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Battle of Passchendaele 31 JULY-10 NOVEMBER 2017

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Battle of Passchendaele 31 JULY-10 NOVEMBER 2017 Anniversary of the Battle of Passchendaele 31 JULY-10 NOVEMBER 2017 The Battle of Passchendaele – Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 The Battle of Messines ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 German preparations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 The offensive begins ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 The attacks in August and September ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 October 1917 – the battlefield becomes a quagmire ........................................................................................................ 5 1.6 The Canadians start out on their Road to Passchendaele .......................................................................................... 5 1.7 The results ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 The Canadians in Passchendaele ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Canada as a British Dominion ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Canadians to the front ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 The foundation of the Canadian Corps .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.4 The Battle of Passchendaele .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 3 The ScotS in Passchendaele ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 The Scottish divisions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 The Battle of Passchendaele .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 4 The New Zealanders .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Inclusion of the New Zealand Division .................................................................................................................................. 10 4.2 Gravenstafel Spur ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 4.3 The blackest day .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 4.4 The battle ends ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 5 The Australians ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Menin Road and Polygon Wood................................................................................................................................................ 12 5.2 Broodseinde and Passchendaele ............................................................................................................................................... 12 6 Individual stories ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 6.1 The story of Alex Decoteau, long-distance runner and Olympic athlete ........................................................ 12 6.2 The story of Dave Gallaher, All Blacks rugby captain ................................................................................................... 13 6.3 Jimmy Speirs ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 7 Things to see related to the battle of Passchendaele ........................................................................................................... 15 7.1 Battle sites ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 7.2 Cemeteries ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 7.3 Memorial ceremonies and events ................................................................................................................................................ 17 7.4 Exhibition: Total War in Flanders .............................................................................................................................................. 20 7.5 Guided tours/routes/itineraries ................................................................................................................................................. 23 8 Further information .................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 8.1 Websites ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Pagina 2 van 28 8.2 Pictures ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 8.3 Interviews ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 8.4 Visit Flanders contacts ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 8.5 Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Pagina 3 van 28 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Battle of Messines In the summer of 1917, the British were determined to force a breakthrough on the Flanders front. To break through at the Ypres Salient, it would first be necessary to straighten out the Wijtschate Salient (Messines Ridge) to the south of Ypres. Starting in 1916, the British worked on an ambitious plan to tunnel underneath the whole salient and detonate powerful deep mines. In the early morning of 7 June 1917, nineteen deep mines were exploded simultaneously. The largest explosion ever caused by humans up to that time, this had the effect of a powerful earthquake and caused complete disorganisation among the Germans. One week later, the whole Wijtschate Salient had been taken and the objective of straightening the front had been successfully achieved. Haig, the Commander-in-Chief, could now concentrate on his ‘Flanders Offensive’, better known as the Third Battle of Ypres or the Battle of Passchendaele, which aimed to capture the German submarine ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge. 1.2 German preparations Haig believed in a large-scale offensive on a broad front. The Germans, however, had been expecting a large-scale attack and were well prepared. Special ‘Pioniere’ or engineers were given the task of constructing a succession of defensive lines. These lines were planned for the entire length of the front, but priority was given to the district around Zonnebeke
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