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ENGLISH I PRE-AP GRAMMAR, USAGE, AND MECHANICS Module #1A: Parts of Speech, and

PARTS OF SPEECH Words in the English language are used in eight different ways. For this reason, there are eight parts of speech: 1. A word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea (Governor Jones, Oregon, hospital, religion) 2. – A word used in place of a noun (I, , she, him, , everyone, these, neither, which, theirs, themselves, etc.) 3. – A word that expresses an action or state of being (float, sniff, discover, seem, were, was) 4. – A word that describes a noun or a pronoun (young, big, grim, Canadian, longer) 5. – A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (briefly, forward, slowly, better) 6. Preposition – The first word or words in a prepositional phrase (which functions as an adjective or adverb) 7. – A word that connects other words or groups of words. The seven coordinating conjunctions you must commit to memory are (FANBOYS): For - Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”) I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the ducks on the lake. And - Adds thing to another I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the lake and the men playing soccer. Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea I don’t go for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer. But - Shows contrast The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the heat of summer. Or - Presents an alternative or a choice The men play on teams: shirts or skins. Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to “but”) I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page. So - Indicates effect, result or consequence I’ve started dating one of the players, so now I have an excuse to watch the game each week. 8. – A word that shows strong emotion or surprise (Oh no! Yipes! Good grief! Well…)

CLASSES OF NOUNS Four classes of nouns are proper, common, concrete, and abstract. 1. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns are always capitalized. Jackie Robinson Houston World Series Christianity Minute Maid Park Hinduism 2. A common noun does not name a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns are not capitalized. person woman president park baseball government 3. A concrete noun names a thing that is tangible (can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted). Concrete nouns are either common or proper. child Grand Canyon music aroma fireworks Becky 4. An abstract noun names an idea, a condition, or a feeling – in other words, something that cannot be touched, smelled, tasted, seen or heard. New Deal greed poverty progress freedom awe

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PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Five classes of pronouns are personal, reflexive, relative, indefinite, and interrogative.

1. A can take the place of any noun. Our coach made her point loud and clear when she raised her voice. I, me, my, mine / we, us, our, ours you, your, yours / they, them, their, theirs he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its

2. A is formed by adding –self or –selves to a personal pronoun Miss Sally Sunshine loves herself. Jennifer does not seem herself today.

3. A relates or connects an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun it modifies. Students who study regularly get the best grades. The dance, which we had looked forward to for weeks, was canceled. what, who whose whom which that

4. An indefinite pronoun refers to an unnamed or unknown people or things. Is there anybody you can remember, anybody you would want to call if you were in trouble? all both everything nobody several another each few none some any each one many no one somebody anybody either most nothing someone anyone everybody much one something anything everyone neither other such

5. An interrogative pronoun asks a question. What is your name? Where is your house? Who can I call to come and pick you up? who whose whom which what

CLASS PRACTICE AND EXAMPLES

Identification of Nouns: Underline each noun in the sentences below and label as (PROP) or common (COM) and concrete (Con) or abstract (Ab).

The flowers in the blue vase are fresh tulips from Holland.

After the play, the teacher praised Gary for his performance.

An inventor must have a good imagination.

Restoration of electric service to Memorial Hospital was crucial after the storm.

Identification of Pronouns: Circle each pronoun and label it as personal (PER), reflexive (REF), relative (REL), indefinite (IND), or interrogative (INTER).

The cell phone that I got for my birthday is broken.

Somebody must have taken her sandwich because it is not in the refrigerator where she left it.

Who told you to do the dishes yourself?

Mr. Jones, who is the principal of our school, walked into our classroom. 2

DAILY WARM-UPS

Warm-up #1 Date: Identification of Nouns: Underline each noun in the sentences below and label as proper (PROP) or common (COM) and concrete (Con) or abstract (Ab).

1. Early dawn is a good time for exercise.

2. Jennifer doesn’t usually remember her dreams.

3. The class walked along the narrow path around the ancient artifacts.

4. James listened carefully to the long explanation about photosynthesis.

5. Thanksgiving always falls on a Thursday in November.

Warm-up #2 Date: Identification of Nouns: Underline each noun in the sentences below and label as proper (PROP) or common (COM) and concrete (Con) or abstract (Ab).

1. Egbert has so much energy today!

2. After completing my goals for the summer, I relaxed with contentment.

3. Coach Smith makes us clean up the field after every practice.

4. Before we can work together, we must build trust between us.

5. Above Mount Rainier, thick storm clouds gathered.

Warm-up #3 Date: Identification of Pronouns: Circle each pronoun and label it as personal (PER), reflexive (REF), relative (REL), indefinite (IND), or interrogative (INTER).

1. Marvin himself mowed the grass yesterday.

2. Who made the mess in the kitchen?

3. The grammar lesson that we did was interesting.

4. The dog licked himself so much that his hair was falling out.

5. Although we cannot see it, someone must know where the book is.

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Warm-up #4 Date: Identification of Pronouns: Circle each pronoun and label it as personal (PER), reflexive (REF), relative (REL), indefinite (IND), or interrogative (INTER).

1. The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO.

2. Sam never wanted to see her again after she broke his heart.

3. It has been twelve years since Mr. Smithers named himself CEO of the company.

4. Which is the best answer to the question?

5. The streets of Cairo are more crowded than those of Alexandria.

6. Many are called but few are chosen.

REVIEW OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

Identification of Nouns and Pronouns: Underline each noun in the sentences below and label as proper (PROP) or common (COM) and concrete (Con) or abstract (Ab). Then each pronoun and label it as personal (PER), reflexive (REF), relative (REL), indefinite (IND), or interrogative (INTER).

1. I can’t believe Suzy did all the work herself.

2. Anyone who likes classical music usually loves The Barber of Seville.

3. Whose phone rang in the middle of the exam?

4. Susan danced around the house with a level of excitement that made us smile.

5. They were fierce competitors who always fought hard.

6. His suggestions for improvements sound logical.

7. The class seemed to love reading Catcher in the Rye.

8. Jim wrote himself a note to buy the tickets after school.

9. What is that noise I keep hearing from your backpack?

10. My birthday, which falls in July, is usually a big celebration.

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