USES OF THE ANAPHORIC BACK-POINTING "ONE"

著者 中村 豊 雑誌名 研究報告 巻 2 ページ 1-31 発行年 1961-12-20 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/10061 闘S藍S⑬欝管閑藍魔闊鹿野約⑬鼠贋鑑 恩威監監田野⑬澄闊嘗登開院姦＆⑬尉藍99 霊紺野殴監箆藍闊甘閑静風習藍開院凱豊S雄

By

Vutaka Nakam㍊ya

CHAPTER l

‡N甘配¢DぴC甘甘¢闊

A．INDEFINITE〝ONE〝

1．1野batIs tbeIndefまnite〝One〝？

Ⅶken〝one〝is to attached an adjective or an adjectve－equlValent，itis gen－ erally calledtheprop－WOrd〝one〝，（1）wbich meansthat〝0‡le〝isaprop宕orchanglng an adjective or an adjectiveⅥ、equlValentinto a noun or a pronoun．But tbis term （prop叩WOrd）can notinclude allof the uses o至純is kind of〝one〝． For examp互e，insuch a sen絶nce as〝Ⅵras therenotβ紹βWhofeまt‥‥‥？〝，〝one〝has the meanlnglnSeperablyconnectedⅥrith〝man〝or〝person〝，andsoitisconsまdered tobe nlerelyasynonym払r〝man〝or〝person〝．夏f vecal互itapヱγOp－WOrd，Similarまy

WemuSt Call〝ma‡1〝or〝person〝a prop〟WOrd．An（まinasentencelike〝1Ⅳei互，What WOuはぅ70㍑doⅥ7it払αあ7′α才符ほyou had o紺β？〝，〝one〝sはndsaまone for〝a brain〝． had七0は T上1ere宕ore主tis not a prop to a王1y Vも70rd．F㍑訂ther，in〝Buも七be ggoタブhe tヒe jury WaS nOtαgり0ガ0卵g〝，〝good〝had better be rega㌻deぬ as a‡ユ attribtユtive adjective王nOdifyまg 〝one〝，Or，in otller WO‡‘ds，〝0王ユe〝is rユOtαぶ多癖（2）of〝good〝 for supplememting the oldまnfiecti（）n Ofthesubstantまve form of〝good〝，nO matter

Ⅵ心at the histor互caldeveiopment（3）may be．As a proひf ofitタ〝one〝0托ena王〕pearS With o池er pro‡iOunS Whicb can be used subsもan臼vdy w地outαぶZそ紗r・See tbe ね11Ⅵ血gi‡iStanCeS．Ⅵre can dispemseⅥrith〝one〝まn these sente‡1CeS．

had herin ・‥‥・be spent a n短ht w互tb Utica a‡1dα符Ogゐβγ0タ才βinGrass Lake．（Ame㌃．Tra．）／ Pardon me，Miss，but are you through with才ゐαg少（ゆβ才′ア‡’mthroughⅥrithgゐgざ07Zβ．（P乱獲ASS） 〔For tbe full‡1ameS Of tile boolこS，See tbe bibliography．〕 For such reasonsasmentioned above，SummlnguptheⅥrhole，‡waiユttOCall蝕まs

（1），（2）Curme（Syntax，p，530）andJespersen（Mod．Eng．Gr，10．7）callit a su紙Ⅹ On account ofits unstressed pronunciation andits abstract meanlng，butthisisalsounreason－ able because〝one〝is sometimes placed beforesuchwords as can not precede their head－ words． （3）See tbe next section（Chapterl，2）．

－1－ 放indof〝one〝才ゐe才乃d所紹言方β〝0紹β〝afterCurme（Syntax，p．530）．

T払e㍑SeSOf thei‡ldefinite〝oiユe〝may roughly be dividedinto two：（α）才ゐβαプ官α－ やゐ0才′gC朗Sど，互nⅥrbich〝one〝has a nounit refers tobefore or after（4）；and（∂）≠ゐg 紹0紹－α乃（碑ゐ0プ′才c多古ざβ，inwhich 〝one〝has not such a noun but vaguely refers to a

perso‡1．The anaphoric 〝one〝is further classifiedinto tⅥrO by the positions of nounsit refers to．Ⅶ■hen〝one〝precedes the‡10un，itis called（1）≠ゐgαプ乍（砂ゐ0プ′才c 廃プ′一各びαプ′♂一夕Og邦吉g紹g〝0卵β〝；andwhen〝one〝is preceded by the noun，itis called（2） gゐgαプ雀‘ゆゐ0㌢才cあαCかカOg紹若宮プ曙〝0多言g〝．Seetheね110Wing examples．

（a）Anaphoric〝one〝 （1）Anaphoricforvard－pOinting〝one〝

the m孟ddle（ブタ官βOfthe th‡・ee首〃オ紹（わびS

This kind 〝one〝alⅥrayS a of appearSin this茄Ⅹed combination accompanied by

partまtiveoトphrase・‡n spiteogits女）rmalsimilarity to the above example，〝one〝

孟n the nextis rather a ntlmeral．

β〝g Of the reasons（P．Parrot）／‥…・becould see o乃g Oグ′才乙び00f theね11er btlildings…‥・．（PM ÅSS）／……Onlyねび∂Of tbeselユSeS Ofinflections‥‥‥（A．E．G．） （2）Anaphor主c back－－pOinting〝one〝

‡thougbtyourぶねりOn Troy Ruttman wasα才e㌢㌢析CO乃β，‥‥‥．（Pic） ‡am golngtO take up this anaphoricback〟仙pOinti喝uSe aS the subject女）rthis paper・

（b）Non】…anaphoric〝one〝

Ⅶby shouldeacb o乃gSay thatwith so much emphasis？／Was there not o乃βWhofelt that he have done as Mason might not had said‥‥‥？（Amer．Tra．） Thenon一皿anaphoric〝one〝occursinthesame触・mastheanaphoricback－pOint一

亙咽粕ne〝，butitdiffers from thelatterinindicatingonlyaperson（rarelyan having 盈nまmal）（5）and no noun precedingit． 2．T壬Ie Developmentof theIndefinite〝One〝

TheorlglnOftheindefinite〝one〝hasbeenvariouslyexplained，but thereis no

estab臼shed theoryonit． AccordingtoCurme（Syntax，p．519），theindefinite〝one〝cameintoexistencein 蝕eぬurteentbcenturytosupplementtbedisappearanceoftheadjectiveinflection 融ichhadbeensufficienttoshowitsrelationetoanountheadjectivereferredto．

Jespersen（Mod・Eng・Gr．，鳴1．ⅠⅠ，10．11）introduces critically thevieⅥrSOf Gerber，LuickandEinenkel・rゐg伊Odo卵βisablendingofM．E．gゐβ∂βS≠00紹and

（4）SometimesincolloquialEnglish，anOuntOWhicbtheanaphoric〝one〝re托rs，is not Clearly presentedin form． MindifIturnonjust才ゐ才5g宮地0乃g（＝1ight）？ （Sabrina） Althoughthe doesnotappearin referrlngnOun form，tbereferenceisquite obvious from tbefilm is actionbecausein thespealくer′sfin酢r presslng the button of thelittlelight When he utters this question． く5）”Young（orlittle）ones〝is occasionallyused for baby－animals．

2 － 肌 ゐβ紺α5αプ祁α才s≠gγ0∂プ甘（Gerber）．Theinde茄nite〝one〝developedfrom the O．E．

COnStruCtioninⅥrbich the numeral虎児is placed after the adjective．〝九紺虎≠gαγ蔽 ノ記5g乃♂α柁乃♂S才α紹∂α形，∂∂ゆgdα椚みα紹．〝（Luick）Theindefinite〝one〝derive∂fro三羽

SuCilCOmbinations asぶ古びgCゐα紹，∽αタぴα紹，βαCゐα紹（Eまne‡lkel）．JespersensomeⅥrha虹 agrees with‡Juick and Einenkel，but notⅥrith Gerber．Jespersem says that≠ゐg ゐβSg OO子音andゐe古びαざα椚α盲5才g7′00柁Were nOt tbe realM．E．ぬrms，but that their realword－Orders were oo紹≠ゐβあβS才，inwhicb oo乃Strengthens the superative，an退

α乞が0乃deプ′椚α才5苦gγ紺α5ゐβ0紺．Ip．bothcases，0紺Stands byitself a艶er tbe verb． Itisnoteasy tounderstand hoⅥr OO紘才ゐβあβ5≠and α紺0抑♂βプ′約αgS≠βγぴαSゐβ0網

野ere blended and how theresulもbasbecome theMod．E．construction才ゐβgOO♂0プ乍g． 3．Invbatpoints‡stheIndefぬite〝One〝DistinguisbedfromtheNumeral〝One〝？（6） Itis distinguishedthus：

a）Theinde缶nite〝one〝isoftenprecededbytheinde缶nitearticlewhich豆＄ Orlglnally aⅥ7eakened formof粕ne〝・ But the story he had told thejurywas notαg∂Odo紹β・（Post） b）Itisoften preceded by thedefinite article・

to bathroom o紺g tO their ‥‥‥the door tlle and才ゐg bedroom．（PMASS） c）Itis sometimespreceded bya numeral・ ‥‥・・Onelongblastand≠紺0ぶ如㌢才0紹βざ‥…・（Coronet） d）It has the pluralform・ Choosesquareoran糾1arstonesinsteadofroundoプせeS‥‥‥（PopularS・） has e）‡t the genitivein引ection・ Someiadies・‥…this o紹〆5daughter had married‥…・ 4．TheAdvantagesBro噸htbytheDevelopmentoftheInde鮎ite〝On已〝

a）Theindefinite〝one〝givesthenumberin鮎ctiontowordsⅥrhicil，Other【 wise，CannOthavethepluralformt‡nthisⅥ7ayWeCanShowclearlybyforma且 distinctまonⅥ7betherⅥre have to doⅥrith a slngular or plu・ral・

彷′ゐgcゐdo you want？

cf．iilγゐgcゐ0乃どぶdoyo㍑Want？ b）ItalミOfurnishesthewordswhich，Otherwise，donothaveti－e酢加tive

inflection with a meansぬr uslngit． See above（3，e）． bythe di胞rentuseso川且e c）‡tremoves theamb如ity whichiscaused sameword．

。f．Jthe椚才ddgeo柁β0＝hethreewin血耶（＝themiddlewin如）圭theプ解才ddJeofthe threewindoⅥrS（＝the middle part）

‥‥‥his♪妙5オcα／ゐβαγg′nOthis月如才オブ曙0紹β・（Post） Ifweremove〝one〝intheaboveexample，＿〝hisfighting〝willhaveadiffereま－ヒ

（6）Jespersen，Es．Eng．Gr．，8・4，Mod・Eng・Gr・・10・31

3 肘 － meanlng，nOt referrlng tO〝heart〝． B．Al〕Out the Materials壬iere Examined

九獲y materials have been coliected from novels，neWSpaperS，magaZines，mOVie－ SCript＄，etC．Writtenby Americanautborsfrom1937upto1956．鬼t如st‡まntended

七O gather examples also fromBrまtishⅥ7riters and compare the usesin both coun【 七ries，btlt‡bave mまssedtheo妄）pOrtunityto goover British writers becauseIhave

Spei－t tOO muC壬1time on American writers．Icouid onlytry comparisonⅥrith the British examples glVenin some gram‡nar books and find scarce互y aIlydifference．

‡iooked七三ユrO噸h tbe textsⅥrithoutskまppl‡1g a WOrd andpまckedout everyexam－ p呈e t壬Iat appearedin them，inorder to getunprejudまced dataぬr a quantitative COmpa㌻ison‡am trying to do，nOt prOduci‡1g abad resultofoveremphasizing rare，unCOmmOnphenomena．

Idivi∂e myユ瀧aterialsま如0紬ogroups：thoseⅥ7hichoccurin quotatまon mariくS

as reaま1yt止tered（〝colloquまal〝Englまsh），a‡1∂therestthまtOCCurin the descでまptive part（〝1iteray〝English），Thereis，inthisclassificatio耶，the fear ofmore colloquial expressioi－S Straylnginto the 如erary・grOup and moreliteraryones主nto the

COiloquialgroup．‡n spまte of suc壬1a defect，Icould not but foilow this method

SO aS tO aVOi8theinterve‡1tion o至su切ectivまtyinju軸主ng whまchvほre Wbich，for 也erewas‡10tanyde鮎まteborder【－1inebe紬eenthem・Therefore〝coま10quiai〝and 〝呈iterary〝bere mean just〝occurredin quotation marksasutteredby ma‡ユ〝弧d

〝occurredin the descrlptive part〝． From some other standpoints，tbe materials are c互assified as foliows：

without modifier preceded by modifier T壬1e anapboric〝one〝 ifollowed by modifier with modifiers before and after

without modifier Absence of〝one〝 preceded by modまf始r ifollowed by modifまer ‡nt払enext紬OChaptersIamgoi咽tOglVe WbatIbavegatberedたommy

materialswitbsomeexamplesforeacbcaseaccordi喝tO theclassi鮎ation above． AndfinailyinthelastchapterIam golngtOSum them upまnta－）旦esandtry SOmequantitativecomparisons from variousanglessoastomakeup触defects ln myexplanation．

At鮎stIintendedtoglVeinstanceswit払adistinction betⅥreenCOlloquialEn－

glisband臼tefaryEnglisb，加tわrspace′sakeIbadtoglVeⅥptbeidea．

4 叩 山叫 C‡iAPTER 澄

U、sES O肝甘餌EÅ闊ÅPH¢汲‡C ′′¢NE〝

約en〝one〝referstoaprece舶ngnoun，itiscalledtheanapboricback－pOinting 〝one〝・0Ⅵringtoまtsdevelopmentfromtbenumerai，〝one〝canonlybesubstituted 女汀COuntablenounsI‡tsusesareclassifiedintofourgroupsbyitsrelationtoits

modifiers： （A）Single〝one〝（〝one〝stan血galonewithoutanymodi鮎r）

（B）1野it壬IapreCeding modifier （C）Ⅶま払asucceeding mod泊er （D）Ⅶ■ith mo追捕ers before and a托er A・Single〝one〝

Kruisinga（Han∂book，§1376）says，〝Tbereis no funぬmentaldえfferencei王1

ぎunctionbetween〝one〝precededby some☆ordandtbesまngle′one′……・〝 T払e

Slngie〝one〝is especiaiiyfrequentinco互10quialE咽iish・

Well，helookedlまke a bu】n．And smeiledlike ′′0乃β′′（Kid）／・…‥Clydedenied oⅥrni喝α ∽〃乍β柑，neVertbeless he had proof tbat he did oⅥrn Oガβ・‥…（Åmer，Tra．）／ Ⅶeli，WbatwouidyotldoⅥrithαみタⅦ才乃ifyou had o柁♂～（Oz）仏nd anothergβ椚0搾 tO make alemonade foryou．肘No，ma′am．Idon′t want♂紺♂．（Pony）／Well，maybebecauseI thinkit′s sort of High Schoolto‡laVeα〃甘夏ぶ～㌢βぶ5……unlessyou actuallycrave o〝β．（Moon）／ Idon′t need anyJα叩eγ－nOtrigbt noⅥr．▲Wben‡need o紺eI′11get o乃β．（Parrot）

Ålthough〝one〝reねrs to a preceding noun，it never points to a particular person or thing．ThereforeⅥre Can nOt replace〝one〝Ⅶith〝be〝or〝it〝． Sometimes〝one〝まsindistinguisbabまeⅥ7hetheritistheinde鮎ite 〝one〝 orthe

numeral．

……butwhileJodyhado触nshotat∂オブ滋，hehadneverbitoアサ♂・（Pony）／Åin′t紬ere Otberノ0∂ぶ～冊HoⅥ7doIknow‘？There ain′t been¢プ官βfor slX yearS．（P丸せASS）

B．〝One〝With a Precedまng Mod泊er

l．Article十One

a．α十β柁β

〝A one〝in the anapboric use without an adjunctis colloquialonly（1）a‡1d very rare．In most cases，α0紺♂has a post adjunct（2）oris preceded by sucbⅥrOrds as cause an adjective to stand before theindefinite article（3）． ね0，50ノαS Orゐ0紺（βがβブ′）＋goodα0プ′之β Ihave no example of this combinationin my血ta． b．才ゐ♂山卜0プ乍β（S） 7「ゐβ十0卵g（ざ）withoutaposta（まjtlnCtisrare．（For〟乏β0ブ乍β（5）withaposトadjun鴫

ハリ小り小り Krlユisinga，Handbook，Voi．Ⅰ‡，§1371 Jespersen∴Mod．Ellg．GrリVol．ⅠⅠ，10・57 Poutsma，Gr．of Late Mod．Eng．，PartII，p．1292，17

一心仙b 一一一肌 see D，1．0壬thまscbapter．）rゐgo紹βCan bereplaced by apersonAlpronoun or a demonstrative．

see one or two t‡1e taller buildings……Tbat′s a new tbougbt； ・…‥he could of one，1－e theyputupgゐβ0紹βWhileIwasaway・（PMASS）ゝ （＝they put宮若up whileIwas away）

Yes，it may be才ゐe∂乃β（＝folder）．（Amer．Tra．）／Are tbose 才ゐ♂メbg♂β作Ⅰねundin you㌃ bagatBear Lake？－Well，theylooklike≠ゐβ0乃♂ぶIhad tbere・一Are tbose gゐβ0〝gざ youfonudin the rack at tbe Renfrew House‥‥・・？－Yes，Ithink these are才ゐ♂0乃gざ・ （Amer，Tra．）

2．Pronoun十One

As the nameimplies，a prOnOun Without 〝one〝is naturally frequent，but a pronoun accompanied by〝one〝occurs asoften，andapronoun with〝one〝is more freqnentin colloquialEnglish thaninliterary Englis壬1． a．∂β椚0紹Sわ・α≠g〃g♪和紀0右滋紹十0乃♂

Ⅶ一e血ave relativelyabundant examplesin the sl喝ulars才ゐオ50殆どand才ゐα才0邦gノ but tbeplurals才ゐβ5β∂乃甜and 才如5β一0形βSareratherexceptional．（Ihavenoplural 〝one〝 example．）Asfortheir use，thereis amarkedtendencytobe attendedby When the demonstrative has a distinctly antitbetic force．（1）

Pardon me，Miss，butyou tbrougb witb才ゐα才力α♪βγクーⅠ′mtbrougbwith才ゐ才50柁g・ （PMASS）／Now，We allknow about those kind of由rls．And believe me，gentlemen，才ぁざざ ∂乃βis no different．（Sabrina）／……dasbir唱COざgαク乃g51ike才ゐ才gβ乃β．（Pageant）／Tbirdprize Went tO Truman Capote for his〝The House of Flowers〝（name of a sbort story）from Mademoiselle．Asit happened，Iput才ゐα才0乃βfartber down on mylist．（Los A．Times）ノ／ ‥‥‥butIdo notlくnOWSOmetbingabout鬼才ざざβざ．rゐgざ0乃βtaStedlikea㌦gOOdbykiss． （Sabrina，）／‥…・aBritis壬1madeノ盲g椚‥・＝・．〝r如才∂紹♂WaSSObad，〝saysSirLaurence．…（Coronet）

But more often〝one〝is absent after a demonstrative pronou‡1，perbaps oⅥrト being ng toits apprehended as a substantive word．（For demonstratives w’ithout 〝0‡ユe〝，See CbapterI‡Ⅰ，A，1，a．） b．ゐ才g㌢γ聯若宮〃g♪γ0柁0〝紹＋0乃ど

Ⅳゐ才cゐ0紹βOCCurS mOStlyin colloquialEnglisb．（Ihave noliterary example．） ‥…・One Of the坤αア′ゐ〆〟g5WaS missing．Iwanted to find out乙〃ゐ才cゐ0柁eit was．（Sabrina） Thougbもぴゐα若0プ乍eissaidtobean American use（2），Ihave not come across such a combinatio‡－・AccordinglyIcan not judge the use properly，but‡might at leastbe alloⅥred to saythat the useis uncommon．Jespersen（Mod．Eng．Gr．， Vol・ⅠⅠ・10．63）givessuch an example as folloⅥrS： SOme prlSOn，but 乙〃ゐα才β乃g She couldn′t remember， C暮 力之勾斤乃才g♂少和紀0び紺十0紹g

Uses ofiユーdefinite pronouns witb the ailaphoric〝one〝arefarless frequentthan With the non－…anaphoric〝one〝．Except foreαCゐ∂紹βand（α紹－）ogゐβγ0乃g，indefinite

pronouns are seldom found Ⅵrith the anaphoric 〝one〝．Curme（Syntax，p．519） SayS，〝‥‥‥αgJ，椚αりノ，カ乙U，e卵0各古gゐ，∂0紘・…‥neVertake o糀β．〝 Therefore the nexも

（1）Poutsma，Gr・OfIノate Mod．Eng．，PartII．p．1293，19． （2）Jespersen，Mod．Eng．Gr．，Vol．ⅠIlO．63 Poutsma，Gr・Of Late n40d・Eng・，PartII，p・1297，21．

6 －－ － example，i王IWbich β〃eグッ0搾g ref紆StOan animal，isconsideredtobearather 硯nuS㍑alone．

泌cβ～Oh／Sure，Killthem allof・‡′11kill♂がβ叩β紹βtOmOrrOW．（Pony） Thisdoesnotmeanthattbose角乃C如乃WOrdsareinterchangeable，butβαCゐ0柁♂SerアeStO COnneCtnOunS…‥二・（Amer・Eng・Gr・）／Afterfighting紬0ぴ∂γg♂紺αγざ，‥‥‥areWegOlngtO fightα乃0才ゐgγ0乃♂1n theirbehalf？（N．Y．Times）／‡know anotber5≠0叩．It′sagood one． 打sbetterthan才ゐβ0才ゐgグ′0乃♂．（PMASS）

d・Pg門0乃αg♪γ0乃0甜プ乍＋∂詑β AccordingtoJespersen（Mod・Eng．Gr．，Vol．Ⅰ‡，10．6勾，〝one〝isjustbeginning to be used after apossessive pronoun，SO this combination must be a recent development．

Despiteit，三bave no example．Butinstancesare notrarewhenan adjective exsists be紬een a personalpronoun and〝one〝．See4，C．Ofthis cbapter．

3・〝One〝preceded by an adjective AめβC若宮〃β・卜0紹β（ぶ）occursveryfrequentlybothinliteraryand colloquialE喝1ish． Kruisinga（Handbook，Vol，ⅠⅠ，§1373）says，〝This placeofthe adjective showsthat O柁βhas ceased to be a pronoun．Itislittle more than a formm¶WOrd．〝ButIdo not think so・In everycase〝one〝stands forsomepreceding noun as apronoun， andif〝one〝is dispensed with a比er the adjective，We generally feelthelack of a noun and apprehendit by complementingthelack with theindefinite〝one〝or tbe foregolng nOun．T血usItake this combination as the attributive adjective and theindefinite pronotln〝one〝．Even the pronouns，Which arein themselves

Substantive and do not necessarily requlre a form－WOrd to become substantives，

Often take the〝form【WOrd one〝．This shows tbat〝one〝is notamereform－WOrd belonglng tO the preceding word．

a．A勿βCg才〃β－卜0紹β 月め♂Cgわノβ・十5オブ曙甜Jαグ′0乃gWithout an articleis an exception，because 〝one〝 can Stand onlyfor a countable noun which usuallyrequlreS an articlein the slngular．

The followlng eXamplelacks articles not only before 〝incurvlng One〝but also －〕efore〝out－CurVlng Wall〝and〝strongestofall〝．This may beanuncommon habit of the writer．

……OuトCurVlng紺αgJis stronger than straight，but才紹C誕γがZプ官gO乃βis strongest of all‥…・ （Popular S．） b．A＋α〃♂C才才〃β＋0紹β

1好ben weⅥ7ant tO SpeCね1ize the meanlng Of apreceding noun without an adjective．we can not dispense with〝one〝．

Ån unexpectedinvitation，partyOrrOmanCe makes tbeβ〃β柁オブ曙αゐα妙0柁β．（LosA．Times）／ But the sわグッhe had told the jury wasnot（Zg∂0∂0紹♂．（Post）／‥…・itisoften asimportant to break a goodゐαみ才若as to break（Z∂αdo乃♂．（Reader′sD．）／Isa metal乙〃αプ′♂γ0∂βpreferable toα．ぴ0∂♂β乃0プ乞e～（Miま・Journal）／Ifayoungプ邦α符，Orα乃βgdo〝β‥・…l（Amer・Tra・）／Ihave to glVe（Zクαγ砂SOlⅥetime tbis fall，α♪の－みα戊0プ乍♂……．（Kid）

C．A勿gc≠g〃β－十βプ官βS

】“7 山 AめβC若宮〃el－0邦gざistbepluraまofα＋αめどc才ょがβ十∂紺β．

Cboose or Damaged如～βJ5havebeen repaired andプ甘♂ぴ0乃β5built．（Mil．J・）ノ square been angular sわ紹gginsteadofγ0を仁光do柁βS・‥…．（Pop㍑larS．）／・…‥hisγgαSO托SWillbave go∂d o乃gざ……．（Parrot） d．rゐg＋αめβC≠才〃糾一0乃β（S）

Early Septemberis a good time to seed a new gα紺搾Orpep up gゐg oJd one・（Mil・ Journal）／He dislikedexpensive柁ざお〝プ℃乃≠ざ，butin才ゐβ 桝才∂♂Jβ少オcg∂βグ含βぶ…‥・（Post）／ RecentlyⅥre bad to壬ind aゐ0プづβ壬or a b短hly dramatic scene‥‥‥．Ⅵre tested a score beforewefound才ゐgγな如0紹β・（Coronet）／Keepプ官gβ♂gβ5ina鮎nnelneedle㌦book‥1… And don′t fo曙et tO tbrow out gゐg cタ′00ゐg〟α乃d血gg o紺βS When you are re－arranglng your equipment．（Dail‡i．N．）

4．Pronoun÷adjectまve－卜One a．ガ♂椚∂乃ざ才γα若宮〃β♪㌢0乃0〟ダ含＋αめどc若宮〃g－ト∂朔♂ Tbis combinationisvery rare．Sometimesin colloq山alE喝1ishthenoun to

Which〝one〝refersis not clearly presented． Mindif‡turn on才ゐ才sJよg才g♂0柁β（ニ1ight）？（Sabrina） In such a caseⅥre Can Only knowthere絶re‡ユCe fromthespeaker’s action・T壬1e b㍑も山一 aboveexampleis from the moviemscript，〝Sabrina．〝The speaker presses the ton oftheまittklまght as heutters this question． b・ゐ呼乃才才♂♪γ0紹0紅花＋α幼gc如β－十0詑♂ 1Ⅳhen anadjectiveintervenes，Otherinde臼nitepronouns than〝each〝and〝other〝 Can gO With tbe anaphoric〝one〝．（1）

・‥…t壬1e book basノおz才ggざ，and so椚♂ぶピタ′わ～ぜぶ0タ貨β5．（Mil．Journal）／‡∂idthin呈く We might go to some summer place maybe㌦tbey′re mostly由如ぶ arOund t王1ere ㌦1）ut nOt toα死グ♪αγg才c多£gαク′0乃♂……．（Amer．Tra．）

C・（1）月2門∂紹αg少柑甜0乙古形1…－αめどc若宮〃β十∂プ官ど AlthoughJespersen（Moa．Eng．GrリVol，i王，10．64）says t‡lat〝one〝主s beginning be to usedimmediatelぅr a托er a p〇SSeSSまve adjeこtまve，亙tbas not yet become a COmmOn uSag已‡n almost every case the p〇＄SeSSive pro王10un（m互ne）stま1itakes 七ぬeplaceofthepossessiveadjectまveplus〝one〝（myone）．Buttheinterveningo宕 an a句ect主ve makesまtp〇SSまble永）r apOSSeちSive aヨjectまvetocoexis七 w托h〝0‡ほ〝． A‡1dJep圭ISOn・…‥turning toⅥ7ard‡1im andま00king fixedまyまnto C音yde′s broⅥ7n 町βざ Wit呈1 如ぶ紘gg∂紺♂g‥・…．（Amer．Tra．）ト…bisphysicalゐ♂αγ才，nOtゐ才gノ複ゐ若宮乃gO柁β．（Post） Si‡nilarlyin t壬1e neXt（2）and（3），agenまtive and a possess互ve a句ectまvelVまth 〝own〝wouはhar∂1y endure the presenceof〝oile〝，ifit were not女汀an adjective after七重Iem． （2）Gg柁才才才〃g十αめβC才gが♂mトク卵β

Any me王nber of menin Havana might ariSWer tO tlle プ£α郎せど 0壬 RaねelCa＄tillo even assuming tl－atitⅥraS gゐ♂紺タ′g才β〆5タ′βαgO詑β・‥…．（Coronet） （3）fお730ダ官αJ♪ダ′0プ乍0甜卯－ト0紺紹十α〃♂C若宮紗ト0プ溜β

He piayed two cク椚∂ざ七三1atti王ne・…‥ゐ才ざ0之〃乃g～乃0乃β，anda nice white comb……

（1）曳恥stly／′one〝in5∂タ乃ど∂紹g，αプ‡グ∂乃g，Orβがβり0乃♂isthe non－anapboric〝orle〝．AIso See B，2，C．Ofとbis chapter．

小 8 仙 （PMASS） 5・a・Cαγdg紹α7乃α∽∂β㌣卜吻βC才才〃β＋0プ甘g（s） 〝One（S）〝isneverfoundimmediatelyprecededbya cardinalnumberexcept 払rsuchaspecialcaseasacardinalnumberdenotestime．

乃g符才乃β0邦g（＝train）（Kruisi喝a，Handbook，Vol・ⅠⅠノ§1384） Butwbenanadjectivesucceedsacardinalnumeral，〝one〝isf。。ndafterthem

’ butrarely． 琵窓芸怒と芸望ざ5芸；；～慧チt蒜2㌶芸才a＝搾g∂な0乃β‥‥‥（PopularS・）′……One b．0γ♂才柁αgプ甘以∽みβγ＋0乃β

Mostly〝one〝isabsentespeciallyafterthehigher ordinals，butonoccasions 〝one〝isadded tothelowerordinals〝first〝，〝second〝and〝third〝． YoucouldbillandcooⅥ7ithonedeceivedg・g〟inyourarmsandαgβCO紹d o柁βin alake abunndredmilesaway‥‥‥・（Amer・Tra・）ト…tOtbinl（Oftbatmorni喝，才ゐβカグ3才0乃g ‥‥‥．（PMASS） 6・Comparativeadjective＋one（s） Poutsma（Gr・OfLateMod．Eng．，PartII，p．1284）explainsthatasasuperative andacomparativeareeasilydistinguished，by theirinflection，from anoun，

〝one〝isoftendispensed withafterthem・Buta comparativewith 〝one〝isas frequent as one without〝one〝．

a．A＋co〃ゆαγα如β＋0柁β If tbeわ切戊held together through harvest，Glen could earn enough money to payit O鶏tradeitin onα∂g才才βγ0乃β‥‥‥．（PopularS．）／Tbetwentiethcentury．Icouldpick a a hatbiindfolded cβ乃ね‘叩Out Of and get（Zみg才若g㌢0柁e／（Sabrina） b．Co〃ゆαγα才g〃β＋0乃β5

Mucb betterplants can begrown by this methodofstartinginsmall♪0ねand shi紬咽 to′α曙βタ・0乃β5……・（Sun．Times）／Yes，he’s（tbeborseis）prettysick，Ⅰ’ve seen紺0門g O符βS get Well．（Pony） C・7協♂＋co〝ゆαγα如β＋0紹β（5）

Itis saこdin才ゐg βオc若宮0プ乞αり〆g癖才5ゐPゐgわJ卿（Kenkyu、ha）that after a

COmparative with the def払ite article 〝one〝is mostly al〕Sent．Imay be alittle rash tojudge from such a smallamount of data，but my materials show the

COntrary reSult：7instances carryヱng〝one〝and only2Ⅵrithout〝one〝．

‥…・mOrelikeasmaま1er gα如，COnneCted by aninletorpassage to才ゐ♂gαプ節γ0紺g．（Amer・ Tra・）／‥…・COmpare the ざgα作 and you’11see thatどsome叩〟zβ みプ′な如g㌢0詑どぶ山are different colors．（Pageant） d．C（Zγ∂わ甘αg紹Zす椚∂g㌢＋coプク砂α㌢α若宮〃β＋0紹β5

Six new〃αプ′才β才才βg好少OgαねβS，alongwith gg ogd♂7′0柁βぶ‥‥‥．（Mil．Journal） 7．Tile＋superative＋one

Sometimes Ⅵ7e find a superat豆ve with the definite arとicle accompanied by

〝one〝，butまt more ffequently appears witbout〝0‡le〝．

‥‥‥and followdownthecog〝∽乃into the proper calendar page仰gゐβわ紺βぶg O乃β．（Mil． Journal）／Ⅵre don’t know wbere the少αプ5お如乃WaS that Sabin telepboned from，but in allprobabilityitwas才ゐβ乃♂αγβざ才0乃etO the cabin・（Parrot）

9 … … 8．A few peculiar examples Partly払r convenience’sake and partly througb carelessness，‡have co㍊nte8 〝pay…back〝，〝tin〝and〝iron〝in t‡1e払110Ⅵ7汀唱eXamplesinadjeこtives，butto払ink iも0Ver Closely，t‡呈ey are nOt 陀aladjectives but a verl〕algroup and attributive nou‡lS．〝One〟after an attributive nounまnt呈1e COmmPn－CaSe，Can nOtbeほmOVed

Ⅶit払outloslng the attributive force of t呈1e nOuエー．

Ihave to give a♪α㌢紗SOmetime this fall，αクαグーわα戊0紹β．（Kid）

Inこhe aboveinstance，〝pay－back〝まs a verbal－grOup uSed att‡ibutivelさr－

He played tⅥrO COmbs that time－ゐgぶ∂乞〃詑g才乃0乃β，and a nice white comb‥…・ （P現在ASS）／The usualmethod of straitenil】g naiis o出en yields moredentedfi咽er一花α才～5 than straitened才γ∂苑0柁βざ．（PopularS．）

‡n the above，〝tin〝and〝iron〝are nouns used attrまbutively．

C．〝One〝wiとh a PosトAdjunこt

〝One〝0氏enappearsⅥrith a modif三erattbe back（＝pOSt－adjurct）whichc三n ilOt preCedeitsilead－¶WOrd．The postM－a軸unct王nay beeverykindofⅥrOrd．p‡汀aSe OT Clause that sen7eS aS alla卓jective． ‥／∵α乃α妙′g椚ダブ芸才タ0乃βゐわ′g5S才邦め肋gゐβゐz£5みα柁♂なみαCゐめ㌢留〟α㌢才ピタ′5，0プ甘β．苦占才芸COプゆ㌢細物 5Z椚才由プ′tO……．（Pageant）／‥‥‥firsトniぎhterswatcbed a very unusualc～邦βプ裾α，0花β．桓グ′ （好tbe beaten track．（Los A．Times）／・・…・atleastile WaS αプ邦α乃Of the world肘 0乃β紗如was truly beginning to know wome王l．（Amer．Tra．）

Ålthoug壬1thelast exaInpleis similarin form tothe non肌anaphoric 〝one who〝，

i七is not the non”anaphoric〝one〝，because this〝one〝refers亡0〝a‡Ⅵan〝in conト rast with〝women〝．

ユ．1野ith an adjective ‥‥‥the use of too beavyα乃Ogg，ratbes tban o柁βね0日gilt‥‥・・．（Daiiy王i，News） 〝Toolight〝can stand also before〝one〝：加gなぁ才α0乃β．ButIthまnk the writer preferred this order for some euphonic reaso‡ユOr Other．

Thelimb of this oα丘わ′β♂Willjustmiss the sun deck by abotlt tⅥ70feet．Gosb！‡fI OWned o乃βカ・ββ臼ketbat，‡’dliveinit！（MoonIs Blue） 2．Ⅵrith an adverb

・‥・‥the firsトnigbters watched avery unusualcg乃eプ邦α，0乃β．ねグ′q伊gゐgみβα才βプ之≠柑Cゐ． （Los A．Times）

‡am 〝one〝 a缶aiditisnot suitable to classify thまs exampleべaS a uSe O宕

by an 蜜0110、Ved adverb；fort壬Ie a∂verb〝far〝in 紘e examp呈eis coilSidered not to 〝one〝 まmmediatelyブ modify but ratherto modify the succeeding preposiもionヨi pぬraミe〝off the beaten track〝．

3・1野itb a participie

Aプ乃紺プ′♂βr on COmmitted aspace sbipboundf∝Marsisjustlike ¢殆どCβタブヱ才夕若宮≠g♂αin New York City．

4・Ⅵrith a prepositionalphTaSe

乱1材ith of－phrase

Otberwisetbe才β5g量s呈argelyo才子g〆personality and aptitude．（Mii．Jourilal）ハ‥…and llis〆cね£㌢βpublished alopgwith o乃β〆Cわゆ・…‥、（Amer．Tra．）

wlO 冊 Sothexamp王esh帥eapreCedingnountowhich〝one〝 refers・Inth豆s respecも they dif′erfromtbeanap皇ユOrまcた汀Ward－pOintinguseof〝one〝， b・1Vithotherpgepositまonalphrase ShealsobadtⅥりみぞ∂プ′0∂ダガざ，herownandoタヱβカタ′ゐβγg“βぬ……（Kid）／A鮎rbreakねst， Billygotoutbisbest々乃秘ク乃β紺舶α乃eβdgβ♪og乃乙（Pony汁‥…thealreadyassembled CrOⅥ㌻ds o乃gαみ0㍑ggゐβCO〝㌢才一ゐ0〟Sβざど砂g，（Amer．Tra．） 5．1巧7itiiiniiエーitive

Breeze Condition yourhomeorapartmentw・ithα C∂Ogαg才′抗子才才，Tbere，s抑βねc∂¢7 everytbingfromoneroomtoamanshion，（Sun．Ti】刊eS）

6．Ⅵ7ith relatまve clauses

Tbemaximumdurationtotalityofthisyear，s50gαγβC砂ぶβWillbe7minutes and8 SeCOnds‥‥‥・In2150there wま11be∂符β才ゐα才紺g7gぬぶりαざ才αざわ曙，（N．Y．Times）／ 二‥…ma汀iageisnotjust apei－SOnal切払わ1but o乃β才乃紺ゐ才戊 unborn peoplebave lnVeStmentS・（Chester Times）ト…atlast hewasαタ乃αプ甘0ぎtbe world－0乃β乞〃ゐ0紺αぎ わ切かみ感乃夕食オブ曙tOknowwomen．（Amer．Tra．）

Although thelast exampleissimilarinf∝mtOthe noIl－anaphoric〝onewぬ0

‥…・〝，itis nニ′tthe non－－anaphoric〝one〝because this〝one〝refers to〝aman〝in CO二1traStⅥritb〝women〝．

‡fsムestayed，SbewouldⅥraユkα戊αg々′言方β，alまrigbt，∂乃β ぶゐβゐαめz？dγαZ〟乃for berseif斗 （PMASS）／Ilove∂α∂geざ，but‡’dfeelkindof queerwlth 0柁β才ゐαg∂βわ聯dわかα物α乃♂ 符0才紬プチ砂∽¢若ゐ¢プ′，tOO．（ChesterTimes）／……thelast α‡gglisted was o乃β紺ゐ才cゐ紺αざ ♪由〝dα才力～メタ′β七わ戊‥・‥・．（Parroり

ア．One such

…＝・amO‡唱the bigゎーpayプ乃聯之わ才βざ are a few whose editors ㍉Villprint realiy good 幻ction・0符β5〟Cゐis〝Mademoiselle〝，（LosA．Ti汀】eS）

D．0王1e Witb Modifiers王；eニore and After In th毒s combination，SOit seemsto meタ 〝one〝is more cioseiy fastened tothe fore卯まng mOdifier and the succeedまng modifier has not m㍑Ch constructionai impo‡ta互ICe eXCept for the caseⅥrit‡l≠ゐβ＋∂符ど一卜αめ甜邦C才． 1．The十One（s）十adjunct

Thisis the on－y signi幻cant comb言naもion of〝one〝a三1daposも～adjunct．Formerly in sucb a case〝that〝or 〝those〝had bee；ユthe common useilStead of〝the one〝

Or〝theones〝．Especiaミiy the pi㍑ral〝the ones〝is a recentdeve10p三Ⅵeユtandfound Very Seldo肌Ihaveonly3pluralinstancesまnliterary Eng互iSh and4まncol三0〔まuial

E‡ユgi⊥Sh，Wムile抽e sユngular〝払e one〝孟s noⅥ7a fa三rly frequent use．

a．才ゐ♂＋0タ含g＋α∂即g㌢あ αC¢Z£カ0花王ike才ゐg o紹g∂gわ乙〃（Pic）／Edna Patterson，‥‥‥bad seen C王ydeⅥriモ壬1a招ブタ貨♂プ協 in bis hand，Whまch was of the size and color‥‥‥Of 才ゐβ0紺β才き‡g〃α才子∂娩♂タ′βbeforeber・ （Amer．Tra．） b，gゐβ＋0紺g＋カαプ′才gcゆgg

・‥…theg夕′ゆ0ガfoundwasno亡君ゐβ∂紹β∂♂gO〝gわ曙tOanyCamera Of bis‥・…．（Amer・Tra・）／ Great Britain switched from tbe（冶gβ乃ゐダ′devised byJulitユS Caesar to 才ゐββ乃gOタ′な方形α fβd170years before by Pope Gregory X‡‡Ⅰ．（Mil．Journal）／Wbichgよγg～山rゐg o7甘β Tbere ⅥraS that gβ才吾郎′foundin Miss Alden’s （如才含C音符gWitllDavid．（Sabrina）ノ coat pocket一統β0符β乞びプ′ggオg乃On Grass LakeInn stationary‥‥‥．（Amer．Tra．） C．才ゐβ＋0紹g（S）十♪γゆOS才若宮0アZαg夕如αSぞ

－11叫 Theおggβ作．・…‥rゐg o乃♂Sカ′の邦♪g坤おhebas never beard of before．‥‥‥（Post）ノthe firstざわⅥ紺如才，gゐe ♂007′tO tbe bathroom and才ゐβ0乃β≠β才彪β才タ・∂♂♂プ′00∽．（PMASS）ノ／His o紹β紺才才如甜g才ゐ♂g才〝オブ曙……．（Amer．Tra．）／Thethreeプβ㍑グ曙プ形純．Then娩β0乃βg乃〃z♂ 桝才d∂gβnudged tbe otber two．（PMASS）

〝One〝in thislast example aboveis rather a numeralin meanig． The cigarettegわイ．アゐβ0紹β紺才才ゐ才ゐβざ吉和な如ゐα才ア．（Kid）

d．≠ゐβ＋0乃β（ざ）＋γ♂／α若宮〃gCJα乙£Sβ

There were S才〃gdβざeVeryWhere a man could see，and gゐβ 0乃βS gゐα才Cクプ古gd乃Og∂βぶgβプ甘 ber cbeekswere q11ite blanchedand berゐα乃♂，parとiclユIarly ．（PMASS）／・…‥but 才如0乃β才ゐα才ゐ♂J∂gゐβ∂乏古乃dJβ，trembled．（Amer．Tra．）／‥‥‥mankindgoes thro喝h so many少βク′才0ゐ，SuCb as≠ゐββ卯β才紹紗ゐ才戊紺♂A椚gブイα乃Sα7′β 乃0乙〃 g才〃わ含g‥‥‥・（Coronet）／ ‥…・anOtherぬ乃♂，muChlike才ゐg oプ乍βゐβゐα♂ノαS才才和〃βg♂dwiththe boy．（Kid）／Ⅵrhat わg即ヂWby，才ゐβ0乃e才ゐα才紺β柁才0ぴgγ伽桝0茅£乃ね才乃tOSee Wbatbecoulds？e・（Pony）／‡ merely wanted toidentify tbe少αγγβgaS bein宵宮ゐβ0紹g乞〃ゐ才戊ゐαdゐgg符節びg紹ねゐβプ′by berbusband‥‥・・．（Parrot）ト…theプ0㍑乃g∽β柁WhomImeet aroundthelibrary〝the fresb onesⅥ7bo try to take me out，thestupidones，gぁだo紺βざぴゐ0ゐαぴβgOざ才αggα〃官∂g才わ〝 ‥‥‥・（Parrot）／What paclくage？rゐβ0〝gJノ∂Zg∽γ叩ノ TbeJど才≠♂プづOn tOp are才ゐ♂0乃♂ざ ユ70誕5わク砂抄11aVetO anSWer．（Parrot） Tbeposトadjuncti‡1eVeryね110Wi‡唱CaSein this chap亡erismerelyasupplement and has not much consヒructionalsignificance． 2．Pronotln＋one一卜adjunct a・∂β椚0プせS≠γα如g少γ0乃0各£乃十0プ溝ピートαめ㍑クマC≠ Nopluralexample．

A‘7才ねゐ1ike gゐα才∂乃β0ヱ£f才ゐβプ′βア（PMASS）／Hadyou ever had a strong and binding わが♂勿拘わ′atany timein yourlife before you met Miss Alden？仰No，Sir・叫But didyou consider才ゐ才ざ0乃g乞が才～ゐ朋才ざざAgde紹StrOng and binding叩a truelove affaiトー ‥…・？（Amer．Tra．）／Ⅰ’ve read of your：招5どぶ，Mr．Mason．Iwas particularly interestedin才ゐα才ク柁β紗ゐ♂㌢βプ0㍑αC留〝才腕∂‥‥‥．（Parrot）ト…alishedid was to ask for a certainね‘〝♂・rゐα≠0乃βプβ〟♪吻gdthe first night．（PMASS） b・わ才卿紹才才β♪和乃0α乃＋∂殆ど＋αめ〟グ甘C才 aわ′吻g ofassortedcbeeses andαプ細君ゐβγ0乃e〆りβあプ′βαds（Pageant） 3．Adjective＋one（S）＋adjunct a．α＋α好βC若宮〃β＋0乃β一卜α勿甜紹C才 No examplesin colloquまalE‡鳩1isb． Untiltbenthecゐαざβ．耶uldbeα乃αわ乃おざぶ0柁βg㍑α和柁gβ♂dtotirethewま1tedman・（Kid） ／・●－…tbeymustbevleⅥred伽0喝bcめγβg才♂柁，αg柁？〝0乃βカブ′～ゐgγな射りβandαγg♂ 0紹gメb㌢≠ゐβg（狩・（PopularS．）／ The best 由紗グβγ1Sαわ∽gβ乃g Zがゐ0鬼才含0乙〃5tbelocal landlaws．（Pageant） b・α勿βC≠才〃β＋0紹βS十α〃♂C若宮γβ βα紺S，ぶ才甜γ砂0紹βSぴgJ〃α∂βgg∂．（DailyH．N．） C・才ゐβ＋α好βC才才〃β＋0乃β（S）十α勿α乃C才

The壬irstみα詔αプゼsat on tbe pony，s bead…… Theblack brotherhood arosein a Cloud，bu＝ゐβ∂な∂？ββ乃gゐ♂♪0乃プセゐgα♂wastoolate・（Pony）／These肌沖・∂5Were才ゐe O乃砂0〝g5α押βαプ′才乃glnSuChaねrminourmaterials……．（Amer．Eng．Gr．）／Ⅶitba S鞄ht 才ゐγαざレオゐβぶα椚β0乃βゐβノ∂みgβ乃♂β∽㈹5g和才g乃gallafternoon〟befiippedthe druniくOn hisback・（Pageant）／Hebummedmoreね古形βgWithhiscomb，tOO，including gゐβE〟γ坤βαプ乞ク乃♂ざゐ♂カ乃Cオgd・（PMASS）ト…andtbeプOZ石〝g〃官β花WbomImeetaround tbelibrary叫才ゐgカ℃5ゐβ乃βぶ紺ゐ0わツtOtakemeout‥…・（Parrot）ノ Didyouhave any beside otherみ才γゐ this？叫No，tbiswas娩goプ官抄0柁eJ如♂ thatⅥ℃uld 壬ittbe descriptioI－．（Parrot）

凄・A＋comparative adjective＋one十adjunct

仙12¶ ・…‥andhecouldseeoneortwoofthetaller あ乙£才gdオ聯‥‥‥，alllitupwith colored lights，andanotber，α≠αgggγ0乃β才ゐα才ゐβゐαd乃′gぶ♂βプ乍before．（PMASS） 5・T壬1e＋superativeadjective－トOne＋adjunct Noまnstanc∈Sappearedinliterarymaterials．

‥‥‥andGiantstandingonstage－‥‥‥ Giant‥ And then，alongcamegゐg∂な卵ざ才 0乃βゲαJg／（Liii）／ItⅥraStbeonlykindofぴαα如紹We？Ouldafford・And才ゐβ∂♂ざ～0紹β g〃ββ抑′ゐαd・（Coronet）／Ⅶhatalovely♪αγ抄 rゐ♂乃ZCβぶ才0グ省βプ∂紺′〃♂β〃βプ′ゐαd‥‥‥ （Sabrina）

CHAPTERIII

D昔S㌘E鞘SÅ甘‡¢N W互甘H甘朗EÅ封鬼P雄¢配‡C ′′⑬鞘E〝

〝One〝isneverus已dbeforeora託ersomeⅥrOrds，ando托endispensedwithbefore

Or after others．Ⅵ仏en〝one〝is absent after a word to wbic壬1〝one〝is able to be

attached，t壬IeWOrditseほmayberegardedasanounora noun－equlValent・

A．Ⅵrit壬10ut an Adjunct

l・Pronoun and genitive

‡tis quite naturaltbat apronounsbouldstand alone，becauseitis originally

asubstantiveⅥrOrd暮 Å1so agenitive generally appearswithout 〝one〝・Perhaps itis due toits formaldistinction f‡・Oma COmmOn－CaSe nOun．

a．かβ椚0プ乍ぶわ′α≠才が♂♪プ′0紹0〟乃 （1）Singular

After〝1ike〝or〝as〝主nincomplete clauses of comparison，demonstratives mostly

＄tand alone．Mostof tbeinstances ofthe slngularち¢〝tbis〝 and 〝that〝in my materialshave been found a托er〝1ike〝and〝as〝． ＄uCh aぬ々♂αぶgゐ才ざ（Amer・Tra．）／afulトsized5α紺J盲点βgゐα才（Coronet）／an oヴ才c♂ggゑβ ～ゐ才s（Sabrina）／apoorlittleゐ才♂Jgゐβ才ゐα才（PMASS）／three bours orざ0（Popular S．）／ Did you have any other birds∂βざ才dβgゐ才ざア（Parrot）

Though not so o托en，a demonstrative with〝one〝is found a托er〝1ike〝．

……dasiling costumesJ云々βオゐgざ0乃β（Pageant） As me‡1tioned beねre，the slgular〝this〝 and 〝that〝more frequently combiモ1e lち7ith 〝one〝in other cases．〔See Chapt．ⅠⅠ，B，2，a．〕 （2）Plural

I血ave only a few examples of〝thes二〝standing byits朔． Asin tbeslngular

七hree out of my sixil－StanC∈S COme Out a汁er〝1ike〝and one after〝as〝．

Only teninstancesⅥ7ere fotlnd．q＝ゐggβ，three，had tbe possessive formoftbepronoun ．（Amer．Eng．Gr．）／・…‥tWOimages‥‥‥．One（才才ゐβSg……・（Post） For demonstrativesⅥ7ith a post【adjunct，See ChapterIII，C，1． b．Int二rrOgative pronoun

叩13 － Ihaveonlyoneinstanceof〝which〝inthe anaphoric back－p〇inting use，buも frequency暮 thisis such a common use thatit has po岱ibilities of any

When twoαZ門meetOna也arrow rOad，mOuntingasteep bi11－One gOlng up，the otber comingdown－も〃ゐ才cゐhas the right ofway？（Pageant） C．Indefinite pronouns Curme（Syntax，p．519）says，〝All，many，few，enOugh，both……neVertakeoタさ♂，〝 backw andIwantaddthus：also50椚βandα町neVer take o乃βinthe anaphoric the pointing use・Asぬrthe numberofinstances，0才ゐeγ 0VerWhelms otbe㌻ in由臼nitepronouns…1310utOf160instancesarethoseofウオゐβγ・Theproportiom oftheinまancesofindefinitepronounsⅥritho紹βtO thoseofⅥrithoutoプせβis12七0 160． （1）Each，Other Asmentionedabove（ChapterIi，2，C），intheanap‡10ricuseonly，CanβαCゐan趨 0才ゐgプ′beusedinbothways，まndependentlyandwitho〃β．〔AIsoseeChapt・Ⅰ‡，B， 2，C．〕 gαCゐ

thousandof椚αgβdデ0乃βざ，βα戊aw・Ould－begroom‥‥‥ （Reader’s D・）／Presentadress OfβαCゐ（writer）（Amer．Eng．Gr．） 0≠ゐβプ′

〝Otber〝inthisusehasthepluralandtbe genitiveinflectionslike ordinary

nouns．〝Another〝，〝theotber〝，〝other〝，〝others〝and〝theothers〝arerepeatedly

foundin such constructions as folloⅥ7S： （i〉 one～‥‥‥＝…・anOther （ii）some～‥…‥‥…Other

（iii）（the）one …the other

（iv）one～‥…‥… the others （Ⅴ）one （vi）certain

（viま）several ～ Others （Viiま）some （ix）most 0柁ββタ之gβ夕′arOundα乃0才ゐβ㌢（Kid）／細工・ぶ0ブタ宕ピタ方£プやβ5β0Ⅰ・Ogゐβグ′（ChesterTil－1eS）／‥…・mOVing Oプまβカogslowlya触rgゐgβ才ゐ♂㌢（Pony）ト‥まfwespecializedonany．0詑β如才オぶ♂，gゐ♂∂才ゐダブ′ざ mightgetjealous・（Reade‡・’sD・）卜．…theねshionsino乃βCO桝∽‡滋乃Z秒Or．SeCtiono＝be COuntry do not necessarily developln∂娩βタづ （Å1ner．Eng．Gr．）／Cβプノ才α～詑少∂ぶ才ggo乃ぶi王I English sentence have co三Ⅵe tO befeltas／／subject／／ヒerritory，0娩♂γざaS〝object／／territory ‥‥‥．（Amer．Eng，Gr．）／SβがeチⅥgわ呼S‥‥‥；tbenogゐeプ′5are‥…・．（PopularS．）／Assistan七 Su王－geons tie oぎfざ0∽β∂g♂g♂βクづand s三IatCh o才ゐg門by means of electrocautery．（R已ader’s D．）／肋5才∽0♂どねhave‥・‥・．0娩ど作have pulトout drip tI・ayS．（DailyHome NeⅥrS）

Some oヒherinstances that do not take the above ment主oned constr㍑Ctions：

Ⅵrhen Grace returned to theゐ0才βg tbat nighで，Sbe discovered that 氏子idge and t壬Ie Harrises bad moved toα乃∂gゐβプ′．（P瓦竺ASS）／Ag宕£曙〟プ好み㌢gα娩 was draⅥrn and tben αタ之∂娩ピア・．（Pony）／Ⅶ’hileat岩音夕乃βぶhefelt sとrongly tbat heⅥraSinnocent，atβ≠ゐ♂γざbe fel亡he must be guilty．（Ainer．Tra．）／And how about those tⅥ70ゐαね～…The orle he had was a】ittle soiied，And soile decided to buyα邦0娩βプ′．（Amer．Tra．）ト‥・a lame d（瞥，trying to runli王（e才ゐ♂0才ゐgγざbut n上Jt getting t圭Iere．（Lili）

冊14 m㌦ く2）Some，any，all，SeVeral，many，（a）f帥㌧（a）half，nOne ′r払eseindefinitepronounsnevertake〝one〝intheanapboricback－pOintinguse暮 Cf・nOnがanaphoric〝someone〝，〝anyone〝．

ぶ0椚♂

‥…・COmparetbe5ねグづandyou，1lseethat50桝β・…‥aredi壬ferentcolors・（Pageant）

〝Some〝js often substituted for uncou‡止able nouns： WehadfifteeninchesofァⅥ音符thisyear・－Yes，butital－cametooearly．Wecould do withぶ0∽βnOⅥr．（Pony） Aブり′

Robbiecouldn’tusecゐgg♂ねゐ～α晩forhehadneverheardα乃プ．（Pony）ノ Ⅶhatwillyou doif you make aプ雅言ぶねゐg～ －Iwon’t mai亡α柁プ．（Post）

∠4Jg in sollleαZ5どぶ（notinαgJ‥‥‥）（Amer．Eng．Gr．） Sβがβプ′αg

‡11aVe nO gOぴβ7′▲伽Every girlshould have5β〃β才Ⅵg／（Lili） 月蝕グぴ

gプ′～りCお宮乃Cオ∂♂ププ才did仙itlVaS O‡1e tユ1e ‥‥‥bu＝ユーe Of 椚α乃プ． ノ／And engi王1e Of destruction‥…・冊－ぺheintercontinentalbomber mis treated as just anotber 才〃eα少0紹 among椚α乃プ．（Los A．Times） ダわz′ぴ

Shechoosesher少αグ′わ甘βγぶWithcare；Sheisarousedbyonlyαノな紺，Or eVen One．（Pageant） 腰滋彷

a∂加ゐandαゐαげfrom the railroad tracks（Reader′s D．） 肋プ乞β

No other7′βα50柁？州No，Sir・T紹0紺β¶・‥…．（Amer．Tra．〃 The murderer had evidently had co〃坤α5ざ才0符for the bird，budタZO搾βfor t壬Ie maSter． （Parrot）／ HowⅥ7aS it tbat you bad so much少才砂a旦10f a sudden up at Big Bittern， butク官0紹βat alldolVn there at‡ノyCurguS？（Amer∴Tra．） ‡n tbelast tⅥ70eXamples〝none〝 refers to uncountable nouns． TheⅥrOrd 〝every〝can not stand byitself． ∂．飽グづβ夕子αJク紺御Z盛紹（＝pOSSeSSivepro王10un）／genまtive Åpossessive adjective（my）can notstand a互one，andif〝one〝is dispensed with a窒terit，it readily turnsinto a possessive noun（mine）．A genitiveis similarin C払aractertoapersonalpronoun（＝apOSSeSSiveadjective or apossessivenoun）， and they are used mostlyin contrast with another preceding possessive adjective 餌㌻genitive． He closedゐ才ぶカ′ggゐα紹doverゐβチづ．（Kid）／SharpぶC才sざ0γSare a muSt．HaveJ′OZす和been Home tbat through this Sharpened recently？（DaまIy NeⅥrS）ノThere’s people ride COuntry SOmetimes紘at bave got worse才乃g♂乃g才β乃ざtbanJ′∂Z〆プⅥ．（PMASS） 〝Yourn〝in the above example might be an analogy of〝mine〝or〝thine〝．

CinemascopeざCgg詑is curved，but not aslnuCb as Cg乃βブ′αプ乃α’s，（Popular S．）／ガ才5 タ0ぶオgわ〝，inshor亡，is precise王y紬e opposi亡eofPresident居ね♂プ甘如紺β〆s．（N．Y．Ti王ⅥeS）／So get alaⅥryer仰andプβ甜プ′∂‡〃プ号gα乙岬gア・，nO＝ゐβαg♂和才’ざ．（Pz唱eant）／……ゐ♂γ∂／α戊coゆグ′才 Sゐ0βざ1ifted of空tbe floor臼ke（ZJ拗ge cゐ才′d’ざ（PMA．SS）／Ⅵrekeep forgetting thatbe’s 肋例言βQ㍑α点β〆scゐ才gdaslnuCllaS Maltby’s．（Pony）／You betit’sプ7ぴぁ㍑5才乃βぶざノmine and肋プ′プ′g5七．（P丸iASS）

叫 w〃15 2．Numerals

a．C（Zγ♂才乃αg紹伽プ朔βγαね Cardinalnumerals never combineimmediately with theindefinite〝one〝except for tbespecialcase mentioned above（C壬IapterII，B，5，a）．Tbey aregenera11y わundin contrast wit壬1anOtherpreceding numeralorword denotingindefinite number． （1）0卯β Of theおO rゐfgゐdo∂γざ0〝eis fixed．（Pic）／肋γβざg〝ざβ5than∂〃e （Åmer．Tra，）／He usually carried α乃αわⅥ ゐα才 On a trip because so often，it Seemed，SOmething happened toク紹β．（Amer． Tra．）／gなぁ才∽和！ 0柁βWOuld bave doneit．（Sabrina）／ ‥‥‥Sbe w－rOte yOu（ZJg g如ざβ gβg才g作tbere，did she not？－Yes， Sir．－You received 0乃βOn an aVerage Of every two days，didn’t you？（Amer．Tra．） （2）㍑0α乃d各ゆ紺αγd

nine times out ofね紹（Los A．Times）／The two mates stoodざオズゐ∂〝和On andぶ紘 off。 （Pic）／A戊αγ戊orお0，Or才ゐγββ（Amer．Tra．）／α紺gg丘or≠紺0（Parrot）／We might Stay One Orおβ如or才ゐγβg．（Amer．Tra．）／She made popovers．S〟少βγ∂少一妙0〃g門．‡ never hadless tban才ゐ柁gl‥‥・．（Moon） （3）Tゐβ＋≠紺0α乃d乙ゆ紺αγd

‥・…a tOtalof50phone calls……．Every one of才ゐg50（Pageant）卜・…in a110f these 〃β柏ぶ，and every one of≠ゐgカγ砂－わ〃OapparSfrom time to time‥‥‥．（Amer．Eng．Gr．） b．0プ′d才乃αJ乃各£∽gγαgぶ （1）0γdわ含αねざ才α乃dわ甥・αわ乃β

There areカ〟γざ0才右γ〝50fpowerin Argentina．爪乃～istheCatholic Cburch‥…・．5βの乃♂ is the military‥…・ r如γd are tbe〝oligarchs〝．ダ0各≠γ才ゐare the descamisados－tbe Sbirtless ones－・‥…．（N．Y．Time＄） T壬1eaboveareratherexceptional・Theyusuallyhaveanarticle．

（2）A－卜0γdわ才αg

Anordinalwiththeinde幻nitearticledoesnotdenote orderinthestrictsense， but means〝another〝． The commission softened o乃β∂タカβγdg椚0方言0乃and upheldα才ゐわ・d．（LosA．Times） （3）rゐβ＋0γd才詑αJ

eve叩γ0乙g乃♂but才ゐg才ゐわ・∂（DailyHome News）／‥‥‥untilthe end of the fifth 桝0〃gゐ Or the beginnlng Of才ゐ♂ぶな娩‥‥‥ （Pageant）／……maybe notin gゐg〆γざ≠c柑ざゐ，but thenin娩βざβCO乃d．（PMASS）

TheloⅣerOrdinals（first，SeCOnd， third）sometimes take〝one〝． See ChapterII，B，5，b．3．

3．Adjectives a・タos才gわノ♂αめどc才才〃β

An has a to 〝one〝 adjective tendency avoid whenithas a contrastor an alternativein front． （1）A〃βC若宮〃βS才α乃d才卵gαわ乃g

Anadjective standsaloneⅥrithoutanarticleⅥ7henreferring toapluralnoun

Or an unCOuntable．

Areプ♂gわ古び畑gな触onthecaranybetterthan号〃肋ピア（Pageant）／ingood才わ乃gざ Or ∂αd（PopularS・）／There areわ乃g〃才ざgβ乃βd椚g乃dざands如才ー才γ才ざわ乃βd．（Pony）／

－16 － ー…‥0ヱ加乙g㌻が子現g之〃αggisstrongerthanぶわⅥなゐg．（PopularS．） Thelastexampleisanexception・Itbasnoarticle even －〕dorethesingu呈aど COuntable〝wall〝・Insucbacase，WeuSuallyhaveanarticlebefore〝ouトCurVing

Wall〝andanother onebefore〝straight〝．，Seethenextsection． （2）A＋α〃βCg才〃g Astbebumanbodyneedsαγな如ゐα紹dandαleft，SOdoessocietyneedbothまawan速 equity．（Look） T血isusa酢Withapositivea句ectiveisratherirregular．Seethenextexamples inwhichtbea句ectiveshave〝one〝inspiteoftheir、contrasts．

Ifaグ0〝乃g∽α〝Orα乃Ogdo紹β（Amer．Tra．）／……itisoftenasimportantto break αgOO♂ゐα∂才≠as to breakαみαdo乃β．（Reader，s D．） （3）rゐβ＋αめどc若宮〃♂ Ⅶ血enthereisacontrast，theabsenceof〝one〝iscomparativelyregulara氏e㌢ an adjective witb the definite artまcle．

・‥…Clearly distinguish tbe past才β柁ざβfrom才ゐg♪γβぶgプ紘（Amer．Eng．Gr．）／from one 〃gJ鴫野tO≠ゐg乃αg（Pageant）／Mrs．Synder，yOu bavea卯Odserviceableゐβαγ才．Of COurSe，it’s not gゐβざα桝βaS When you were sweetsixteen・‥‥・．（Coronet）／Cayce，s カグーOCeゐγβWaS eSSentially才ゐβざαプ乃βaSforthe medicalreadings・…‥．（Pageant）

b・Comparative adjectives Comparativesoftenappearwithout〝one〝andstilloftenerwith〝one〝．

（1）Co〝ゆαγα才才〃β5S才α乃♂わ曙αわ乃β OneプgαγOrプ邦0柁（Pageant）／two紺βg々50rJぉs（Amer．Tra．） （2）A十CO〝ゆαγα≠才〃β

In fact，Ithinkit’saplausibleβ二ゆ血刀α如乃・‥…．Idon’t see hoⅥ7any One COuld hope to find（Z∂β肋γ．（Amer．Tra．） （3）rゐβ＋coププゆαγαgg〃β two∂和才ゐβ柑……≠ゐβggdβプ′……才ゐgプ0乙£プ聯プ′…・‥．（PMASS） C．The＋superative

Yet witb noわ之才β乃方言0柁tOkiilor betray unto deatb．Not gゐβ ざ勉励どぶ≠．（Amer．Tra．）／ Sevenゐ才ゐ，gゐβOJdどぶ才Only ten，and allof them dead！（Coronet）／allthe申βC析∽如乃ざ except fゐβgα5≠ （Coronet）／The early 〆αツ5and some of才ゐβgαざ才are saturatedin Ⅵrarwickshire．（N．Y．Times）／In the early falltheわⅥ才乃わ含gbegan……．First was the halteトbreaking，and that was 才ゐβゐαγdβざ才．（Pony）／IknoⅥrmy βα作 aren’t ≠ゐg gァ′gαgβ5g，butⅥrhat’reyou gonna do？（Pageant）／Before the wartbis was a wonderful COuntry．rゐβカ′才β夕子dg才β5才α〝d♪og才才gざgα乃♂椚∂5才C才び才J才g♂♂inthe world．（Los A．Times）

B．Ⅵrith a Preceding Modifier

‡nstances areinfrequenと．Especially colloquialinstances arevery rare（only5 0ut Of43instances）．

1，Indefinitepronolユn＋possessivepronoun orgenitive He・‥…disengaging hisαγ椚 from bers，put∂0≠ゐゐ才ざabout ber．（Amer．Tra．）／Ⅶ■hat has money to do with my cγgd才み才g玄妙アOrα乃プ椚α〟′ざ～（Post）

2．Any，this，Cardinalnumeral，Or adjective」】Other（S） You see tbey were bisgぴ〝ざStilland be never bougbtα乃プ0才ゐβ和．（PMASS）ト…‥α ゐク′ゑc70αdw山ch sbadowed≠ゐ才ざ0才ゐ♂γ．（Amer．Tra．）／Thi＄伽喝滋ちtogetber with o乃g O≠ゐβク′．（Amer．Tra．）／Fulbrightpr喝ramS bave been carried outin19co8‘〝わ■ggざ……

仰17 － gなゐ才∂放g作，inciudingJapan，‥…・．（Miユ．Journal）／Ofthese tⅥrelve盲乃5gα乃Cβ5‥‥‥Only one‥‥‥．Agg才ゐβOgゐβグーWerein co王1StruCtions wbicb‥‥‥．（Amer．EI唱・Gr・） 3．Adjective，tbeotber，Or eVeryl・－Cardinalnlユmeral

This cゐ砂gβプ′and乃比g才るぴOWま11contain a discussion of‥…・（Amer・E咽・Gr・）／‥…・One of theg・β乃β柑gSgOtupSuddenly tuggl噌bispistol，……and才ゐβ0才ゐβプ′才ゐプゼgjumpedand one grabled him‥‥‥．（PMASS）／An exceptionaliyiarge number ofタβ作0符ざ，nearly out ofβ即β叩わ〝0，Say they jus乞 donノt know whatthe Reptlblican Party standsfor・（Los A．Times）

4・Ⅵritb apossessive adjective，Or a genitive a．fわざぶ鮎ざ才がβα杉βCg才〃β＋0γdg乃αg乃鎚∽βγαJ Their first娩0昭沖g wasま00t and gゐβ言γ5βCO紹d＝…・．（Coronet） b．拘ざSg5ざ才〃βαめどc如βノ0γき狩乃g若宮が♂」【・0紺邦

She also bad tⅥrO∂βガプ′0∂∽ぶ，ゐβγの〃紹andone for ber guests‥‥‥・（Kid）／‥‥‥biscurly ゐα才㌢，dal・kasノbぶβ’ざ∂乙〃紹．（Kid）／He’smindi喝eVerybody’sみ才fS才邦βざ5butゐ才soび玖（Pony） 〝One〝is never女）und after〝0Ⅵrn〝．If we w・ant a Substantive word after〝0Ⅵrn〝

豆n t壬Ieanapboric use，We muSt repeat thepreceding noun． So getαJα弘ツβγ－andタ0α㌢0紺紹gα批ツgタ・・…‥．（Pageant） 5．

a．Cardinalnumeral＋adjective Two good ggぴβgざinstead of∂紹β∂αd（Poptllar S．）／Some signais are a con－bination of long and sbortみぬs才5．The most common of tlleSeis≠之〃0わタ郁，a Short and along・ （Coronet）

〝Longs〝in tbelatter（Ⅹampleis completely convertedinto a noun． b．Cardinalnumeral，Orαわ才1冊椚0プゼ

Altogether we have u＄ed……SOme tⅥ70tbousand complete】etters，and excerpts from about o乃g g如㍑5α乃d椚β㌢g．（Amer．Eng．Gr．）ノtbirtylettersand（Zわオブ邦0グ・β（Amer．Eng． Gr．）

6．Superative with apreceding modifier a・Possessive adjective，Orgenitivel－Superative

In time，be was to compose more tbanl，0000f tbe world’s favorite桝gわ∂才gぶノ those be conducted thatnightin Hungary were amongゐゐβ乃gざ才．（Coronet）／Heleft togo into business for bimselfasaHo11yⅥrOOd聯柁ちSlユbsequentlybecame oneof月b砂苦紺∂d’ぶ 桝ク5g5〝CCβざ幼‘g．（Pageant）

b・The＋cardinalnlユmeral＋superative

Tberewere夕ゐαざどぶOftbis thing‥…・．Perhaps才ゐβね〝¢紺0和才were…… （Amer．Tra．） Thelatter examplein（a）andtbeexample（b）mayalsobeconsideredlike 仇is‥ 〝mostsuccessful〝modifies〝Hollywood／s〝andsimilarly 〝worst〝 modifie＄ 〝two〝・ButIthinkitismorereasonabletoregard〝Hollywood／s〝and〝two〝as the modifiersof〝mostsu∝eSSful〝and〝worst〝・Cf・ね〃OgOプ堺 C・With aSucceeding Adjunct l・Demon＄trativepronoun＋a句unct a．7協αg＋adjunct （1）with apartまciple

・…‥Wrappedingreenpaperlike才ゐα才αぶβdbydruggistsintheStates．（Kid） The above〝tbat〝isusedin referencetoan uncountablenoun．

…18－ （2）vitb oトphrase Oトpbraseoccupies420ftheⅥrbole49instancesof〝that〝滋thaposトadjunct． Thusoトphraseisthemostfrequentposトadjuncttbatoccur＄With〝tbat〝． Poutsma（Gr・OfLateMod・E喝リPartII，p・1294，3，Note）says，〝The determinative／that／seemstorequlre′one′beforepartitive′of′anddispensewith itbeforeappositional／of／・〝Butmy datacontain o山y4instancesofappositional 〝of〝，andtheother38instancesareallthoseofpossessive〝of〝．Ihavefonndno examplesofpartitive〝of〝eithera耗er〝that〝orafter〝thatone〝．

（a）with appositional〝of〝 Tムeoniyac紬ai血聯γhefacedwasgゐα≠〆beingovertakenbyhis cousin．（Kid） b．with possessive〝of〝 acrywhichsoundedlike如才〆awomanoragirl‥‥‥．（Amer．Tra．） Intbenextexample，〝that〝seemstorefertotheplural〝ideas〝． bis才♂gαSand≠ゐα≠〆theladytourists（Kid） （3）withotherprepositionalphrase

The ざオg伽α如乃COnCernlngthekindsof genitivethatusetbe genitiveinflectionin VulgarEnglishis muchlike娩α才才乃StandardEnglisb．（Amer．Eng．Gr．） （4）withinfinitive

to differentiate theメ0㌢椚Of tbe article to be usedⅥrith asingular noun from gゐα≠わ ∂β〟5βdwith a pluralnoun．（Amer．Eng．Gr．） （5）witb relative clause

〝Tbat〝neverstandsbe女）re thaトClause，perbapsowlng tO euphonicreason． Cf．tbeone＋that－Clause（CbapterII，D，1，d）

‥‥‥an eVen mOre Vigorous reserve－training program than 娩α才紺ゐ才cゐ survived tbe House committee…・‥．（N．Y．Times） Tberearenoinstancesof〝that〝withposトadjunctincolloquialEnglishdata．

Idare sayitis becauseincolloquialEnglish tbelighter form witb 〝one〝is preferred to the heavier witbout〝one〝． Cf．

A ditcblike fゐα若∂乃β0㍑若君ゐg㌢♂ヂ（PMASS）／‥…・allsbedidⅥraStOaSkfora certain～α乃β． 〝rゐα才0乃g夕β誕少妙gdthe first nigbt，〝‥‥‥（PMASS）／Ⅰ’ve read of your cαぶeざ，Mr． Mason．Iwas particulariyinterestedin≠ゐαgβ乃β紺ゐβγβyOu aCquitted…‥・，（Parrot） b．Tbose＋ad紬nct 67instancesoccurredinliterary English，butonly2incolloquialEnglish．T血is

COnStruCtion seems not to bepref色rredincolloquialEngli＄h．

（1）with participle

T壬ie S王nall∂〟ざダブプ玖箔桝β刀，gゐ∂ざβゐβ〝わ曙OnlytⅥrOね five employes…… （Sun．Times）／ ‥‥‥the creation of newgβγ椚5，mOre Virulent than娩0ぶβノも〟乃♂in nature‥‥‥．（Look）／ Questions sbould be addressed to tbe Gardener’s Question Box．rゐ0ざβ 才音Of α乃ざ紺β柁d in tbis column wま11be answered by mail．（Mil．Journal）

（2）with of【－pbrase Like tbeca＄e With〝that〝，〝those〝is veryoftenfo110Wedby of－pbrase．Itseems that〝those〝in this combination can not be replaced by〝tbe ones〝and tbis may

－19－ expiainⅥrhycolloquialinstanceswerefoundonlyinthiscombination，WhileⅥ7itb otberposトadjuncts〝theones〝isexclusivelyusedincolloquialEnglish・ 詫iseッesso喝ht伽sβり号belawyeト‥…．（Parrot）／VechangedourαC如才才才βぶtO meet 才ゐ0ぶβqrthelittle croⅥrdⅥreⅥrent arOund with・（Coronet） （3）with otberpreposまtionalpbrases Coタゆプ′β乃C♂5SCheduledinclude伽ざβカグhomeand communityservice‥‥‥・（Minn・Sun・ Tribune）／TheJβg≠βγざ・…‥伽ざβ紺才娩returnaddresses‥‥‥．（Post）／Ninetypercentof R冬innesotaノもr研ぎareelectrified，REAsaid，and87percentof伽ざβ言プ乞Nebraska…‥・ （Min‡1．Sun．Tribune） （4）witbinfinitive

The tⅥ70uSeS Of theねrms oflVOrdstbatshownosigns oflosing theirimportancefor Presentday E咽1isb are伽5βねゐ才才乃g㍑才ぶゐtbepreterittense打omthepresent・（Amer・ Eng．Gr・）

（5）with clauses

‥‥‥tlletrueformsof〝standard〝E咽1ishare伽5β如才areactualiyusedintbatparticular dialect．（A王℃er．Eng．Gr．）／Jonesrushes部首乃5from thelee side to replace伽ぶβ乙〃ゐ才cゐ bavebeengutted．（Coronet）／Tbe カ椚才g才e50ftbewealthy，eSpeCially 伽5e もU如s♂ wealth bas con血uedねrseveralgenerations…… （Amer．E喝．Gr・）／But as hewas ねrmidable winningit，anOtber ¢ゆ∂乃β紹≠hadthe frayonefarmore tban伽5βゐβ ぴα乃ヴ〟才ざゐβd．（N．Y．Times） C．S〟Cゐwith clauses

And bis ざαわりⅦaSざれCゐ如才 he could afford to keep a roomin one ofthebetter EnglishlettersⅥrere residences oftbe city．（Amer．Tra．）／The ざ才ね‘α如乃5inVulgar notぶα戊αglent themselves to tbe use of such formalrequest．（Amer．Eng・Gr・） d．7協ゐand才ゐβ5βWitbposトadjunct 〝This〝and〝these〝werenot foundⅥrith aposトa句unct． 2．Indefinitepronoun with post－adjunct a．且αCれ0≠ゐgγWitb post－ad紬nct （1）each two dramatic7才〃ぴgね，βαd甜才才ゐaco11ege background．（Mil．Journal）／‥‥‥fourseperate The クγ野川桝ざ…βα戊わ ♪γ0が才滋 professionalentertainment‥‥‥（Coronet）／ organ takes a fewノ払甜β叩∂gα才ざ，gαCゐαざd和桝α才才ca＄lifeit＄eif．（Reader’sD．） （2）other

Three ゐ坤5……：One forthel）andeau，α乃0娩βγカγbriefs……（Look）／Our αざざOC才α才β5 ‥…・three……，tWO……，∂≠ゐβ和わ壬Puerto Rico……（Reader’s D．） Ofalltbeindefinitepronouns，〝each〝and 〝otber〝 alone cansometimes bave tbe anap血oric〝one〝．See the followlng eXamples．

The eigbteen ざ如プ・g5わγ宮田・…‥βαCゐβ乃g才乃お7℃ざ才才乃ginitself‥・‥・（PMASS）／AわⅦガおg Of assorted cbeeses andα乃8才ゐgγ∂〝g Of rye breads……（Pageant）

b．Aタひ，カ紺With post－adjunct

……a neW and greater and sweeter g的tbanα乃プゐgゐαdβ〃gγ彪〝0紺乃．（Amer．Tra・）／ ……amOngtbe bigb－pay〝‡聯g才乃β5areαカ紺紺如ざβeditors w・illprint really good 壬iction．（LosA．Times）

3．Numerals withposトadjunct a．Cardinalnumerals withposトadjunct ・‥…four 桝αggβ作 Oflanguage11Sage andク乃g 〆writing form……（Amer．Eng．Gr・）／ More acceptable technic w－aS eXplained to the【bree（ゆg和わ柑On the Pacific side and 才ゐβ㈹β∂乃the Atlantic side…‥イPic）

一20 ¶ Ⅵ7ecan understand tbat the 〝one仇－Sin the above examples arenumeralsin COntraStWith the foregolng numerals〝four〝and〝three〝，butiftherewerenotfor

紘e contrast，We COuld not readily tellthe numeral〝one〝 from theindefinite 〝one〝，because tbeindefinite〝one〝itseif was orinally a numeralanditsti11bas a numericaltint v7hicbis considered to be tbe reason ofits use onlyⅥ7ith COuntable nouns． チdayorg紺01ater（Coronet）／Tbesellerhasbuiltmany∂㍑才J♂才聯Ofthistype・…t● 1nCiudingね〃00乃Lさ7man aVenue‥‥‥．（Slユn．Times）ノ 〃And nowbere are至our more カ才cgz才㌢どぶ，Griffiths．〝And he handed Clyde オゐβカ〟プ′桝αdβatBear Lake．（Amer．Tra・）／ How Canario could carry oneノ滋αin memory，Out Of才ゐgゐ宕‘乃d柁ゐゐβ5α乙〃 COme and go on the bridge，WaSlittle short ofincredible．（Kid） b．Ordinalnumerals with posトa句unct Three わ（ゆ5‥‥‥One for…‥・， He anotherfor・…・・，αg肋′dカγthe overshirt（Look）／′ tried tⅥrO mOre gゐ（ゆざ……．In 才ゐβ才ゐgタ′d，乞〃紘ゐwas琴ivenoverto guaraches‥‥‥・（kid）／ the first・ thesecond ‥‥‥tWOβ∬のクゆgβ5ノ ，伽5♂CO乃♂5如乙〃ヱ乃ga Shiftof numberin Verb．（Amer．Eng．Gr．） 瀞 4．Adjective with posトadjunct a．Positive adjective with post－adjunct Theparticipleカγ桝WaSthuslikethepresentwithout anyinflection・（Amer・Eng・Gr・） b．Superative adjective with post一一一adjunct Tbeβ呼g舛gS，tWOO＝ゐβgの節Sfみ伽盲g≠カγ吉和戊s，Wereput bebindtbecab‥‥‥・（Popular S．）／・‥‥・thediplomaticα5ざβ椚み吻狩Willbeoneoffゐβ由7部5f〆thepostwarera・（N・Y・ Times）／That 解g棚0紹WaSOneO壬伽椚β5才力gβα5α邦吉泌ざざ肋夕即才才ゐα∂β粥γ申β邦吉・ （Pony）′…ニ′・a．neWぶ蜘・Evengゐβ∂gゐfα紹♂5才紺γd才βぶ才〆tbe13werehavingextreme difficultyhanglng、ねgether・（Pageant）′Stranger，that，salikelykindofグ宕クgざg yOu’re making．Imake才力♂∂βざ才gゐgク℃才5．（PMASS） My materialscontainonlyoneco110quialinstanceoftbiskind・Itisprobable thatsuch adiffuseconstructionwithapostmadjunctis notpre托rredincollo－ quialEnglisb．

叩 21－ CHAPTER IV

QUÅNT‡TÅTiVE COMPÅR‡SON

Ihave given so far the uses of tbe anapboricback…pOinting〝one〝，butin most

CaSeS‡baveignoredthefrequenciesofthem；thereforeIfearthat extra－Ordinary useswhich have not muchimportance Ⅵri11be taken oveトempbasized． SoI Want tO give tablesin order to show the realstate ofthe uses of〝one〝．As the amountsof the materialsIhave gone throu如to＼pick up theinstances are not

equalbetweencolloquialEnglisb andliterary English，the absolute numbers may be nonsense，When making acomparisonbetⅥreenthem．Accordil唱Iycomparisons Willbe dolユein percentage．

A．Uses with〝one〝and withouヒ〝one〝 m月エエ j

、～叫≠－㌦－へ→～ Colloq． 、へ≠～－－、叫、 n． ％ n． ％ 1Ⅳith／／one〝 113 45 221 30

Ⅵrithout／／one〝 137 55 529 70

The most striking fac亡revealed by the above tableis that bothin00110quial Englisb andinliterary English〝one〝is more often dispensed with．Ithink this

denotes that the useof tbe anaphoric〝one〝is not established yet．The s11bstan－ tive use ofthe old adjective stillsurvivesinthemodernuninfiectedadjective，and this may beoneof the causesof the complicated uses with and withol止 粕ne〝．

But，COmparingco110quialEnglish withliterary Englisb，We Can See thepropotion Oftheusesof〝one〝islargerincolloquialEnglish thaninliterary En如ish．The

fact that〝one〝is morefrequently usedin00110quialEnglish whichis more proⅣ柑 gressive，SeemS tO predicとthatfrequencyln uSeOf〝one〝willkeep on going up．

B．Comparison amo瑠the uses with〝one〝 7てAβエg 2

Colloq． n． n・喜％紬 ％解） （a）〝One〝without modifier 25 22 董 10 19 ≧ 8．6 2．5

（切〝0王1e〝witbmodifier before 46 41 ≡ 18．3 123 妻 昌諒妻17

（¢）〝One〝with mod泊er behind 10 30 音 13．6

（d）／／One〝withmodifier before and bebind 32 喜 28 49 喜 22．3 6．5 董12・7 ⊇ 叫一…仙【m一札 〃m……叫し叫w叩…M】ト州w § T OTAL ユ13 ≧100誉45 221 ≧100 30

Note： n． the number ofinstances．

％（郎 Percentage to t壬－eWholeinstances accompaniedby〝one〝eitherin

－22 … COlloquialE椚glish orinliterary Englisb・ ％（功 Percentagetothewboleinstancesincludingbothtbosewitb〝one′′

andwithout〝one〝eitherin col10puialEr唱1ish oriniiterary En針 1isb．

Seethe％㈱column・Wecannotoverlooktbecomparativelyfrequentuseof 伽simple〝one〝（〝one〝withoutanymodifler）incolloquialEnglisb．

C．Comparison among uses witbout〝one〝 7てAβエ且 3

Colloq． ▼乞iモニ n． ％㈱ 〟函南 n． 【遡¶． （a）1野itboutmodifier 93．4 51．2 336 63．5 44．8 （b）Ⅵrithmodifier before 吾妻3．6 2 38 7．2 （¢）Ⅵritもmodifier after 4 2．9 1．6 155 29．3 20．7

T O T AIノ 竜山 137 100 55 L＿ツ＿、＿＿529 100 70

Bothin colloquialEnglish andinliterary English，tbeuse withoutanymodifier is overwbelmingly frequent．Parヒicularly w壬Ien〝one〝is omittedin colloquial Englisb，the remalnlng wOrdⅥ7hich would，Ot王1erWise，be t壬Ie mOdifier of〝one〝 genera11y stands alone withouta modifier；butinliterary Englishitisnotinfre－ quently followed by a posトadju‡lCt． This difference may be attributed to the differencein preference：aligllter Styleis preferredincolloquialEnglish and a

SOle印n Style witb mucb figurationis preferredinliterary Englisb．

D．Tbe simple〝one〝and〝one〝preceded by modifier 71Aβエg 4（Cf．Chapt．ⅠⅠ，A，B）

Lit． TYPE OF COMBINATION■ ト㌃首一新十盲∴WmWr一％（勾 2．5 A．One 皇「葦2… 5 22 10 19 8．6 一州¶ B．1．tbe十One（S） 2 1．8 0．8 0．5 巨 0．1

Dem．pron．＋one 9 8 3 6 …－〉・‡＼／r弓iノ ＼と／ぎノ‡～）′シ！！－ノ4・51 2．／Interrog．pron．＋one 5 ＼し′′き一／02 4 4 （ソ】 tIndef．pron．＋one 6 5 3 2 4 ；二；）7・2書1●3t2・1≒0・8／

d 十 One 1⊥ 〇．195 0 1 叫けAdjtbe

一＼iはrきノ ＼…しt′ぎノ人 00 ～ ′皇ノーノr＼と＼adj．十 One 7 3 2 4 3 5 7 ＼盲、、／－、を～ノ 3 － 19 901 ＋ ones 1 ＼′㌢ノ61 nV 9 0 4 4 1 6 7．101 2 1 7 6 2 2 00 2 2 3 －adj．＋one（＄） ㈹Ⅰ．．－▲岳タ・蔓T・l一－Yl一・・・・・・一t－ ＼・・ま・‥1－＼ 一 一 竜山…ⅣⅥ冊丁式二一山】】こニDeIn．prOn． ＋adj．＋one 1 3 7 2 仙蔓き ′－J 転化 Indef．pron． 2 2 0 9 0 3 ＼才一－1・・…＼／j…iノ －卜adj．＋one 怒 Pers．pron． ＋ 3 1 4 ＼1・くし′～I（・‘－ノノ0 4 adj．十One 33 90 Pers．pron． OWn One 1 nV 1 －卜 w卜 adj． 一卜 5 0 O 0 ＼ tbe十gen． ＋adj．＋0ユ1e 1 5 1

4・く 23 山 Ⅶ 2 1 0．2＼

′Card．nuIn．－卜adj．十One（S） 【舶一 0．9…－∋√0．5 5．〈 a ＋ ord．nuln．－ト One l 0．9 4

‡ 一 ㌦ く…－／ しtbe＋ord．num．ヰーOne 2 0・9 毒0・3ノミ

㌢・く 「⊥ one 0・9＼ぎ 0 4 0 5 l ーーン・11 †′a＋comparative＋‡ l 3 0．9＼2．7 0 4 21 2 0．9 6．で】Comparative＋ones ジFヾく‘－ミノ 1 1 50．1＼ 0 4 6 2．7 きthe＋COmparative－卜One（s） l 0．9′j ㌢ 三＼Card．num．＋comparative－卜OneS 0．9 §；…jl・5 7．the十Superative山トOne 1 O．9 2 0．9

TO T A L B 46 40 18．4 圭 123 55．4 ≧ 16．4 of 弓 ‡

TO T A L 71 63 28．4 ≧ 142 64 19

The mostremarkablefact revealed by the above tableis tbat comparatively large portion ofcolloquialuseisoccupied byoriginally substantive words accom… panied by〝one〝．From tbisIgatherthat〝one〝is nolonger a mere device for filling thelostinflection of the adjective．The frequentuse of the single〝one〝 also supports this．〝One〝preceded by an adjectiveisindeed frequent，eSpeCially inliterary English．Butitis quite natural，for theindefinite〝one〝atfirstcame into existence払r tbis very purpose．

E．〝One〝with a posトadjunct The mostimportant uses of〝one〝with a post－adjunctare〝one＋posトa句unct〝 and〝the十One（s）十posトa句unct〝．Inthesecases，apOSt－adjunctisindispensable because theseconstructions are generallyadopted to specialize aforegolng nOun・ Butin othercases，pOSトadjunctscansafelybeomittedwithoutleaviれganydefects inthefundamentalm？aningorinconstructionlSeethe払110Wing・

Ⅵrecannot remove the posトa句unctsin the folloⅥring examples．

Aプ形る£γdgγCOmmitted on a space sbip bound for Marsis justlike o卵g

CO椚∽才物din New York City． bercbeeksⅥ7ere ……tut quite blanched andゐgγゐα乃d，particulary才ゐβ 0乃ピタゐα才ゐgJ♂才ゐβ∂〟紹♂Jβ′trembled． Inthissentenc∋，〝herhand〝does notd三nOヒewhichone of herhands，butitis by〝the decまd三d one that‥‥‥〝 If we omit the posトadjunct（〝that he王d the bundle〝），〝t壬1eOIle〝cannotreferto〝herband〝because〝theone〝canreferonly loan alreadyspecialized noun．ButevenifⅥ7eCandispensewiththepost－adjunct inthenextinstance，〝anaimlessone〝isenough，払rtheposトadjunc＝smerely a supplement． Untilthen才ゐβCゐαざβWOuld beα柁αダガ乍ge5ぶ0”β節′αγα乃≠gβdtotiretheⅥ7ilted

man．

ー 24 － mβエE 5（Cf．Cbapt．ⅠⅠ，C，D）

㌢ ヰゝ N D C 、rYPE －一tFe＋One（s）

「葦 COMBIZATiON 「a＋adj，＋One One 「Dem．p3n．＋One

仙 こndef．p岩n．＋One

a＋cOmp●＋One 仙 t訂＋望－p．＋One Adj一＋OneS T 盲e＋登＋。ne（旦 OF O き呈巨妻ら T A L 蜜酢叫皇／ く＝〉トJN ー 払改〉 冨冨一事P！担

トJl‡ゝ（D 〈∋〈⊃トJ くっく⊃トJ くっく⊃N bLJ ト▲b ；一払 bb g琵びi「

くっく⊃トJ （「 PP C． ゝb げゝくロ

○－N已 ■■－ ∝〉00 0 ⊂〉トJ舟 くっく⊃N くっく）N L． －1⊃ 加ゎ 払b 払込

くっく⊃トJ ゝb C． Paのt

N汁か¢こrヤ■ ー ー○ （＝〉N（7l 〇．－ 〇．∽ 〇．－ Pひ －仙 L 、1∽ …≡二喜≡ひ ⊂⊃1＝⊃ n （＝〉トJN 山 トJ 加00 ゝ払 n葛 Nの、1已 PrepOSitiOn P？ ト・J 「 払kぎし仙鍔ご トJ（刀 トJぎn 冨；N暦冨 慧宣 1＝〉一＝〉N ワ寛 C¢く．D g当の‡冨琵→‡「

（＝〉く⊃トJ トJb

∽－ n． ＼1Y－ぎt；一し／ぎと‘！′Jゝむっ m萱書 N、qトJ bL］、1 CO－－Oq． ≡≡；蔓≡≡；‡：ぎ蔓 出べ．ふ 故富 N N中一む1ミ 〇．∞ －．00 廿心 N．仇

げゝ wh〇一wbe【e which 】

－ C－ause Re－atiくe （＝〉Nlコ1 P－ 〇．ぴ 心仏ー．良 l∽ 歌書 、1∽ 」毒≧葺き ㌫‥…PP州 トJNL¢ ≡ 〇．－仙 〇．か P¢ ゎこJ 】葦妻→「蔓 ー C〉Nひ1∃ 〇．－ 〇．∽ Pひ 〇．－ 〇．ひ こqb ほ盲．り

一 〇．¢ － ¢．か ーー 〇一か 〇．¢ 〇．¢ 〇．か ふ一か COntaCt

C． C訂use

ー P∽ 帖 ー．N か ¢ 〇．－ 〇．ひ L．

C．

N 董g冨N 〇．¢ L．

トJ こ¢ I事ゝ ト▲N COl－Oq．Lit● ロ） 、勺 N 一山Jゝ トJN∽ NJゝく刀 加 00 0 （ヌ） 00（71 b払 Jゝ 故 歌 口 喜 芭 ∽○ －∽一の トJ ⊂＞∽、1 （＝〉－はゝ 心 く＝〉 bk 払あ F．㌘ronolユnS，Numerals，Adjectives without〝One〝 m盈乙g 6（Cf．Chapt．ⅠⅠⅠ，A）

Colloq． Lit．

n． t ％（功 ％（功 き † 7 喜 5．1 2．8 1．7 1．2 一－＝冊¶▼【▼▼・一・・■一▼▼・一・一・・H－・▲・・・一－とw・－－ 6．6 3．6 l 0．2 0．1 prOn・ m＝…仙川…m竹芝m一山仙ト…毒仰…冊m ′董卓／＼ぅ蔓！▼し 1．1 0．8 ＼SO 0．2 0ユ l 王nterrog．pr？n．（which） 0．2 0．1 23．4 12．8 128 24．2 17

∈ Pers・prOn・（＝冒諾三言蕊）24．8 13．6 37 4．9 mW仙…叫i 弓一冊一山 Genitive ｛】15 ≧ 2．8

One 30 5．7

仙仙…▼山i 箋 2and upward 36 6．8 4．8

1．3 0．9 イノr＼－・、▲、しOrd．11um． 0．7 0．5 1．1 0．8 nlユm． a＋ord．num． the＋ord．num． 3．2 2．2

adj． 1．1 0．8 P（ニ＄itive a十adj． 0．4 the＋adj． 1ユ

er

Comp．adj．a＋仙er

tbe＋ ～er 0．4 0．2

Sup．adj．（tbe＋仰eSt） 7．3 】2 2．3 1．6

TOTAL 93．4 i 51．2

主菜 botb Indefinite Prono㍊nS ＄Ome 0．9

any 0．2

anotber 9．3

Other（s） 4．2 tbeother（S） 3．6 40

all

SeVeral 0．7 0．4

each

many

a few

a balf

nOne 3．6 The most remarkable facts血own by this tableis that most（93．4％）of the COlloquialuses are containedin this table．The frequent appearance of pronouns and cardinalsin bothcolloquialandliterary EnglishisthenextconsplCuOuSthing．

But thisis not su叩rlSlng because pronouns and cardinals arein t壬IemSelves Substantive words．Ordinalsinliterary En如ish and superativesin either are not fr∈queut．

G．Pronouns，Numerals，Adjectives，With modifiers before r4βエg 7（Cf．Chapt．ⅠⅠⅠ，B）

Colloq． Lit．

n． n． ％（功 B ％（如 ％㈱ ％（如

lndef． gen． 1． 1 0．7 0．4 1 0．2 0．1 prOn． 十ipOSSeSS・prOn・ 4 0．7 0．5 any＋otber（s） 0．1 tbis＋otber 1 0．2 2・（≧Card・num・＋other（s） 3 0．6 0．4 しAdj．＋other 3 0．6 0．4

一山－－¶Ⅵ冊宅w…仙ル“－－州 「Adj・十Card・num・ 3 0．6 0．4 を 3∴the＋otber＋card．num． 4 0．7 0．5 しevery＋。ard．num． 2．9 1．6 1 0．2七 0．1 b．2 ′－j卜．＼しPossess．adj．÷ord．num・ 2 0．4 4 Gen． 1．3 十OWn 0．9 Possess． a。j．‡ 2 0．4 0．2 2 0．4 0．2 1 0．2 0．1

2 0．6 0．4 6． 「監芸ess．pr。n．卜sup・ とthe＋。ard．n。m．十S。p． 1 0．2 0．1

ー岬爪音w 38 7．2 TOT AL 5 3・6 ミ 2

Thesekindsofcominationsareveryrare，andtheyseldomこ一OCCurin colloquial English．

－ 【 27 芦 一て訂。ne N ー n毒

仙∽．ハ書「 rM仙仙／ へ r“－】－W一／、、仙－…－、

＼eaCh 】 亨 m冊 AdjectiくゎS PrOnOunS｝Numera－sV ひ） 什 ㌻ard．3um．One a O anOther any rナ 仁 F 茅 few F くつ C〉 野 作 F （カ rナ ト1 の ∽

一≡≒≧ 首 n． 敬（と歌手 C 〟 Adj 〇．－

くっく⊃トー 〇．N ー ー 〇．－ 〇．N トJN L．

C． 勺resent

PP Paユ打ip－e トーN ∞‥二 州 With Past

ー．N －．べ ¢ PP 伯心〇．N トJN a pOSTA盈unct 〇．00ー．∽ C．

Of P【epOSit小On00 ⊂〉く⊃－ L山q ふN PP ㌢べ ㌢のべ．り L▲k ト⊥N L． 叫J中也卜知

C． Other prep・

⊂〉く⊃N －．¢ － －．∽ ー○ 〇．－ 〇．N ミ冨？ほg－一己ミか ≡g－‡≡g－ bゝ L． 恥

C lnfin． （cf一ChP勺什．Hi－、C）

⊂〉く⊃トJ ；一b 冨ミふ壬≡g－「 胤m 】 くっく⊃トJ c． ゝ㍉ that

くっく⊃トJ くっくっこrl ；Jb L〕b L．

C． ▲葛hicb

¢．べ P¢ ∽ 〇．か 〇．の ∽ L． eaieC－auses Relatiくe

一 〇．－ 戸N くっく⊃トJ トJN

aS

⊂〉く⊃トJ トJN L．

C． COntaCt Cla亡Se

〇．N ー N ー P－ ¢．N 〇．か 〇．－ 〇．N L．

ー N ． 〇．か Pか 〇．叫 ¢．00 ーN．べ －．ひ C一 TOta－

ー の→ Pひ ¢．∽ 舟¢ トートJ伽 O．－ 〇．N 〇．¢ －．∽ 叫 〇．－ 〇．N ー ー ー

O．－ 〇．N 〇．－ 〇．N 〇．－ 〇．N ー

〇．叫 ふ 〇．N N 加．¢ ；一払 Pひ ヒ→

i

82 A 一宏taCeS ㌢t】蒜＋adj ／〟▲¶／／、山へヽ ≡Fが叫。・仙

TOTAL （pOSiti諾〕 ／ニ¶岳r■ナ F （勺 ＋ n are …邑

COnCentrated 真言轟

○く⊃CJ ゝb〉 OnだeraryだSeSO竹淫hatモandきhOSeモespecia－1y

（＝〉く＝〉トー くっく⊃トJ ヰゝの ；」b

トJ トJN¢ゝ く＞く⊃N C〉⊂〉トJ q⊃の N挿ゝ トニb

く⊃トJN 己○払

トJトJ－1 く＝）Jゝ、1 く⊃⊂〉∽ ゝb ゝb

N む〇ひl、q ⊂〉く⊃ト」 くっく＝〉トー のト」 トーb ；一k

⊂〉トJの 払；一

⊂＞（＝〉－ Jゝ、1

く＞トJ、1 PP witFOf－pぎase． 払b トJN

ト▲ト」く．C〉 くっく⊃トJ kLl トJk

t＝）く⊃N NJゝ

（＝〉⊂〉トJ ト▲k

く⊃⊂〉トJ 〇．か 〇．ぺ ゝこJ

一 ⊂〉－ロ） 〇．－ 戸N PP 改）；一 トJN 墓・・・・仙11一1一一一ノー11・事】－・■▲■■－

ト⊥NJゝ Pか 〇．ぺ ー あぁ

ト・J N Nこrl ⊂＞q⊃こrl P00 1．－ か ⊂＞ く⊃⊂）トJ t＝〉く⊃CJ 、1u － g－ぎg£帖；一k か－の

ー29－ BIBL甘OGRÅP斑Ⅴ

The abbreviationsぬr the titles of the books are sbownin the sqlユare

bracketsimmediately after their fulltitles．

Ⅰ．Books used for gathering data

AわがβgS Dreiser，Theodore．A邦A桝βγ才cα乃乃′聯み．〔Amer．Tra．〕．Signet Book．1949－ Gardner，Erle Stanley．rゐg Cαざ♂〆gゐβ宛わ以γβdPαγ和才．〔Parrot〕PocketBooks， 1947．

H咽hes，Dorothy B．rゐg C（‡乃砂戯d．〔Kid．〕Pocket Books，1952． Steinbeck，John．rゐβ月♂dfわプ叩．〔Pony．〕Bantam Books．1948． Stern，Philip Van Doren．乃gjわcゐβ才Booゐ〆肋dβγ乃A椚gγ才cα乃5ゐ0γ才5ねγgβざ． 〔PMASS〕Pocket Books．1943．

肋〃才β・Scγゆね Benet，StephenV．Sg〃g乃βγ才ぬ舟γ5βがβ乃BγOgゐβ門．TheStudyofCurrentEnglish， Decり1954．Kenkusha，Japan．

Epstein，J・J・凡作〃gγj屯∽αgg．〔Female〕The studyofCurrentEnglish，Au臥， 1954．Kenkyusha，Japan． GallicoPaul・エ才J才．TheStudyofCurrentEn幻ish，Nov．，1953．Kenkyusha，Japan． HerbertF・Hugh・7協g肋0〝ゐβJ各‘g．〔Moon〕KokusaiShuppan．1954． TaylorSamuel．5α∂γ才乃α．KokusaiShuppan．1953．

乃gⅥ巧zαプゼ〆Og．〔Oz〕The StudyofCurrent English，Jan．， 1956．Xenkyusha，Japan．

蝕γわd才cαJ5 M喝aZines：

Co和乃β≠，Jan．1953．Esquire，Inc．Chicago． gggβり¢〟β♂乃’ざ坤5gβり物zわ甘g，March，1953∴MercuryPublications，Inc． 肋紺5紺ββゑ，July30，1951．Ⅵreekly Publications，Inc．N．Y． 0ブタ乍乃加0ゐ，May，1952．Omnibook，Inc．N．Y． ダ聯α乃g′Septり1953・HillmanPeriodicalsInc・Chicag仇 〃CJan・，1953・342MadisonAvenue，NewYork17，N．Y． 月坤αJαγ5cgβ乃α，〔PopularS．〕Åug．，1953．353FourthAvenue，NewYorklO．N．Y． ガgαdβ〆5ガ如5g，〔Reader’sD・〕June，1954．TheR．D．Association，Inc．N．Y． 月βαdg〆5かなぞざ≠，Aug．，1956． 耶椚β（PαC物gd才如邦），March24，1952．Time＆LifeBuil如ng，N．Y．

Newspapers： Cゐαざ才βγ（タA．）r才椚鉛，Mon．，Nov．19，1951． ガα才砂助椚βAな乞〃ざ，乃g・Sun・，July23，1952．NeⅥrBrunswick，N．J．

…30－ 且os Aプ確Vgβぶr才∽βS，1町ed．，Aug．29，1951． 泌g紺α〟ゑgβノ0㍑プ′プ乍αん7協e．〔Mil．Journal．〕SunりSept．7，1952． 凡打プ官乃β（ゆOg才sS甜乃♂の′乃′g∂％紹β珊Nov．25，1951． A屯紺yO㌢ゐ77椚β5（InternationalEdition．） Sαね£プ′♂卿g〃♂柁g乃gPO5－rrゐβ．〔POST〕Nov．15，1952． S紺邦d砂耶椚β5，アゐβ．〔Sun．Times．〕July27，1952．New Brunswick，N・J・

欝ries，C．C．月卵乞βグ′才cαプ甘ガタ名〆哀5ゐGプ′αプ形桝α㌢（Amer．Eng．Gr．）

菜．Books for re良rence Curme，George O．勒乃≠αガ．D．C．Heath＆Co．，Boston・1931・ Fries，C・C・Aプ祁βγ才cα兜ガタ曙J才sゐGγα∽椚αγ・Appleton－Century－Crofts，‡ncりNew York．1940． ‡chikaⅥ7a，Sanki．か去c方言0乃αクツ〆Eグ曙g才5ゐタゐ才gog喝y．Kenkyusha，Japan・ 撫spersen，Otto．戯ざgプ甘≠才αゐ〆g邦〆才5ゐGγα〃せ∽αプ′．Ge〇rgeA11en ＆Unwin Ltd・， London．1954．

Je＄perSen，Otto．A〃官0（おγ乃gプ感gsゐGγα椚〝号αプ′1々g．Ⅱ． Kruisinga E．A月滋乃dみ00ゐ〆夕柁ざβ柁才・β砂丘タ感才5ゐ，的g．Ⅱ・Kemink＆ Z00n

OVer Den Dom Te Utrecht．1922． Otsuk召，Takanobu．乃β勒s才β桝〆ガタ乍〆ゐゐGγα仰乃αれ Poutsma．A GプⅦプク含乃乍αプ′qrエαねA如滋γ符E乃gねゐ，翔γ才Ⅱ・

ー 31－