Nuclear PROCEEDINGS of an INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SALZBURG Ana2-13 M a Y 1977 Its Fuel Cycle
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VOLUME INDEXES AND LISTS Nuclear PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SALZBURG ana2-13 M A Y 1977 its Fuel Cycle INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1 977 NUCLEAR POWER AND ITS FUEL CYCLE VOL. 8 The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ALBANIA HUNGARY POLAND ALGERIA ICELAND PORTUGAL ARGENTINA INDIA QATAR AUSTRALIA INDONESIA ROMANIA AUSTRIA IRAN SAUDI ARABIA BANGLADESH IRAQ SENEGAL BELGIUM IRELAND SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA ISRAEL SINGAPORE BRAZIL ITALY SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA IVORY COAST SPAIN BURMA JAMAICA SRI LANKA BYELORUSSIAN SOVIET JAPAN SUDAN SOCIALIST REPUBLIC JORDAN SWEDEN CANADA KENYA SWITZERLAND CHILE KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA KUWAIT THAILAND COSTA RICA LEBANON TUNISIA CUBA LIBERIA TURKEY CYPRUS LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA UGANDA CZECHOSLOVAKIA LIECHTENSTEIN UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S MADAGASCAR UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF KOREA MALAYSIA REPUBLICS DENMARK MALI UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT ECUADOR MEXICO BRITAIN AND NORTHERN EGYPT MONACO IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MOROCCO CAMEROON FINLAND NETHERLANDS UNITED REPUBLIC OF FRANCE NEW ZEALAND TANZANIA GABON NICARAGUA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NIGER URUGUAY GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA VENEZUELA GHANA NORWAY VIET NAM GREECE PAKISTAN YUGOSLAVIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ZAIRE HAITI PARAGUAY ZAMBIA PERU The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “ to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world” . (C) IAEA, 1977 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Karntner Ring 11, P.O. Box 590, A -1011 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 1977 PROCEEDINGS SERIES NUCLEAR POWER AND ITS FUEL CYCLE PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUCLEAR POWER AND ITS FUEL CYCLE HELD BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IN SALZBURG, 2-13 MAY 1977 In eight volumes VOL. 8 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1977 NUCLEAR POWER AND ITS FUEL CYCLE IAEA, VIENNA, 1977 STI/PUB/465 ISBN 92-0-050777-8 FOREWORD The International Conference on Nuclear Power and its Fuel Cycle, held at Salzburg, Austria, from 2 to 13 May 1977, was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The sessions of the conference, which was opened by His Excellency Dr. Rudolf Kirchschlâger, the President of the Federal Republic of Austria, were held at the Grosse Festspielhaus and the Kongresshaus. Against a background of mounting energy demands and the realization that fossil fuel resources are finite, the conference was planned to give a global and comprehensive overview of the status and potential of nuclear power with emphasis placed on the limitations and constraints of present and future importance. In particular, it discussed the problems of the nuclear fuel cycle and the need for its integration on a national and international level. Since the conference stressed the problems of policy formation for the utilization of nuclear power and the structuring of the fuel cycle it was directed mainly to senior officials and planners involved in the decision-making process for nuclear programmes; it was also, of course, intended for scientists and engineers. More than 1800 participants and 200 observers attended the conference. The 342 papers presented were grouped under the following seven main topics: World energy supply and demand, and the future role of nuclear power Supply of nuclear fuel and fuel cycle services Radioactivity management, including transport Experience and technical aspects of nuclear safety Nuclear power and public opinion Safeguarding of nuclear materials Nuclear power prospects and problems in developing countries. The Proceedings are published in eight volumes. The first seven volumes contain the papers presented at the conference, a record of all the discussions and round tables, the special lectures, and the closing remarks of the Agency’s Director General, Dr. Sigvard Eklund. The papers appear in the original language of submission, either English, French, Russian or Spanish, and the abstracts are in all four languages. The discussions are published in English. The eighth volume contains an Author Index, a Paper Number Index, a complete Contents List of all volumes, and a List of Participants. The holding of the conference appeared well timed since it coincided with a period of world-wide reassessment of the role of nuclear power and of the larger problem: how best to satisfy the increasing world energy needs. As the Director General commented in his closing remarks, “a general agreement emerged from our discussions that nuclear power is a necessary and irreplaceable source of the future energy supply for mankind in both the short and the longer term.” The International Atomic Energy Agency wishes to record its sincere thanks to the Federal Government of Austria and to the authorities of the Province and City of Salzburg for the substantial support, the generous hospitality and the comprehensive and efficient services provided. These contributed greatly to the smooth running and success of the conference. SUMMARY OF COMPLETE CONTENTS VOLUME 1 NUCLEAR POWER PROSPECTS AND PLANS General energy prospects; national system plans; current nuclear systems; advanced nuclear systems; advanced systems and applications; energy analysis; special evening lectures; closing remarks by the Director General. VOLUME 2 THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE, PART 1 Integrated planning of fuel cycle; uranium exploration and evaluation; raw materials mining and processing; fuel technology for LWR and HWR. VOLUME 3 THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE, PART 2 International co-operation in the fuel cycle; isotope separation; plutonium bearing fuels; HTR fuels; reprocessing technology; fuel cycle centres. VOLUME 4 RADIOACTIVITY MANAGEMENT Standards for radioactivity management; operational aspects of radioactivity management; criteria for radioactivity management; radioactivity management practices; transport of radioactive materials; decommissioning. VOLUME 5 NUCLEAR SAFETY Nuclear safety; safety requirements and experience, thermal reactors; safety of fast breeders and their fuel cycle; safety of fuel cycle facilities. VOLUME 6 NUCLEAR POWER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Nuclear power in developing countries; nuclear programmes in developing countries; small power reactors, desalting; experience of nuclear power in developing countries. VOLUME 7 NUCLEAR POWER AND PUBLIC OPINION, AND SAFEGUARDS Nuclear power and public opinion; safeguards. VOLUME 8 INDEXES AND LISTS Contents lists of Volumes 1 to 7; list of participants; author and transliteration indexes; indexes of papers. EDITORIAL NOTE The papers and discussions have been edited by the editorial staff o f the International Atom ic Energy Agency to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. The views expressed and the general style adopted remain, however, the responsibility o f the named authors or participants. In addition, the views are not necessarily those o f .the governments o f the nominating Member States or o f the nominating organizations. Where papers have been incorporated into these Proceedings without resetting by the Agency, this has been done with the knowledge o f the authors and their government authorities, and their cooperation is gratefully acknowledged. The Proceedings have been printed by composition typing and photo-offset lithography. Within the limitations imposed by this method, every effort has been made to maintain a high editorial standard,, in particular to achieve, wherever practicable, consistency o f units and symbols and conformity to the standards recommended by competent international bodies. The use in these Proceedings o f particular designations o f countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status o f such countries or territories, o f their authorities and institutions or o f the delimitation o f their boundaries. The mention o f specific companies or o f their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement or recommendation on the part o f the IAEA. Authors are themselves responsible for obtaining the necessary permission to reproduce copyright material from other sources. CONTENTS OF VOLUME 8 CONTENTS LISTS OF VOLUMES 1 TO 7 .............................................................. 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS, SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE AND CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT ............................................................... 43 List of Participants ................................................................................................ 45 Scientific Advisory Committee of the IAEA ................................................ 165 IAEA Conference Secretariat ............................................................................. 165 SUBJECT INDEX ....... ............................................. ................ ............................. 169 AUTHOR AND TRANSLITERATION INDEXES ........................................... 211 A uthor Index .........................................................................................................