© Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Grammar a The comparative, Most Adjectives of Comparison : A Adjectives Common An Articles PREPOSITIONS. A . A . An Phrases See An Clauses Adjective An

pronoun. prepositional common participial LaTonyaa is is dancer The a is grandmother My That adjective adjective CLAUSES. positive adjectives dog is dog tall points adjective degree

clause points phrase phrase ship, and hungry careful

phrase famous have out superlative. majestic is out of can can . expresses a three worker. tall a

an can . . or dependent be be woman. adjective

describes be

degrees mountains. used used

See used an as as ARTICLES.

ordinary Handbook Mechanics and Grammar as clause shows of an an a

an comparison: noun. adjective. adjective.

adjective. used a quality quality as See See

an See positive, of of adjective. a a noun noun or or

a • 1 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 quality. pronoun. A Adjectives Descriptive those This and thing, A Adjectives . The nouns. The sets The of The descriptive demonstrative items. I have a have I Those This the has sister my all, us Of has brother My have I the made Pat Mary made Gail made Lorna the is Gloria the issinger The the is Jack uncle My a is James issinger The is grandfather My

those adjectives adjectives superlative comparative of and

refer or dog is very friendly. (singular and near) and (singularfriendly. very is dog items. Note Note little cats are more skittish. (plural and far) and (plural skittish. more are cats This idea. these . It sweet This to tells fewer that that less careful less time to practice free throws. free practice to time things adjective few form least careful least

The refer

more famous more little, less, less, little, few,fewer, and degree , about little less adjective the the free throws. free degree free throws than Lorna. than throws free most famous most demonstrative taller is that to or fewest time to practice than I do. I than practice to time nouns nouns tallest often , gray things age, people gives is

are than my grandmother.my than worker than LaTonya. than worker

is and and used worker of them all. them of worker points free throws of all. of throws free used size, followed least , member of the family. the of member are are singular; than the actor. the than information Persian least or fewest that to person here. person singular plural people time to practice. to time to shape, compare out adjectives

Handbook Mechanics and Grammar are compare are

are kitten. by a these in used farther definite color, that than used in form. about

three and form. to . are two are to origin, compare away. those person, a compare near; this, that, these, these, that, this, or items noun more or

are that or another or place, abstract plural. items concrete two

and sets or

• 2 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Adjectives Most Adjectives of Position modifies. participial A Adjectives Participial grade eighth A Adjectives Numerical possession. but of Which interrogative An Adjectives Interrogative and , no, neither, either, every, each, several, other, one, no, neither, most, are places, An Adjectives Indefinite numerical people The vase, The Mexican Whose What Which Several Each interrogative indefinite all, another, any, both, each, either, every, few, many, more, few,many,more, every, either, each, any,another,both, all, is the adjectives not

is or player has a glove. a has player time is the game? the is time others position do play?you do position usually equipment will you borrow?you will equipment or See limited things. players have bats. have players may adjective pottery comes in many shapes. many in comes pottery ancient . is things. adjective adjectives PARTICIPLES. adjective a are also go used adjective Some to plural. before and and What directly a stands form to specific tells refers of cracked are ask

is the the that is an alone what, which, what, used follow about used to words most exact group is , was found nearby. found was , all to used

before in and Handbook Mechanics and Grammar one nouns. or common and ask number: they asking or any other as or set. about some

or and describe. an more of after Whose

a are adjective. a twenty-five children, children, twenty-five indefinite whose . question. people Note group of always the

a asks . that specific word of or A adjectives people, The singular, about things another,

it

set

• 3 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 COMPLEMENTS. An Complements Subject forest, A Adjectives Proper depending number. with adjectives A Adjectives Possessive or An proper possessive it Third Person Third Person Second Person First bikes.have Luis and Jo skateboard. a has John vase the considered She was archaeologist The adjective adjective can its Chinese antecedent follow Third adjective have adjectives on adjective may can gender.

emperors. person

a antecedents. direct follow

be your my Singular his, her, its her, his, is in used formed change person, shows singular excited object a Their His extraordinary linking as skateboard is silver.is skateboard a from A form possession bikes are new.are bikes number, (as subject . possessive possessive your our Plural their verb an a Handbook Mechanics and Grammar depending proper object complement. (as . and or a adjective adjectives ownership. noun: subject gender. complement). on person Brazilian complement), must See change Possessive SUBJECT and agree

rain form • 4 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 comparative, Most Adverbs of Comparison nouns An Nouns Adverbial PREPOSITIONS. A Phrases A Clauses Adverb or adverb. An

prepositional dependent negation. Matt ate ate Matt ate David ate Wiley works Meagen works Zach works Grace farthest the was It 30 was fare bus The 70 about was temperature The hundred a about traveled We few a took trip The We We’ll be can animals the Watching stroll We animals the watch to likeWe Sometimes adverbial adverb adverbs never usually undoubtedly Adverbs least rapidly least is slowly rapidly miss an opportunity to see the animals. (negation) animals. the see to opportunity an miss less rapidly less a clause noun and less carefully less my family goes to the zoo.(time) the to goes family my have express carefully word

phrase most carefully most indicate along the paths. (manner) paths. the along superlative. . is three go to the zoo next week. (affirmation) week. next zoo the to go north can hours that a dollars time, distance, measure, value, measure, distance, time,

can noun than Wiley. than of all. of . be degrees I’ve ever been. (direction)been. ever I’ve modifies time, place, manner, degree, affirmation, degree, manner, place, time, . (time) .

than Grace. than be used . (value) . that there quite miles

used of anyone in class. in anyone of degrees as of acts entertaining. (degree) entertaining. . (place). Handbook Mechanics and Grammar a . (distance).

an as comparison: verb,

an as adverb. . (measure).

an adverb. an adverb. adjective, See

positive, See CLAUSES. Adverbial

or or direction. another

• 5 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 adverbs An Adverbs Interrogative therefore, still, otherwise, nonetheless, moreover,nevertheless, likewise, later, instead, however,indeed, hence, furthermore, finally, Common is A Adverbs Conjunctive conjunctive used When fastest; walked Ryoko walks Ryoko walks Maggie walks Carly interrogative before did Ryoko arrive? Ryoko did are conjunctive how, when, where, how,when, fast a adverb fastest faster . of us all. us of than Carly. than connects adverbs therefore is used adverb,

and include independent to , he arrived first. arrived he , Handbook Mechanics and Grammar ask why. and also, besides, consequently, besides, also, a question. a clauses. The is used A interrogative semicolon after

and it. thus. • 6 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Antecedents Articles Appositives sound. singular single A either a An appositive sentence. An explains. names identify An NUMBER, possessive personal, with its The

specific and

I ate ate I The The to went We Magellan, sailor Italian The antecedent. article appositive appositive

noun

its an grass is always mowed. always is grass kept. well very are area our in parks singular member the The a

antecedent it sandwich and and sandwich

concrete

are An

possessive, It item to

or

points PERSON. is adjectives same article a Spanish navigator Spanish a is

which adds set appositive the the nonrestrictive is is

or A or of off restrictive a park yesterday. park

person, out specific a plural John Cabot John nouns. word more a

a general by in

is

intensive, pronoun a must

an person . used noun. phrase (or information apple. concrete place, The

items or

also words) if articles. group. before

if a

it The explored Canada. explored and

article

or

possessive it

and thing, is is agree , sailed around the world. the around sailed , in

is a

necessary

an is nouns number.

Handbook Mechanics and Grammar A possessive that a a

not reflexive the Each

group. and consonant appositive about an

in or necessary. follows

definite

is gender. idea and an

is adjective used

Third it.

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and before sound. may used the See article.

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must

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and and modifiers. refers used It

vowel

singular agree to it refers with the helps nouns. a

with is to • 7 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Clauses where, when, why, in what way, to what extent (degree), extent way,what why, to what in when, where, verb, A Clauses Adverb . condition. what clauses a the sentence. A modifies. where). that) which, whose, whom, adjective A Clauses Adjective complete stand An A general dependent restrictive dependent clause The attraction attraction The We’llgo Because it’s late it’s Because leave can We Chicago, place forgetthe never I’ll book a read I independent meaning. Michigan. an alone

These and adjective, is clause rule, thought A wherever you’dlike wherever a which has many tourist attractions tourist many has which nonrestrictive as which adjective group clause clause Nonrestrictive words the a after you finish your homework your finish you after that was fascinating was that An that we liked most most liked we that usually clause sentence.

and relative in or , we’ll take a taxi. a take we’ll , adverb of can can connect nonrestrictive other words clause cannot expresses begins describe describe where we met we where or A pronoun adjective clause adverb. that dependent clauses a is the . stand subordinate with necessary dependent has or a begins a Handbook Mechanics and Grammar noun An was Navy Pier. Navy was complete . that clauses. give clause alone a are a relative adverb subject . clause

is set information with or to used as is conjunction a off clause the thought pronoun. not a a , is located on Lake on located is , clause pronoun does . and by sentence. subordinate in meaning necessary commas. restrictive to a not can predicate. about

the and or An (when, (, express under under tell noun of can a to As the it a • 8 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Conjunctions or, neither . . . nor, not only . . . but also, but . . . only nor,not . . . or,neither most groups Correlative Conjunctions Correlative and are A Conjunctions Coordinating words A whatever. where, what, whether,whoever, whomever, how,why, when, begin indirect function Dependent Clauses Noun

coordinating conjunction They sailed boats, boats, sailed They swings the on played They boys The in interested am I me buy will parents My idea The is fact The pets good make rabbits That

similar.

yet. preposition) complement) common with in of objects, as a words sentence. that I could like a ferret a like could I that

one clauses and conjunctions The subjects, that chinchillas make good pets too pets good make chinchillas that is

correlative girls ran into the park. (nouns) park. the into ran girls conjunction of

coordinating that and a these word how guinea pigs are raised are pigs guinea how can but objects complements, have they didn’t go swimming. (independent clauses) (independent swimming. go didn’t they be introductory whatever I choose I whatever used are conjunctions used equal or

joins of

used in the sandbox. (prepositional phrases) (prepositional sandbox. the in to conjunctions prepositions. was a surprise to me. (subject) me. to surprise a was as join importance

words in Handbook Mechanics and Grammar nouns. seems strange. (appositive)strange. seems appositives, two pairs words:

and

or are words These

. (directobject) .

groups whether . . . or.. . . whether to are both . . . and, either . . . . . either and, . . . both that, who, whom, whom, who, that, Most in connect . (object of (object .

and, but, nor, or,but, so, and, a or direct clauses . (subject . sentence.

of groups noun

words words objects, can clauses and of

that The or

• 9 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Gender Objects Direct him, his, himself), himself), his, him, depending reflexive Third a what The wherever, where, whenever, when, until, unless, though, than, that, so since, that, order in if, though, even before, because, as, long as if, as as, although, after, independent A Conjunctions Subordinate with of Each itself). direct subordinate the The children ate ate children The made Consuela you help can’t I Unless Neither Both direct

neither . . . nor, . . . neither after correlative words person my mother mother my object. pronouns you help me, I won’t finish this today. this finish won’t I me, help you my brothers brothers my the object on or clause. singular gender—whether verb. conjunction groups conjunction until cookies of feminine them and and

A the a Common I’ve completed my own project. own my completed I’ve sentence noun my father like dogs.like father my nor personal, . of possessive verb . words my sister likes cats. likes sister my

and (she, her, hers, herself), herself), hers, her,(she, is or agrees appears used subordinate an while. answers the that possessive, Handbook Mechanics and Grammar object adjectives to antecedent with are join immediately the pronoun connected. the a conjunctions dependent question intensive, subject change is can masculine or in In closest neuter form whom be front and and sentences used include

(it, its, (it,its, an of or to (he, (he, one as it. • 10 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Infinitives Objects Indirect a An as what, An noun. and A complement, A noun, gerund gerund an I went went I report history a have I Tostudy gave I gave I job, His by July of Fourth the celebrate Americans enjoy world the around People is Linda’s hobby mysteries Reading hobby, Her is hobby favorite My by relax to likes dad My enjoy cultures many from People Reading infinitive indirect any (appositive) shows indirect an can an descriptive to study to Sven him action phrase is creating fireworks displays fireworks creating is his favorite pastime. (subject) pastime. favorite his is . (object of a preposition) a of (object . adjective, is your present job. (noun)job. present your is be a object a birthday card too.card birthday a hiking is a present. a or verb object used a is an in the library. (adverb)library. the in consists verb riding her bike her riding done. form tells , requires little equipment. (appositive) equipment. little requires , appositive. words in or is a relaxing form of recreation. (subject) recreation. of form relaxing a is skateboarding form, a to do to to whom to an ending A sentence cooking of noun or adverb. usually a . (adjective) . phrases. gerund, watching fireworks watching in

or or . (subject complement) (subject . . (object of a preposition) a of (object . dancing Handbook Mechanics and Grammar as ing an for whom, whom, for . (subject complement) (subject . preceded a , can be very dangerous. very be can ,

that object its subject, The attending firework firework attending . (directobject) . object is entire pronoun used or by an or to what to to, to, phrase . (directobject) . object, as complement, that a can noun.

or is acts a be for used subject A used as as a • 11 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 surprise, sudden An it subject An Infinitives of Subjects infinitive. An Infinitives Split and The and occur A Infinitives Hidden complement, An is hidden Wow Ouch! wanted We than out help I’drather but anything do I’ll help I’ll birds the heard I late too arrived I decision a made I report science the Tofinish infinitive adverb infinitive always the after word after , that’s amazing! that’s , tells emotion, conjunction I stubbed my toe. my stubbed I impatience, build infinitive to Good placed in verbs

the is her used phrase and the a birdhouse. a also such is doer writers to clean the garage. the clean to such of object any a between sing to finish it today it finish to as to write about bears about write to is omitted word mow perception consists than. as a of an pain, descriptive this morning. this as direct let, make, dare, need, dare, make, let, do the try the lawn. the form. infinitive happiness, or nothing. to or to infinitive. after phrase

of object and wonder. avoid was my goal.(noun) my was such an Handbook Mechanics and Grammar the words the . (adverb). without infinitive, that split can delight, as prepositions verb If hear, see, know, see, hear, . (adjective) . the expresses or have infinitives. results to. to. phrases. subject

anger, and its a Hidden subject. object help. in but a disgust, is strong a

a infinitives and split

or and pronoun, The except or feel

• 12 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Mood or express The Mood Subjunctive the tense The Mood Emphatic the A person of The The Mood Imperative all simple The Mood Indicative verb Mood command an to I I go.Let’s out! Watch carefully. directions the Follow pictures The Have I part base base bought did use did like do subjunctive emphatic imperative imperative indicative is express imperative verb. shows expressed. tenses, pronoun, you ever you of a form form command, the to use cell phones. cell use to a new cell phone. cell new a my cell phone last night. last phone cell my To can the something indicative of of make mood the are mood mood mood mood sent the a manner sentence be you. amazing! progressive verb. given an verb. gives pictures with a cell phone? cell a with pictures a is uses is recommendation, is used emphatic used that mood. used in in is special the which usually the to is to tenses, to base state contrary express first express Handbook Mechanics and Grammar mood, force the form understood a person and action fact to a use to a or of a command the wish or fact. simple a a do, does, does, do, by or verb. necessity ask perfect using state or to a a present The be question. desire; or or let’s of tenses the after subject a being did

request. before second or

to before are that; The past of a

• 13 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Nouns table, hammer, artist, Ohio River. Ohio artist, hammer, table, A Nouns Concrete things: A Nouns Common considered A Nouns Collective identify An Appositives duration. idea, touched. An Nouns Abstract than thing, A The would or The concrete common contrary-to-fact It’s imperative that she she that imperative It’s Laura that insisted coach The we If you wish I appositive abstract base past (a contrary-to-fact condition) (acontrary-to-fact one

is or reader, province, star. province, reader, had is it used idea: It tense person, form a or noun expresses enough money,we enough as noun name noun were noun adds instead one: is girl, park, ball, memory. ball, park, girl, of of a here. (a wish or desire) or (awish here. names names place, a a names word. names word more team, herd, bunch. herd, team, verb conditions. verb a of quality thing, call (or information is A something is will. any a something used singular used group words) him tonight. (necessity after after (necessity tonight. him one would be or or Were in to on time. (command after after (command time. on of idea: Handbook Mechanics and Grammar of a a state that go to the movies. movies. the to go noun condition: a that people, clause

is that about class

girls, parks, balls, memories. balls, parks, girls, A used follows present can plural names cannot of after it. animals, instead be people, See morality, sadness, sadness, morality, a noun seen wishes that one noun be APPOSITIVES. seen of . person, or places, or names that was, and touched: or things that or ) desires

helps and ) more or place, • 14 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 formed The add apostrophe To of To A Nouns Possessive PREPOSITIONS. A A Phrases Noun A Clauses Noun complement, or An Nouns as Used Infinitives complement, gerund A Gerunds possessive prepositional gerund dependent gerund the infinitive James cowboys student form form infinitive -’s singular noun. . or by the the phrase is a adding only. a gerund possessive singular phrase noun clause is possessive an or verb James cowboys student a phrase an object, If can verb -’s form expresses the appositive. phrase used ’s can . ’s possessive,

be ’ form,

plural of can or ending be of used as a an a can used plural be a usually children Williams Mrs. Heather proper possession form noun as appositive. used See be in a as add Handbook Mechanics and Grammar noun noun. ing a GERUNDS. of a can name as preceded subject, -’s noun.

a that a

noun to be ending noun. or See See ending the is children Mrs. Williams Mrs. Heather a ownership. See subject, GERUNDS. an used does INFINITIVES. by singular See in CLAUSES. object, to in ’s ’s s, s, as not . An add s a a

is end ’s subject noun. a form infinitive usually the subject in A s , • 15 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Object Complements Object Number the renames noun An person, to The Award. Academy Hollywood, Streep, A Nouns Proper together. Joint after independently Separate end The apostrophe The proper one We elected Yoko elected We Ryan and Marta Diane brothers-in-law chief in commander Adams Mr.Mrs. and We found her leadership leadership her found We object direct of number possessive plural possession each used the person, ’s place, and Peter and it. noun possession To complement object term. noun. possessive as An to show of an thing, the place, of names adjective of a occurs ’s object and noun one compound joint president mural is colorful. is mural plural ’s murals are colorful. are murals occurs or thing, describes another. of a or follows possession, idea complement when particular a used of inspiring pronoun proper the or . when (plural). brothers-in-law chief in commander Adamses the nouns two as idea To the name. it. an Handbook Mechanics and Grammar name show . two or direct indicates person, (singular) use object is follows more formed or -’s separate is ’ children more

object ’s after formed complement people place, the whether or by ’s people the of more direct possession, adding or by own a last thing: sentence. adding it than own object something noun refers follows -’s Meryl Meryl

things to one an use only. and the A -’s

• 16 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Participles noun A Participles Dangling off essential restrictive A verb. completed of relationship A modifies. A Adjectives Participial participle A

participial dangling participle participle participle the Working hard Working hard Working project, other The project The delayed been Having group, Their project The project The child, The The by (present perfect passive) perfect (present active) perfect passive) (present or commas. main sobbing pronoun. to always and at participle the verb. sobbing

that has is between adjective started on Monday on started started started being some having started having a child clung to her mother. her to clung child is meaning , the girls soon finished the doghouse. (correct)doghouse. the finished soon girls the , (incorrect) finished. soon was doghouse the , verb voice is not Past ends Dangling essential time started a day later day a started , clung to her mother. her to clung , yesterday is important. (past passive) (past important. is yesterday form set

the is and stands and in twice, the project is behind schedule. schedule. behind is project the twice, a before off of ing. time participial tense. that perfect now is supposed to end today. end to supposed is now the by participles to

late, rushed to finish. (present finish. to rushed late,

alone A of commas. the is the sentence past ran into terrible snags. terrible into ran The the Handbook Mechanics and Grammar used forms

meaning before action participle phrase action present , finished first. finished , as should A show is

an or indicated participle nonrestrictive of

that after of adjective. participle the action be generally a sentence does

corrected. the participle by that

that word not A the shows ends present is and modify is was

main it not and in is a ed. set a • 17 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Phrases Person PREPOSITIONS. object A Phrases Prepositional PARTICIPLES. complement, A Phrases Participial INFINITIVES. complement, An Phrases Infinitive and A Phrases Gerund speech. A to the possessive Personal, phrase complement A Phrases Participial

participial prepositional gerund phrase participial (second The child, The gently child the Kissing infinitive antecedent any of can descriptive the is possessive, phrase person), adjectives come a sobbing loudly sobbing

phrase preposition, and phrase phrase group and and is phrase consists

any before the any any or

of words consists consists consists intensive,

change person descriptive descriptive being descriptive words is or and made of , the mother tried to soothe him. soothe to tried mother the , , refused to quiet down. quiet to refused , or after

spoken a of speaking that of form of phrases. any gerund,

the and the up an the

words Handbook Mechanics and Grammar words words is modifiers

according of infinitive, participle, participle reflexive about used word a its See (first preposition,

or or or as object it

(third GERUNDS. phrases. phrases. phrases. modifies. a person), of pronouns

its to its and single the person—whether

or object object person). an object. complement,

See A the See part being object participial

or or and of See spoken or a • 18 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Prepositions Predicates word noun A The Predicates Simple coordinating A Predicates Compound objects The Predicates Complete The verb A VerbPhrases preposition The horses horses The horses The horses The They horses The He boy The simple complete predicate phrase in or has been studying been has phrase were or a pronoun sentence. complements. is studying is predicate may beautiful. jumped all the hurdles well hurdles the all jumped have been running been have jumped and swiftly ran jumped predicate conjunction. is predicate is of a two a have (the word sentence . or . is object one contains more that the for an hour. an for is the or verb names shows of more verbs verb the for a long time. long a for or more Handbook Mechanics and Grammar auxiliary preposition) the with an verb that over the fence. the over action than relationship work phrase. all . its one verbs or together modifiers and a verb state and between some joined as a of and main a being. other unit. by a

verb. a

A • 19 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Pronouns places, An Pronouns Indefinite are point indefinite somebody,other,someone, one, nothing, one, no nobody,neither, much, everything, everyone, everybody,either, each, indefinite Most objects. This thing. A Pronouns Demonstrative gender. possessive, its a A may preposition, A Phrases Prepositional pronoun demonstrative pronoun prepositional Those This The loud noises were heard by heard were noises loud The Many On the podium the On hat her threw She winner the was She

antecedent indefinite farther

be and indefinite out The

is my bike. (singular and near) and (singularbike. my is or used See had heard about the strange old house. old strange the about heard had are my skates. (plural and far) and (plural skates. my are that

things things. pronouns pronouns refers demonstrative is away. intensive, GENDER, and as

a pronoun are in word an phrase pronouns that

any is pronoun person Indefinite singular; is where she stood. (noun) stood. she where is adjective, its into the air the into include include used of the game the of modifiers are and NUMBER, antecedent.

refers is and near; made reflexive pronouns are in points these

pronouns both, few,many,others, both, anything, anybody, another,anyone,

place an to number. singular, . (adverb). that everyone

of any up

adverb, and PERSON. . (adjective) . out Handbook Mechanics and Grammar the A of of

pronouns

and or are pronoun those a a a

object.

can Third all noun. particular preposition, but those this, that, these, that, this, or .

of

be are a some

a person noun.

A

used

The must point group must

plural. prepositional and are noun person,

as also

something. something. out agree

the and personal, of

plural. subjects This

people, things

to object agree and several. place, with

which and Singular those. those. phrase

or in of that Plural these or the •

20 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 on depending number. Intensive antecedent emphasizes Intensive Pronouns Intensive other negative The are abstract when sentence. can The Person Third Person Second Person First I car the for paid sister My Most Most Others Several Nobody Everyone gender. followed myself be indefinite indefinite negative they singular of the projects were completed. were projects the of completed. was work the of noun. Third words. want to use the computer. the use to want pronouns pronouns These are drawing posters. drawing are wants to make a mistake. a make to wants can’t afford to buy a car.a buy to afford can’t are

in is busy.is a by preceding person, followed

pronouns pronouns words They person

a or They pronouns phrase

plural, yourself myself itself herself Singular himself change end are such should number, singular by in plural noun with all, any, more, most, none, none, most, any,more, all, no one, nobody,none, one, no depending herself are a self as form phrase never no, not, no,

a singular or or and and intensive plural yourselves ourselves Plural themselves . depending pronoun. selves. selves. Handbook Mechanics and Grammar be take gender. with

on or used noun. and An never. how a a pronouns plural singular It intensive in take on must each

sentences and person a verb is singular agree nothing and change noun used pronoun when and some with with or in

are form verb they an a

its • 21 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 me, you, him, her, it, us, us, it, her, him, you, me, a An Pronouns Object seeking about Whose also Who interrogative An Pronouns Interrogative verb Martha received messages from from messages received Martha wrote Gina Tom met What What Which Whose To Whom Who object interrogative

refers refers whom a

or is the captain of the hockey team?hockey the of captain the is is is the date of the first game? first the of date the is counter? refreshment the at buy you did group information. of the teams will be the toughest opponent? toughest the be will teams the of did he meet at the rink? the at meet he did used are those skates? those are as pronoun to to her will they sell their old skates? old their sell they will the him people. pronouns people. to or at the video store. (directobject) store. video the at object an e-mail. (indirect object) (indirect e-mail. an pronoun ask class. can about It It of What is and be are is a the often is used preposition. them. possession. who, whom, whose, which, whose, whom, who, used

is object used the as them Handbook Mechanics and Grammar to a subject of direct ask for . (object of a preposition) a of (object . a Which The asking verb a question. or of object or an

a is about question. a used indirect preposition. pronouns The

and things when object Whom what. asking or are

of • 22 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 antecedents of preposition. can Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive to number. Possessive their place A Pronouns Possessive them). us, it, her, him, are Personal gender. number. Personal Pronouns Personal possessive the reflect Third Person Third Person Second Person First is where Joe, left Jill is bike green The Person Third Person Second Person First used be antecedents of sentence. the a Third Third as hers pronouns pronouns gender. pronouns possessive pronouns direct subjects A in pronoun near the fence. the near reflexive

person person yours person,

Reflexive or

in yours mine you me I, Singular her him, Singular he, she, it, she, he, his, hers, its hers, his, mine also change end indirect (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) we, it, she, he, (I,you, person, ? noun. change shows singular singular number, pronoun . change in pronouns self self form Possessive number, object form possession

or possessive pronouns form and they, them they, yours ours you us we, Plural Plural theirs depending generally selves. selves. Handbook Mechanics and Grammar depending of must gender. depending and a pronouns verb A or agree change reflexive gender. pronouns refers ownership. on or on

or person the with on must person to form objects pronoun object the whether change their agree and It to subject and takes (me, you, (me,you, reflect of a with they

form the

• 23 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 also animals, Which clause. an Who that. modifies. A Pronouns Relative on depending number. Reflexive

relative They learn about Washington, about learn They place a It’s Vernon, Mount George Washington,George Washington,George Person Third Person Second Person First by it did They gave He consider I adjective gender.

refer in the house. the in out as a surveyor.a as out States. United the of president and

refers Third

places,

whom The pronouns pronoun to himself

myself animals, clause. to that

relative

person

themselves animals, refer which or many tourists visit. tourists many

a pat on the back. (indirect object) (indirect back. the on pat a

lucky to have won. (directobject) won. have to lucky yourself myself itself herself Singular himself connects things. change Whom to

whom who places, pronouns was Washington’s home, is in Virginia. in is Washington’s home, was singular people. places, was a famous general, was the first first the was general, famous a was

Whose . (object of a preposition) a of (object . is we call the father of our country, started started country, our of father the call we form

an or used whose

adjective Who reflexive are things. yourselves ourselves Plural themselves or depending

Handbook Mechanics and Grammar often as

things, who,whom,whose, which,

possessions are displayed are possessions is the used refers

clause pronouns object That as on to

the

to person refers of people

the an subject change

adjective noun to and but people, of form

it can

and • 24 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 she, it, we, we, it, she, complement A Pronouns Subject subject The clerk we talked to was to talked we clerk The We went to the mall on Saturday.(subject) on mall the to went pronoun and in they. a sentence. can be used The she . (subject complement) (subject . as subject Handbook Mechanics and Grammar the subject pronouns or the are subject I, you, he, he, you, I, • 25 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Sentences question An Sentences Interrogative sentences a An Sentences Imperative an An Sentences Exclamatory A Sentences Declarative A Sentences Compound or dependent A Sentences Complex A period declarative compound complex sentence an Will you take my picture? my take you Will tomorrow. me Call cool! so It’s phone. cell new a have I prize? the get Hassan will or again, race the run they Will fell. and tripped he but mark, halfway the at leading was Chris won. Hassan and race, a ran boys The race. the lost he fell, and tripped he Because noon. at began championship the decide would that race The runner. fastest the was he that claimed He exclamation interrogative imperative exclamatory adverb. but mark. the sentence clause, is may sentence a sentence subject sentence group point. sentence sentence end which has with of you contains makes gives words one may

is expresses asks an understood. independent a function exclamation a that a command. statement. two question. Handbook Mechanics and Grammar expresses a or strong as more clause a It It point. It noun, emotion. independent ends usually ends a complete and In an with with imperative ends adjective, at It a least a ends

period. thought. clauses. with one with

• 26 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Subjects Complements Subject describe The Subjects Complete The subject or subject be. A a A Sentences Simple A Sentences in Order Natural auxiliary A Sentences in Order Inverted predicate, subject simple sentence sentence idea. The tiny lamb with the black face black the with lamb tiny The be can job His was medal the won who officer The a is uncle My summer. the in boat and fish Wisconsin in people Many teams. sports professional have Bay Green and Milwaukee Wisconsin. in city largest the is Milwaukee chimney. the around curled smoke wispy The chimney. the atop birds many were There fireplace? the light you did When smoke.wispy the curled chimney the Around A complete subject noun of of An it. sentence verb complement the the or is is adjective names either in in pronoun sentence. sentence; subject comes police officer police natural inverted dangerous is or the one used both before is follows used person, it the order independent order refers as of . simple . as the which a when a subject a place, when to subject. linking subject Handbook Mechanics and Grammar the subject he may the trotted across the field. the across trotted the or . clause. same complement verb verb thing be complement main plus compound. person, such follows It a verb has all sentence as the describes or a place, the the subject renames an words subject. forms is thing, about. and that the the of • 27 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Tenses between The the tells another past or about past Perfect Tenses Perfect The The Subjects Simple joined A Subjects Compound compound that Future Perfect Passive Perfect Future Passive Perfect Past Passive Perfect Present Active Perfect Future Active Perfect Past Active Perfect Present The The future. passive tense simple about perfect participle

an lamb lamb by started tenses action the action a of an coordinating subject trotted across the field. the across trotted its and voice tense a auxiliary subject action consist verb of in was that the the of tells mother is expresses begun perfect took that contains main the past

of of about

a a conjunction.

noun

will place trotted across the field. the across trotted form and

or form verb. tenses He He rain. to started He The car car The The car will have been washed been have will car The He He The car car The completed. an the be more continued or willhave finished had finished had finished has of at of The action completed Handbook Mechanics and Grammar time pronoun the an have is had been washed been had washed been has than present formed indefinite auxiliary of

that and The the one into time Dad gets home. gets Dad time that his homework. his it before dinner.before it the was before action by perfect future noun the verb a dinner by six o’clock. inserting main time completed sentence present. a or or perfect have tense specific . in before it it before verb. pronoun state the

been and tells The is by the the by past before tense of about. time

the being. in • 28 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Verbals or verb A verbals: Verbals action. present Progressive Tenses Progressive phrase, past always The Tenses Simple participle an The The Progressive Future Progressive Past Progressive Present My hope is hope My Getting Future Simple Past Simple Present Simple simple or form

Buster.(infinitive) adverb. frightened true.

in usually participle are participles, the dog into the house was my priority. (gerund) priority. my was house the into dog the the ending

present words tense is The to establish to See future. a preceded verb

cat ran and hid under the porch. (participle) porch. the under hid and ran cat simple

GERUNDS, consist in

of made

tense

gerunds, ing the form

that main past from

a level of tolerance between Coco and and Coco between tolerance of level a of by indicates that

a to, to, phone rang. phone as a snack. a as time. dinner I I I I I I I is

and and INFINITIVES,

form will be reading be will reading was reading am will eat will eat to going am ate eat verb. verbs. used is that a lot of fruit. of lot a some melon for lunch today. lunch for melon some Handbook Mechanics and Grammar used future infinitives.

of an These is as There them after school. after them

the used action as a tenses

noun. auxiliary my math book now. book math my

an my math book when the the when book math my tenses are as PARTICIPLES. my math book until until book math my adjective. that some cherries cherries some a three An indicate

noun, show

is infinitive verb repeated kinds

ongoing an A

be action gerund adjective,

and of is or

a the in verb is the • a 29 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Verbs describes a A Verbs Linking adding The Verbs Irregular use Some not An Verbs Intransitive Other Some a An Verbs Auxiliary A pronoun, verb linking verb The author of that article article that of author The She Roberts Ms. put write sing Present usually He Danny Danny She Lupe intransitive auxiliary have in past verbs common auxiliary the phrase. was feels shows -d opened plays relaxed a and

verb the or sentence. excited to find an e-mail from Carla. (state of being) of (state Carla. from e-mail an find to excited direct or proud of her work. her of proud can plays -ed. verb past action subject. baseball in the summer. (transitive) the in baseball an became Auxiliary joins her mailbox. (action) mailbox. her verbs be under the big oak tree. oak big the under adjective). object. put wrote sang Past in Gresham Park. (intransitive) Park. Gresham in is participle transitive a a does or subject are verb a newspaper reporter. newspaper a state verbs can, could, may, might, should, may,might, could, can, verbs not is that she. The of of or have with help are irregular being. combines intransitive, put written sung Participle Past subject Handbook Mechanics and Grammar a a the show subject receiver See forms complement verbs voice, with MOOD, complement depending of of are a mood, be, have, be, its main TENSES, not action. renames and formed verb on

and and (a It tense. their VOICE. to noun, does did. did. will. will. form by or • 30 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 verbs stay,taste, sound, smell, seem, remain, Common the past past; The Parts Principal direct an phrasal Some Verbs Phrasal would. auxiliaries by ability, Modal Auxiliaries Modal Danny Danny She He sail Base He Yesterdayhe He Marco Cooks Everyone Blanca We chef amateur Any main adverb. base four participles looks after looks the felt wakes up wakes can transitive might assign might object. felt auxiliaries necessity, verb verbs felt form. will act will should prepare should the heat of the sun on his back. () (transitive back. his on sun the of heat the basic past can bake can linking strongly about winning the game. (intransitive) game. the winning about strongly be The are sailed Past must agree must tired after the game. (linking verb) (linking game. the after tired transitive, is participle; set up set that The parts may, might, can, could, must, should, will, will, should, must, could, can, may,might, with a smile each morning. each smile a with a noun as the contact person. (intention) person. contact the as of and his little brother on weekends. on brother little his combination obligation, verbs are regular delicious cakes. (ability) cakes. delicious dishes at the meeting. (possibility) meeting. the at dishes may join may present are sailed Participle Past intransitive of the croquet set. croquet the or used on the menu. (necessity) menu. the on in all are intransitive, pronoun enough food for everyone. (obligation) everyone. for food enough and the verbs verbs participle to be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, look, grow, feel, become, appear, be, the committee. (permission) committee. the and the base express of are are verbs a present that intention. Handbook Mechanics and Grammar main form. the formed or sailing Participle Present is

follows permission, and are linking formed present, verb The participle. phrasal turn. turn. They by common and a adding verbs. phrasal by Some or are a possibility, adding verbs. base preposition The followed of -d form; past and

these A or -ing. -ed is and the the

to or • 31 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Voice combining receiver When Voice Passive of When Voice Active the Voice receiver a A Verbs Transitive adding The Verbs Regular receiver. transitive the The winning goal winning The Sheila Sheila hop try smile walk Base receiver past shows action. a a -d transitive transitive of is kicked kicked and

or Every the the some verb of whether -ed the direct action. the the winning goal. winning the net. the into ball the

to transitive expresses form past hopped tried smiled walked Past verb verb was kicked kicked was action. the object. the A participles of base is is verb be subject in in verb

an with form. the the in by Sheila. by action the has passive active hopped tried smiled walked Participle Past the of Handbook Mechanics and Grammar of a passive a a past transitive that receiver regular voice, voice, participle passes voice the verb the of verb subject the is from subject are formed of is action. formed the the a is doer is main doer the by the That to by doer or verb. • 32 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 Capitalization and Punctuation and Capitalization Mechanics West A A not An An An Apostrophes A poetry word A Letters Capital capital capital capital capital We left the the left We P A the a can man the A S M M apostrophe apostrophe apostrophe ’ of weet land of liberty. of land weet resident Lincoln resident braham braham merican hero merican s y country, ’tis of thee, of ’tis country, y asked,“ dad y

when in ’ L capital t and incoln incoln a u letter letter letter letter direct ’ s coat s ’ s they songs. L incoln S M letters outh and drove north toward home. toward north drove and outh we emorial is is is is is is is refer P quotation, s W ’ used used used used used used used ll ould you like to take a trip?” a take to like you ould unless to U to to to for for for for sections ’ s show show show the a proper the and

the flood of flood the K W the the the title entucky rail-splitter entucky ashington, ashington, A directions first ’ G the the possession. s plural the ettysburg ettysburg when of Handbook Mechanics and Grammar nouns word plural omission the first could ’ it country. 98 D and word . in precedes North, South, East, East, South, North, C of A . the boys the ddress a lowercase be of proper sentence, of letters mistaken most a ’ jackets person’s adjectives. or lines letters the numbers. for first of and name. a but word

• 33 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 before Commas Commas Commas A follows as A Colons capitalized. Capital prepositions not A A parenthetical Commas and Commas colon colon capital capital It’s a little a It’s dogs two has family My Smith Senator Dear cities following the visit to I’dlike M T H Titanic know you Did 12 February on born was Lincoln Abraham o the oly oly dates. rs. and Chicago. and Kentucky. K a ill a ill

S articles letters is is noun. was pirit

letter letter are are are are are used used M D , white ockingbird r. , unless used used used used as you may know may you as used.

expressions. are , Eleanor is is after before a, an, an, a, , used used

J fluffy kitten. fluffy used B to to to to an. ible they : the separate separate set set or

a , for for

that the ship really sank? really ship the that for “ , list T the; the; a cat a off off salutation are he he A

the the abbreviations ve. when words the W coordinating the , , principal names a popular movie. popular a illow and the the and illow adjectives words and some fish. some and K parts oran : first New Orleans, San Francisco, San Orleans, New Handbook Mechanics and Grammar terms in of in direct or of of a business a deities words last addresses, such

, of of series 1809 conjunctions; G O

words equal ingko” address words). ld ld as T in , and estament in Hardin County Hardin in of the following the letter. titles

importance that three place sacred and

(but are or or names, books. more.

or

,

• 34 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 line. A Hyphens an An Points Exclamation clauses A A Dashes sentence. A to A divided Commas Commas

hyphen dash dash comma comma connect The scientists studied the bone of the Tyranno the of bone the studied scientists The close was Wow, that Help dinner The dinner whole the cooked uncle My consequently directions; the in step a missed I directions the read I hope “I ship The The exclamatory exclamation saurus rex. saurus waters. icy the under Titanic ! The rope is breaking is rope The (or is in quotation. ,

are are ” said Mrs. Litwac Mrs. said ” used is is is , apposition. dashes) which everyone had thought was unsinkable was thought had everyone which clauses

— used used used , a famous ocean liner ocean famous a used used chicken, greens, and mashed potatoes mashed chicken,greens,and to sentence. point

to indicate after before to to is in

divide , ! used set set but Joey built the model. the built Joey but a is a sentence. a used off off conjunctive ,

coordinating a to “you have all finished your work.” your finished all have “you ! words a nonrestrictive sudden set direct after off ,

hit an iceberg. an hit — between Handbook Mechanics and Grammar most a surprise to us all. us to surprise a a change quotation adverb series conjunction interjections

syllables phrases of of , in - the model fell down. fell model the thought. words, or a compound — the

, and at was delicious. was disappeared disappeared that parts

phrases, the and clauses.

is end to of used end

a of or

a • 35 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 radio songs, Quotation and Quotation Marks Quotation A Marks Question name. A A Periods you newspapers, Italics Italics A and A within Single question period period hyphen hyphen They sang sang They “ dog your feed you do What Co hungry is dog The the of picture a saw I three the completed He drive “Did they sing they “Did Why, are around to .

programs. quotation are magazine separate - a ” in handwriting, asked my brother,askedmy quotation. is is Mrs is is used marks marks mark used used the used used “ movies, . Deep River Deep

mother to ‘ parts parts America the Beautiful the America after to marks and is to in are are mi set . end used Please feed it feed Please numbers form . -

television in used used newspaper use off of an of Titanic - ” law a are - and and a some to year project. year the abbreviation declarative R underlining some “ divided . to before didn’t you play the game? the play you didn’t ? L end used “ . titles in the the in set Amazing Grace. Amazing Stevenson from compound series, temporary an . off articles, to Handbook Mechanics and Grammar and quotation. of interrogative twenty-one ’ Atlantic Monthly Atlantic set ?” Salma asked. Salma ?” the or books, after for ships, and off an titles italics. television words. quoted adjectives. imperative after direct ” magazines, and of to stories, the sentence. works ninety-nine ” quotations material shows, . initials sentence. of poems, art. and in If a

• 36 © Voyages in English 2011, Grade 7 W0028 namely A type Semicolons that A when A Semicolons semicolon semicolon semicolon Many streets were under water under were streets Many 20018, July on floods also were There flowerbeds the out washed water The afternoon all rained It are State. 15, August 2005. basement. the that they

when connected include are are is is is they not used used used used internal joined are by to to before to ; used a the game was cancelled. was game the separate separate separate conjunctive by punctuation. expressions to a conjunction. introduce ; namely, Morris, Elm, Cornelia, and and Cornelia, Elm, namely,Morris, clauses clauses phrases Handbook Mechanics and Grammar adverb. ; furthermore, it flooded flooded it furthermore, ; October 22,2003 October such in in examples. or a a clauses compound compound as for example for of the ; sentence sentence and and same

and • 37