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Great Men and Famous Women : a Series of Pen and Pencil Sketches of the Lives of More Than 200 of the Most Prominent Personag

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Great Men and Famous Women : a Series of Pen and Pencil Sketches of the Lives of More Than 200 of the Most Prominent Personag , AN r:< k tV VMI I K k\r^ Wl AND FAMOUS W©?^EN ..^^ iU. J •/AOKIOU YHZaU nELivc5ornop£TnAn 200 >FTnE7A05TPP0AiriEnT PERI ED 5/ Ct F.nopnE i NEW~yOPK: SELMAD riESS PUBLISnEP THE FIRST MEETING OF DANTE AND BEATRICE HENliY HOLIDAY *^fS r.^'cl^'^Ms^ AND FAMOUS TnELivc5ornoPETnAn 200 or-TnEA05TPPOAmEriT- per: EDITED BY CNAPLESFnOPIlE !^^NEW-yOPK; SELMARtlESS PUBUSnEP&^ Copyright, 1894, by Sblmab Hess. CONTENTS OF VOLUxME VII. SUBJECT AUTHOR PAGE ROBERT BROWNING, joi WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, Ricluiid Henij Stoddard, 14S JOHN BUNYAN, John Greenkaf Whittier, 66 ROBERT BURNS, Will CarktOll, 112 CARLYLE, THOMAS ]V. Wallace, 154 Letter from Carlyle on the" Choice of a Profession," 161 CERVANTES, Joseph Forster 35 THOMAS CHATTERTON, Coloncl Richard Malcolm Johnston, . ... 107 GEOFFREY CHAUCER, Alice King, 29 JAMES FENIMORE COOPER, President Charles F. Timing, 144 DANTE, Archdeacon Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., .... 19 DANIEL Dfi FOE, Clark Russcll, 72 CHARLES DICKENS, Walter Besant, 186 RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Motictirc D. CoHUHly, i66 Letter from Emerson to his child on the subject of '^ Health," 17^ GOETHE, Rev. Edward Ererett LLale, i2z OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, Francis H. Underwood, 196 HOMER, William Ewart Gladstone, i HORACE, J. W. Mackail, 16 VICTOR HUGO, Margaret O. W. Oliphant, 161 WASHINGTON IRVING, j -O SAMUEL JOHNSON, Lord Macaiilay 99 HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, .... Hezcluah Btitterworth, 174 JOHN MILTON, g^ MOLiERE, Sir Walter Scott, 50 PETRARCH, Alice King, 25 PLATO George Grote, F.R.S., j ALEXANDER POPE Aiistin Dobson 82 SCHILLER, B.L.FarJeon, 116 SIR WALTER SCOTT, W.C. Taylor, LL.D., 130 Letter of advice from Scott to his son, 135 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Senator John J. Lngalls, 44 DEAN SWIFT, Samuel Archer, 77 TORQUATO TASSO 34 ALFRED TENNYSON, Clarcnce Cook 182 VIRGIL 12 VOLTAIRE xfc. Lockivood, D.D., 92 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, j-g Vol. VII of 8 Vol. Ed. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME VII. PHOTOGRAVURES TO FACB ILLUSTRATION ARTIST PAGE Holiday Frontispiece THE FIRST MEETING OF DANTE AND BEATRICE, . Henry PETRARCH AND LAURA INTRODUCED TO THE EMPEROR AT AVIGNON Vacslav Brozik 28 MeltngUt A DINNER AT THE HOUSE OF MOLlfeRE AT AUTEUIL, . GeorgeS-GaStOH 58 THE ARREST OF VOLTAIRE AND HIS NIECE BY FRED- ERICK'S ORDER, Jules Girardet 96 VICTOR HUGO, From life 162 Longfellow's st uov From photograph 178 WOOD-ENGRAVJNGS AND TYPOGRAVURES HOMER RECITING THE ILIAD, J- CoomanS 6 THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS, Raphael 10 OCTAVIA OVERCOME BY virgil's VERSES, Jean Ingres 14 VIRGIL, HORACE, AND VARIUS AT THE HOUSE OF MAECENAS, Ch. F. Jalabert l8 CHAUCER AND THE CANTERBURY PILGRIMS, Corbould 3* TASSO AND THE TWO ELEANORS, F. Barth 36 46 SHAKESPEARE ARRESTED FOR DEER-STEALING, . J. Schrader OLIVER CROMWELL VISITS JOHN MILTON, David Neal 62 DE FOE IN THE PILLORY, Eyre Crowc 74 DR. JOHNSON'S PENANCE, Adrian Stokes loo HO THE DEATH OF CHATTERTON, THE YOUNG POET, . H. WalHs BURNS AND HIGHLAND MARY, 1^4 SCHILLER PRESENTED TO THE PRINCESS OF SAXE-WEIMAR, MeS '20 GOETHE AND FREDERiKE Hermann Kaulbach 124 SIR WALTER SCOTT AT ABBOTSFORD, Sir William Allan 134 CARLYLE AT CHELSEA, Mrs. AlHngkam 158 TENNYSON IN HIS LIBRARY, Roberts 184 Vol. Vll of 8 Vol. Ed. V ARTISTS AND AUTHORS is Art the child of nature ; yes. Her darling child in whom we trace The features of the mother's face, Her aspect and her attitude. —Longfellow HOMER By William Ewart Gladstone (about IOOO B.C.) ^,^,„j^;^^,^__^ 'npHE poems of Homer differ from all other X known poetry in this, that they constitute in themselves an encyclopcedia of life and knowl- edge at a time when knowledge, indeed, such as lies beyond the bounds of actual experience, was extremely limited, but when life was singu- larly fresh, vivid, and expansive. The only poems of Homer we possess are the " Iliad " and the "Odyssey," for the Homeric hymns and other productions lose all title to stand in line with these wonderful works, by reason of conflict in a multitude of particulars with the witness of the text, as well as of their poetical inferiority. They evidently belong to the period that follows the great migration into Asia Minor, brought about by the Dorian conquest. The dictum of Herodotus, which places the date of Homer four hundred years before his own, therefore in the ninth century b.c., was lit- tle better than mere conjecture. Common opinion has certainly presumed him to be posterior to the Dorian conquest. The " Hymn to Apollo," however, which was the main prop of this opinion, is assuredly not his. In a work which attempts to turn recent discovery to account, I have contended that the fall of Troy cannot properly be brought lower than about 1250 B.C., and that Homer may probably have lived within fifty years of it. The entire presentation of life and character in the two poems is distinct 2 ARTISTS AND AUTHORS to ns in Greece undei from, and manifestly anterior to, anything made known has been darkened and enfeebled and after that conquest. The study of Homer belonging to these later pe- by thrusting backward into it a vast mass of matter was different in spirit and which riods, and even. to the Roman civilization, which Trojans and inverted their entirely lost sight of the true position of Greeks and Greeks is a Roman name moral as well as their martial relations. The name of ; are Achaians, both in the people to whom Homer has given immortal fame the spirit of designation and in manners. The poet paints them at a time when first efforts had been seen in the national life was rising within their borders. Its expeditions of Achaian natives to conquer the Asiatic or Egyptian immigrants " •'), founded who had, under the name of Cadmeians (etymologically, foreigners Colchis, which was Thebes in Boeotia, and in the voyage of the ship Argo to probably the seat of a colony sprung from the Egyptian empire, and was there- that empire. fore regarded as hostile in memory of the antecedent aggressions of The expedition against Troy was the beginning of the long chain of conflicts be- tween Europe and Asia, which end with the Turkish conquests and with the re- century, action of the last three hundred years, and especially of the nineteenth nationality against them, it represents an eiTort truly enormous toward attaining the cause has in idea and in practice. Clearing away obstructions, of which never been partially indicated, we must next observe that the text of Homer was studied by the moderns as a whole in a searching manner until within the last two generations. From the time of Wolf there was infinite controversy about the works and the authorship, with little positive result, except the establishment of the fact that they were not written but handed down by memory, an operation aided and methodized by the high position of bards as such in Greece (more properly Achaia, and afterward Hellas), by the formation of a separate school to hand down these particular songs, and by the great institution of the Games at a variety of points in the country. At these centres there were public recitations even before the poems were composed, and the uncertainties of individual mem- ory were limited and corrected by competition carried on in a presence of a peo- ple eminently endowed with the literary faculty, and by the vast national impor- tance of handing down faithfully a record which was the chief authority touching the religion, history, political divisions, and manners of the country. Many di- versities of text arose, but there was thus a continual operation, a corrective as well as a disintegrating process. The Germans, who had long been occupied in framing careful monographs which contracted the contents of the Homeric text on many particulars, such as the Ship, the House, and so forth, have at length supplied, in the work of Dr. E. Buchholz, a full and methodical account of the contents of the text. This work would fill in English not less than six octavo volumes. The Greeks called the poet poietes, the " maker," and never was there such a maker as Homer. The work, not exclusively, but yet pre-eminently his, was the making of a language, a religion, and a nation. The last named of these was his dominant idea, and to it all his methods mav be referred. Of the first he may HOMER 3 have been little conscious while he wrought in his office as a bard, which was to give delight. Careful observation of the text exhibits three powerful factors which con- tribute to the composition of the nation. First, the Pelasgic name is associated with the mass of the people, cultivators of the soil in the Greek peninsula and elsewhere, though not as their uniform designation, for in Crete (for example) they appear in conjunction with Achaians and Dorians, representatives of a higher stock, and with Eteocretans, who were probably anterior occupants. This Pelasgian name commands the sympathy of the poet and his laudatory epi- thets ; but is nowhere used for the higher class or for the entire nation. The other factors take the command. The Achaians are properly the ruling class, and justify their station by their capacity. But there is a third factor also of great power. We know from the Egyptian monuments that Greece had been within the sway of that primitive empire, and that the Phoenicians were its mari- time arm, as they were also the universal and apparently exclusive navigators of the Mediterranean. Whatever came over sea to the Achaian land came in con- nection with the Phoenician name, which was used by Homer in a manner analo- gous to the use of the word Frank in the Levant during modern times.
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