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YDS Grammar.Pdf Dr. Cahit Karakuş 2013 1 “ Read, Memorize and Remember ” Balbiti 2 CONTENTS 1. Sentence ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1. Noun ................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. Plural noun ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.1.2. Noun phrase ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.1.3. Determiners: a, an, the ................................................................................................... 19 1.1.4. Numbers and Numerals .................................................................................................. 22 1.1.5. Suffix and Prefix ............................................................................................................... 35 1.1.6. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 52 1.2. Structure............................................................................................................. 55 1.2.1. Subject - Özne.................................................................................................................. 57 1.2.2. Agrement between subject and verb ............................................................................ 61 1.2.3. Object - Nesne ................................................................................................................. 67 1.2.4. Complement ..................................................................................................................... 70 1.2.5. Adjective ............................................................................................................................ 71 1.2.6. Adverb ............................................................................................................................... 72 1.2.7. Preposition ........................................................................................................................ 73 1.2.8. Conjunction ....................................................................................................................... 74 1.3. Verb ..................................................................................................................... 75 1.3.1. Predicate and verb .......................................................................................................... 76 1.3.2. Verb patterns .................................................................................................................... 78 1.3.3. Verb types ......................................................................................................................... 83 Linking verbs ................................................................................................................................. 87 Phrasel verbs ................................................................................................................................. 88 1.3.4. Verb forms ........................................................................................................................ 94 To be – durum ............................................................................................................................... 98 Have - aitlik .................................................................................................................................. 104 Modals .......................................................................................................................................... 110 There ............................................................................................................................................ 111 1.4. Sentence forms .............................................................................................. 114 1.4.1. Tense ............................................................................................................................... 117 1.4.2. Clause ............................................................................................................................. 119 1.4.3. Question .......................................................................................................................... 124 1.4.4. Negative construction .................................................................................................... 137 1.4.5. Mood and Voice ............................................................................................................. 143 1.4.6. Agreement and Disagreement ..................................................................................... 147 1.4.7. Inversion structure ......................................................................................................... 150 1.4.8. Interjection ...................................................................................................................... 156 1.5. Punctuation ...................................................................................................... 157 1.5.1. Capitalization .................................................................................................................. 157 1.5.2. Comma ............................................................................................................................ 162 1.5.3. Exclamation point (!) .................................................................................................... 165 3 1.5.4. Period (.) ......................................................................................................................... 166 1.5.5. Colons (:) ......................................................................................................................... 167 1.5.6. Question (?) .................................................................................................................... 168 1.5.7. Semicolon (;) .................................................................................................................. 168 1.5.8. Quotation (“ ”) ................................................................................................................ 169 1.5.9. Parenthesis ..................................................................................................................... 170 1.5.10. Apostrophe (’) ................................................................................................................. 170 1.5.11. Dash (-) ........................................................................................................................... 171 1.5.12. Italic .................................................................................................................................. 171 2. Pronoun ........................................................................................................ 173 2.1. Personal pronouns ......................................................................................... 173 2.1.1. Subject pronouns ........................................................................................................... 174 2.1.2. Object pronouns ............................................................................................................. 178 2.1.3. Possessive adjectives ................................................................................................... 179 2.1.4. Possessive pronouns .................................................................................................... 180 2.2. Demonstrative pronouns ............................................................................... 181 2.3. Relative pronouns ........................................................................................... 182 2.4. Reflexive pronouns ......................................................................................... 184 2.5. Interrogative pronouns ................................................................................... 186 2.6. Indefinite pronouns ......................................................................................... 192 2.6.1. Indefinite pronouns as the subject .............................................................................. 192 2.6.2. Every, Some, Any, No ................................................................................................... 196 2.6.3. Each, Else, One, All, Other .......................................................................................... 199 2.6.4. Both, Either, Neither ...................................................................................................... 202 2.6.5. But .................................................................................................................................... 204 2.7. Referral: Preventing to repeats ..................................................................... 205 3. Preposition ................................................................................................... 209 3.1. Time prepositions ........................................................................................... 210 3.2. Place prepositions .......................................................................................... 217 3.3. Common prepositions ...................................................................................
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