS

[35] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 2 budget”. The Numbers. Nash [53] “Interview: Never Sleep Again: Dan Farrands, Andrew Information Services. Archived from the original on De- Kasch and Thommy Hutson Speak!". Dread Central. cember 22, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2008. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010. [36] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Dead (1985)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. [54] Joseph McCabe (April 20, 2010). “Get a Free 'Elm Street' Poster Signed by Nancy”. FearNet. Archived from the orig- [37] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 budget”. The-Numbers. Nash inal on April 24, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010. Information Services. Archived from the original on De- cember 11, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2008. [55] Gingold, Michael. “DVD review: Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy". Fangoria. Retrieved May 16, 2010. [38] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. [56] Daley, Ryan. “review: Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy”. Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on [39] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 budget”. The-Numbers. Nash May 4, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010. Information Services. Retrieved January 24, 2008. [57] Hyman, Nick. “review: Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street [40] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988)". Legacy". Under The Radar. Archived from the original on Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010. [41] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 5 budget”. The-Numbers. Nash [58] “Freddy’s Nightmares DVD”. TV Addicts. Retrieved Information Services. Retrieved January 24, 2008. February 3, 2008. [42] “A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989)". [59] ""No More Mr. Nice Guy” summary”. I-Mockery.com. Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved [43] “Freddy’s Dead budget”. The-Numbers. Nash Information February 3, 2008. Services. Retrieved January 24, 2008. [60] Jeffrey Cooper (February 1987). The Nightmares on Elm [44] “Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)". Box Office Street Parts 1, 2, 3: The Continuing Story. St. Martins Mass Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. Market Paper. p. 216. ISBN 0-312-90517-3.

[45] “New Nightmare budget”. The-Numbers. Nash Information [61] Joseph Locke (July 1989). The Services. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Re- Parts 4 & 5. St. Martin’s Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-312- trieved June 9, 2009. 91764-3.

[46] “Wes Craven’s New Nightmare (1994)". Box Office Mojo. [62] Bob Italia (1992). The Nightmares on Elm Street. Abdo & IMDb. Retrieved December 10, 2007. Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1-56239-156-9.

[47] “Freddy VS. Jason budget”. The-Numbers. Nash Informa- [63] Bob Italia (1992). The Nightmares on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s tion Services. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Revenger. Abdo & Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1- Retrieved June 9, 2009. 56239-157-7.

[48] “Freddy vs. Jason (2003)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Re- [64] Bob Italia (1992). The Nightmares on Elm Street 3: Dream trieved June 12, 2007. Warriors. Abdo & Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1- 56239-158-5. [49] Fritz, Ben (April 29, 2010). “Movie projector: 'Nightmare' to rule at home with $30 million while ' 2' explodes [65] Bob Italia (1992). The Nightmares on Elm Street 4: The to $100 million-plus overseas”. Los Angeles Times. Tribune Dream Master. Abdo & Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN Company. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Re- 1-56239-159-3. trieved April 30, 2010. The new “Nightmare” isn’t expected to do quite that well but should still be a solid performer for [66] Bob Italia (July 1992). The Nightmares on Elm Street 5: The the studio given its production budget of about $35 million. Dream Child. Abdo & Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1-56239-160-7. [50] “A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) main page”. Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original [67] Bob Italia (September 1992). Freddy’s Dead: The Final on May 12, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Nightmare. Abdo & Daughters Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1-56239-161-5. [51] Michael Gingold (September 21, 2009). “Exclusive promo art, comments on Nightmare docu Never Sleep Again”. [68] David Bergantino (November 15, 1994). Wes Craven’s New Fangoria. Retrieved September 22, 2009. Nightmare. Tor Books. p. 216. ISBN 0-8125-5166-4.

[52] “Interview: Up All Night With “Never Sleep Again"". [69] Stephen Hand (July 29, 2003). Freddy vs. Jason. Black Fangoria. Retrieved May 16, 2010. Flame. ISBN 1-84416-059-9. 6.1. ''A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET'' 145

[70] “Freddy Is Ready to Bobble in Your Dreams”. DreadCen- tral.

[71] “Toy Fair '10: NECA’s Incredibly Creepy Freddy Krueger Puppet”. Bloody Disgusting. February 14, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.

[72] “Toy Fair '10: New Freddy Krueger Figures Reveal New Glove?!?!". Bloody Disgusting. February 14, 2010. Re- trieved March 26, 2010.

6.1.7 External links

Films

• A Nightmare on Elm Street at the Internet Movie Database

• A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: at the Internet Movie Database

• A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master at the Internet Movie Database

• A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child at the Internet Movie Database • Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare at the Internet Movie Database • Wes Craven’s New Nightmare at the Internet Movie Database • Freddy vs. Jason at the Internet Movie Database

• A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) at the Internet Movie Database

Video games

• A Nightmare on Elm Street at MobyGames

• PC Game Review at I-Mockery

Miscellaneous

• Nightmare on Elm Street Companion Chapter 7

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text

• Friday the 13th (franchise) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)?oldid=741013857 Contributors: Patrick, Lif- tarn, Nikai, WhisperToMe, Topbanana, Bloodshedder, Nnh, Masssiveego, Robbot, David Gerard, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Michael Devore, DaveJB, Girolamo Savonarola, Heegoop, RossPatterson, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Luvcraft, JoeSmack, Triona, TMC1982, NetBot, Gi- raffedata, Alansohn, Apoc2400, Fritzpoll, Wtmitchell, Erik, Fourthords, Bsadowski1, Kusma, Bacteria, OwenX, Woohookitty, Myleslong, John Cardinal, Jeff3000, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Aboutnici, Lady Aleena, Gurch, Leslie Mateus, Jay-W, Jonny2x4, Lithiyum, Igordebraga, YurikBot, Wavelength, Samuel Wiki, RussBot, Breakinguptheguy, Wgungfu, Kyorosuke, NawlinWiki, ONEder Boy, Megapixie, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Dick Grayson, Tony1, MakeChooChooGoNow, Bantosh, Nlu, Pegship, Stezton, Entheta, That Guy, From That Show!, The Wook- ieepedian, Crystallina, SmackBot, Joltman, Tuxedo Mark, CelticJobber, C.Fred, Allixpeeke, EarthBoundX5, Master Deusoma, Yamaguchi, Gilliam, TimBentley, Faded, PrimeHunter, Bignole, ACupOfCoffee, Dual Freq, Butterboy, Brideshead, MisterHand, Subcreature, Mike1981, Silent Tom, Detaler, GVnayR, Pennybrowneyes, Lcarscad, Dief88, Austin316ejd, Gmudge, Reding, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Evolu- tionselene, Aaron Pepin, NJZombie, IronGargoyle, SMasters, The Man in Question, Dawg1279, Pazuzu567, MikeWazowski, Plateofshrimp, Iridescent, Michaelbusch, Enter Movie, Brianlane, Jukka~enwiki, Deadmanrises, Tawkerbot2, Grant the Wise, JForget, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Mika1h, FinFangFoom, Tim Long, Donaldd23, Ferdiaob, Cydebot, Lonenut2000, Cracker910, Otto4711, Ss112, Kozuch, Thijs!bot, Rob- sinden, 24fan24, WilliamH, 803290, Alientraveller, JaimeAnnaMoore, Jason1978, Mmortal03, Darkwarriorblake, Nicholas0, DenCA, Paste, Efyoo, ABCxyz, AdamDeanHall, Credema, White Devil, Klow, Ms Malevolent, Andrzejbanas, Alan Westlife, JAnDbot, Porlob, Pemer, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Douglas Whitaker, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Wikidudeman, Vanished user dkjsdfkljeritekk4, Giggy, Animum, MetsBot, Sesesq, Nreive, Benjamintchip, Akira7, Fhb3, Infoman101, Thefleshfarm, PF4Eva, FMAFan1990, RockMFR, Lg16spears, PRB216, Ginsengbomb, Masimedia, AntiSpamBot, Limetolime, Socby19, Wannabeflmkr, VolkovBot, Jeff G., Halloweenluver, Osman A, LethalSRX, Floatstinger, Wheatjedi, Oshwah, Ajsch1061, Qxz, Elfzx3, Jmacgrath, Ghetto Cherokee, Milowent, Madmaxx1221, Graham Beards, Classic- struggle2, Toddst1, Paul730, AngelOfSadness, Lightmouse, Ealdgyth, RyanParis, Jamesaustinhill, Fuddle, Gorrrillla5, TaerkastUA, Bobit13, Steve, Faithlessthewonderboy, EricEchavez1984, Drunkenpeter99, Martarius, ClueBot, Json1233, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s , Rodhullandemu, Cousin Yugi, SuperHamster, Agustinaldo, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Gerald G-Money, Excirial, CohesionBot, Someone another, Eeekster, Fridaythe13thfranchise, Christiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, The Dark Lord of Wiki, Maniago, LonerXL, Sean ODuibher, Skinny Malone, OLTL2002, Zombie433, Ajoekellyfilm, B3ynon, TKMcClark, XLinkBot, Scotlandhank, Hotcrocodile, Delicious carbuncle, Themenace1990, MaximumMadnessStixon, Beans697, Ost316, Kasper2006, NellieBly, Gardoo03, Mezzy mok, RyanCross, That- guyflint, Cornucopia, Addbot, Tvp119, Montgomery '39, Gripweed, The Editor 155, Swampfire, Darkness2005, Lost on Belmont, OmegaElitist, Gamester76, Ferroequus, Tassedethe, Dayewalker, Kagome 77, Gail, NeoBatfreak, DepTrus, LinkToddMcLovinMontana, SINEP LADNAV, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, J Milburn Bot, Kjell Knudde, KamikazeBot, Dundeedumbass, Thenightmare2009, SchrutedIt08, ThaddeusB, Keith- bob, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, Maxis ftw, LilHelpa, Grey ghost, MassvMaster, MaverickAC, Forestofthedead, The1989godfather, Trevor wells, Millahnna, Pintoandres90, TheAmazingChandler, Sha-Sanio, Doulos Christos, Jkspawn, Jabrona, Sgunda, FashVic, Logizzle, Ja- sonVFreddy, Surv1v4l1st, Jojo17siska, Cannolis, Plcthecd, SailorHeart233, Michael200409, Davidevans123, SJJM4EVER, Smijes08, Slashina- torX, Full-date unlinking bot, Lachlan , Heryrhey, MikeAllen, Martin IIIa, Reaper Eternal, Lorson, Jamesbanesmith, Jde2399, Burmiester, John of Reading, Mr.Linderman, Ashton 29, Hula Hup, Dewritech, Ariaspr, Michealrash, Siamesehare, Hourton Cladwell, AvicBot, Josve05a, Rmisdice2, H3llBot, Captain Assassin!, Pokbot, ClueBot NG, Stubies0210, MelbourneStar, Spaceghost404, Easy4me, Widr, Manc1234, Help- ful Pixie Bot, Joshua shane McCall, Youngmulababy12, Halokid12, Mark Arsten, Kyle Brackman, PauliJC, Cyberbot II, YFdyh-bot, Khazar2, Brenda jasmin, Prime47, Ironjove, ElectricSporty94, Reatlas, Vanamonde93, Hodgeswt, I am One of Many, Jasonsfury, Lemaroto, TreCoolGuy, CensoredScribe, DesignDeath, Dysonsmith, Mandruss, Axeman225, The Nateman, Icensnow42, Garrett Carbaugh, TheBro524, Cclakef13, DanDanDylan1, Monkbot, MississippiSouth, LegerPrime, DanDanDylan123, Newyorker32, Prey93, TheMovieNerd123, Josephlalrinhlua786, Libertarian12111971, TS24, Sammons23, Lorem ipsum5656, Drwholover12345567865454654544, Adavis29, The Baudelaire Fortune, Shel- don.andre, Zzaxx1, Pistolplay, SunshineParadiceXforceunited, Titanicsky, Naano94, Lbdobbins0411, MemorialVirus, K1llerFALLOUT, CAP- TAIN RAJU, Tanishbheem, Maximilian Mages, CLCStudent, NishiroK123, Nerd365, GreenC bot, AbridgedPause, EggsBenedictCumberbatch and Anonymous: 598

146 7.1. TEXT 147

• Friday the 13th (1980 film) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(1980_film)?oldid=740995264 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, Edward, Patrick, Oliver Pereira, Liftarn, Gabbe, Zanimum, Rethunk, Pcb21, , Bueller 007, Ciphergoth, Darksyde, Val42, Nnh, Daran, Dimadick, MK~enwiki, Dale Arnett, Psychonaut, Auric, LGagnon, Xanzzibar, David Gerard, TOttenville8, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Golbez, Raulreynoso, LucasVB, Sam, MakeRocketGoNow, Zondor, Grunt, Heegoop, DanielCD, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Antaeus Feldspar, Warpozio, NetBot, Cmdrjameson, Thanos6, Alansohn, Lord Pistachio, Fritz Saalfeld, SeanDuggan, Erik, Run- time, Staeiou, RainbowOfLight, Bacteria, The JPS, OwenX, Woohookitty, Lochaber, Myleslong, Hailey C. Shannon, Mistergrind, Mandarax, BD2412, MattSutton1, Schmendrick, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, JoshuacUK, Feydey, Geoduck, Boccobrock, The wub, MarnetteD, Pur- ple Rose, JesseBaker, Darcagn, Jeffman52001, Windchaser, Jay-W, Quuxplusone, Bgwhite, Niz, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, MGodwin, GusF, Kyorosuke, MarcK, Grafen, WAS, Jaxl, Irishguy, Jassman, BOT-Superzerocool, Gadget850, Wknight94, Steveworld, John Pannozzi, Midnightcoffee, Moose Boy, Alakazam, Caballero1967, Garion96, Ynlau, SmackBot, Billcosby, R.E. Freak, Bobet, CelticJobber, GrifterT- Wolf, Jagged 85, Eskimbot, Reimelt, Ltljltlj, Marktreut, Skizzik, Jasonfan26, Faded, Vorticity, Bignole, Silly rabbit, Dual Freq, Thief12, Mid- night man, CRFTony, MisterHand, Dmoon1, Detaler, Tkosullivan, Valenciano, TheAxeGrinder, Ligulembot, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Mwarf, Aaron Pepin, Mgiganteus1, Ckatz, TheHYPO, Optakeover, EricEchv, Naaman Brown, Pkarjala, DaliJim, Iridescent, Brianlane, Jackp, Eluchil404, Valoem, Zotdragon, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, El sand bag57, Devatipan, Karenjc, Fordmadoxfraud, Chrisjnelson, Cydebot, Treybien, Gogo Dodo, Ss112, DrJohnnyDiablo, Mallanox, Dleav, VertigoXpress, Mojo Hand, Headbomb, 803290, Nezzadar, Merbabu, Okki, Alien- traveller, TFunk, CatSpringer, Themeparkfanatic, Darkwarriorblake, Frschoonover, Emeraldcityserendipity, Efyoo, RobJ1981, Lincoln gb, AdamDeanHall, Sybrexx, Gökhan, Andrzejbanas, JAnDbot, Supernumerary, Midnightdreary, Endlessdan, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Jd- cheng, Magioladitis, ZPM, VoABot II, Carlwev, Paulisdead, Rhadamante, MikeFTM, KConWiki, Catgut, Vanished user dkjsdfkljeritekk4, Jfp-24, Kill-bill-93, Benjamintchip, JoeOrion, Hoverfish, Njgruber, Metalparasite, Danleary25, Rettetast, InnocuousPseudonym, Keith D, Mar- coPolo7212, FMAFan1990, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, USN1977, Public Menace, PRB216, Carnal85, JEB215, Sudsak, Iain marcuson, Iccluoos, RaptorRobot, Plasticup, Jonay81687, Okgoodanswer, Limetolime, Djflem, Everyoneandeveryone, Sjones23, Chitrapa, WOSlinker, Wheatjedi, Ronin6401, Qxz, Seb26, Thomashewitt, Noformation, Bloddyfriday, Wsultzbach, Johhhhny, Rarmin, Jmacgrath, Vchimpanzee, NinjaRobot- Pirate, Closenplay, Mr. Whitman, MuzikJunky, Mpc464, ATS, Hiwhispees, Artist Formerly Known As Whocares, Ruby Bartlett, Bentogoa, Toddst1, Wiz kid123, EternalWashuFanboy, Ritto Revolto, Paul730, Ophois, AngelOfSadness, Globeclotter, Polbot, CC-best, TX55, IFdude, Moe1810, Jayjaykeith, Eljayess, Correctonator, Martarius, ClueBot, Fyyer, All Hallow’s Wraith, Diamondjim24, Alecsdaniel, RACER1266, Eremine, CounterVandalismBot, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Trivialist, Cartoonbook, Catfish Jim and the soapdish, Muhandes, John bell wiki, Sun Creator, Christiansellers, The Dark Lord of Wiki, Maniago, EvilDevil16, CowboySpartan, Poisonink, Dekisugi, Dutzi, Ottawa4ever, Nev- eragain1503, OLTL2002, Carlson288, Zombie433, Collin scionti, Gdguldar, ClanCC, Nostalgiascape, Dynesclan, Delicious carbuncle, Shad- owEscape, TerraGaia, Chivassuck, Gardoo03, Addbot, Jacvan, Willking1979, Andrzej, Jv821, ClaudioProductions, Swampfire, Ronhjones, Cooksi, Darkness2005, Kekkomereq4, Download, The Shadow-Fighter, Nickin, Amp123, Joeyceevee, Tassedethe, Screamking14, NeoBatfreak, Legobot, To nerdy13, SINEP LADNAV, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, Aliceginny, Dano112358, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Klabel, Comic Book Runner, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Maxis ftw, Phildogg82, Xqbot, Forestofthedead, Kevdogg77, Jeffrey Mall, Wert- dunk999, Millahnna, Silvermen, Mlpearc, Heslopian, Anonymous from the 21st century, GrifterWolf, GorgeCustersSabre, NOLA504ever, Biffbull9, JoeLoeb, Jabrona, BlackMath77, Smithjohnny26, Selk1138, Tictac54, Surv1v4l1st, MedicPCP, FriscoKnight, I dream of horses, Ge- offman13, RedBot, Chairman6807, Meggaly, Full-date unlinking bot, Mondozilla, Lachlan Foley, AlexDeejay, Dutchmonkey9000, 09laclair, Typhoon966, Eamaral, MikeAllen, Reaper Eternal, Enana43, Robo123987, Jamesbanesmith, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, Zlatan Zakić, Burmiester, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Ashton 29, Davenerican, Hula Hup, GoingBatty, RA0808, Edlitz36, PhoebeMan~enwiki, Hourton Clad- well, ZéroBot, Shuipzv3, Jmr98, Jplarkin, Zeidy388, H3llBot, AndrewN, Csboger, Burbridge92, Ocaasi, Vader200591, Johnc69, Polisher of Cobwebs, Mentibot, Davey2010, Helpsome, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Vicdog408, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Reouel, AnyGuy, Encycloshave, Lati- noman1987, Korrawit, Dethbob, Jmarrs, Go Phightins!, Vincelord, Helpful Pixie Bot, Scream4man, JackHeslop, Sukbhirsinghsangha, Squin- tyquint97, SchroCat, Gothmogxx, Johnnytest47, MicWizard2, Turnerbama, Jeef16, Skywalker80100, Cisnet, ZappaOMati, EditorE, Imminen- twill, Ouchmyhart, Viktor Eikman, Mogism, Pearsing, DreVog, Linneawallberg, AldezD, Vestic, Cronos16000, Nhoctu2050, Lagulan1234, CoffeeWithMarkets, Khacken, Weretrain, Casey Novak, Jasonsfury, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, Good4u52, WidgetsUSA, RileyFreeman- -Meteor sandwich yum, Gcostanza1985, TheInternetMan, Catch ,שי אביגד ,CripMember, Liz, NewYorkOriole, Frenzie23, MagicatthemovieS erStorm, TropicAces, Peach114, Benespe, DawnGuardWolf, Denow47, Sammons23, Dorian Driscoll, Aaron422013, Mynewworld34, Shel- don.andre, MikeTank, Andykings951, Thebestwombat, Dnafilmmaker, Jerodlycett, Jalenwilson6, Trentonjames85, JasonJaber42, Jondoe23, *Treker, LibbyFoxworth, AlejandroR1990, JNM547, GreenC bot, MarineVeteran29, Locked from inside, Zaabjii, Mist Of Darkness and Anonymous: 686 • Friday the 13th Part 2 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_2?oldid=740921864 Contributors: Atlan, Ahoerstemeier, Val42, Dimadick, David Gerard, Xezbeth, TMC1982, Bobo192, NetBot, Thanos6, Rasi2290, Pinar, Drat, Mikeo, LFaraone, Kusma, Bac- teria, The JPS, Myleslong, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Koavf, CyberGhostface, Jeffman52001, Jay-W, Mordicai, YurikBot, Dark- fireTaimatsu, GusF, Kyorosuke, ONEder Boy, Irishguy, John Pannozzi, Nikkimaria, Alakazam, Garion96, Whouk, SmackBot, Billcosby, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Commander Keane bot, Yamaguchi, Chris the speller, Bignole, Ghidorah 72, AdamSmithee, MisterHand, Detaler, Count Scarazoni, Only, Reding, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Kuru, General Ization, J 1982, JoshuaZ, TheHYPO, TJ Spyke, Brianlane, Eluchil404, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Treybien, PantheraLeo, Ss112, Ebyabe, Thijs!bot, Robsinden, Serpent-A, Headbomb, QuasyBoy, JustAGal, TFunk, Darev, Nick Number, Format, Fnerchei, Efyoo, Tjmayerinsf, AdamDeanHall, Andrzejbanas, JAnDbot, Postcard , Supernumer- ary, Endlessdan, Maxwell7985, PhilKnight, Lord Crayak, KConWiki, Bluevoodoo1, Jackson Peebles, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, USN1977, Deoxys911, MezzoMezzo, Dimondinthesky, Belovedfreak, Kidlittle, Limetolime, Cody41393, Everyoneandeveryone, TreasuryTag, Wheat- jedi, Thomashewitt, McM.bot, Natg 19, Flyingw, NinjaRobotPirate, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Closenplay, SieBot, Ruby Bartlett, Polbot, Nancy, Mmcm312, IFdude, InquisitivePenguin, Moe1810, Correctonator, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, Corkey44, ClueBot, All Hallow’s Wraith, Di- amondjim24, EoGuy, Max85, Niceguyedc, Luckyeye13, Trivialist, Jedi Master Fort, Christiansellers, CowboySpartan, 6afraidof7, Muro Bot, Another Believer, OLTL2002, XLinkBot, Delicious carbuncle, TerraGaia, SilvonenBot, MystBot, Addbot, Malconfort, ClaudioProductions, Swampfire, Willsied8, Darkness2005, LaaknorBot, The Shadow-Fighter, Tassedethe, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EditorKid, Aliceginny, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, L3lackEyedAngels, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Millahnna, Betty Logan, Silvermen, Heslopian, BKAllmighty, GrifterWolf, Hari010904068, Knee427, BenzolBot, Chucky4life, I dream of horses, ItsTheClimb17, Thrashcanman16, SJJM4EVER, Lachlan ,Jamesbanesmith, Wikiteer461, Zlatan Zakić, Hudweiser, Burmiester, EmausBot ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,Foley, 09laclair, Jedi94, Abcbe, DixonDBot BLGM5, Hula Hup, Wikiturrican, Tommy2010, Hourton Cladwell, Productioncomics, SporkBot, Scabboy, Josephandrade, AbsoluteGleek92, E07MAN, Sp4cetiger, Helpsome, ClueBot NG, Latinoman1987, Mars Cadbury, Helpful Pixie Bot, Squintyquint97, BG19bot, MicWizard2, 148 CHAPTER 7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Interchangeable, Geraldo Perez, DJ DCM, Houdini4, Trademarc1977, Lilithmoon1, Nutball5000, AldezD, RMCD bot, Cronos16000, Alvaire- jhonifercruz, ChrisJaPo, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, MrBlueSky2397, Steinhilkd, D Eaketts, George8211, Liz, Magicatthe- ,Ashphalt, TheInternetMan, Ft763, Peach114, DawnGuardWolf, KH-1, Lorem ipsum5656, MikeTank ,שי אביגד ,movieS, YourR4ND0MOne SuperCarnivore591, JohnnyToxxxic, Rsholder16, Jondoe23, LibbyFoxworth, ChillerM, JNM547, Goran kresnik, Robinmistri, Cola211of211, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 382 • Friday the 13th Part III Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_III?oldid=740607812 Contributors: Atlan, Tregoweth, Val42, Dimadick, David Gerard, DaveJB, CALR, Rich Farmbrough, TMC1982, NetBot, Thanos6, Keepsleeping, Bacteria, The JPS, Myleslong, Tabletop, Tim!, Koavf, Jeffman52001, Latka, Jay-W, YurikBot, Quentin X, Kafziel, GusF, Kyorosuke, Irishguy, Blu Aardvark, Wknight94, John Pannozzi, Pb30, Alakazam, Garion96, Sugar Bear, SmackBot, Billcosby, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Lakhim, Commander Keane bot, Fizzer- bear, Bignole, AdamSmithee, Detaler, Witchbaby, TheAxeGrinder, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Waggers, Tachikoma64, TJ Spyke, Brianlane, Eluchil404, Cerdic, Cydebot, Treybien, PantheraLeo, Ss112, Pardy, JohnVMaster, Optimist on the run, Thijs!bot, Robsinden, Serpent-A, Head- bomb, Alientraveller, TFunk, Stephen Wilson, Efyoo, Noroton, RobJ1981, Brandon thy name, AdamDeanHall, Klow, Darrenhusted, Andrze- jbanas, Alan Westlife, Supernumerary, Blindsnyper, Endlessdan, Maxwell7985, VoABot II, EdHavens, Catgut, Tylerzx2002, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, A Nobody, ConoscoTutto, Jonay81687, Limetolime, Idioma-bot, Everyoneandeveryone, VolkovBot, Jeff G., Wheatjedi, Oshwah, Liamoliver, Ronin6401, Lizzzs, Martin451, Thomashewitt, Bloddyfriday, NinjaRobotPirate, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Closenplay, SieBot, Jason- freak12, Flyer22 Reborn, FrankRizzo2006, Allmightyduck, Polbot, Mmcm312, IFdude, InquisitivePenguin, Swellman, Moe1810, Dave7979, Correctonator, Corkey44, ClueBot, Binksternet, Snigbrook, All Hallow’s Wraith, Cousin Yugi, RACER1266, Trivialist, Pennycandy, Chris- tiansellers, EvilDevil16, CowboySpartan, Dutzi, Phil76, OLTL2002, Collin scionti, LetsDoThisRight, Grave197666, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Delicious carbuncle, TerraGaia, MystBot, Fm90, Addbot, Docrules, Kingnicholas, Swampfire, Darkness2005, Rishoutfield, The Shadow- Fighter, Tassedethe, CerealKiller2k4, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, EditorKid, Legobot II, CinchBug, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, VampireKen, Xqbot, Millahnna, Bodypuzzle, GrifterWolf, Mikeman4510, Eugene-elgato, Erik9bot, JennKR, Surv1v4l1st, Reli source, Jacobr1020, I dream of horses, Thrashcanman16, LizE1960, SJJM4EVER, John Elson, Lachlan Foley, Japee, 09la- ,Jamesbanesmith, Wikiteer461, Zlatan Zakić, Burmiester, EmausBot, BLGM5, Hula Hup, GoingBatty ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,clair, Abcbe, DixonDBot Adrizrace44, FlyingCowMan, Somerwind, Pantera5FDP, Hourton Cladwell, LouisSaphire, SporkBot, Donner60, Polisher of Cobwebs, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Latinoman1987, Despatche, Easy4me, Oscarivera9, Hitman731, Scream4man, Robert Krueger 2, MicWizard2, Geraldo Perez, Mark Arsten, Newyork1219, Skywalker80100, AldezD, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, Ar122334567, Paleface Jack, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, YourR4ND0MOne, TheInternetMan, MarioProtIV, Colby Gleason, Peach114, DawnGuardWolf, Frayten, Lorem ipsum5656, MikeTank, Nici- caleksa32, DryRoastedPeanut, Dr.saze, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 302 • Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th%3A_The_Final_Chapter?oldid=739268507 Con- tributors: AxelBoldt, Val42, Dimadick, Robbot, David Gerard, NetBot, Thanos6, TheProject, InShaneee, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Yansa, Myleslong, Yendi, FlaBot, Jeffman52001, Latka, Str1977, The Rambling Man, Subwayguy, YurikBot, Wavelength, Quentin X, GusF, Ky- orosuke, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Bucketsofg, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Warreed, Garion96, SmackBot, Billcosby, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Carl.bunderson, Kermit blue, Bignole, Thief12, Thrane, Maciste, TheAxeGrinder, Evlekis, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Abc85, TJ Spyke, Bri- anlane, Eluchil404, Cydebot, Treybien, PantheraLeo, Ss112, Pardy, Thijs!bot, Serpent-A, Headbomb, John254, JustAGal, Velvet Kevorkian, TFunk, Efyoo, AdamDeanHall, Sreejithk2000, Kauczuk, Andrzejbanas, Chikinpotato11, Supernumerary, Pejorative.majeure, Maxwell7985, J Greb, Lord Crayak, JamesBWatson, GroovySandwich, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, Stankleberry, Carlito222, Iccluoos, Donmike10, Everyone- andeveryone, VolkovBot, Myomoto~enwiki, Jeff G., Kyle the bot, Wheatjedi, Magnius, Lizzzs, Thomashewitt, Bloddyfriday, NinjaRobotPirate, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Closenplay, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Ophois, Polbot, IFdude, Moe1810, M4, Correctonator, ImageRemovalBot, Mar- tarius, ClueBot, Binksternet, Snigbrook, All Hallow’s Wraith, Cousin Yugi, Sn00zl3, Niceguyedc, Bluerules, RossMcG, Alexbot, PixelBot, Christiansellers, The Dark Lord of Wiki, CowboySpartan, OLTL2002, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Delicious carbuncle, TerraGaia, StewieK, Myst- Bot, Addbot, Cxz111, Jojhutton, Darkness2005, Tassedethe, Dr Jorgen, NeoBatfreak, Yobot, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, EditorKid, Amirobot, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Vivil, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Redomegaz, Millahnna, Heslopian, Bodypuzzle, GrifterWolf, Shadowjams, ,Wnick99, Jamesbanesmith ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,Erik9bot, Surv1v4l1st, BenzolBot, DrilBot, I dream of horses, SJJM4EVER, Lachlan Foley, 09laclair Zlatan Zakić, Sander Moholi, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, BLGM5, GoingBatty, Hourton Cladwell, ZéroBot, DeWaine, Spork- Bot, Jpcase, Johnny3868, Horrorfreak1234, Donner60, Polisher of Cobwebs, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Maxikray, AnyGuy, Latinoman1987, Easy4me, Simpsonguy1987, Joshua shane McCall, Gothmogxx, Geraldo Perez, Madnessfan34537, AldezD, ArmbrustBot, Sol1, Paleface Jack, ,TheInternetMan, Peach114, DawnGuardWolf, Opopopopk, DictionMaster, MikeTank ,שי אביגד ,Liz, MagicatthemovieS, YourR4ND0MOne Ribwich, JeremiahY, JohnnyToxxxic, Jondoe23, *Treker, DryRoastedPeanut, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 311 • Friday the 13th: A New Beginning Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th%3A_A_New_Beginning?oldid=740700499 Con- tributors: Edward, Val42, Dimadick, Academic Challenger, David Gerard, DaveJB, Curtsurly, Caswin, Discospinster, Antaeus Feldspar, NetBot, Jguk, Bacteria, Myleslong, MattSutton1, Koavf, CyberGhostface, SMC, MarnetteD, Jeffman52001, Latka, Jay-W, Imnotminkus, Chobot, Yurik- Bot, Quentin X, Koveras, Kafziel, GusF, Kyorosuke, Bullzeye, Irishguy, Skyliner34, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Garion96, Ynlau, SmackBot, Mwazzap, Billcosby, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Carl.bunderson, Kermit blue, Bignole, Detaler, TheAxeGrinder, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sonic Shadow, Smacksaw, Brianlane, Eluchil404, Cydebot, Treybien, PantheraLeo, Ss112, Gnfnrf, Ebyabe, Thijs!bot, Jamielb, Serpent-A, Headbomb, Darev, Efyoo, RobJ1981, Brandon thy name, AdamDeanHall, Kauczuk, Rumanchu, Andrzejbanas, Supernumerary, Nthep, Maxwell7985, J Greb, TheSmokey, Jedispyder, VoABot II, Nicholasm79, Caroldermoid, Mjrmtg, Tylerzx2002, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, Crimson667, Ac- tion Jackson IV, Everyoneandeveryone, VolkovBot, Thedjatclubrock, Myomoto~enwiki, Jmrowland, Kyle the bot, Elias Voorhees, Magnius, Bloddyfriday, NinjaRobotPirate, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Closenplay, SieBot, Kelvincabrera, Ophois, Polbot, IFdude, Evilotto91, Moe1810, Mar- tarius, ClueBot, All Hallow’s Wraith, Polyester-queen, METALFREAK04, Niceguyedc, Bodkin1, Charlr6, SammoHunk, Christiansellers, Cow- boySpartan, OLTL2002, XLinkBot, Delicious carbuncle, SilvonenBot, Addbot, ClaudioProductions, OttRider, Darkness2005, Chzz, Doniago, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EchetusXe, EditorKid, Dazfli, Coconut-Freak, Arch stanton1138, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Henry Godric, Jeffreymoviechen, SAULGNRFAN, Xqbot, Teddie Edwards, Millahnna, Bodypuzzle, GrifterWolf, Jabrona, Erik9bot, HRoest- ,Vrenator, Jamesbanesmith, Tbhotch, Zlatan Zakić, EmausBot ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,Bot, LittleWink, SJJM4EVER, Lachlan Foley, 09laclair, DixonDBot WikitanvirBot, BLGM5, Wikiturrican, Hourton Cladwell, ZéroBot, Godwinkent888, SporkBot, Josephandrade, Polisher of Cobwebs, Ant1984, BornonJune8, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, Latinoman1987, Easy4me, Widr, Vincelord, Simpsonguy1987, Joshua shane McCall, Squintyquint97, PTJoshua, Geraldo Perez, PauliJC, Hasancana, Brobocop, AldezD, Victorybridge990, Charysma, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, Liyah NYC, Teeceli, TheInternetMan, Peach114, Tomwikiman, DawnGuardWolf, JShanley98, Lorem ipsum5656, 7.1. TEXT 149

Drwholover12345567865454654544, DictionMaster, MikeTank, Jondoe23, *Treker, Jom995, Debbiesw, LeCire, Temuera, Nerd365, Dry- RoastedPeanut, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 272 • Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_VI%3A_Jason_Lives?oldid=740700372 Contributors: Val42, Dimadick, David Gerard, Jessesamuel, Thanos6, Mahanga, Bacteria, Myleslong, Rjwilmsi, Ucucha, Jeffman52001, Latka, Jay-W, YurikBot, Quentin X, GusF, Kyorosuke, Irishguy, MakeChooChooGoNow, Rwalker, Private Butcher, Timmybiscool, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Warreed, Garion96, SmackBot, Mwazzap, Billcosby, Simon Beavis, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Commander Keane bot, Indium, Carl.bunderson, Chris the speller, Bignole, Diemi, Lenin and McCarthy, Mwelch, Reding, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Krook~enwiki, ZPS102, Rigadoun, SQGibbon, Iridescent, Brianlane, Eluchil404, Dgw, Cydebot, Treybien, PantheraLeo, Macready~enwiki, Thijs!bot, Serpent-A, Mojo Hand, Nalvage, TFunk, Classic rocker, SummerPhD, Efyoo, RobJ1981, Lincoln gb, AdamDeanHall, Kauczuk, Andrzejbanas, Super- numerary, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Ancientflounder, Smooth0707, GroovySandwich, KConWiki, Mjrmtg, Vanished user dkjsdfkljeritekk4, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, Benny hill, Tikiwont, Campsfm, Donmike10, Everyoneandeveryone, VolkovBot, BDEW1369, Wheatjedi, Anony- mous Dissident, Magnius, Thomashewitt, Bloddyfriday, Annericelover, Tigerfan368, NinjaRobotPirate, AlleborgoBot, Jasonfreak12, Ophois, Oxymoron83, Puuropyssy, Polbot, Moe1810, Martarius, Snigbrook, All Hallow’s Wraith, Cousin Yugi, RACER1266, Niceguyedc, Bodkin1, Christiansellers, Djfspence, CowboySpartan, OLTL2002, DumZiBoT, Delicious carbuncle, Bilsonius, SilvonenBot, MystBot, Addbot, Claudio- Productions, Darkness2005, Tomm007, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EditorKid, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, Digifan23, Wert- dunk999, Millahnna, Nest0or, Ghostkaiba297, GrifterWolf, Jabrona, MedicPCP, LittleWink, Thrashcanman16, MastiBot, Smijes08, Lach- ,Aoidh, Ammodramus, Zlatan Zakić, EmausBot, John of Reading, BLGM5, GoingBatty, Wikidude10000 ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,lan Foley, 09laclair SporkBot, Cody rothenbucher, Horrorfreak1234, Polisher of Cobwebs, Ant522, DASHBotAV, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, CactusBot, Vincelord, Helpful Pixie Bot, Joshua shane McCall, Squintyquint97, Geraldo Perez, Hasancana, Mdann52, Dobie80, Mogism, AldezD, MatthewHoobin, -Predalien001, TheInternetMan, Peach114, Opopopopk, Kinggvietnam, Mike ,שי אביגד ,ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, Liz, MagicatthemovieS Tank, Allydiaxx, SuperCarnivore591, Jondoe23, JNM547, AMurderersAutograph, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 253 • Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_VII%3A_The_New_Blood?oldid= 741051000 Contributors: Paul Benjamin Austin, Val42, Dimadick, David Gerard, DaveJB, Thanos6, Fritz Saalfeld, Velella, Bacteria, Myles- long, Tabletop, Evilmoo, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Jeffman52001, Ian Pitchford, Latka, Jay-W, Chobot, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, Quentin X, GusF, Kyorosuke, Irishguy, Zythe, SimonMorgan, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Warreed, Garion96, SmackBot, Billcosby, Proudhug, CelticJobber, GrifterTWolf, Mdd4696, Carl.bunderson, TimBentley, Bignole, Midnight man, Detaler, Blake-, TheAxeGrinder, Reding, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Pinoyartist99, Iridescent, OsFan, Ciderbarrel, Enter Movie, Brianlane, Eluchil404, CmdrObot, Cydebot, PantheraLeo, Aristophanes68, Ss112, Thijs!bot, Serpent-A, Alientraveller, JustAGal, Frschoonover, Efyoo, Tjmayerinsf, RobJ1981, Lincoln gb, AdamDean- Hall, Kauczuk, Andrzejbanas, Altairisfar, Supernumerary, Notationman, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Jedispyder, Vanish2, MarcoPolo7212, FMAFan1990, Tikiwont, Limetolime, Everyoneandeveryone, VolkovBot, Kyle the bot, Wheatjedi, HagSIN, Lots42, Magnius, Thomashe- witt, Bloddyfriday, Annericelover, NinjaRobotPirate, Pjoef, AlleborgoBot, Mattevil, TheCharmedOne226, Hcmcguire, EternalWashuFanboy, FrankRizzo2006, KoshVorlon, Polbot, Fratrep, InquisitivePenguin, Seanhorrorfan89, Moe1810, Beemer69, Lindsay123, Martarius, Binkster- net, All Hallow’s Wraith, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Southern Forester, Christiansellers, CowboySpartan, Saebjorn, OLTL2002, DumZiBoT, Delicious carbuncle, HMFS, Addbot, ClaudioProductions, Swampfire, Darkness2005, SpBot, Dr Jorgen, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EditorKid, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Digifan23, 4twenty42o, GrifterWolf, Jabrona, Erik9bot, Surv1v4l1st, Reli ,Zlatan Zakić, Ripchip Bot, Trollsong, MissNYCmodel, EmausBot ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,source, MastiBot, Smijes08, Lachlan Foley, Gokujoseitokai WikitanvirBot, Eekerz, BLGM5, Moorglade, SporkBot, Burbridge92, Lucylanier, Cody rothenbucher, Frankm.russo, Polisher of Cobwebs, Duke Nukeum, EdoBot, ClueBot NG, NapoleonX, Vincelord, Squintyquint97, Gothmogxx, Geraldo Perez, Hasancana, Eliot Whitman, AldezD, Horrorwood, Alvairejhonifercruz, VanishedUser 2313214sad1, GamerMan7799, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, Liz, Magi- catthemovieS, Dan1025, Liyah NYC, Ashphalt, MacTrek777, Predalien001, TheInternetMan, Peach114, Ebb1993, Iaritmioawp, Bwfcstats, Kinggvietnam, The Baudelaire Fortune, MikeTank, JohnnyToxxxic, Scarymoviekiller, Jondoe23, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 228 • Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_Part_VIII%3A_Jason_Takes_ Manhattan?oldid=740700269 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Val42, Dimadick, David Gerard, DaveJB, Klemen Kocjancic, Discospinster, TMC1982, Thanos6, GURT, Jtalledo, TheRealFennShysa, Kusma, Bacteria, MK2, Myleslong, Graham87, Edison, CyberGhostface, Ere- bus555, Jeffman52001, Latka, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Quentin X, GusF, Defunctzombie, Tenebrae, Kyorosuke, Irishguy, Nick, Emersoni, Jedi Striker, Rwalker, Light current, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Warreed, Garion96, Mrblondnyc, SmackBot, Billcosby, CelticJobber, GrifterT- Wolf, Cvene64, Carl.bunderson, Soupnyc807, Bignole, Thief12, Detaler, Reding, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Danucciguzman, The Drainpipe, Nehrams2020, Brianlane, ButtfaceStephanie, Eluchil404, FinFangFoom, Cydebot, PantheraLeo, DrJohnnyDiablo, Macready~enwiki, Pardy, Thijs!bot, Serpent-A, Nalvage, Headbomb, QuasyBoy, JustAGal, TFunk, Chaironome, The Hybrid, Frschoonover, SummerPhD, Efyoo, Nin- tendofan88, RobJ1981, AdamDeanHall, Sreejithk2000, Andrzejbanas, Supernumerary, Maxwell7985, Roleplayer, Lord Crayak, LittleOldMe, Mjrmtg, MarcoPolo7212, FMAFan1990, Touch Of Light, Everyoneandeveryone, Wheatjedi, Lots42, Me43, Thomashewitt, Bloddyfriday, Nin- jaRobotPirate, AlleborgoBot, OutsiderVen23, ProtoWolf, Toddst1, Paul730, Ophois, Polbot, Onebadtown, Moe1810, Hanter, Correctonator, PipepBot, Snigbrook, All Hallow’s Wraith, Christiansellers, EvilDevil16, CowboySpartan, Saebjorn, OLTL2002, Aitias, Adamfinmo, DumZ- iBoT, Delicious carbuncle, Bilsonius, SilvonenBot, Spiderfan4life, HexaChord, Addbot, Poco a poco, ClaudioProductions, Darkness2005, SoSaysChappy, Wikijmt, Doniago, Beast from da East, Dr Jorgen, Dayewalker, NeoBatfreak, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, EditorKid, Dis- illusionedBitterAndKnackered, Pattonjeffrey, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, Digifan23, 4twenty42o, Wertdunk999, Betty Logan, Tiller54, GrifterWolf, DVG991, Beawolf23, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, Blackguard SF, Ndboy, Jacobr1020, SJJM4EVER, Smijes08, Lachlan Foley, Iokerapid, Tris- ,Zlatan Zakić, Beyond My Ken, Mes tex, Burmiester, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, BLGM5, Dewritech ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,tanbriens Pantera5FDP, Erpert, Hourton Cladwell, Dolovis, Cody rothenbucher, Horrorfreak1234, Polisher of Cobwebs, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, (. j) a r g o n e l l e, Vincelord, Squintyquint97, Geraldo Perez, Johnnie red pen, AldezD, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, DesignDeath, Paleface Jack, Dancedom, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, Predalien001, TheInternetMan, Bwfcstats, Kinggvietnam, MikeTank, Jondoe23, *Treker, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 275 • Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Goes_to_Hell%3A_The_Final_Friday?oldid=739497934 Contributors: Ixfd64, Val42, Dimadick, Yelyos, David Gerard, Bender235, TMC1982, Thanos6, TheProject, Kusma, Bacteria, The JPS, Myles- long, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Jeffman52001, CR85747, Latka, Jay-W, Bgwhite, Roboto de Ajvol, Kummi, YurikBot, Quentin X, GusF, Kyorosuke, EDN1980, Irishguy, MakeChooChooGoNow, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, Warreed, Garion96, Soviet Guy, SmackBot, Billcosby, CelticJobber, Chairman S., RlyehRising, Vanished user bionhg80jaglsfuoq23rnsfl3, Carl.bunderson, Bignole, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, 150 CHAPTER 7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Silent Tom, Detaler, Witchbaby, Invincible Ninja, Mwelch, T-Duck, TenPoundHammer, Reding, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Khazar, NJZom- bie, OsFan, Brianlane, Crieff405, Eluchil404, OS2Warp, Miholvr125, Vjamesv, VelvetKevorkian, Avillia, PantheraLeo, Ss112, The 80s chick, Thijs!bot, Serpent-A, Rwiggum, Nalvage, Headbomb, QuasyBoy, Lumarine, Killz0ner, Themeparkfanatic, Natalie Erin, Efyoo, TwilightPro101, RobJ1981, Lincoln gb, AdamDeanHall, Sreejithk2000, Andrzejbanas, Chikinpotato11, Supernumerary, Areaseven, Endlessdan, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Doublenickle59, MikeFTM, Markoff Chaney, The Light6, SLWalsh, Keith D, MarcoPolo7212, Wiki Raja, RichMc1017, DrKay, Skier Dude, Everyoneandeveryone, Iconoclast09, VolkovBot, Flyboy03191, Lots42, Rei-bot, David Pro, Thomashewitt, Zodiiak, Bloddyfriday, NinjaRobotPirate, Jasonfreak12, WereSpielChequers, Phe-bot, Crash Underride, Stormin' Foreman, FrankRizzo2006, Antonio Lopez, Aspects, Hello71, Jdaloner, Polbot, Moe1810, DaBomb619, Correctonator, Martarius, ClueBot, Torchwood Four, All Hallow’s Wraith, Cousin Yugi, Niceguyedc, Christiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, EvilDevil16, Dutzi, Delicious carbuncle, SilvonenBot, Tylerkoopa77, MystBot, Addbot, ClaudioProductions, Swampfire, Darkness2005, Hsxeric, SoSaysChappy, Tassedethe, CerealKiller2k4, Teles, NeoBatfreak, Luckas- bot, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, EditorKid, Legobot II, Amirobot, SmlHwkn, TheMovieBuff, Davey-Dave 1.2, AnomieBOT, JackieBot, Barli- man Butterbur, Williamsburgland, Redsoxfan95, LilHelpa, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Forestofthedead, TechBot, Wertdunk999, Millahnna, Tex- asreindeer, Betty Logan, Jabrona, FreeKnowledgeCreator, FrescoBot, Thrashcanman16, SJJM4EVER, Smijes08, DARKSHADOWSDIVINE, Thegoblinrules, Jamesbanesmith, Thedarkmacabre101, Wikipelli, Hourton ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,Mondozilla, Lachlan Foley, FoxBot, ArtistScientist Cladwell, Aeonx, Holanthony, Dukinhower, SporkBot, Jpcase, Polisher of Cobwebs, Sigma0 1, ClueBot NG, NapoleonX, AnyGuy, Helpful Pixie Bot, Joshua shane McCall, Cradlemountain, Squintyquint97, ElGrigg82, BG19bot, Vanished user 231c, Zimmygirl7, Stustustutteringwiz, Geraldo Perez, North911, D3323, FF9, Mogism, Nutball5000, AldezD, 069952497a, Joseph liken, NYBrook098, ArmbrustBot, Mugiwara1994, ,Ashphalt, Predalien001, TheInternetMan, MarioProtIV, Nicko756, Slick1006 ,שי אביגד ,Paleface Jack, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, Brandonrompa MikeTank, Tbeyor, JohnnyToxxxic, FollowTheSigns, Jondoe23, TroySchulz, JNM547, Nerd365, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 395

• Jason X Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_X?oldid=740379945 Contributors: Gabbe, Paul Benjamin Austin, Val42, Dimadick, Phil Boswell, David Gerard, Bkonrad, Kuralyov, Tsemii, MToolen, Factitious, Shanes, Spearhead, Ommnomnomgulp, Mo0, TaintedMus- tard, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Myleslong, Kosher Fan, Tabletop, Plrk, Kbdank71, Koavf, MordredKLB, MarnetteD, FlaBot, Latka, Sheltim, Samwaltz, YurikBot, Mr Frosty, Stephen Day, RussBot, Tenebrae, Kyorosuke, ONEder Boy, Irishguy, Night Tracks, Misza13, MakeChoo- ChooGoNow, Waitandbleed1235, ^o^CORVUS^o^, Pegship, Melanchthon, John Pannozzi, Alakazam, NYArtsnWords, Garion96, Maxamega- lon2000, SmackBot, Mwazzap, Billcosby, Felicity4711, CelticJobber, GuruAskew, Allixpeeke, Darklock, Septegram, Ltljltlj, Vanished user bionhg80jaglsfuoq23rnsfl3, Martinsizon, Magnum17x, Pietaster, Faded, Fizzerbear, Bignole, The Rogue Penguin, Firetrap9254, Racklever, Bonecrushah, Invincible Ninja, Reding, Saccerzd, J 1982, NJZombie, Abc85, Son of Kong, Therealhazel, Brianlane, Eluchil404, Frylock569, AngelOfMusic, Jayunderscorezero, Jamseyhunt, Devatipan, Cydebot, PantheraLeo, Kevin23, Myscrnnm, Peppage, The Scourge, JohnVMas- ter, Mallanox, The 80s chick, Serpent-A, Nalvage, Headbomb, Missvain, 803290, Folken de Fanel, X201, TFunk, Nick Number, Noclever- name, Mmortal03, RobotG, DenCA, Efyoo, AdamDeanHall, Darrenhusted, Andrzejbanas, Supernumerary, Blindsnyper, 100110100, Movie- maniacx, KnightInExile, Lord Crayak, Acroterion, Wildhartlivie, Bongwarrior, Ls883, GroovySandwich, Catgut, Phoenix521, SnakeChess5, SpinachChin, Tcarreon, MartinBot, MarcoPolo7212, Smokizzy, Lg16spears, RobTracy, Dfoofnik, Dpm12, Bully25, Everyoneandeveryone, Rutherfordjigsaw, Bovineboy2008, Lots42, AQplayer, Thomashewitt, Bloddyfriday, Hatpins, Bluewiki3, Brianga, SieBot, Zipacna1, KelvStern- hammer, Polbot, Onebadtown, Harry the Dirty Dog, Moe1810, EveryDayJoe45, Tobi4242, Escape Orbit, Martarius, ClueBot, All Hal- low’s Wraith, Rodhullandemu, Konsumkind, Chris Bainbridge, Bluerules, Victor Paul P. Tejada, Auntof6, Nymf, Hyper Hedgehog, Chris- tiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Arjayay, Italia809, EvilDevil16, CowboySpartan, Delicious carbuncle, AbstractBeliefs, Mifter, Mas- sakiller, CrispyMANZ, Addbot, Darkness2005, This is Paul, Carf9, Patricia Meadows, Doniago, Furgoth, Vpride, Tassedethe, Dayewalker, Ojama53, NeoBatfreak, Legobot, Kurtis, Luckas-bot, EditorKid, Deadguy71, TheMovieBuff, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Bxelo123, Ci- tation bot, Thezachallen95, Capricorn42, TechBot, Millahnna, Texasreindeer, Jabrona, George Pelltier, GlobalGhostface, Surv1v4l1st, Sock, -TBloemink, Di ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,Fortdj33, Priveledge, Vicenarian, Aarondoc, SJJM4EVER, Smijes08, BTNHallday, Lachlan Foley, Raichupal annaa, Deftonesderrick, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, Commissar Pepsi, WikitanvirBot, Bt8257, K6ka, ZéroBot, Wikidude10000, SporkBot, Cody rothenbucher, Dysartes, Polisher of Cobwebs, ClueBot NG, Joefromrandb, AnyGuy, Latinoman1987, Easy4me, Hmcterror, Widr, Timmytroller, Helpful Pixie Bot, Simpsonguy1987, Joshua shane McCall, BG19bot, Bstbll, Kangaroo186, Hell- boy42, Zimmygirl7, Geraldo Perez, Povk4, HaruhiFanNumber1, Jacobbatia, ChrisGualtieri, Mediran, Vekipeki965, Rupak Ghosh, AldezD, ,SS7 Somebody, Gene poro ,שי אביגד ,Bays24, Iamonthetitanic, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, JJinformstheworld, Tallmadi, MagicatthemovieS G S Palmer, Predalien001, TheInternetMan, ColRad85, TWowwD, JShanley98, Pussywhore, Aussieofsteel, Jonnygun01, William Oswalt, Rap- perjosh13, *Treker, Yet Another User 2, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 425

• Freddy vs. Jason Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_vs._Jason?oldid=738297018 Contributors: Gabbe, Pcb21, Tregoweth, Em- peror, Rossami, Andrewman327, Val42, Dimadick, Jredmond, RedWolf, ScudLee, Orangemike, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Chowbok, Gad- fium, Mackeriv, Demonslave, DaveJB, Tsemii, Micpp, Alperen, Parmadil, Discospinster, Freestylefrappe, Gronky, *drew, Bobo192, Net- Bot, AKGhetto, Pikawil, Thanos6, La goutte de pluie, Jason One, Alansohn, Jtalledo, Andrewpmk, Jaardon, Geraldshields11, Bsadowski1, Kusma, RyanGerbil10, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Myleslong, Hbdragon88, Ajshm, Jcomp489, Kbdank71, Schmendrick, Casey Abell, Rjwilmsi, CyberGhostface, FlaBot, Jeffman52001, Latka, Soup man, SuperDude115, D.brodale, Bdelisle, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Quentin X, Samuel Wiki, Akamad, Tenebrae, C777, CambridgeBayWeather, Kyorosuke, Think Fast, Grafen, WAS, ONEder Boy, Irishguy, HowardDean, Alex43223, EEMIV, Zythe, Haemo, Fallout boy, Calvin08, John Pannozzi, TheKuLeR, KL, Alakazam, Th1rt3en, Dimwell, RenamedUser jaskldjslak904, Garion96, Jeff Silvers, Dkocan, SmackBot, Billcosby, Unschool, Estoy Aquí, King Gemini, Destron Commander, CelticJobber, Allixpeeke, RlyehRising, Jab843, Wakuran, Timotheus Canens, AaronCrane, Vanished user bionhg80jaglsfuoq23rnsfl3, Martinsizon, Richfife, Katanin, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Faded, Cattus, Bignole, Sadads, Ghidorah 72, Emurphy42, Onorem, Rrburke, XQ fan, Addshore, Crboyer, Tiki2099, Valenciano, Evilgidgit, Witchbaby, Dreadstar, TheAxeGrinder, Charmed36, Jarvisganon, Mwelch, Markcambrone, Reding, Esrever, GL12, Aaron Pepin, NJZombie, Jaywubba1887, Comicist, Stwalkerster, Noah Salzman, Rfernand, Zachdms, Tarantulas, Doczilla, Ash Loomis, Animedude360, Bolt Vanderhuge, Pauljonlevy, Nehrams2020, A Cowles, Enter Movie, Wiki-star, JoeBot, Brianlane, Eluchil404, Jknobull, SkyWalker, J Milburn, JForget, CmdrObot, Addict 2006, Bailey1987, Cydebot, Wikien2009, Ucantnot, A Softer Answer, Lugnuts, Blackmet- albaz, RabidWolf, Rtiztik, Stephbeaulne, Clovis Sangrail, GLENN THE TOOL, The Scourge, Jay32183, Bryan Seecrets, Zombie wolf, The 80s chick, Boyar~enwiki, Epbr123, Nalvage, Headbomb, Marek69, Folken de Fanel, QuasyBoy, Alientraveller, TFunk, ReallyMale, Kraka- toaKatie, AntiVandalBot, SummerPhD, Efyoo, Cardsharp21, Tmopkisn, AdamDeanHall, Storkk, Sam 1123, Moopet, X4n6, Darrenhusted, Andrzejbanas, Supernumerary, Markh94hours, Bozman007, Power Slave, MB1972, J Greb, Lord Crayak, Wildhartlivie, Angelofdeath275, Lar- rynorton, Ruuz~enwiki, Pubuman, Count de Ville, Markoff Chaney, Countmall, Dimts, Riksweeney, Chris G, Simon Peter Hughes, The Light6, 7.1. TEXT 151

Cliff smith, MartinBot, Verdatum, The.Lost.Soul, MarcoPolo7212, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, 2012Olympian, Velveteman1, Kenhl, A Nobody, Don Cuan, TheMack123, Akhel, J Readings, Nikki311, Jamesofur, DH85868993, Redrocket, Ja 62, Jarry1250, Everyoneandeveryone, Lights, Asuka Cougar, VolkovBot, Zombieninja101, Jeff G., Flyboy03191, Bovineboy2008, Sjones23, Philip Trueman, 1938superman, Wheat- jedi, Zidonuke, Kww, Lots42, Rei-bot, Emiliano s, Mutagenrocks, AQplayer, Lradrama, Internerd36, Bloddyfriday, Haley865, Chris9086, Ian- turner77, Fififolle, Horenass, NinjaRobotPirate, AlleborgoBot, Kipersof, Voyevodatheboss, Dragonddt93, Bunnyluva87, Preciousjeni, hyenaholic, Williamc68, SieBot, Mikemoral, YonaBot, Jeffro100, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, RJaguar3, Thething95, Crash Underride, Srushe, Ruby Bartlett, Flyer22 Reborn, JMichaels22, Klippdass, FrankRizzo2006, Paul730, Ophois, Harry-, Physik, KoshVor- lon, Polbot, Lucas.tej, Njabe567, Dee15gon, LaVey Charkus Veros BeruDeJusu, TaerkastUA, Zwiadowca21, Moe1810, Bobfishman, Every- DayJoe45, Lindum, Escape Orbit, Randy Kryn, Jwk3, ImageRemovalBot, Mr. Granger, Martarius, Elassint, ClueBot, NickCT, TracyLinkEd- naVelmaPenny, The Thing That Should Not Be, Theseven7, All Hallow’s Wraith, Arakunem, Drmies, VQuakr, Niceguyedc, Otolemur crassi- caudatus, Trivialist, FightTheDarkness, Arunsingh16, Grandpallama, Unclepablo123456, Girlsboy217, Neurolanis, Anonymous101, FaithLe- haneTheVampireSlayer, Arjayay, DirBenedir, Djfspence, CowboySpartan, Dekisugi, TK(film), Sineoy, DumZiBoT, Gridalien001, XLinkBot, Tahitia, Delicious carbuncle, Themenace1990, DisturbedTim90, SonyPS3Lord, Youtuber23, WikHead, Doc9871, SilvonenBot, Massakiller, Gardoo03, ElderPredatorYautja, Dude527, TravisAF, ZooFari, Addbot, Razr Nation, TheCodeman4, ConCompS, Chris0619, Captain-tucker, Apoyon, Ronhjones, Leszek Jańczuk, Darkness2005, Xkonakomax, Download, LaaknorBot, Gamester76, DLerner, Gregory E. Miller, Favo- nian, Tassedethe, Fatboyphl, Tide rolls, NeoBatfreak, 123dylan456, Xfilesmanson, Killy mcgee, Yobot, Simmoviemaker101, II MusLiM Hy- BRiD II, Jeremy1354, Washburnmav, Dave vanvocanvich, TheMovieBuff, Steenth, AnomieBOT, Vitaedigest, Kid2500, SuperCrobat, IRP, Flewis, Materialscientist, Onewiseman90, Williamsburgland, ArthurBot, VampireKen, Redsoxfan95, Thezachallen95, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Renais- sancee, 4twenty42o, Indy5, Millahnna, Nasnema, The LMOE, JayExperience, Ched, Csi-fan91, Douni, Ghostkaiba297, Prem555, GrifterWolf, Coltsfan, Amaury, JoeLoeb, Jabrona, VasOling, Erik9bot, Thehelpfulbot, BoomerAB, Tma0673, Edward130603, Reli source, Blackguard SF, Slennzer, 07jhone, Weetoddid, Alexcas11, Novaseminary, Jejosh87, Scarce, FriscoKnight, Sandor Clegane, LittleWink, SJJM4EVER, Smi- ,Callanecc ,צ'ייס ווטסון ,jes08, Pjs239, Transfromers2, BTNHallday, Merlion444, December21st2012Freak, Lachlan Foley, Jikybebna, Jedi94 Vrenator, Reaper Eternal, Tbhotch, Sailorsaurus, Weener jnr, Mewtwo465, Dkddnabrazil, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Chowderpicklepepper, Davenerican, Wesker007, Bethsp, Tommy2010, Young V.I.P, Aschramm667, Hourton Cladwell, ZéroBot, Trollofdahour, Casperhightower, DeWaine, Music machine 11, SporkBot, Wayne Slam, Nul N Void, Vader200591, Rcsprinter123, Bgeyerlopez, Donner60, Polisher of Cobwebs, MarzParty42, Dragonslayer1234, Targaryen, Revengeofthenerd2, TheApprentice 12, Venomous, ElvisSacramento, Draven Corvis, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, Joefromrandb, Chester Markel, Lukeskywalker404, Halo777, Easy4me, Hmcterror, Widr, MarxSollace, Catheryn14, Helpful Pixie Bot, Simpsonguy1987, Lolps, Scream4man, Squintyquint97, Vanished user 231c, BarrettM82, Mysterytrey, Zimmygirl7, Aliensharkboy, KrunchyKorndog, Kevins the MAN, Woody4077, Frankycorcoran, BattyBot, Alan567, Darylgolden, Logan Lattina, EditorE, D3323, Soni, Joellinator, Mogism, Berudagon, CorruptiAn, AldezD, Iamonthetitanic, Slasherfan013, Kylebdnt, MatthewHoobin, ArmbrustBot, Shamrock- awakening, Ï¿½, Paleface Jack, Horrorgirl96, Nintendonix, Smallprint84, HypeOrDie, Jaxenoross, Noyster, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, Tre'J00, ,FreddyvsJason4Life, Hgray92, Freezypeak, JaconaFrere, Predalien001, Dbzmaster45, TropicAces, Yesenia Deleon, Darkknight2149 ,שי אביגד Spike harrison, Grohl1, Nicky Haugh, Taydra, Bong009, Youngpapichulo, Rick609, Sheldon.andre, Sanadate, Esquivalience (alt), Garbageman- VHS, Selfmade187, F-14-D BombCat, Scarymoviekiller, Jondoe23, *Treker, JNM547, Guten123, Qzd, Ramòn DeLa Porta, MegaMan1988, Itlivesinthewallreal, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 1079 • Friday the 13th (2009 film) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(2009_film)?oldid=739698436 Contributors: Patrick, Nv8200pa, Dimadick, Lowellian, Michael Devore, DoubleCross, Girolamo Savonarola, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Horkana, Bender235, Fenevad, Art LaPella, Thu, Alansohn, Erik, Mikeo, Bacteria, The JPS, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, MrDarcy, Hklfilms, Bad Graphics Ghost, BD2412, Nightscream, Remurmur, Kafziel, RussBot, Welsh, ONEder Boy, Journalist, Irishguy, Moe Epsilon, Zythe, BorgQueen, Garion96, robot, SmackBot, C.Fred, Knighstalker, Vanished user bionhg80jaglsfuoq23rnsfl3, Gilliam, Richfife, Faded, ZzzrByte, Cattus, Miquon- ranger03, Bignole, Thief12, Warren, Only, Bejnar, Lord Mrakainus, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Jodamn, Boomshadow, Grandpafoot- soldier, Nehrams2020, Enter Movie, SkyWalker, Victoriagirl, Cydebot, Treybien, DrJohnnyDiablo, Blackngold29, JohnVMaster, Alaibot, Mawfive, Headbomb, Folken de Fanel, QuasyBoy, Alientraveller, JaimeAnnaMoore, Jason1978, Smartse, Aspensti, AdamDeanHall, Spencer, Pixelface, Darrenhusted, Andrzejbanas, Kirjapan, MB1972, Lord Crayak, Wildhartlivie, VoABot II, KConWiki, Ejfetters, SnakeChess5, Ed- ward321, Seansinc, Giantdevilfish, FMAFan1990, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Lg16spears, Mappase, RenniePet, Sagefoole, Kaeotix, Toon05, Kraftlos, Mike V, Pmjv17, Wikieditor06, Gajonka, VolkovBot, Cmntgmry, Halloweenluver, Lear’s Fool, Bovineboy2008, RightSide- Nov, Trainhensley, WOSlinker, Spike7000, DoorsAjar, Hqb, Acidulantes, Corvus cornix, Chrismid259, Jmacgrath, Enviroboy, MattTC1028, IndulgentReader, Dawn Bard, Redmond Barry, FrankRizzo2006, Paul730, Ophois, Billy4kate, Polbot, Whm2, Cyfal, TaerkastUA, Hpmosley, Hanter, Tomdobb, Explicit, Steve, Martarius, ClueBot, Nico92400, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, Cousin Yugi, Gmarrast, Boing! said Zebedee, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Cirt, Ktr101, Jusdafax, Ajshirey, Christiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Carrie2002, R8er925, Muro Bot, Thehelpfulone, C628, Thingg, Dynesclan, The Cool Kat, XLinkBot, Roxy the dog, DisturbedTim90, Gardoo03, Dude527, Gggh, Hunter Kahn, Addbot, Gusters, Cvill88, Chimeric Glider, Barsoomian, Urrutiap, Darkness2005, Fluffernutter, The Shadow-Fighter, Favonian, Baffle gab1978, Tassedethe, Moviefreak619, NeoBatfreak, Zorrobot, DepTrus, LinkToddMcLovinMontana, Sharia0sms, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Lllk699999999999, Yobot, Simmoviemaker101, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, Ojay123, Redranger241, Starwars404, TheMovieBuff, Manzach, Jeremy706, GroundZ3R0 002, Dundeedumbass, Djacolatse, Solano429, AnomieBOT, Gpia7r, Danielba894, Heyasshole86, Jack- ieBot, Piano non troppo, Barliman Butterbur, Sam Wanamaker, Reverter15, Patrey14, Materialscientist, DeltaCharlieCain, Roxas13066, Vam- pireKen, LilHelpa, Xqbot, YumeChaser, MassvMaster, Eyeblades, Forestofthedead, Trevor wells, TechBot, IWishULovedMe123, Millahnna, Silvermen, Princeroderick, ANGGUN, Tiller54, Manofthings, Almabot, RadiX, GrouchoBot, Off2riorob, Fierce Beaver, Reficuz, RibotBOT, Christianster94, Stefan382, Twilightseriesfan101, Mrs.Cullen101, Jabrona, Onetreehill02, Natural Cut, Jenniebabez1, Erik9bot, Drgyen, Will- aboi07, Crotchety Old Man, Legobot III, Flignats, Omer135, Smithjohnny26, Roostercogburn26, SteeLyThom, FrescoBot, 13fri, Jojo17siska, Tomm098, D'ohBot, J04370859, BenzolBot, Scarce, Heidilove, Camronwest, Heyppl1245, ItsTheClimb17, Vvallaubut, FacebookBoy, Yoube- longwithme, RedBot, Dwigs, SJJM4EVER, Michaeljrhjf11, Jwept, Lachlan Foley, Japee, SirMike123, Typhoon966, Tmt95, Jedi94, MikeAllen, Milerz91, Random factz, Killr833, Diannaa, Gaga23~enwiki, Jamesbanesmith, Grayssake, DASHBot, Baby Boomsticks, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Punk 1441, Mr.gorederia, Solarra, John Cline, Empty Buffer, Ayrshire95, DeWaine, H3llBot, Danratedrko, Spork- Bot, Vader200591, Efgsdrthdty, Heyitsme10, Captain Assassin!, ChuispastonBot, Dragonslayer1234, Bladesfan96, Fwerfefrsg, Sofffie7, West- ern John, ClueBot NG, Beatleslover1234, Latinoman1987, 20spokesperson, Halo777, 149AFK, 88Flowers, Lolps, Scream4man, 19jduryea, Berbah, Anaython, Izzat98, 87Stone, Chess, Turnerbama, Hellboy42, Gabriel Yuji, Lynda pr, BattyBot, Boy1234, EditorE, Charles Essie, Bhong12345678910, M4r51n, JSydel, XXN, Theokrim, Talleyj, Reatlas, Alvairejhonifercruz, Homechallenge55, MatthewHoobin, Armbrust- 152 CHAPTER 7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

-Thephil12312, DanDanDy ,שי אביגד ,Bot, DesignDeath, TCM2013, Dysonsmith, Elitre (WMF), RileyFreemanCripMember, Liz, OccultZone lan1, 25lman, MississippiSouth, TropicAces, Peach114, BlakeBelzer, Rakter barrek, The Last Arietta, JShanley98, Dibyendutwipzbiswas, Cblan- chard2018, Andykings951, SunshineParadiceXforceunited, JohnnyToxxxic, Conman1998, Jondoe23, *Treker, GreenC bot, Patrick Barlane and Anonymous: 597

• List of Friday the 13th characters Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Friday_the_13th_characters?oldid=739689954 Contribu- tors: DaveJB, Rich Farmbrough, R. S. Shaw, Erik, BDD, Bacteria, Woohookitty, Tabletop, Mandarax, Chupon, Rjwilmsi, SchuminWeb, Tex- asAndroid, Quentin X, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Grafen, ONEder Boy, Mikeblas, MakeChooChooGoNow, Wpollard, SmackBot, Hmains, Tyciol, Chris the speller, Bignole, Evolutionselene, Robofish, JHunterJ, Jc37, Iridescent, CmdrObot, FinFangFoom, Neelix, Alaibot, Rob- sinden, Headbomb, Missvain, JustAGal, JaimeAnnaMoore, Nick Number, Themeparkfanatic, Denverjeffrey, Brandon thy name, Darklilac, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Rangermatthias, KConWiki, Cloudz679, Jackson Peebles, Rettetast, Lg16spears, USN1977, Largoss, Signalhead, Ktalon, Wheatjedi, Lots42, Maxim, AlleborgoBot, Brenont, Toddst1, Flyer22 Reborn, Paul730, ImageRemovalBot, Tremolobleu, EoGuy, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Excirial, Myers26, Ray and jub, Sun Creator, Arjayay, Djfspence, CowboySpartan, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Little Mountain 5, Roy Burns, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Willking1979, Hda3ku, Download, West.andrew.g, Furgoth, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Kagome 77, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Millahnna, JayExperience, Tiller54, Mikeman4510, JoeLoeb, Locobot, Eugene-elgato, Canineryne666, Drgyen, Surv1v4l1st, Scaryspoofy1, JIK1975, DrilBot, Smijes08, Full-date unlinking bot, Camerahead, Arbero, Orenburg1, ,Jeremy Logan, Jamesbanesmith, Beyond My Ken, John of Reading, GoingBatty, Klbrain, Duke Nukeum, TYelliot, ClueBot NG ,צ'ייס ווטסון TacfuJecan, Vincelord, Starwarsmaniac42, Helpful Pixie Bot, Joshua shane McCall, Scream4man, BG19bot, Vanished user 231c, Mark Arsten, Khazar2, Jasonweary, Mogism, AldezD, Epicgenius, Danimalizer, Kronikdenny, Jokerdog123, ArmbrustBot, Dozzzzzzzzzing off, ProfessorB- Monkbot, Sara Michelle gonzales, The Baudelaire Fortune, JNM547 and Anonymous: 220 ,שי אביגד ,MONoire1998, MagicatthemovieS

• Jason Voorhees Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Voorhees?oldid=741064592 Contributors: Cyde, Pcb21, Tregoweth, Ahoerste- meier, Ootachi, Darkwind, Kaare, Furrykef, Scott Sanchez, Nnh, Daran, Modulatum, David Gerard, Ferkelparade, Everyking, Michael De- vore, Kitsune , Mboverload, Girolamo Savonarola, DragonflySixtyseven, Kuralyov, GreenReaper, Canterbury Tail, Caswin, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Factitious, Gronky, Corvun, Bender235, Jnestorius, Spearhead, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Bobo192, Cmdrjameson, Pikawil, Oop, Thanos6, La goutte de pluie, Storm Rider, Alansohn, JYolkowski, Pinar, DrBat, 9114619, Snowolf, Velella, SidP, Erik, Evil Monkey, Drat, New Age Retro Hippie, Kazvorpal, Euphrosyne, RyanGerbil10, Shimeru, Flyingcheese, Bacteria, Firsfron, OwenX, Woohookitty, Mag- icBez, Derktar, Myleslong, Dowew, Hailey C. Shannon, BD2412, MattSutton1, Schmendrick, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Cy- berGhostface, Yendi, WizTermy, Palpatine, Commando303, The wub, RobertG, Jeff Fries, Pumeleon, Zooba, Crazycomputers, Norvy, Math- rick, Jonny2x4, Terrx, Warwolf, The Rambling Man, Wavelength, Rtkat3, Kafziel, Briaboru, Epolk, Gaius Cornelius, Kyorosuke, Cryptic, Wimt, Killridemedly, Ratso, Wiki alf, Bachrach44, Jaxl, ONEder Boy, Journalist, Irishguy, Nick, Smartyhall, Moe Epsilon, Dick Grayson, Emersoni, Sinisterbeast, Tony1, MakeChooChooGoNow, Njm, Mooveeguy, Zythe, Speed n [email protected], Asarelah, N. Harmonik, Simon- Morgan, ChrisGriswold, Nikkimaria, Closedmouth, Jwissick, Billyjoekoepsel, Piecraft, Jonathan.s.kt, Ynlau, Groyolo, WesleyDodds, Soviet Guy, Luk, SmackBot, Simon Beavis, McGeddon, Grazon, C.Fred, Thunderboltz, Stifle, Mscuthbert, Hypestyle, Cessator, Shan246, Mint- pieman, Septegram, Yamaguchi, Paxosmotic, Gilliam, Finduilas 09, Hmains, Carl.bunderson, Geage karlyn, Jeffro77, Valley2city, Blue- bot, SlimJim, Venge, Bignole, SchfiftyThree, The Rogue Penguin, Sadads, Marcus1060, Kungming2, Cornflake pirate, Sparsefarce, Stein- ninn, Thief12, AdamSmithee, The Chef, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, SiriusAlphaCMa, Slavedriver, Whysanitynet, Subcreature, Mike1981, Rai-Thunder, Rsm99833, Midnightcomm, Jonrev, Artemisboy, Maciste, Jmlk17, PrometheusX303, Bonecrushah, Pennybrowneyes, Invinci- ble Ninja, Drake Clawfang, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ifrit, Ceoil, Gmudge, Esrever, ArglebargleIV, Monitor Supreme, Evolutionselene, Liquidous Snake, Aaron Pepin, InsaneZeroG, Accurizer, Abc85, Misterbelly, Cory pratt, SQGibbon, Danucciguzman, Citicat, Myself0101, Sonic Shadow, Animedude360, Mfield, Nehrams2020, Iridescent, The Giant Puffin, JoeBot, V@ndaminator, Igoldste, Cbrown1023, Belgium EO, LilMane, Phoenixrod, Lindsey8417, Dlohcierekim, AngelOfMusic, JForget, Wweman150, Kiltric, Soul Music Guitar, The ed17, Jayunderscorezero, Gypsyjazzbo, Neoyamaneko, Clay4president, Palendrom, Jesse Viviano, Soulfreesky, .mdk., JaderVason, Bamaman, Pewwer42, Funnyfar- mofdoom, Nauticashades, Pwr.max, Cydebot, Treybien, Lord Christo, Johnny Arrombador 01, BigD79, AbsoluteDann, Nick Wilson, Gogo Dodo, Anonymi, Bazzargh, Chasingsol, BLARG!!, DrJohnnyDiablo, Michael C Price, DumbBOT, Blackngold29, Phydend, JohnVMaster, Jay32183, BishopOcelot, Zombie wolf, RVDDP2501, CJ King, Omicronpersei8, VZG, DustDevil, XWCoyote, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barti- cus88, LeeG, Foofighter24, Double Blade, N5iln, Mojo Hand, Nalvage, Nonagonal Spider, Marek69, John254, Pmrobert49, Alientraveller, AgentPeppermint, Philippe, CharlotteWebb, Jason1978, Metal Lord, Mentifisto, Darkwarriorblake, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Yonatan, Luna Santin, Technobabble1, W00t-on-a-shtick, Jayron32, 17Drew, Cardsharp21, Teen Tyrant, DeathX3, RobJ1981, Kyubi~enwiki, Lincoln gb, Gubgub1234, Storkk, X4n6, DCincarnate, Serpent’s Choice, Alan Westlife, HanzoHattori, JAnDbot, Jimmyl008, Husond, Demonkey36, Sed- don, Chrisstilwell, Vlady24april, Maxwell7985, Chickyfuzz123, Lord Crayak, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Magioladitis, Connormah, Bakilas, Bongwar- rior, VoABot II, Mneb430, AuburnPilot, RBBrittain, Lord ciron, CTF83!, Suarezt, Fabrictramp, Vanished user dkjsdfkljeritekk4, Gphoenix51, Countmall, Dimts, WolfyB, Glen, DerHexer, Helmold, DeadxBoi, YellowBusRidah, Kaijucole, MartinBot, Wolfiez, BugEyedMonster, Anax- ial, Threedots dead, Sineater25, MarcoPolo7212, Bullet.the.blue.sky, Twilightzonexxxx, Tgeairn, Fudogg, Alphabetsoup, J.delanoy, DrKay, FreddyvsJasonvsMichael, USN1977, Corynye, WarthogDemon, Cybersonic10, Goodella, Bradgnoyes, AvatarMN, Katharineamy, Bloosweb, Ultimen, TheNewPhenom, Jeepday, Kyuketsukitenshi, WidowsPeak11, Ilikerps, 97198, HiLo48, Plasticup, Goofygoobers, Hirschigrad06, Belovedfreak, Superman8675309, Juliancolton, Bbuddy, Elainelehman, Redrocket, Kman618, Bully25, CardinalDan, Comicdude2006, Ko- rnholic~enwiki, Christophenstein, Flyboy03191, Rutherfordjigsaw, Abono para sembrar flor, Philip Trueman, Wheatjedi, Oshwah, Meg1989, Silvestris, DogJesterExtra, DONNYness, Amls15flva, FaizuJotun, Saint Invective, Sintaku, IllaZilla, Twenty-Two, Badaj man, DJ Peewee, Bloddyfriday, Maxim, Madhero88, I heart friends, XoOcToBeR RaYnEoX, Sleepsong, DRCOMICS, Bluewiki3, Blarg2.0, Blarggers, Kiper- sof, The Cheat Master, R@y88, Anubiz, Dman1528, Harley Quinn hyenaholic, SieBot, StAnselm, VVVBot, Mondocanerules, Dingusman, Just daviddragon, Caltas, Grieferhate, Yintan, Gravespawn, AceRoccola, Artist Formerly Known As Whocares, Toddst1, Flyer22 Reborn, Iceykat, Tim Thomason, POTOfan777, Paul730, JSpung, Sneakymarco, Aruton, Npabebangin, Football leaguer, Oxymoron83, Steven Crossin, Lightmouse, Globeclotter, Wondercow, Gyrorobo, Techman224, Hobartimus, TheZombix, Fratrep, N96, Kwaal, Predalien40, Malus X, Xjar- reckoX, Dabomb87, Hans yulun lai, Spinkanini, Jake6293, Jwk3, Beemer69, Troy 07, Correctonator, Macleanrobertson, Elassint, ClueBot, Eclehman, Vladpanda, The Thing That Should Not Be, Ms2468, AbstractEpiphany, Wysprgr2005, Drmies, Uncle Milty, MeinFurher, Agusti- naldo, Niceguyedc, Bokan, Blanchardb, TheBlackPaladin, Rocking freak, Sirius85, Cyco 13, Excirial, Pumpmeup, Java888, Killathakid, Jus- dafax, Dr Anime Z, ShadowMark-182, Christiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, ParisianBlade, The Dark Lord of Wiki, Pbl123, Mil- lionsandbillions, Dark Kyle, Turnipface, Kryptonian250, Thingg, Aitias, Zombie433, Versus22, Adamfinmo, Life of Riley, Nostalgiascape, 7.1. TEXT 153

XLinkBot, Scotlandhank, Delicious carbuncle, Ost316, Bisbis, Mifter, Kbdankbot, Klundarr, Addbot, ERK, Pooper228, Apoyon, Swampfire, Mondochrome, Fooodman, Kingsbury5533, Ronhjones, Cooksi, Laurinavicius, BecauseWhy?, CarsracBot, JDF1384, D.c.camero, Ferroequus, Volkovroble, Debresser, Tassedethe, Species8473, Dayewalker, Tide rolls, Al3xil, Rad100, Swan Mc, LuK3, Tartarus, Swampypants, Yobot, EchetusXe, Harvey “Two-Face” Dent, Legobot II, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Mmxx, Dazfli, CinchBug, Ilovegoatse, Aqula125, Nltheshadow, HowardAshman, DemocraticLuntz, Phillip Andrae Pipes, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, AdjustShift, Henry Godric, Kingpin13, Materialsci- entist, Jeffreymoviechen, Bxelo123, Jasonvoorheesfan132, To Fight a Vandal, Cando12, Dmodefan, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Capricorn42, Pipottoy, Clash138, Jeffrey Mall, Millahnna, Betty Logan, Mlpearc, Slaughterman, Ghostkaiba297, Lisa mynx, JoeLoeb, Jabrona, Rockin56, N419BH, DeadGhostKiller, Mister Killer, Joshuadurbano, VasOling, Griffinofwales, Tma0673, FashVic, FrescoBot, MetalMan01, Rich0404, DivineAl- pha, Novaseminary, Citation bot 1, Scarce, Redrose64, JIK1975, FriscoKnight, T3h 1337 b0y, I dream of horses, Heyppl1245, Loser5678, SlasherHorrorsOfThe70s80sAnd90sFan, Serols, Smijes08, Tsccfan, XtremeDude39, Bgpaulus, December21st2012Freak, Arbero, Mundilfari, Shadegr, JASONPOO, Deanruskgenius1, Jeremy Logan, Pemer42, Bluefist, TheGrimReaper NS, Diannaa, Randallsage2, Tbhotch, Jasonopti- musprime1, Minimac, Brambleclawx, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Thewtfchronicles, Rev Tuck Tuck, Ripchip Bot, The world is me, Mischa the Pilot, Burmiester, Enauspeaker, DASHBot, EmausBot, Springwoodslasher, Super48paul, Mra10, GoingBatty, RA0808, Wesker007, Mrmannyman2, Vanished user zq46pw21, Finners01, JohnQposter, Mra2010, Gdixon6, Dcirovic, K6ka, ThEBOsSMan067, Paquito96, SunOfErat, ZéroBot, Daonguyen95, Fæ, MisterChong100, Coffman78, Alpha Quadrant (alt), Jack.bolger1, Darman131, Sturocs, Carrotverywet, H3llBot, Biskit- boii911, TyA, JohnnyangelNIU, Donner60, Justincomegys, E07MAN, Chainsawfan1, Autoerrant, Status, Lbdrox123, DASHBotAV, Nonnerd, Sjoerddebruin, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, NordhornerII, Sin3dd, Latinoman1987, Stenvenhe, Ben1234567891011, FlynnSL, Wgolf, LilMiss- CampBlood, Widr, Jacob772997, Gamecrazy00123, Самый самый, Mtking, Helpful Pixie Bot, SchroCat, Gillbergfan1, Debov88, BG19bot, Footballcrazy096, Halokid12, Flax5, Nooshmert, Zimmygirl7, MusikAnimal, Mifter Public, Mountainboy12, Batman194, North911, Wiki- maneater, Excellwriter, Flyingmonkeys221, Pratyya Ghosh, Leedlelee, Martinhynes98, Heymister14, Cobra7, FoCuSandLeArN, Wikiman103, Cwobeel, Charles Essie, Makecat-bot, CaseyRees31, Moviefan3, Horrorwood, Jo-Jo Eumerus, JustusAnkka, Bananmannen12, Tentinator, Tre- ,Theeditor1ue ,שי אביגד ,CoolGuy, ThatSkipGuy, ArmbrustBot, Paleface Jack, AliShah786, Frayde, MagicatthemovieS, Aidanwilkinson Imthebest5544, Racing for the Universe, Poopy123212321, AnthonyOruska, ANTMofforn, Monkbot, Damo23s, CarterKent, JitsuFighter, Roberttomsons, Sammons23, LarryLyttle, DangerousJXD, Luis.medina.salinas, South park blackberry, Brendenp1, Peach87, People Champi- ons, Hamptonhunter97, Bedoyahorrorfan87, Qwertyuiopasdfghjklmj, Jackrhody, Tannermcl22, TheGreatKungLao, AggressiveNavel, Edunk5, Allpromotionalprowrestlingnetwork, Bakuman47, Freddy Fazzbeer, CAPTAIN RAJU, JitsuFighter2, Yessirboyyyyy, Ryroo, Shadow88231, *Treker, Smokegunz, Lolcancer, Krez33332312, Jrotccadet22, LeCire, Deshun03, Deeznutsforlife, GreenC bot, Daviddfromtheblock, Ultra morphin green ranger Q, EthanRossie2000, Krueger1000 and Anonymous: 1345 • Pamela Voorhees Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Voorhees?oldid=740341532 Contributors: Liftarn, Glenn, Andrewman327, Postdlf, DragonflySixtyseven, Rich Farmbrough, Bobo192, Pikawil, Oop, Thanos6, La goutte de pluie, Mo0, DrBat, DreamGuy, Snowolf, SidP, Djsasso, Bacteria, Myleslong, Dowew, BD2412, Nightscream, CyberGhostface, Josiah Rowe, The wub, Kyorosuke, Bachrach44, Mike18xx, SimonMorgan, Barryob, Closedmouth, SmackBot, C.Fred, Commander Keane bot, Bluebot, Vorticity, Norum, Bignole, Steinninn, Mike hayes, Danfifepsu, Zvar, Artemisboy, Fuhghettaboutit, Gaijinlaw, Monitor Supreme, Evolutionselene, Son of Kong, Zachdms, TPIRFanSteve, Enter Movie, JoeBot, Sabrewing, Chitoboy, AngelOfMusic, TORR, KK1227, Mike 7, Cydebot, Treybien, DarthMurphy, Zombie wolf, SonicBlue, Headbomb, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Cardsharp21, Alan Westlife, Markh94hours, TAnthony, PhilKnight, Lord Crayak, Geniac, Lord ciron, Itachi sharingan, USN1977, AvatarMN, Largoss, Kman618, Flyboy03191, Lots42, MuzikJunky, Dusti, Flyer22 Reborn, AngelOfSadness, Globeclotter, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, All Hallow’s Wraith, Eremine, Trivialist, Puchiko, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Millionsand- billions, Carlson288, DragonU, DumZiBoT, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Swampfire, Ronhjones, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Frehley, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ProtoBuster, Obesefrogs, Safark, Teethmonkey, Krelnik, Citation bot, VampireKen, LilHelpa, Forestofthedead, Texasreindeer, JayExperi- ence, JoeLoeb, Jenniebabez1, Surv1v4l1st, ProfReader, Rich0404, JIK1975, Smijes08, Full-date unlinking bot, Abcbe, Balph Eubank, Felle2, HordeFTL, ZéroBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Vanished user 231c, Batman194, Pendragon5, Wikiman103, A0110111001101111, ArmbrustBot, DawnGuardWolf, Iamanacrobat1, Marianna251 and Anonymous: 154 ,שי אביגד ,MagicatthemovieS • Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_vs._Jason_vs._Ash?oldid=726498516 Contributors: Emperor, Thanos6, Ricky81682, Red dwarf, Bacteria, Koavf, CyberGhostface, John Pannozzi, SmackBot, Bignole, Addshore, Doberman Pharaoh, NJ- Zombie, Enter Movie, Cydebot, AniMate, Ucantnot, RVDDP2501, Nonagonal Spider, Alientraveller, TFunk, Wordforge, DCincarnate, J Greb, Lord Crayak, Faviang, GroovySandwich, Danleary25, WFinch, Largoss, VolkovBot, Lots42, Malus X, Jwk3, Correctonator, Martarius, Alexbot, Addbot, Mitchal25, Yzzug, NeoBatfreak, Contributor777, Kjell Knudde, Pattonjeffrey, Roxas13066, Nifky?, Forestofthedead, Flashflash;, Liv- ,שי אביגד ,ingBot, Drgyen, Coffeerules9999, Scarce, Oreoboy123, EmausBot, Weiz111, EdoBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, D3323, Lemaroto, YiFeiBot Pjoona11, JohnnyToxxxic and Anonymous: 86 • Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_vs._Jason_vs._Ash%3A_The_ Nightmare_Warriors?oldid=693085177 Contributors: Emperor, Varlaam, Pikawil, Anthony Appleyard, BD2412, SmackBot, Tyciol, Chris the speller, Bignole, NJZombie, Nehrams2020, Ucantnot, Lord Crayak, Bakilas, Largoss, Doctoroxenbriery, Paul730, Martarius, FaithLehaneThe- VampireSlayer, WikHead, Addbot, NeoBatfreak, Kjell Knudde, ChristineSassy, Dmports, Scarce, JIK1975, Smijes08, EmausBot, Wikitanvir- and Anonymous: 33 שי אביגד ,Bot, ClueBot NG, BattyBot, MagicatthemovieS • Friday the 13th (1985 video game) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)?oldid=741013857 Contributors: Patrick, Liftarn, Nikai, WhisperToMe, Topbanana, Bloodshedder, Nnh, Masssiveego, Robbot, David Gerard, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Michael Devore, DaveJB, Girolamo Savonarola, Heegoop, RossPatterson, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Luvcraft, JoeSmack, Triona, TMC1982, Net- Bot, Giraffedata, Alansohn, Apoc2400, Fritzpoll, Wtmitchell, Erik, Fourthords, Bsadowski1, Kusma, Bacteria, OwenX, Woohookitty, Myles- long, John Cardinal, Jeff3000, Edison, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Aboutnici, Lady Aleena, Gurch, Leslie Mateus, Jay-W, Jonny2x4, Lithiyum, Igordebraga, YurikBot, Wavelength, Samuel Wiki, RussBot, Breakinguptheguy, Wgungfu, Kyorosuke, NawlinWiki, ONEder Boy, Megapixie, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Dick Grayson, Tony1, MakeChooChooGoNow, Bantosh, Nlu, Pegship, Stezton, Entheta, That Guy, From That Show!, The Wookieepedian, Crystallina, SmackBot, Joltman, Tuxedo Mark, CelticJobber, C.Fred, Allixpeeke, EarthBoundX5, Master Deusoma, Ya- maguchi, Gilliam, TimBentley, Faded, PrimeHunter, Bignole, ACupOfCoffee, Dual Freq, Butterboy, Brideshead, MisterHand, Subcreature, Mike1981, Silent Tom, Detaler, GVnayR, Pennybrowneyes, Lcarscad, Dief88, Austin316ejd, Gmudge, Reding, Esrever, Ser Amantio di Nico- lao, Evolutionselene, Aaron Pepin, NJZombie, IronGargoyle, SMasters, The Man in Question, Dawg1279, Pazuzu567, MikeWazowski, Plate- ofshrimp, Iridescent, Michaelbusch, Enter Movie, Brianlane, Jukka~enwiki, Deadmanrises, Tawkerbot2, Grant the Wise, JForget, CmdrObot, Wafulz, Mika1h, FinFangFoom, Tim Long, Donaldd23, Ferdiaob, Cydebot, Lonenut2000, Cracker910, Otto4711, Ss112, Kozuch, Thijs!bot, 154 CHAPTER 7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Robsinden, 24fan24, WilliamH, 803290, Alientraveller, JaimeAnnaMoore, Jason1978, Mmortal03, Darkwarriorblake, Nicholas0, DenCA, Paste, Efyoo, ABCxyz, AdamDeanHall, Credema, White Devil, Klow, Ms Malevolent, Andrzejbanas, Alan Westlife, JAnDbot, Porlob, Pemer, Maxwell7985, Lord Crayak, Douglas Whitaker, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Wikidudeman, Vanished user dkjsdfkljeritekk4, Giggy, Animum, MetsBot, Sesesq, Nreive, Benjamintchip, Akira7, Fhb3, Infoman101, Thefleshfarm, PF4Eva, FMAFan1990, RockMFR, Lg16spears, PRB216, Ginsengbomb, Masimedia, AntiSpamBot, Limetolime, Socby19, Wannabeflmkr, VolkovBot, Jeff G., Halloweenluver, Osman A, LethalSRX, Floatstinger, Wheatjedi, Oshwah, Ajsch1061, Qxz, Elfzx3, Jmacgrath, Ghetto Cherokee, Milowent, Madmaxx1221, Graham Beards, Classic- struggle2, Toddst1, Paul730, AngelOfSadness, Lightmouse, Ealdgyth, RyanParis, Jamesaustinhill, Fuddle, Gorrrillla5, TaerkastUA, Bobit13, Steve, Faithlessthewonderboy, EricEchavez1984, Drunkenpeter99, Martarius, ClueBot, Json1233, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, Rodhullandemu, Cousin Yugi, SuperHamster, Agustinaldo, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Gerald G-Money, Excirial, CohesionBot, Someone another, Eeekster, Fridaythe13thfranchise, Christiansellers, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, The Dark Lord of Wiki, Maniago, LonerXL, Sean ODuibher, Skinny Malone, OLTL2002, Zombie433, Ajoekellyfilm, B3ynon, TKMcClark, XLinkBot, Scotlandhank, Hotcrocodile, Delicious carbuncle, Themenace1990, MaximumMadnessStixon, Beans697, Ost316, Kasper2006, NellieBly, Gardoo03, Mezzy mok, RyanCross, That- guyflint, Cornucopia, Addbot, Tvp119, Montgomery '39, Gripweed, The Editor 155, Swampfire, Darkness2005, Lost on Belmont, OmegaElitist, Gamester76, Ferroequus, Tassedethe, Dayewalker, Kagome 77, Gail, NeoBatfreak, DepTrus, LinkToddMcLovinMontana, SINEP LADNAV, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, J Milburn Bot, Kjell Knudde, KamikazeBot, Dundeedumbass, Thenightmare2009, SchrutedIt08, ThaddeusB, Keith- bob, Materialscientist, ImperatorExercitus, Maxis ftw, LilHelpa, Grey ghost, MassvMaster, MaverickAC, Forestofthedead, The1989godfather, Trevor wells, Millahnna, Pintoandres90, TheAmazingChandler, Sha-Sanio, Doulos Christos, Jkspawn, Jabrona, Sgunda, FashVic, Logizzle, Ja- sonVFreddy, Surv1v4l1st, Jojo17siska, Cannolis, Plcthecd, SailorHeart233, Michael200409, Davidevans123, SJJM4EVER, Smijes08, Slashina- torX, Full-date unlinking bot, Lachlan Foley, Heryrhey, MikeAllen, Martin IIIa, Reaper Eternal, Lorson, Jamesbanesmith, Jde2399, Burmiester, John of Reading, Mr.Linderman, Ashton 29, Hula Hup, Dewritech, Ariaspr, Michealrash, Siamesehare, Hourton Cladwell, AvicBot, Josve05a, Rmisdice2, H3llBot, Captain Assassin!, Pokbot, ClueBot NG, Stubies0210, MelbourneStar, Spaceghost404, Easy4me, Widr, Manc1234, Help- ful Pixie Bot, Joshua shane McCall, Youngmulababy12, Halokid12, Mark Arsten, Kyle Brackman, PauliJC, Cyberbot II, YFdyh-bot, Khazar2, Brenda jasmin, Prime47, Ironjove, ElectricSporty94, Reatlas, Vanamonde93, Hodgeswt, I am One of Many, Jasonsfury, Lemaroto, TreCoolGuy, CensoredScribe, DesignDeath, Dysonsmith, Mandruss, Axeman225, The Nateman, Icensnow42, Garrett Carbaugh, TheBro524, Cclakef13, DanDanDylan1, Monkbot, MississippiSouth, LegerPrime, DanDanDylan123, Newyorker32, Prey93, TheMovieNerd123, Josephlalrinhlua786, Libertarian12111971, TS24, Sammons23, Lorem ipsum5656, Drwholover12345567865454654544, Adavis29, The Baudelaire Fortune, Shel- don.andre, Zzaxx1, Pistolplay, SunshineParadiceXforceunited, Titanicsky, Naano94, Lbdobbins0411, MemorialVirus, K1llerFALLOUT, CAP- TAIN RAJU, Tanishbheem, Maximilian Mages, CLCStudent, NishiroK123, Nerd365, GreenC bot, AbridgedPause, EggsBenedictCumberbatch and Anonymous: 598 • Friday the 13th (1989 video game) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(1989_video_game)?oldid=738862033 Contribu- tors: Liftarn, Jtalledo, New Age Retro Hippie, RexNL, Bgwhite, Wgungfu, Crisco 1492, ViperSnake151, Jab843, Bignole, GVnayR, Mika1h, Farine, Conquistador2k6, Lord Crayak, Jacobko, Hippaul, A Nobody, VolkovBot, Lots42, Sb2007, Lightmouse, Fratrep, Martarius, Kiwisoup, VQuakr, Someone another, LonerXL, Another Believer, UnCatBot, Addbot, NeoBatfreak, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, AnomieBOT, Einstein95, GrouchoBot, Surv1v4l1st, DivineAlpha, Shnkpurry, Onel5969, ButOnMethItIs, GoingBatty, Hounder4, VanillaSeagull, ClueBot NG, Moritz37, Darthpineapple401, Ricardovegas, Halcyon209, The1337gamer, Thales Ulisses2, MatthewHoobin, DrDevilFX, Monkbot, AJFU, Carolsaragusa, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 41 • Friday the 13th: The Series Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th%3A_The_Series?oldid=735815594 Contributors: Freck- lefoot, Edward, Vivin, Bearcat, David Gerard, Jason Quinn, Mboverload, Lucky 6.9, Sam Hocevar, Klemen Kocjancic, MakeRocketGoNow, DMG413, Rich Farmbrough, Luvcraft, Xezbeth, Aecis, Quina Eat World, TMC1982, Kjkolb, Alansohn, InShaneee, SeanDuggan, Krellion, Bac- teria, Firsfron, IaM, Jason Palpatine, DoctorWho42, Myleslong, Commander Keane, Don-Don, Tabletop, AnmaFinotera, MechBrowman, Man- darax, The wub, Fred Bradstadt, Shakti, Lady Aleena, NekoDaemon, D.brodale, Jason.cinema, Spacepotato, RussBot, DarkfireTaimatsu, Kyoro- suke, Avt tor, Tough Little Ship, Mooveeguy, Ice Man~enwiki, FF2010, Groundstar83, SMcCandlish, Dr.alf, CoolKatt number 99999, Incog- nito9810, SmackBot, The Monster, DTM, Dwanyewest, Gregmce, Commander Keane bot, Chris the speller, Jclinard, Cattus, Bignole, Colonies Chris, Matthew, Sleeper99999, Iam4Lost, Laraspal00, Takaji, Minaker, NJZombie, Ckatz, UKER, Jon186, SandyGeorgia, Kyle Nin, Dl2000, Iridescent, Donmccullen, Cdntvfan, Octane, Stereorock, Woodshed, Tangcameo, Qvamp, CmdrObot, ShelfSkewed, Neelix, MightySpork, Cy- debot, Cheetoprincess, Otto4711, Ss112, Gnfnrf, Ebyabe, Thijs!bot, Wings1295, Nick Number, Inthe80s, KrakatoaKatie, RobotG, DenCA, RobJ1981, AdamDeanHall, TAnthony, Lord Crayak, Drpryr, Steve Bob, Lord antares, SirRastus, V! The Vile, PrestonH, FMAFan1990, Trusil- ver, Clerks, Haburchalil, Sagefoole, Saikokira, AmethystPhoenix, VolkovBot, Wheatjedi, Haburchalilly, Heyyoujess, Vendrediantiques, Uni- versaladdress, SieBot, Banandar123, Mmcm312, Witchkraut, Dabomb87, Pinkadelica, Correctonator, PipepBot, Theseven7, EoGuy, 1times2, Music2611, Nymf, Teknocrat123, Arjayay, Enigmatic2k3, Another Believer, Aitias, Lambtron, Stevenrasnick, Relly Komaruzaman, DumZ- iBoT, The Cool Kat, Kbdankbot, Addbot, TheTVGuy, Yobmod, Ronhjones, Daitenchi, Sussmanbern, Tassedethe, NeoBatfreak, Arthemius x, Dorikamudwl~enwiki, Yobot, Stx423, Valerio79, RogersTV, AnomieBOT, GB fan, LilHelpa, Grey ghost, Xqbot, The trust, Jordan Jaxs, The GateKeeper07, Johnnyfire76, SingingZombie, Larkin London, EncinoChic, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Siamesehare, SporkBot, Scar- letPepper, Johnnybravo44, Widr, Justcoz 99, Kyle Brackman, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Yohann2001, ArmbrustBot, Royblewitt, Goblinshark17, HandsomeMrToad, JamesBWatson3 and Anonymous: 221 • A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)?oldid=741014496 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Bryan Derksen, Olivier, Edward, Gabbe, Paul Benjamin Austin, Pcb21, Tregoweth, Ellywa, Goblin, Cherkash, Adam Bishop, Scott Haley, Nv8200pa, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Clngre, Demonslave, DaveJB, Salasks, DragonflySixtyseven, Semnoz, Jh51681, MakeRocketGoNow, Rich Farmbrough, Antaeus Feldspar, Martpol, Gronky, Dnwq, Spearhead, TMC1982, Gay Male, La goutte de pluie, Darwinek, Alansohn, Starman 1976, Dismas, Bacteria, Lochaber, Myleslong, Exxolon, Tabletop, Jleon, Knuckles, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Ere- bus555, Jake Wartenberg, FutureNJGov, Purple Rose, Yar Kramer, FlaBot, Margosbot~enwiki, D.brodale, ..−. ..- −.-. −.- ..-, Lion- tamer, DVdm, Bgwhite, Jason.cinema, Mongol, Briaboru, Hede2000, Shell Kinney, Wgungfu, Kyorosuke, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, Alset, ONEder Boy, Irishguy, Tony1, Dissolve, Obi-WanKenobi-2005, Pegship, John Pannozzi, Whobot, Willbyr, The Wookieepedian, Smack- Bot, Estoy Aquí, Bluebot, Jasonfan26, Lew19, Bignole, AdamSmithee, George Ho, Silent Tom, Fuhghettaboutit, Invincible Ninja, Rod- vcpetrie, Darkildor, Evolutionselene, NJZombie, The Man in Question, Martinp23, Grandpafootsoldier, InedibleHulk, Scarlet Lioness, Fvas- concellos, Bradyp, CmdrObot, Makeemlighter, Mika1h, Ferdiaob, Cydebot, AniMate, Ucantnot, Otto4711, Ss112, AnOrdinaryBoy, Mod- enadude, Robsinden, X201, Alientraveller, Gunnafan, Jason1978, DenCA, Davmpls, Fru1tbat, Klow, Darrenhusted, Andrzejbanas, Orra- 7.2. IMAGES 155

cle107, 100110100, Lord Crayak, Doublenickle59, CountingPine, Cartoon Boy, Duggy 1138, Antmusic, Tjwells, Lg16spears, Piercetheor- ganist, Darth Mike, McSly, Plasticup, 2kwrx, Largoss, DaveMuadDib, Signalhead, Masaruemoto, Jeff G., Station1, Ryan032, Lots42, Muro de Aguas, Alchemyfreak990, LeaveSleaves, Falcon8765, Rau J, Bramton1, GirasoleDE, McGrupp10799, Paul730, Allmightyduck, Physik, Lightmouse, RyanParis, Mygerardromance, TaerkastUA, WikiLaurent, Pinkadelica, Denisarona, Randy Kryn, EmanWilm, Drunkenpeter99, Martarius, Lothaeus~enwiki, ClueBot, Mithos90, All Hallow’s Wraith, Rhysws, Gerald G-Money, Sgv 6618, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Maniago, CowboySpartan, 7, Zombie433, MichaelQSchmidt, Wyatt915, Addbot, Cvill88, Jv821, Jonathan2709, Darkness2005, Cst17, Down- load, Gamester76, Freedom2008 album, 5 albert square, Tassedethe, Tide rolls, NeoBatfreak, 123dylan456, Legobot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Freikorp, Redranger241, Kjell Knudde, Doghowlett18, Spaceinput120, AnomieBOT, Thenightmare2009, Piano non troppo, Nathan Edwards, Materialscientist, Citation bot, The1989godfather, Millahnna, Nasnema, JayExperience, VasOling, Kungfupou, Sidneyandrewsmancini, Fres- coBot, Surv1v4l1st, Destinyflame, Kwiki, Scarce, TheGodAwfulTruth, Twiglets96, Smijes08, Lachlan Foley, MR.HJH, Trappist the monk, MikeAllen, Lotje, JV Smithy, Lorson, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth, Jde2399, SBHans13, RjwilmsiBot, Olyvar, DASHBot, Lucazeppelin, EmausBot, Luiz.bortolan, SexyKick, Hourton Cladwell, AvicBot, Kkm010, SunOfErat, MithrandirAgain, Lcockerham, BIGJIM35, 2sc945, JohnnyDeppfan02, H3llBot, RedAres, SporkBot, Chrisj8910, Crashsnake, ChuispastonBot, Sp4cetiger, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Crystal- data4, BG19bot, Flax5, Furkhaocean, Waltbionik, Zimmygirl7, Gabriel Yuji, ChrisGualtieri, Bodiadub, Brenda jasmin, ElectricSporty94, Lem- naminor, Lemaroto, TreCoolGuy, CensoredScribe, DesignDeath, Liz, MagicatthemovieS, Stamptrader, Konveyor Belt, TropicAces, BAD117, Grohl1, UnGreg, Knife-in-the-drawer, JJMC89, Kieranwilcox, FollowTheSigns, Paukkrstas13, NishiroK123, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 333

7.2 Images

• File:Aaron_Yoo_(crop).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Aaron_Yoo_%28crop%29.jpg License: CC BY- SA 2.0 Contributors: • Aaron_Yoo.jpg Original artist: Aaron_Yoo.jpg: christopherharte • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:F13Variety.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/F13Variety.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:F13theme.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/F13theme.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Freddy_jason_ash_1_cvr.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/Freddy_jason_ash_1_cvr.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: [1] Original artist: ? • File:Friday_the_13th_gameplay.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Friday_the_13th_gameplay.png License: Fair use Contributors: Forever Geek Original artist: ? • File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/ Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides • File:Jason2009face.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Jason2009face.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:JasonHalfMask.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/JasonHalfMask.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Personal scan Original artist: ? • File:JasonXdesign.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/74/JasonXdesign.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Jasonf.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Jasonf.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Jasonmask.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Jasonmask.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Jasonmodelkit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Jasonmodelkit.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Self-made, based on Merge-split-transwiki default.gif by Father Goose. Ar- rows derived from Merge-arrows.svg. Original artist: Davidgothberg 156 CHAPTER 7. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:NightmareWarriors.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/NightmareWarriors.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: [1] Original artist: ? • File:Nightmare_Portal.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Nightmare_Portal.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Created by me Original artist: • S • C • A • R • C • E • • File:Pamela’{}sTaleCover.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/Pamela%27sTaleCover.jpg License: Fair use Contrib- utors: [1] Original artist: ? • File:Pamelavoorhees.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/Pamelavoorhees.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: Screenshot Original artist: ? • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Con- tributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Richiesdeath.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Richiesdeath.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Rubik’{}s_cube_v3.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Image:Rubik’{}s cube v2.svg Original artist: User:Booyabazooka, User:Meph666 modified by User:Niabot • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:TomSavinimakeup.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/TomSavinimakeup.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Orig- inal artist: ? • File:United_States_film.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/United_States_film.svg License: LGPL Contrib- utors: Own modification of work from Commons Original artist: Ysangkok • File:Vampire_Smiley.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png License: GPL Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Video-x-generic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wiki_letter_w.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License: CC- BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This file was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: Wiki letter w.svg Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

7.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0