Biosystematics of Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF DAMSELFLIES (ZYGOPTERA: ODONATA) OF PAKISTAN

AHMED ZIA 98-arid-889

A thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

ENTOMOLOGY

Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi – Pakistan 2010

CERTIFICATION

I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences.

Student’s Name: Ahmed Zia Signature:______

Registration No: 98-arid-889 Date: ______

Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “Biosystematics of Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan” submitted by Mr. Ahmed Zia have been found satisfactory for the requirement of the degree.

Supervisor: ______(Dr. Muhammad Naeem)

Member: ______(Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam)

Member: ______(Dr. Ghazala Kaukab)

Chairperson: ______Dean: ______

Director, Advanced Studies: ______

PRAISE BE TO ALLAH, LORD OF WORLD. THE BENEFICIENT, THE MERCIFUL

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Prophet MUHAMMAD (SAWW) and to my 1‐1/2 year old cute little child, Syed Abeer Ahmed.

Disclaimer

According to Article 8.2 of the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, description of new species i.e Indocnemis ahmedi provided in this dissertation is not issued for public and permanent

scientific record or for purposes of zoological nomenclature

CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXI

ABSTRACT XXXIII

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. RIVIEW OF LITERATURE 5

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16

Superfamily Calopterygoidea 21

Family Calopterygidae Selys 21

Subfamily Calopteryginae 21

Genus Neurobasis Selys, 1853 21

1. N. chinensis chinensis Linnaeus, 1758 21

Family Cholorocyphiade Cowley 25

Genus Libellago Selys 25

1. Libellago lineata lineata Burmeister, 1839 28

2. Libellago greeni Laidlaw, 1924 33

Genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842 35

1. Rhinocypha Immaculata Selys, 1871 36

2. Rhinocypha unimaculata Selys, 1853 38

3. Rhinocypha hilarye Fraser, 1927 41

4. Rhinocypha trifasciata Selys, 1853 43

5. Rhinocypha quadrimaculata Selys, 1853 46

Family Euphaediae Selys 50

Genus Bayadera Selys, 1853 50

1. Bayadera indica Selys, 1853 50

2. Bayadera longicauda Fraser, 1928 53

Superfamily Coenagrionoidea 56

Family Coenagrionidae Kirby 61

Subfamily Coengarioninae 61

Genus Cercion Navas, 1907 61

1. Cercion calamorum dyeri Ris, 1916 61

Subfamily Agriocnemidinae 63

Genus Agriocnemis Selys 63

1. Agriocnemis dabreui Fraser, 1919 65

2. Agriocnemis nana Laidlaw, 1914 67

3. Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur, 1842 69

4. Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919 74

Subfamily Pseudagrioninae 77

Genus Ceriagrion Selys, 1876 79

1. Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer, 1865 79

2. Ceriagrion coromandelianum Fabricius, 1798 82

Genus Pseudagrion Selys, 1876 88

1. Pseudagrion ceylanicum Kirby, 1891 89

2. Pseudagrion decorum Rambur, 1842 91

3. Pseudagrion hypermelas Selys, 1876 94

4. Pseudagrion laidlawi Fraser, 1922 97

5. Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 100

6. Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922 105

Subfamily Ischnurinae 108

Genus Aciagrion Selys, 1891 110

1. Aciagrion hisopa Selys, 1876 110

Genus Enallagma Charpentier, 1840 112

1. Enallagma cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840 113

2. Enallagma parvum Selys, 1876 116

Genus Ischnura Charpantier, 1840 118

1. Ischnura aurora Baruer, 1865 119

2. Ischnura elegans Vander Linden, 1820 125

3. Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907 130

4. Ischnura fountainei Morton, 1905 138

5. Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 139

Genus Rhodischnura Laidlaw, 1919 143

1. Rhodischnura nursei Morton, 1907 143

Family Platcnemididae Tillyard 148

Subfamily Calicnemidinae 149

Genus Calicnemis Strand, 1928 151

1. Calicnemis eximia Selys, 1863 151

Genus Coeliccia Kirby, 1890 155

1. Coeliccia renifera Selys, 1886 156

2. Coeliccia vacca Laidlaw, 1932 159

Genus Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917 163

1. Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. 163

Subfamily Platycnemidinae 170

Genus Copera Kirby, 1890 170

1. Copera ciliata Selys, 1863 171

2. Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842 172

Family Platystictidae Laidlaw 175

Subfamily Platystictinae 175

Genus Protosticta Selys, 1885 177

1. Protosticta hearseyi Fraser, 1922 177

Genus Drepanosticta Laidlaw, 1917 180

1. Drepanosticta polychromatica Fraser, 1931 180

Family Protoneuridae Tillyard 182

Subfamily Disparoneurinae 182

Genus Ellatoneura Cowley, 1935 182

1. Ellatoneura souteri Fraser, 1924 182

2. Ellatoneura atkinsoni Selys, 1886 188

3. Ellatoneura campioni Fraser, 1922 192

4. Ellatoneura nigerrima Laidlaw, 1935 196

Superfamily Lestoidea 199

Family Lestidae Calverd 199

Subfamily Lestinae 199

Genus Ceylonolestes Kennedy, 1920 202

1. Ceylonolestes cyanea Selys, 1930 202

Genus Lestes Leach, 1815 206

1. Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924 207

2. Lestes paremorsa praemorsa Selys, 1862 208

3. Lestes thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920 210

4. Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1892 213

5. Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842 217

Family Chlorolestidae Pinhey 219 Subfamily Megalestinae 219 Genus Megalestes Selys, 1862 219 1. Megalestes major Selys, 1962 219

SUMMARY 235

Checklist of Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan 238

LITERATURE CITED 243

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE

4.1 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Neurobasis chinensis 22 4.2 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Neurobasis chinensis on time period basis 22 4.3 Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in Punjab 23 4.4 Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in N.W. F. P. 23 4.5 Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in AJ&K 24 4.6 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Neurobasis chinensis collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K. 24 4.7 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Libellago lineata lineata 30 4.8 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Libellago lineata lineata 30 on time period basis 4.9 Distribution of Libellago lineata lineata in Punjab 31 4.10 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Libellago greeni 34 4.11 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Libellago greeni on time period basis 35 4.12 Distribution of Libellago greeni in Punjab 35 4.13 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha immaculata 36 4.14 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha hilarye on time period basis 37 4.15 Distribution of Rhinocypha hilarye in AJ&K 37 4.16 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha unimaculata 38 4.17 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha unimaculata on time period basis 39 4.18 Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in Punjab 39 4.19 Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in N.W.F.P. 40 4.20 Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in AJ&K 40 4.21 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha unimaculata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 41

4.22 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha hilarye 41 4.23 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha hilarye on time period basis 42 4.24 Distribution of Rhinocypha hilarye inAJ&K 42 4.25 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha trifasciata 43 4.26 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha trifasciata on time period basis 44 4.27 Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in Punjab 44 4.28 Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in N.W.F.P. 45 4.29 Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in AJ&K 45 4.30 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha trifasciata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 46 4.31 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata 47 4.32 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata on time period basis 47 4.33 Distribution of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata in Punjab 48 4.34 Distribution of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata in AJ&K 48 4.35 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata collected from Punjab and AJ&K 49 4.36 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera indica 50 4.37 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera indica on time period basis 51 4.38 Distribution of Bayadera indica in Punjab 51 4.39 Distribution of Bayadera indica in N.W.F.P. 52 4.40 Distribution of Bayadera indica in AJ&K 52 4.41 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Bayadera indica collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 53 4.42 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera longicauda 54 4.43 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera longicauda on time period basis 54

4.44 Distribution of Bayadera longicauda in Punjab 55 4.45 Distribution of Bayadera longicauda in AJ&K 55 4.46 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Bayadera longicauda collected from Punjab and AJ&K 56 4.47 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Cercion calamorum dyeri 62 4.48 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Cercion calamorum dyeri on time period basis 62 4.49 Distribution of Cercion calamorum dyeri in Punjab 63 4.50 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis dabreui 65 4.51 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis dabreui on time period basis 65 4.52 Distribution of Agriocnemis dabreui in Punjab 66 4.53 Distribution of Agriocnemis dabreui in N.W.F.P. 66 4.54 Distribution of Agriocnemis dabreui in AJ&K 67 4.55 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis dabreui collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 67 4.56 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis nana 68 4.57 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis nana on time period basis 68 4.58 Distribution of Agriocnemis nana in Punjab 69 4.59 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis pygmaea 69 4.60 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis pygmaea on time period basis 70 4.61 Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Punjab 70 4.62 Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in N.W.F.P. 72 4.63 Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Sindh 72 4.64 Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Baluchistan 73 4.65 Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in AJ&K 73 4.66 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis pygmaea collected from four provinces and AJ&K 74

4.67 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis splendidissima 75 4.68 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis splendidissima on time period basis 75 4.69 Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in Punjab 76 4.70 Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in Baluchistan 76 4.71 Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in AJ&K 76 4.72 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis splendidissima collected from Punjab, Baluchistan and AJ&K 77 4.73 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum 79 4.74 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum on time period basis 80 4.75 Distribution of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum in Punjab 80 4.76 Distribution of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum in AJ&K 81 4.77 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum collected from Punjab and AJ&K 81 4.78 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion coromandelianum 82 4.79 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion coromandelianum on time period basis 83 4.80 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Punjab 83 4.81 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in N.W.F.P. 85 4.82 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Sindh 85 4.83 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Baluchistan 86 4.84 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Northern Areas - Gilgit 86 4.85 Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in AJ&K 86 4.86 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ceriagrion coromandelianum collected from four provinces, AJ&K and

Northern Areas 87 4.87 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion ceylanicum 89 4.88 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion ceylanicum on time period basis 90 4.89 Distribution of Pseudagrion ceylanicum in AJ&K 90 4.90 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion decorum 91 4.91 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion decorum on time period basis 91 4.92 Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Punjab 92 4.93 Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in N.W.F.P. 92 4.94 Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Sindh 93 4.95 Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Baluchistan 93 4.96 Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in AJ&K 93 4.97 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion decorum collected from four provinces and AJ&K 94 4.98 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion hypermelas 95 4.99 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion hypermelas on time period basis 95 4.100 Distribution of Pseudagrion hypermelas in Punjab 96 4.101 Distribution of Pseudagrion hypermelas in AJ&K 96 4.102 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion hypermelas collected from Punjab and AJ&K 97 4.103 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion laidlawi 97 4.104 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion laidlawi on time period basis 98 4.105 Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in Punjab 98 4.106 Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in N.W.F.P. 99 4.107 Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in Sindh 99 4.108 Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in AJ&K 99 4.109 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of

Pseudagrion laidlawi collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 100 4.110 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion rubriceps 101 4.111 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion rubriceps on time period basis 101 4.112 Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in Punjab 102 4.113 Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in N.W.F.P. 103 4.114 Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in AJ&K 103 4.115 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion rubriceps collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 104 4.116 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion spencei 105 4.117 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion spencei on time period basis 105 4.118 Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in Punjab 106 4.119 Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in N.W.F.P. 107 4.120 Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in Baluchistan 107 4.121 Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in AJ&K 107 4.122 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion spencei collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P, Baluchistan and AJ&K 108 4.123 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Aciagrion hisopa 110 4.124 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Aciagrion hisopa on time period basis 110 4.125 Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in Punjab 111 4.126 Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in N.W.F.P. 111 4.127 Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in AJ&K 111 4.128 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Aciagrion hisopa collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 112 4.129 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma cyathigerum 113 4.130 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma cyathigerum on time period basis 114

4.131 Distribution of Enallagma cyathigerum in Northern Areas – Baltistan 114 4.132 Distribution of Enallagma cyathigerum in Northern Areas – Gilgit 115 4.133 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma parvum 116 4.134 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma parvum on time period basis 116 4.135 Distribution of Enallagma parvum in Punjab 117 4.136 Distribution of Enallagma parvum in N.W.F.P. 117 4.137 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Enallagma parvum collected from Punjab and N.W.F.P. 117 4.138 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura aurora 119 4.139 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura aurora on time period basis 120 4.140 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Punjab 121 4.141 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in N.W.F.P. 122 4.142 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Sindh 122 4.143 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Baluchistan 123 4.144 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Northern Areas – Gilgit 123 4.145 Distribution of Ischnura aurora in AJ&K 123 4.146 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura aurora collected from four provinces, Northern Areas and AJ&K 124 4.147 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura elegans 124 4.148 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura elegans on time period basis 126 4.149 Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Punjab 126 4.150 Distribution of Ischnura elegans in N.W.F.P. 127 4.151 Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Northern Areas – Baltistan 127 4.152 Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Northern Areas – Gilgit 128 4.153 Distribution of Ischnura elegans in AJ&K 128 4.154 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura elegans collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. Northern Areas and AJ&K 129

4.155 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura forcipata 130 4.156 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura forcipata on time period basis 130 4.157 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Punjab 131 4.158 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in N.W.F.P. 132 4.159 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Sindh 133 4.160 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Northern Areas – Baltistan 133 4.161 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Northern Areas – Gilgit 134 4.162 Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in AJ&K 135 4.163 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura forcipata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh, Northern Areas and AJ&K 137 4.164 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura fountainei 138 4.165 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Iscnura fountainei on time period basis 138 4.166 Distribution of Iscnura fountainei in Baluchistan 139 4.167 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura senegalensis 140 4.168 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura senegalensis on time period basis 140 4.169 Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Punjab 141 4.170 Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Sindh 141 4.171 Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Baluchistan 142 4.172 Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Northern Areas – Baltistan 142 4. 173 Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in AJ&K 142 4.174 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura senegalensis collected from Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Northern Areas and AJ&K 143 4.175 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhodischnura nursei 144 4.176 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhodischnura nursei on time period basis 144

4.177 Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Punjab 145 4.178 Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in N.W.F.P. 146 4.179 Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Sindh 146 4.180 Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Baluchistan 146 4.181 Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in AJ&K 147 4.182 Comparison of abdomen and wings length in specimens of Rhodischnura nursei collected from four provinces and AJ&K 148 4.183 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Calicnemis eximia 151 4.184 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Calicnemis eximia on time period basis 152 4.185 Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in Punjab 152 4.186 Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in N.W.F.P. 153 4.187 Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in AJ&K 154 4.188 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Calicnemis eximia collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 155 4.189 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia renifera 156 4.190 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia renifera on time period basis 157 4.191 Distribution of Coeliccia renifera in Punjab 157 4.192 Distribution of Coeliccia renifera in AJ&K 157 4.193 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Coeliccia renifera collected from Punjab and AJ&K 158 4.194 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia vacca 160 4.195 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia vacca on time period basis 160 4.196 Distribution of Coeliccia vacca in Punjab 161 4.197 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Indocnemis ahmedi 168 4.198 Distribution of Indocnemis ahmedi sp.nov. in N.W.F.P. 168 4.199 Distribution of Indocnemis ahmedi sp.nov. in AJ&K 168 4.200 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of

Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. collected from N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 169 4.201 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Copera ciliata 171 4.202 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Copera ciliata on time period basis 171 4.203 Distribution of Copera ciliata in Punjab 172 4.204 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Copera marginipes 172 4.205 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Copera marginipes on time period basis 173 4.206 Distribution of Copera marginipes in Punjab 173 4.207 Distribution of Copera marginipes in N.W.F.P. 174 4.208 Distribution of Copera marginipes in AJ&K 174 4.209 Comparison of specimens of Copera marginipes collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 175 4.210 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Protosticta hearseyi. 178 4.211 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Protosticta hearseyi on time period basis 178 4.212 Distribution of Protosticta hearseyi in Punjab 179 4.213 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Drepanosticta polychromatica 180 4.214 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Drepanosticta polychromatica collected on time period basis 181 4.215 Distribution of Drepanosticta polychromatica in Punjab 181 4.216 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ellatoneura souteri 183 4.217 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ellatoneura souteri on time period basis 184 4.218 Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in Punjab 185 4.219 Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in N.W.F.P. 185 4.220 Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in AJ&K 185 4.221 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ellatoneura souteri collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 186

4.222 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura atkinsoni 189 4.223 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura atkinsoni on time period basis 190 4.224 Distribution of Elattoneura atkinsoni in Punjab 190 4.225 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni 193 4.226 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni on time period basis 193 4.227 Distribution of Elattoneura campioni in Punjab 194 4.228 Distribution of Elattoneura campioni in AJ&K 194 4.229 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni collected from Punjab and AJ&K 194 4.230 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura nigerrima 196 4.231 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura nigerrima on time period basis 196 4.232 Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in Punjab 197 4.233 Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in N.W.F.P. 197 4.234 Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in AJ&K 198 4.235 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura nigerrima collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K 198 4.236 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Cylonolestes cyanea 204 4.237 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Cylonolestes cyanea on time period basis 204 4.238 Distribution of Cylonolestes cyanea in AJ&K 205 4.239 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes patricia 207 4.240 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes patricia on time period basis 208 4.241 Distribution of Lestes patricia in AJ&K 208 4.242 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes praemorsa praemorsa 209 4.243 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes praemorsa

praemorsa on time period basis 209 4.244 Distribution of Lestes praemorsa praemorsa in AJ&K 210 4.245 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes thoracicus 210 4.246 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes thoracicus on time period basis 211 4.247 Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in Punjab 211 4.248 Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in Sindh 212 4.249 Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in AJ&K 212 4.250 Comparison of abdomen and wings lengthgs among specimens of Lestes thoracicus collected from Punjab, Sindh and AJ&K 213 4.251 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes umbrinus 214 4.252 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes umbrinus on time period basis 214 4.253 Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Punjab 215 4.254 Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Sindh 215 4.255 Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Baluchistan 216 4.256 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Lestes umbrinus collected from Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan 216 4.257 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes viridulus 217 4.258 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes viridulus on time period basis 218 4.259 Distribution of Lestes viridulus in Punjab 218 4.260 Distribution of Lestes viridulus in AJ&K 218 4.261 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Lestes viridulus collected from Punjab and AJ&K 219 4.262 Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Megalestes major 220 4.263 Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Megalestes major on time period basis 220 4.264 Distribution of Megalestes major in Punjab 221 4.265 Distribution of Megalestes major in N.W.F.P. 221 4.266 Distribution of Megalestes major in Northern Areas – Baltistan 222

4.267 Distribution of Megalestes major in AJ&K 222 4.268 Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Megalestes major collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Northern Areas and AJ&K 224 4.269 An overview of presence or absence of species in different areas of Pakistan 231

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO.

PAGE

3.1 A map showing all the Provinces and Districts of Pakistan, where the

damselflies have been recorded during 2004 - 2008 15

4.1a Fore and hindwings of Coeloeccia renifera ♂

4.1b Fore and hindwings of Neurobasis chinensis ♂ 18

4.2a Fore and hindwings of Ceriagrion coromandelianum ♂ 19

4.2b Fore and hindwings of Megalestes major ♂ 19

4.3a Forewing of Neurobasis chinensis ♀ 20

4.3b Forewing of Bayadera indica ♂ 20

4.4a Head of Bayadera indica 20

4.4b Head of Libellago lineata 20

4.5a Forewing of Libellago lineata lineata 26

4.5b Male and Female of Libellago lineata lineata 26

4.5c Forewing of Libellago lineata lineata (without pterostigma) 26

4.6a Forewing of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata 27

4.6b Rhinocypha quadrimaculata (with vitreous Spot) 27

4.6c Male and Female of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata 27

4.7 Libellago lineata lineata ♂ 28

4.8 Libellago lineata lineata ♀ 28

4.9 Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with fast running water at

Simly dam (Islamabad), Punjab 32

4.10 Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with long grasses at Simly dam

(Islamabad), Punjab 32

4.11 Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with grasses and shrubs at Simly

dam (Islamabad), Punjab 33

4.12 Libellago greeni ♂ studied at Museum 33

4.13 Libellago greeni ♂ in field (Photograph by Mr. Amila) 33

4.14a Forewing of Protosticta hearseyi 57

4.14b Forewing of Pseudagrion rubriceps 57

4.15a Forewing of Elattoneura souteri 57

4.15b Forewing of Coeliccia vacca 58

4.16a Forewing of Calicnemis eximia 58

4.16b Forewing of Cerigrion cerinorubellum 58

4.17a Forewing of Ceriagrion coromandelianum 59

4.17b Forewing of Agriocnemis pygmaea 59

4.18a Forewing of Pseudagrion rubriceps 59

4.18b Forewing of Enallagma cyathigerum 59

4.19a(i) Fore and hindwings of Ischnura aurora 60

4.19a (ii) Ventral spine in female of Enallagma cyathigerum 60

4.19b Fore and hindwings of cercion calamorum dyeri 60

4.20a Head of Ceriagrion coromandelianum ♀ 78

4.20b Head of Pseudagrion rubriceps 78

4.21a Wings of Aciagrion hisopa 109

4.21b Wings of Enallagma cyathigerum 109

4.22a Ischnura aurora 109

4.22b Enallagma cyathigerum 109

4.23a(i) Postocular spots in Ischnura forcipata 109

4.23a(ii) Tubercles in Ischnura aurora 109

4.23b(i) Rhodischnura nursei (post ocular spots absent) 109

4.23b(ii) Rhodishnura nursei (with widely separated tubercles) 109

4.24a Forewing of Coellicia renifera 150

4.24b Tibiae in Coellicia renifera 150

4.25a Forewing of Copera marginipes 150

4.25b Tibiae in Copera marginipes 150

4.26a Forewing of Calicnemis eximia 150

4.26b Forewing of Coeliccia vacca 150

4.27 Forewing of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. 150

4.28 Coeliccia vacca ♂ 159

4.29 Coeliccia vacca ♀ 159

4.30 Perennial water flow in Lehtarar (Islamabad), Punjab 162

4.31 Water coming slowly from uphill in Kotlisatyaan (Islamabad), Punjab 162

4.32 Two seasonal water ways joining at a point in Chachan village

(Islamabad), Punjab 162

4.33 Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. (Dorsal View) 163

4.34 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Ventral view) 163

4.35 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Lateral view) 164

4.36 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Anal appendages) 164

4.37 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of forewing) 164

4.38 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of hindwing) 164

4.39 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of thorax) 165

4.40 I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of head) 165

4.41 Habitat for Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. in N.W.F.P. 170

4.42 Habitat for Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. in AJ&K 170

4.43a Forewing of Protosticta hearseyi 176

4.43b Forewing of Drepanosticta polychromatica 176

4.44 Protosticta hearseyi ♂ 177

4.45 Protosticta hearseyi ♀ 177

4.46 Collection Spot at Chachan Village (Islamabad), Punjab 180

4.47 Collection Spot at Lehtarar (Islamabad), Punjab 180

4.48 Elattoneura souteri ♂ 182

4.49 Elattoneura souteri ♀ 182

4.50 Collection Spot at Shinkyari (Mansehra), N.W.F.P. 186

4.51 Collection spot at Mandra (Rawalpindi), Punjab 186

4.52 Collection spot at Ayub Park (Rawalpindi) 187

4.53 Damp Spot under Dense Shade at Ayub Park (Rawalpindi) 187

4.54 Open Sunlit Collection Spot at Paghwari (AJ&K) 187

4.55 Shady Spot with Climbers at Simly dam (Islamabad) 187

4.56 Specimens of Elattoneura atkinsoni (Destroyed during measurements) 188

4.57 Small cave under big rock stone at Simly dam (Islamabad) 191

4.58 Out flow of water at Simly dam (Islamabad) 191

4.59 Specimen of Elattoneura campioni ♂ 192

4.60 Spot with thin long grasses at Simly dam (Islamabad) 195

4.61 Spot with slow moving water at Kalarkahar (Chakwal) 195

4.62 Big water reservoir at Mangla (Mirpur) 195

4.63a Forewing of Lestes umbrinus ♂ 200

4.63b Forewing of Magelestes major ♂ 200

4.64a Fore and hindwings of Lestes umbrinus ♂ 201

4.64b Fore and hindwings of Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ 201

4.65 Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ 202

4.66 Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ (Lateral view) 203

4.67 Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ (Dorsal view of head and thorax) 203

4.68 Collection spot of Cylonolestes cyanea at Tararkhal (AJ&K) 205

4.69 Collection spot of Cylonolestes cyanea at Banjosa (AJ&K) 206

4.70 Richness of Zygoptera observed in Pakistan 224

4.71 New Records and Comparison of explored fauna 225

4.72 Trend observed in body length of Zygoptera on time period basis

(1933-34 Vs Current Study) 226

4.73 Difference observed in body length of Zygoptera on area basis 227 4.74 Diversity Indices of the explored damselflies species 228

4.75 Sex Ratio of the Damselflies in the surveyed habitats 229

4.76 Optimum Activity period of Zygoptera observed in Pakistan 230

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All acclamations and appreciations are for “Allah Almighty”, the Omnipotent and Omni scientist. Who granted me vision and unflinching determination to contemplate and carry out my research study to end within time. He is the Supreme Power that conferred upon mankind the knowledge and sagacity. Countless indebtedness to Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAWW), for enlightening with the essence of faith in Allah and guiding the mankind about true path of life.

It leaves me utterly at loss of words to express my sense of devotion to my supervisor Dr. Muhammad Naeem, Associate Professor and Chairman, Department of Entomology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi for his dexterous supervision, inspiring and impetuous guidance and worthwhile comments throughout the completion of this dissertation. He is a scholar of outstanding eminence, who generously helped me through his thought provoking suggestions, expert opinions and constant encouragement. I also express profound gratitude to my ex-supervisor (Late Dr. Abdul Khaliq) for his superb counseling in the earlier stages of my study.

No acknowledgment could ever adequately express my obligations and depth of dedication to my parents. Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi, PSO, National Insect Museum, NARC-Islamabad for his invigorating encouragement and sympathetic attitude and dynamic guidance which had always been a source of strength for me throughout these arduous years.

Cordial thanks to Dr. Ghazala Kaukab (Assistant Professor), Department of Bio- Chemistry, a member of my supervisory committee, Dr. Muhammad Aslam (ex- Chairman, Dpt. of Entomology, PMAS-AAU), Dr. Muhammad Abdul Matin (CSO, NARC- Islamabad), Mr. Muhammad Irshad (Consultant), National Insect Museum, NARC-Islamabad and Dr Atta – ul – Mohsin (Assistant Professor, PMAS-AAU) for their constructive criticism and valuable suggestions during write up of this manuscript.

I also want to thank Dr. Klaus Schoenitzer (from Germany) and Dr. Maria Minor (from New Zealand) for nice evaluation of my dissertation. My thanks are extended to Mr. Stefan Ober (from Germany) for helping me in exact identification of my specimens. Appreciable assistance has been provided by Mr. Amila and Dr. Karen Conniff from Srilanka in helping me for add up of coloured images to my thesis.

Countless thanks to my friend Mohsin Ghumman (Asst. Registrar, PMAS-AAU) and colleague Mr. Anjum Shehzad for his constant prayers and encouragement towards completion of my thesis. I owe heartful thanks to Mr. Ishaq Mastoi, Mr. Amir Sultan, Mr. Falak Naz and Mr. Khalid Mehmood for their affectionate behavior and moral support during my whole study period.

Words are lacking to again pay tribute to my affectionate parents, who are living inspiration for me, May Allah bless them with health, happiness and peace, Tremendous gratitude to my loving and caring sisters and brother, Syed Ali Raza who always encoraged me and did sincere prayers for my future and success. Sincere thanks are extended to my wife for her moral support and amicable attitude during the hard times of the current study.

I feel pleasure to thank my deep and unlimited thanks to my cousin, Sohaib and his friends Anwar and Ateeq for their memorable company during the collection trips for specimens. I am also grateful to Mr. Muhammad Ashraf, Mr. Amjad Bukhari, Mr. Asad Jokhio and Mr. Khurram Hussnain for their technical assisstance and support in the photography of my specimens and many other cyber related issues at National Insect Museum, NARC-Islambad.

ABSTRACT

Damselflies or Zygoptera, an important group of predators and biodiversity indicator, has been neglected in Pakistan. Partially to redress this, damselflies were collected from various localities of Pakistan during 2004 – 2008. A total of 1061 damselflies collected, yielding 51 species in 26 genera and 5 families. Eight species, namely; Libellago lineata lineata, Libellago greeni, Protosticta hearseyi, Coeliccia vacca, Cylonolestes cyanea, Ellatoneura souteri, Ellatoneura campioni and Ellatoneura atkinsoni are recorded for the first time from Pakistan. A new species of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. is described from Nouseri (AJK) and Dasu (N.W.F.P). All species incorporated into key are illustrated by their valid names, synonyms, measurement of body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), habitat description, sex ratio of collected specimens with their dates of collection, distribution range, differential characters from published description for new records to country and comprehensive characters description for new to science specimen has been provided. The known distribution of all the species is also updated. A map is provided of the distribution of each of them. Biodiversity indices study indicates that it was comparatively higher in AJ&K as compared to Punjab, N.W.F.P, Baluchistan, Sindh and Northern areas respectively. Comparison of all the collected damselflies was done on area basis as well as on time period basis. Results revealed significant diferences among 3 species and non-significant in 30 species on area basis. On time period basis, 33 species showed decreased length and 17 species showed increase in length. Sex ratio for whole collection was also calculated and it was found female biased.

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) are medium to large sized flying insects. Adults are similar to dragonflies except possessing equal wings that are normally held open when at rest, comparatively weak fliers and eyes well separated. However in larval stage they can be easily distinguished from dragonflies due to the presence of three externally visible gills on abdomen and having slendrical, fragile body.

Damselflies are hemimetabolous (i.e with incomplete metamorphosis) having three stages, egg, larva (naiad) and adult. Eggs are rounded or spindle shaped, pale yellowish in appearance which are deposited in plant tissues, floating debris and in submerged or partially submerged vegetation. The larvae are aquatic, which on complete development make their flight.

Damselflies are one of most ancient lineages of winged insects (Rehen, 2001). They are known to emerge nearly 300 million years ago. In the pre historic times they were as big as hawks. Their fossils have been discovered in Kansas (America), Siberia (Russia) and many other parts of the world. In those times they had a wing span of nearly thirty inches and were the largest insects ever lived (Boyd, 2005).

Odonates vary in their habitat requirements. They tend to reside in flowing as well as in standing waters (Corbet, 1962). They are generally found at or around fresh water although some species roam widely and possibly found far from their breeding sites. Some species are narrow in their needs but others are catholic and will subsist almost in all sort of water, whether acidic, alkaline, brackish or saline. Some prefers to live in running water however some prefer still water, marshes and bogs.

Damselflies are unique among all the other insects on the basis of their mating style. Sperms are produced in the posterior part of abdomen but just prior to mating these sperms travel towards the accessory organ, present ventrally on the second abdominal segment. The male then grasp the thorax of female with the help of specialized claspers at its abdominal extreme. Both the partners curve their abdomens so that the genitalia of female become attached to the males accessory organ, by doing this they make a characteristic wheel position. Also the males of many species before ejecting their own sperms remove the sperms of other males if deposited any, previously (Silsby, 2001). The eggs of many species are invested with gelatinous material which swells and becomes adhesive when get in connection with water. By this the eggs get safe from being carried away from its habitat by water currents. Damselflies go beyond all groups of insects in their flying skills. They have uncoupled wings i.e. unlike wasps, butterflies, moths and bees, fore and hind wings are not unified and beat independent of each other. They can turn 180° during flight and can fly backwards (Subramanian 2005).

In China and Japan they are treated as holy creatures (Boyd, 2005). In China the adults have also been used in pharmacology (Yang, 1976). Traditionally they were taken as a symbol of strength among Japanese warriors. The ancient Japanese used concoctions which were prepared from damselflies to cure a variety of diseases e.g. fevers, sore throats and eye diseases. Even the old name of a Japanese island was Akitsushima, which means Island of the Dragonfly (Annonymous, 2008).

Damselflies are taken as being most sensitive to habitat disturbances (Clausnitzer,

2003). Ecologically they are good indicator condition of ecosystem (Triplehorn and Johnson,

2005). Fresh studies from Western Ghats (India) regarding ecology of damselflies showed that families of Torrent darts, Bamboo tails, Glories and Reed tails are excellent indicators of health of riverine ecosystem (Subramanian, 2005). Their presence on any water body confirms its pollution free status.

As predators, their larvae are voracious feeders and possess large retractable

labium for capturing prey (Elzinga, 1981). They are known to feed on protozoans, small crustaceans, mosquito larvae (Irshad, 2008) tadpoles, fish fry, and even larvae of other odonates (Boyd, 2005). Adults normally feed on small flying insects like gnats (Meyer, 2005), mosquitoes, midges (Pedigo, 2002) moths and noxious flies (Fraser, 1933) and act as an important bio-control agent. In Africa, they are known to attack tsetse fly that causes sleeping sickness in humans (Laird, 1977).

They play a vital role in pest management and are beneficial to humans as they assist in the control of many insect pests (Trueman and Rowe, 1997). The adults feed on the insect pests of crops (Yousuf and Ali, 1986), especially of rice (Yasumatsu et al., 1975; Yousuf et al., 1998), and cotton (Yunus et al., 1980; Yousuf et al., 1995). They are known to feed on cotton jassids, whiteflies, thrips (Ali, 1983), and on white stem borer, yellow stem borer, leaf folder, white leaf hopper, white backed plant hopper of rice under forced feeding (Najam, 1984). Adults are also known to feed on larvae of American bollworms (Room, 1979).

Odonates have been a focus of extensive research in many countries. They are one of the few insect orders that have been intensively studied in the tropics (Woodward, 2001). In 1987, Elzinga reported 5000 species of Odonata around the world. But this record was updated by Trueman and Rowe during the year 2001, according to them there are approximately 6500 named species of Odonata so far described all over the world. They have been reported from all continents except Antarctica and are usually concentrated in warmer and tropical habitats (Boyd, 2005).

Pakistan has an important geographical position, it is situated between the latitudes of 240 to 370 North and longitudes of 610 to 750 East. It is stretching over 1600Km North to South and 885Km East to West with a total area of 796095 square Kilometers. The country has a sub-tropical and semi-arid climate with annual rainfall ranges from 125 mm in the extreme southern plains to 500-900mm in the sub mountainous and northern plains. About 70% of total rainfall occurs as heavy downpours

in summer during July to September and 30% in winter. Summer, except in mountains, is very hot with average maximum temperature of 400 C while the minimum in winter is few degrees above the freezing point (SOP, 1997).

Pakistan has abundance of Oriental, Palearctic and Ethiopian fauna. Its Oriental representation of species is continuous with those of Indian Punjab and Rajisthan and Palearctic is continuous with those of Iranian Baluchistan, eastern Afghanistan and Russia (Separated by only a few miles) and north western and eastern China. It also has a definite Ethiopian influence which runs along the southern coastal areas of Sindh and eastern Mekran in Baluchistan (Qadri, 1968).

In Pakistan, 22 species of damselflies were reported by Kanth (1985), 34 species by Khaliq (1990) and 7 species had been documented by Jehangir (1997). However from its neighboring countries like India, 214 species of damselflies are recorded so far (Kakkassery, 2005). Srilanka has a Zygopterous fauna of 54 species (Bedjanic, 2006). A small country like Nepal, has reported 75 species of damselflies (Singh, 1995). This shows the need for further taxonomic work to upgrade the Zygopterous fauna of Pakistan. In view of this, it is planned to conduct a comprehensive survey of various localities throughout the country to record zygopterous fauna which is still un-explored at national level, thereby making an updated record for inhabiting damselflies of the country.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Linnaeus (1758) described the first damselfly, Neurobasis chinensis from India.

Drury (1773) identified six species and Fabricius (1792 – 1794; suppl. 1798) gave

description of eight species. Selys (1831-1902) published papers on World Odonata and gave descriptions of some species associated to sub-continent. In 1842, Rambur prepared a monograph of more than 20 species of damselflies and dragonflies. Kirby (1886) identified few species of damselflies from Murree and Campbellpur (now Attock).

During 1890, he published synonymic catalogue of Neuroptera and Odonata..

Williamson (1905) recorded 21 damselflies from Indian-subcontinent. Morton

(1907) characterised five species from Quetta. Laidlaw (1914) described 20 species of dragonflies and damselflies from Assam and Burma. In 1915, he recorded 21 species

from India, Ceylon and Burma. He published a series of lists for the species of dragonflies and damselflies along with the descriptions of some new records, during 1917 and 1919 – 1921.

Fraser (1919) reporded Ischnura elegans (Vanderlinden) from Baluchistan and

Chakdarra in North Western Frontier Province, Pakistan. Laidlaw (1920) identified

Sympycna annulata Selys from Jhelum valley of Kashmir. Fraser (1922) recorded 19 species from Burma and India and Pseudagrion laidlawi Fraser from Karachi (Sindh). In

1923, he added Ischnura forcipata Morton from the hill tracts of Punjab in Northern

India. He published a monograph including 233 damselfly species from Indian subcontinent during 1933 – 1934. While working on the odonate fauna of India, Burma and Ceylon during 1933 – 1936, he collected few species from Kashmir. Chishti (1979) recorded 12 species of damselflies from Faisalabad district, Pakistan.

Kumar and Prasad (1981) identified 162 species of damselflies and dragonflies from Western Himalaya, they observed adults flight period, emergence, larval habitats, oviposition and altitude range. Niazi (1984) reported 18 species of damselflies from

Rawalpindi district. In his manuscript he redescribed Pseudagrion rubriceps (Selys),

Rhinocypha quadrimaculata (Selys), Ellatonura nigerrima (Laidlaw) and Lestes viridula

(Rambur). Kanth (1985) recorded 21 species of damselflies from Azad Jammu &

Kashmir, Pakistan and gave the measurements of wings, abdomen and anal appendages.

Yousuf and Chishti (1986) collected 12 damselflies species from district

Faisalabad. Khaliq (1990) recorded 34 species of Zygoptera from all the four provinces,

Northern Areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir of Pakistan. He draw the figures of various body parts of his collection through camera lucida. Khaliq et al. (1990) recorded

19 damselflies species from Poonch district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Khaliq et al.

(1992) identified 9 species of damselflies from Mansehra district. Khaliq and Yousuf

(1992a) worked on the superfamily Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera) of Pakistan, and provided valuable information on the odonate fauna of country. They reported

Agriocnemis dabreui Fraser, A. splendidssima Laidlaw and A. nana (Laidlaw) as new

records for Pakistan in 1922b. In their next study during 1992c, on the subfamily

Pseudagrioninae (Zygoptera) of Pakistan, they reported two genera and 7 species.

Khaliq et al. (1993) recorded 15 damselfly species from Murree hills. Khaliq and

Yousuf (1993a) collected seven new species of subfamily Ischnurinae (Zygoptera). In

1993b, they studied three subfamilies i.e Platystictidae, Protoneuridae and

Platycnemididae under suborder Zygoptera (Odonata). During 1993c they worked on the taxonomy of superfamily Lestoidea (Zygoptera). In 1994, they worked on the phylogenetic relationships among the genera of subfamily Coenagrioninae (Zygoptera).

Khaliq et al. (1994) collected 3 damselflies species from Gilgit and Baltistan and reported

Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) as a new record for country.

Nomura (1995) recorded 5 Zygopterous species from Bangladesh. Khaliq and

Siddique (1995) recorded 8 damselflies from rice fields of Poonch and Bagh areas of

Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Khaliq et al., (1995) provided a description of naiads of four species of damselflies from Poonch valley of Azad Kashmir. Luqman (1995) made a collection of thirty five species of Odonata (incl; 14 damselflies) from the district

Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Yousuf et al., (1996) carried out a study on the intraspecific variations in specimens of Aristocypha quadrmaculata Selys of district

Rawalpindi. Jahangir (1997) identified 7 damselflies from Gilgit and Baltistan. Anjum

(1997) collected larval stages of 17 damselfly species from Punjab province of Pakistan.

Khaliq and Maula (1999) recorded 13 damselflies from Swat valley in N.W.F.P and Yousuf et al. (2000a) gave the description of a new allotype of Bayadera longicauda

(Fraser) from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Yousuf et al. (2000b) recorded some new records of Lestidae from Pakistan.

May (2002) worked on the phylogeny and taxonomy of genus Enallagma

(Zygoptera). Emiliyamma (2005) reported 12 species of damselflies from district

Kottayam, Kerala (India). Mitra (2006) worked on the odonate fauna of districts

Tashiyangtse and Pemagatsel, Bhutan. He compiled the checklist for Odonata of Bhutan

with a total of 31 odonate species and sub species (incl; 5 new records of Zygoptera).

Santos and Costa (2006) revised the checklist of Odonata of Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), adding eight new to country records. In the checklist they reported 77 species of Odonata (incl; 11 damselflies species). Costa et al., (2006) explored three new species of Odonata from Brazil. He also gave illustrated taxonomic keys for the species.

Salur and Mesci (2007) studied the Odonata of Corum province (Turkey), they added 8 new species to the existing odonate fauna of country. Rafi et al. (2009) reported 45 species of Odonata (incl; 29 damselflies species) from districts Poonch and Sudhnoti of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, alongwith a new record. Zia et al. (2008) surveyed the whole valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, he reported 30 species of damselflies from the area. Zia et al. (2009) recorded Odonata of northern areas of Pakistan. His study includes 37 species of Odonata (incl; 9 damselflies species) alongwith one new record for the country.

Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Localities Visited: Surveys were carried out during summer seasons of five consecutive years (2004 – 08) to collect adult damselflies from different localities of Pakistan (Fig. 3.1). The following localities of the country were visited for collection of adult Zygoptera.

Punjab: Attock, Pindigheb, Islamabad (Simly dam, Chattar, Bharakahu, Lehtarar, Chachan, Kotlisattyan, Tulhar), Rawalpindi (Rawalpindi city, Chakri, Jalpari dam, Soan River, Mandra, Missriot Dam, Kahuta, Pinjar, Naramator, Murree, Bhurban, Tret, Alliot, Angoori, Charapani, Paghwari), Jehlum (Dina), Chakwal (Chua Saidan Shah, Kalar Kahar, Kattas, Talahgung, Mamdot, Dharabi, Pir Nara, Ghurab Dam, Saghar, Walana Dam), Mianwali (Taunsa), Khushab (Sorimor, Oogali, Oochali, Jaba, Mardwal, Skesar, Khora, Soon Valley, Khushab, Kattha), Wazirabad, Sialkot (Marala), Bhawalpur (Panjnad), Cholistan (Yazman), Thal, Rangpur (Thal), Faisalabad, Lahore, Multan, Sahiwal and D.G. Khan.

North West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P): Peshawar, Noshehra (Pir Sabaak), Mardan, Kohat, D. I. Khan, Bannu, Parachanar, Hangu, Haripur, Abbotabad (Harno, Kalandarabad), Mansehra (Balakot, Oogi, Gulli, Bafa, Choonay, Siren, Shinkyari, Kaghan), Kohistan (Pattan, Dasu), Swat (Khawaz Khaila, Mingora, Qadir Nagar, Bahrain, Malamjaba, Kalam, Matta, Sin, Tror Ziarat, Mian dum, Landaakay, Shawar, Maraghzar), Malakand, Bahrain, Buner, Lower Dir (Timargara), Upper Dir (Kotki, Dir, Sirai), Chitral (Golain, Ramboor, Barrens, Kailaash, Bamboriate).

Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad (Tandojam), Sukkur, Shikarpur, Dadu, Mirpur Khas, Tandojam, Tando Muhammad Khan, Thatta, Larkana, Sanghar (Shahdad Pur), Nawab Shah, Mithi (Desert), Umer kot (Desert). Baluchistan: Hab, Bela, Khuzdar, Quetta (Urak Valley, Hana Lake, Kanak Valley, Zarghoon Valley), Ziarat, Zhob, Qilla Saifullah, Morgha Qibzai, Loralai, Turbat, Panjgore, Chamman, Bolan, Pishin, Sibi, Mastung, Lasbella (Makran Coast, Hab, Bela), Kalat, Kharan. Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K): Mirpur (Mangla, Dudial, Palak, Azad Pur), Kotli (Sensah, Sarsawa, Dongi), Sudhnoti (Palandri, Tarar Khal, Azad Pattan, Goraha), Poonch (Abbasspur, Rawalakot, Hajira, Banjosa), Kundal, Muzaffarabad (Lipa, Garhi Dopata, Neelum Valley, Noseri, Ath Muqam, Chikar, Muzafarabad, Chakothi, Chinari, Patika, Kohala), Bagh (Hari Ghal, Dhirkot, Bagh, Arja, Bajri), Bhimber (Smahni, Barnala, Kodala). Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan): Gilgit: Hunzanagar (Borath Lake, Hunza), Astor (Rama), Gilgit (Juglote, Soni kot, Kashroat, Chinar bagh, Gilgit, Danyore), Diamer (Goru, Darail, Chillas, Goner Farm (Chillas).

Baltistan: Skardu (Shangrilla, Hussainabd, Shegar, Oolding, Newranga, Goor, Sundus, Gackuch Bala, Gackuch Zireen, Sathpara, Aliabad, Mehdiabad, Karmang), Ghanche (Balgar, Yougo, Kharko, Khaplu, Surmo, Singal), Husho (Chumick).

Collection and Preservation: Methods of sampling were based on Wahizat-ul-Afzan et al. (2006) with minor additions. Adult damselflies were caught with a light and strong insect collection net during 1100 to 1900 on hot sunny days. Net having a 2ft long handle and ring of about 25 cm diameter with an open-mesh net was used. The damselflies were killed in glass jars having potassium cyanide or ethyl acetate. After killing, the specimens were placed in

triangle envelopes with their wings folded over the body. Data regarding locality, date of collection, and the collector’s name were written on the outside of the envelope. However the information about the habitat was noted in a field book. In general, only one specimen was kept in each envelope so as to avoid damaging of the specimen. However, pairs caught during mating were placed in the same envelopes. On bringing to laboratory, they were placed in the humid chamber or given water bath in order to soften them for stretching. As the specimens get soft enough they were shifted to moisture absorbent papers.

The preservation methodology was based on Borror and White (1970) and Orr (2003). The softened specimens were spread over appropriate setting boards, pinned properly and as they become dried were properly labeled and shifted to storage boxes. Naphthalene balls were mounted in the boxes and anti ant powder was sprinkled in the boxes to prevent the collection from the attack of black ants, dermestid beetles and other micro insects. These collections were supplemented with specimens from the collection of National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad.

Identification and Measurements: The collections were identified to the lowest possible taxa through taxonomic keys by studying them under microscopes (Labomet CZM4 - 4X and Leica MS5 - 10X). The measurement of body parts were taken with a finely pointed divider and a common steel scale. For measuring body length, measurements were taken from head to abdomen, inclusive of anal appendages. Wings length was taken by measuring distance between apical end to basal end, inclusive of wing base. An illustrated key to the species has also been given.

Damselflies were measured to observe any difference in size of male and female specimens and to study any variation in size, if occurs, on the basis of difference in sex. These were also compared in terms of time (by comparing lengths with three studies) and space (statistically through SPSS) to observe their trend in body length with change in time and space as well. According to Boyd (2005) size of Odonata has decreased and still

decreasing with time span. Chown and Gaston (1999) and Mousseau (1997) studied the changes in body length of insects as a result of change in altitude.

Statistical Analysis: The measurement data is analyzed using computer software “Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 11”. Analysis done includes, ANOVA with mean, range, median, standard deviation, standard error.

Diversity Indices:

Diverity Index for the collected species in each area was calculated following Menhinick, 1964. The formula applied is, S – 1/√n Where ‘S’ is total number of species in an area and ‘n’ represents total number of specimens for a species in an area. Diversity index was calculated to assess the biodiversity of dameslflies in all the provinces, northern areas and Azad Jammu and Kahmir.

Ecological information provided: Ecological information for the sites of collection has been provided following “Atlas of Pakistan (1997)”.

Photographs captured: Corresponding characters of various taxa were prepared, and pictures were taken for the key characters from super family to genus level. The pictures for the larger taxonomic characters were captured with the help of Digital Camera (Sony Cyber Shot W300, 8x DZ - 13.0 MP) and for minute key characters Labomet Camera (CE 920, iCAM 3000) fixed over Labomet (CZM4) Microscope was used. The pictures for the whole specimens in field were taken using Canon S5 IS (12x OZ & 8.0 MP) digital camera.

Description: Valid names along with synonyms, distribution and ecological observations are given for all the recorded species. Differential characters from the published descriptions

are given for the species, which are recorded for the first time from Pakistan. For a single specimen which is a new to science record, detailed description has been provided.

Coloured plates: Coloured plates are provided for all the new records either new to science or to country along with their sites of collection. Also a map of country showing the provinces and districts for the collection localities has been provided.

Terminology used: The terminology of Needham (1930), Fraser (1933 -1934) and Gardner (1960) has been followed in this work, and no new term has been introduced.

Tables and figures:

Tables were drawn for each species showing the measurements of abdomen, forewing and hindwing lengths, distribution, date of collection, individual male and female collected and for ecological observations.

For assessing variation in size between the members of species, tables showing the comparison of body lengths (i) on area basis and (ii) on time period basis were drawn.

Taxonomic literature: Taxonomic keys of Fraser (1933, 1934), Khaliq (1990), Khaliq and Yousuf (1992, 1993), Sankey (1999) and Subramanian (2005) have been followed to identify the collected specimens up to specific level.

Taxonomic keys: Taxonomic keys for all the taxonomic categories i.e super family to species level were developed during this study and for each taxonomic character (upto genus level) digital photographs were also provided.

Repository:

The identified specimens have been deposited in Entomology department, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and their representatives have been sent to National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad.

Fig. 3.1: A map showing all the Provinces and Districts of Pakistan, where the damselflies have been recorded during 2004 - 2008.

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The collection surveys carried out during five consecutive years (2004 to 2008) to explore the Zygoptera of Pakistan yielded a total of 1061 specimens carrying 50 species and sub-species identified under 5 families and 26 genera, including nine new records. Among these four genus (Libellago, Protosticta, Cylonolestes, Indocnemis) and eight species (Libellago lineata lineata, Libellago greeni, Protosticta hearseyi, Coeliccia vacca, Cylonolestes cyanea, Ellatoneura souteri, Ellatoneura campioni and Ellatoneura atkinsoni) are first time reported from Pakistan. However a single species i.e Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. is a new record for science. So as a whole nine species have been added to the existing Zygopterous fauna of Pakistan. Details regarding valid names, their synonyms, measurement of body parts incl; abdomen length, forewings and hindwings length, ecological observations, habitat description, individual male, female collected along with their dates of collection, distribution range, differential characters from published description for new records to country and detailed characters for new to science specimen has been provided. Coloured photographs for new records and their habitats are also provided. Taxonomic keys for superfamilies, families, subfamilies, generic and species level are also prepared and coloured pictures are given showing the key characters.

The comparison of all collected species was done for following parameters.

a) Comparison of abdomen and wings length on time period basis

All collected species were compared with earlier reported measurements of Fraser (1933- 34) and Khaliq (1990). The comparison was made to study the trend in body length (abdomen, forewing and hindwing lengths) of species with respect to change in time period.

b) Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens collected from different areas

The collected damselflies were compared on the basis of localities to evaluate difference in their lengths with respect to change in lattitude, longitude, ecology and topography etc.

Chown and Gaston (1999) discussed increase in the size of insects with increase in altitude. In contrast to this, Mousseau (1997) emphasized decrease in size of insects with increase in altitude.

Sota et al. (2007) worked on the changes in body sizes of three subspecies of wetland leaf beetle, Plateumaris constricticollis Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as an effect of geographic variations and changes in climate. They also discussed effect of habitat on the evolution of body size. According to Hardy et al., (2001) there is a significant effect of altitude on the richness of species and it declines even with a 100-meter increase in altitude.

In light of above studies, specimens of current study were compared for their body length on time period and area basis.

Key to Super Families of Zygoptera

1. Two antenodal nervures present; arculus midway between nodus and base of wing or closer to nodus than base; anal vein touching the posterior border of wing at its posterior border ………….…………..…..…...………..….……...…....2 (Fig. 4.1a) _. More than two antenodal nervures present; arculus more closer to base of wing than nodus; anal vein not touching the posterior border of wing at its base ....……………………..……..………….……………..Calopterygoidea (Fig. 4.1b) 2. Veins IRiii and Riv + v arising much closer to nodus than to arculus (Fig. 4.2a); male having quadrate genital hamules……………….…………..Coenagrionoidea

Arculus Nodus Antenodals

Antenodals Arculus Anal vein Nodus

Anal vein

Fig. 4.1a: Fore and hindwings of Coeloeccia renifera ♂

Arculus Nodus Antenodals

Anal vein Nodus

Arculus

Anal vein

Antenodals

Fig. 4.1b: Fore and hindwings of Neurobasis chinensis ♂

Arculus Nodus

IRiii

Nodus Riv + v

IRiii

Arculus Riv + v

Fig. 4.2a: Fore and hindwings of Ceriagrion coromandelianum ♂

Arculus Nodus

IRiii

Riv + v

Nodus

Arculus

Riv + v IRiii

Fig. 4.2b: Fore and hindwings of Megalestes major ♂

Arculus Sectors of arc

Median Space Coastal side of Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.3a: Forewing of Neurobasis chinensis ♀

Sectors of arc Arculus

Coastal side of Discoidal Cell Median Space

Fig. 4.3b: Forewing of Bayadera indica ♂

Clypeus

Fig. 4.4a: Head of Libellago lineata Fig. 4.4b: Head of Bayadera indica

_. Vein IRiii and Riv + v arising much closer to arculus than nodus (Fig. 4.2b); male having elongate genital hamules…..…...... ……….…………Lestoidea

Superfamily Calopterygoidea

Key to the families of Calopterygoidea

1. Sectors of arc originating from lower third of arculus; discoidal cell convex coastaly and equal in length to median space………..Calopterygidae (Fig. 4.3a) __ Sectors of arc originating from middle or above middle of arculus; discoidal cell straight coastly and shorter than median space………………………2 (Fig. 4.3b) 2. Clypeus pompous and projecting out wards like a nose; abdomen shorter in comparison to wings...……..…...... …….….Chlorocyphidae (Fig. 4.4a) __ Clypeus normal, not projecting outwards; abdomen longer than wings..…...... ………...... Euphaeidae (Fig. 4.4b)

Family Calopterygidae Selys, 1850 Subfamily Calopteryginae

Genus Neurobasis Selys, 1853

1. Neurobasis chinensis Linnaeus, 1758

1758 Libellula chinensis Linnaeus 1776 Agrion nobilitata Fabricius 1829 Agrion chinensis Guerin 1842 Calopteryx disparilis Rambur 1842 Calopteryx chinensis Rambur 1853 Calopteryx sinensis Walker 1934 Neurobasis c. chinensis Fraser

A total of 36 specimens were collected from 14 different localities of the country. Measurements of abdomen, forewings and hindwings is given in Table 1.

Table 4.1: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Neurobasis chinensis.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 17 42.56 ± 1.37 Abdomen ♀ 19 40.29 ± 1.05 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 36 Av. Length = 41.36 ± 1.66 Forewing ♂ 17 33.00 ± 0.58 Forewing ♀ 19 34.71 ± 0.97 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 36 Av. Length = 33.90 ± 1.18 Hindwing ♂ 17 31.44 ± 1.02 Hindwing ♀ 19 33.50 ± 0.78 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 36 Av. Length = 32.52 ± 1.37 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The earlier reported data for measurement of body length was compared with current study to compare differences in body length of species with respect to time period. The comparison is shown in Table 2.

Table 4.2: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Neurobasis chinensis on time period basis.

Mean Values Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 47.25 Not Given 36.50 Khaliq (1990) 44.02 36.15 35.17 Zia this study 41.36 33.90 32.52

The comparison of mean values for length of abdomen, forewings and hindwings shows a decreasing trend in body length of Neurobasis chinensis.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. The details regarding material examined alongwith ecological observations is provided in Tables (3 – 5).

Table 4.3: Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 1 2 33-43 73-05 30 2005 Humid 14-x- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 2 2 33-43 73-05 20 2007 Humid Chachan 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad 12 33-43 73-05 27.5 village 2005 Humid Rawal Angoorie 15-vii- Sub- 11 33-55 73-24 22 pindi (Murree) 2007 Humid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kattas 2 1 32-56* 72-51* 22.5 2005 Arid Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Saidan 1- 32-43 72-58 22.5 2005 Arid Shah 04-x- Semi- Khushab Khora 2 3 32-18* 72-18* 25 2005 Arid 05-x- Semi- Khushab Katha 1 - 32-18 72-18 25 2005 Arid * The localities for which the exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned. New Localities Added: The species is first time reported from Punjab province.

Table 4.4:. Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in N.W. F. P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 05-v- Semi- Mardan Mardan 1 - 34-12 72-03 25 2006 Arid 01-v- Semi- Noshehra Pir Sabaak 1 - 34-01 71-58 27.5 2006 Arid 02-v- Sub- Swat Mingora 23 34-46 72-22 22.5 2006 Humid

Khawaz 08-v- Sub- Swat -1 34-55 72-28 22.5 Khaila 2006 Humid Qadir 23-v- Sub- Swat -1 34-38 72-28 22.5 Nagar 2008 Humid New Localities Added: All the above localities except Mingora (Swat).

Table 4.5: Distribution of Neurobasis chinensis in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 2 33-46 73-55 22.5 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1 - 33-59 73-40 25 2005 Humid New Localities Added: The species is first time recorded from Poonch District.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khan et al.,(2008) reported this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) and Khaliq and Maula (1999) reported its presence in N.W.F.P.

The mean values for measurement of all specimens collected from Punjab. N.W.F.P and AJ&K were compared to evaluate difference in length of species on area basis.

Table 4.6: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Neurobasis chinensis collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 41.68 34.00 32.68 N.W.F.P. 40.40 33.86 32.22 AJ&K 41.62 33.50 32.62

On comparison, no significant differences were found in lengths for abdomen

(F2,35 = 1.71, P<0.19), forewings (F2,35 = 0.30, P<0.74) and hindwings (F2,35 = 0.51, P<0.60).

Habitat: Fast running streams, swampy places, submerged grasses, bushes and rice fields.

Khaliq (1990) documented rice fields and fast flowing streams as important habitats of Neurobasis chinensis. Subramanian (2005) and Khan et al., (2008) collected this species from water streams.

Family Chlorocyphidae Cowley, 1937

Key to the genera of Chlorocyphidae

1. Setors of arculus originating from a common point (Fig. 4.5a); hindwing of both sexes hyaline and without any viterous spots in it (Fig. 4.5b); fore and hindwing shaped similarly Fig. (4.5 b); forewing of male without pterostigma Fig. (4.5c) ……………………………………………………………..……………..Libellago __. Sectors of arc arising from two different points (Fig. 4.6a); hindwing of female hyaline, male with coloured, viterous spots (Fig. 4.6 b; Fig. 4.6c); fore and hindwing differs in their shape, hind wing is dilated from its lower middle (Fig. 4.6c); pterostigma present in all wings of both sexes (Fig. 4.6c)…..…Rhinocypha

Genus Libellago Selys, 1840

Key to the species of Libellago

1. Abdomen with greenish or bright citron yellow markings; male with 6 antenodal nervures in all wings……………………….………...……...…..…..lineata lineata _. Abdomen with brick red or bright orange markings; male with 10 -12 antenodals in all wings ………………….……………………………………………...…….greeni

Pterostigma absent in forewing of male

Sectors of arc

Arculus

♂ ♂

Fig. 4.5a: Forewing of Libellago Fig. 4.5c: Forewing of Libellago lineata lineata lineata lineata (without pterostigma)

♂ ♀

Fig. 4.5b: Male and Female of Libellago lineata lineata

Vitreous spot Sectors of arc

Pterostigma

Arculus

♂ ♂

Fig 4.6a: Forewing of Rhinocypha Fig 4.6b: Forewing Rhinocypha quadrimaculata quadrimaculata (with vitreous spot)

♀ ♂

Fig 4.6c: Male and Female of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata

1. Libellago lineata lineata Burmeister, 1839

1839 Calopteryx lineata Burmeister 1840 Libellago lineata Selys 1842 Micromerus lineatus Rambur 1842 Micromerus uxor Rambur 1853 Libellago lineata Walker 1886 Micromerus obscurus Kirby

Fig. 4.7: Libellago lineata lineata ♂

Fig. 4.8: Libellago lineata lineata ♀

A total of 12 specimens were collected from a single locality in Punjab province. Differential Characters

The specimens agree with published description of Fraser (1934), except for following minor differences;

Male:- Head; Labrum blackish, with its anterior collar finely dark yellow to rust in appearance. Prothorax; Two small goblet spots present anterior to large oval spot on dorsum of posterior lobe. Thorax; Antealar sinus framed finely in black border; laterally dark brown. Legs; Coxae dark brownish to black. Wings; Pterostigma covering 2-1/2 to

3 cells. Antenodals 5–6, post nodals 10–11. Abdomen; Golden to citron yellow, however segment 9 and 10 are fully black. Anal appendages; Inferiors a little longer than half the length of superiors.

Female:- Head; Labrum and labium yellowish brown. Thorax; A black spot on each side between anterolateral and posterolateral suture. Abdomen; Yellow markings on lateral side of eighth segment slightly rounded with black in its centre. Legs; Black with extensor surface yellowish white. Wings; Pterostigma yellow, framed in brownish black border, and about 3 – 3-1/2 cells long.

The measurements of abdomen, forewings and hindwings was taken and given in Table 7.

Table 4.7: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Libellago lineata lineata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 07 14.78 ± 0.39 Abdomen ♀ 05 13.30 ± 0.44 Total No. of ♂&♀collected 12 Av. Length = 14.16 ± 0.86 Forewing ♂ 07 18.50 ± 0.81 Forewing ♀ 05 20.30 ± 0.27 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 19.25 ± 1.11 Hindwing ♂ 07 18.07 ± 0.88 Hindwing ♀ 05 19.90 ± 0.22 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 18.83 ± 1.15 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurement of species reported earlier by Fraser (1934) was compared with current collection to observe differences in their body lengths.

Table 4.8: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Libellago lineata lineata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 14.75 Not Given 18.50 Zia this study 14.16 19.25 18.83

The above comparison shows a slight decrease in length of abdomen, however length of hind wings appear to be increasing.

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were recorded from a single spot in Islamabad (Punjab). Details regarding collected specimens along with their ecological observations is presented in Table 9. Table 4.9:. Distribution of Libellago Libellago lineata lineata in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long' Temp. °C Simly 22-viii- Sub- Islamabad 2 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 dam 2005 Humid

Simly 05-vii- Sub- Islamabad 3 2 33-43 73-05 30 dam 2006 Humid

Simly 18-ix- Sub- Islamabad 2 2 33-43 73-05 25 dam 2007 Humid

New Record: The species is first time reported from Pakistan.

Habitat: Specimens were recorded for three consecutive years from a single locality. The spot was also having a lot of collection of genus Elattoneura and Rhinocypha. It was recorded from fast running splashing water surrounded by bushes, scrubs and grasses (Fig 4.11). Some times it sit over long grasses and tall vegetation (Fig 4.12) and at times move within grasses and shrubs (Fig 4.13). It was observed that in all visits it was found to be confined within a range of 500 meters.

Subramanian (2005) described hill streams, forested landscapes and aquatic spots with emergent plantations and bushes as important habitat for this species. Silsby (2001) reported that chlorocyphids are normally confined in their breeding streams and least travels far away of it.

Fig. 4.9: Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with fast running water at Simly dam (Islamabad), Punjab

Fig. 4.10: Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with long grasses at Simly dam (Islamabad), Punjab

Fig. 4.11: Habitat for Libellago lineata lineata with grasses and shrubs at Simly dam (Islamabad), Punjab

2. Libellago greeni Laidlaw, 1924

1924 Micromerus greeni Laidlaw

Fig. 4.12: Libellago greeni ♂ studied at Fig. 4.13: Libellago greeni ♂ in field Museum (Photograph by Mr. Amila)

Two unidentified specimens under genus Libellago were studied at National Insect Museum, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad. The body parts of studied specimens are shown in Fig.4.7. The photograph of the same species shown in Fig. 4.8, taken by Mr. Amila from Srilanka is also provided with his permission to show the whole specimen.

Differential Characters

The specimens agree with published description of Fraser (1934), except for following

characters;

Male:- Head; Black, with labium and labrum dark brown turning to black; Frons having two pairs of minute spots. Prothorax; Black, without yellowish collar, but having an ochreous tint on its anterior lobe.Wings; Antenodals 5 – 6, post nodals 10 – 11. Abdomen; Segment 1 with a dull yellow narrow apical ring; segment 3 having a broad subdorsal citron yellow spot, which was not recahing the apex, however it was stretched to more than half of the length of segment. Anal appendages; Dull black.

Measurement of abdomen and wings length was taken and given in Table 10.

Table 4.10: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Libellago greeni.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 02 13.25 ± 1.06 Forewing ♂ 02 18.50 ± 1.41 Hindwing ♂ 02 18.00 ± 1.41 ± Standard Deviation

The data for abdomen and wings length reported by Fraser (1934) was compared with current study. Comparitive values are presented in Table 11.

Table 4.11: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Libellago greeni on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 13.27 Not Given 18.75 Zia this study 13.25 18.50 18.00

A trend of decrease in body length was observed.

Distribution Pattern

The distributional details for studied specimens are presented in Table 12. Table 4.12:. Distribution of Libellago greeni in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C *Un 25-vii- - 2 - - - - - Known 1996 *The* specimen was housed at National Insect Museum, Islamabad. No information regarding collection site and its ecology was cited to it.

New Record: The species is first time reported from Pakistan. Habitat: Fast flowing water stream.

Silsby (2001) reported running water and shady spots as important habitats of this species.

Genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842

Key to the species of Rhinocypha

1. Wings hyalinus in both sexes……….………………………….………immaculata _. Wings coloured, atleast in male ………..……...……….………….………………2 2. Triangle on mesonotum coloured and reaches as far as the roots of wings; hindwing if at its centre provided, with more than one vitreous spots and are either opaque or having opaque bands in it…..…………………..…………….…..3

_. Triangle on mesonotum uncoloured or completely obsolete; hindwing with a large single vitreous spot at its middle and without any opaque bands……………………………………………………………...…...unimaculata 3. Hindwing of male hyalinus with an opaque band anteriorly and a single almost comlplete band a bit proximal to pterostigma...... hilarye _. Hindwing of male not hyalinus…………....…………………...…………………..4 4. Hindwing with three opaque bands; a black band anteriorly, a second band at almost equi distance from nodus and pterostigma and a third almost incomplete band just under the nodus……….………………………………………..trifasciata _. Hindwing completely opaque, provided with vitreous spots; a single large apical spot and three to four medial spots…..………………..……..…….quadrimaculata

1. Rhinocypha immaculata Selys, 1871

Specimens were recorded from Poonch district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Measurements for abdomen, forewings and hindwings was taken and presented in Table 13.

Table 4.13: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha immaculata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 2 22.75 ± 0.35 Abdomen ♀ 1 21.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 22.16 ± 1.04 Forewing ♂ 2 27.50 ± 0.70 Forewing ♀ 1 29.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 28.00 ± 1.00 Hindwing ♂ 2 26.25 ± 0.35 Hindwing ♀ 1 28.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 26.83 ± 1.04 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Measurement of species documented by Fraser (1934) was compared with present study to observe differences in body length of species.

Table 4.14:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha immaculata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 22.75 Not Given 28.25

Zia this study 22.16 28.00 26.83

The trend of body length seems to be decreasing.

Distribution Pattern

Three specimens were collected from Poonch district in AJ&K. Data regarding material examined and ecological observations is given in table below.

Table 4.15:. Distribution of Rhinocypha immaculata in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 2 1 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) also reported this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Habitat: SlowS moving water with lot of vegetation around it. The collection spot was a natural pasture for grazing animals, surrounded by thick forest plantations. Grassy margins of slow streams are reported as common habitat of this species by Khaliq (1990).

2. Rhinocypha unimaculata Selys, 1853

1949 Paracypha unimaculata Fraser 1853 Libellago unimaculata Walker

Eighteen specimens of the species were collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K. Measurements for their body parts is given in Table 16.

Table 4.16: Measurement of abdomen and wings length in Rhinocypha unimaculata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 10 22.40 ± 1.12 Abdomen ♀ 08 20.83 ± 0.81 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 21.81 ± 1.26 Forewing ♂ 10 29.40 ± 1.30 Forewing ♀ 08 31.50 ± 0.83 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 30.18 ± 1.53 Hindwing ♂ 10 28.30 ± 1.22 Hindwing ♀ 08 30.50 ± 0.77 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 29.12 ± 1.52 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The data for abdomen and wings length was compared with earlier reported measurements of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) to observe change in body length of species over time period (Table 17).

Table 4.17:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha unimaculata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 23.00 Not Given 30.00 Khaliq (1990) 23.33 29.65 29.78 Zia this study 21.81 30.18 29.12

The comparison of studies gave variable data.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details for collected specimens along with ecological information is as under.

Table 4.18:. Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Humid Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 1 1 33-43 73-05 30 dam 2005 Humid Rawal- 30-x- Sub- Mandra 1 1 33-21 73-15 22.5 pindi 2005 Humid Rawal- Charapani 13-vii- Sub- 1 1 33-55 73-24 20 pindi (Murree) 2005 Humid 05- Rawal- Kahuta Sub- 1 2 viii- 33-39 73-31 27.5 pindi Pinjar Humid 2005 05- Rawal Kahuta Sub- - 1 viii- 33-39 73-31 28.5 pindi Naramator Humid 2005 New Localities Added: All the above localities except Charrapani (Murree).

Table 4.19:. Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations

Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Sub- 10-v- Swat Maraghzar 1 - Humid 35-29 72-27 22.5 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Swat 1 - Humid 35-04 72-34 22.5 2006 & Arid

Table 4.20:. Distribution of Rhinocypha unimaculata in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Azad 04- iv Sub- Sudhnoti 1 1 33-43 73-36 20 Pattan -2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 1 - 33-51 73-46 22 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira - 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 2005 Humid Muzaffar 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 1 - 34-07 73-53 25 abad 2005 Humid New Localities Added: All the above localities except Chakothi (Muzaffarabad).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also documented its presence in N.W.F.P. Khan et al., (2008) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Specimens collected from above localities were compared with each other to calculate difference in their measurements (Table 21).

Table 4.21: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha unimaculata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 21.72 30.27 29.27 N.W.F.P. 22.25 29.50 28.50 AJ&K 21.80 30.30 29.10

On comparison, it was observed that specimens of all areas differs non-

significantly i.e Abdomen (F2,17 = 0.12, P<0.88), Forewings (F2,17 = 0.20, P<0.81) and

Hindwings (F2, 17 = 0.19, P<0.82).

Habitat: Small rocks within and around water streams. Specimens were collected mostly from streams having no flora on its banks. Khaliq (1990) collected this species while it was sitting over rocks inside a water stream. Flying specimens of the species were collected by Khan et al., (2008) from grassy margins of slow moving streams.

3. Rhinocypha hilarye Fraser, 1927

Three specimens including one male and two females were collected. Measurements of abdomen and wings are given in Table 22.

Table 4.22: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha hilarye.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 1 20.50 Abdomen ♀ 2 22.25 ± 1.06 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 21.66 ± 1.25 Forewing ♂ 1 26.50 Forewing ♀ 2 31.00 ± 1.41 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 29.50 ± 2.78 Hindwing ♂ 1 25.00 Hindwing ♀ 2 30.25 ± 1.06 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 28.50 ± 3.12 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements reported by Fraser (1934) were compared with present study to observe differences in body length of species.

Table 4.23: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha hilarye on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 21.50 Not Given 29.00 Zia this study 21.66 29.50 28.50

There were no meaningful differences observed for difference in body length of species when compared to Fraser (1934).

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were recorded from a single locality in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details regarding material examined and ecological observations is presented in Table 24.

Table 4.24: Distribution of Rhinocypha hilarye in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 2 33-47 74-06 21.5 2005 Humid Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was reported from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) by Khaliq et al., (1990).

Habitat: Wild plantations and grasses growing at bank of a water lake surrounded by thick forest trees. Khaliq et al., (1990) reported grassy edges of slow moving water streams as habitat of this species.

4. Rhinocypha trifasciata Selys, 1853

1853 Libellago trifasciata Walker 1950 Aristocypha trifasciata Laidlaw

A total of 37 specimens from 14 localities were recorded. Measurement of body parts is given in Table 25.

Table 4.25:. Measurement of abdomen and wing lengths of Rhinocypha trifasciata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 23 21.02 ± 0.94 Abdomen ♀ 14 21.42 ± 0.93 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 37 Av. Length = 21.17 ± 0.95 Forewing ♂ 23 25.60 ± 0.97 Forewing ♀ 14 28.10 ± 1.40 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 37 Av. Length = 26.55 ± 1.67 Hindwing ♂ 23 24.97 ± 1.01 Hindwing ♀ 14 27.25 ± 1.18 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 37 Av. Length = 25.83 ± 1.54 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Measurement of collected specimens was compared with Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990). The comparitive values are shown in Table 26. Table 4.26:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha trifasciata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 23.00 Not Given 28.00 Khaliq (1990) 22.11 28.50 28.15 Zia this study 21.17 26.55 25.83

A trend of decrease in body length of species was observed with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K. Locality wise details regarding collected material and ecology is given in Tables ( 27,28 and 29).

Table 4.27:. Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 13- Charapani Sub- Rawalpindi 1 1 vii- 33-55 73-24 20 (Murree) Humid 2005 13- Paghwari Sub- Rawalpindi 2 2 vii- 33-55 73-24 20 (Murree) Humid 2005 14- Alliot Sub- Rawalpindi 1 - vii- 33-55 73-24 20 (Murree) Humid 2005 03-x- Sub- Islamabad Tulhar 2 - 24-54 68-50 20 2007 Humid New Localities Added: Tulhar (Islamabad).

Table 4.28:. Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Sub- Qadir 03-v- Swat 1 2 Humid 34-38 72-28 20 Nagar 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Shawar 1 1 Humid 35-29 72-27 20 2006 & Arid Abbott Kalandar 05-ix- Sub- 3 2 34-01 73-12 22.5 abad abad 2006 Humid New Localities Added: Qadir Nagar (Swat).

Table 4.29:. Distribution of Rhinocypha trifasciata in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Muzaffar 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 1 1 34-07 73-53 25 abad 2005 Humid

Muzaffar 04-vi- Sub- Patika 2 - 34-25 73-31 25 abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar Garhi 06-vi- Sub- 1 2 29-29 68-02 25 abad Dopatta 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47- 74-06 21.5 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Tararkhal - 2 33-46 73-38 22.5 2005 Humid 06-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti Palundri 2 1 33-42 73-41 20 2005 Humid 08-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti Goraha 1 1 33-48 73-35 20 2005 Humid New Localities Added: All the above localities. Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) documented this species from N.W.F.P. and Punjab province. Khaliq et al., (2008) documented its presence from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq and Maula (1999) from N.W.F.P.

The collection of all the above areas was compared with each other to evaluate difference in length of species on area basis.

Table 4.30: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha trifasciata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 20.55 26.16 25.66 N.W.F.P. 20.95 26.35 25.55 AJ&K 21.61 26.86 26.08

Statistical analysis showed significant differences in case of abdomen (F2,36 =

4.97, P<0.01). However non-significant differences were observed for forewings (F2,36 =

0.60, P<0.55) and hindwings length (F2,35 = 0.44, P<0.64) .

Habitat: Recorded from poorly vegetated banks of water streams in hilly areas, some specimens were found sitting on small rocks, dwarf bushes and hiding between gaps of big stones.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from grassy vegetation and big stones within and along water streams.

5. Rhinocypha quadrimaculata Selys, 1853

1950 Aristocypha quadrimaculta Laidlaw 1853 Libellago quadrimaculata Walker

A total of 39 specimens from 12 different spots were collected. Measurements of abdomen and wing lengths are shown in Table 31. Table 4.31. Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 27 20.31 ± 0.62 Abdomen ♀ 12 19.70 ± 0.49 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 39 Av. Length = 20.12 ± 0.64 Forewing ♂ 27 23.05 ± 0.42 Forewing ♀ 12 25.83 ± 0.68 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 39 Av. Length = 23.91 ± 1.39 Hindwing ♂ 27 22.03 ± 0.63 Hindwing ♀ 12 24.62 ± 0.88 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 39 Av. Length = 22.83 ± 1.40 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Earlier reported data by Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) was compared with current study to observe the difference in length of species body length with time period (Table 32).

Table 4.32:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 19.50 Not Given 23.00 Khaliq (1990) 20.13 23.89 23.54 Zia this study 20.12 23.91 22.83

Variable data was observed regarding body length of species.

Distribution Pattern

The collection was done from Punjab province and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details for material examined and ecological observations are given in Table 33 and 34.

Table 4.33:. Distribution of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 21 33-43 73-05 30 dam 2005 Humid Simly 14-x- Sub- 25 Islamabad 11 33-43 73-05 dam 2007 Humid 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 2 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Humid 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 2 2 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Humid 03-x- Sub- Islamabad Tulhar 1 - 24-54 68-50 20 2007 Humid 30-x- Sub- Rawalpindi Mandra 1 - 33-21 73-15 22.5 2005 Humid Chrapani 13-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi 11 33-55 73-24 20 (Murree) 2005 Humid Angorie 15-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi 22 33-55 73-24 22 (Murree) 2007 Humid

Khuta 05-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Naramto 2- 33-36 73-24 28.5 2005 Humid r New Localities Added: All the above localities except Charapani and Chattar.

Table 4.34:. Distribution of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Azad 04-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti 4 - 33-43 73-36 20 Pattan 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 08-vi- Sub- Chikar 1 1 35-18 73-56 25 abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 2 1 34-07 73-53 25 abad 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 2 33-46 73-55 22.5 2005 Humid New Localities Added: All of the above localities.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab province. Kanth (1985) and Khan et al., (2008) collected it from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

The collection of Punjab and AJ&K was compared with each other to study difference in size of species.

Table 4.35:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Rhinocypha quadrimaculata collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 20.26 23.94 23.02 AJ&K 19.89 23.85 22.50

There were no significant differences observed in lengths of abdomen (F1,38 =

3.05, P<0.08), forewings (F1,38 = 0.03, P<0.86) and hindwings (F1,38 = 1.24, P<0.27).

Habitat: Recorded from mountainous areas. It was collected from banks of seasonal streams, big stones in perenial water bodies and rivers. Sometimes found perching on long grass stems inside water. Few specimens were found hiding between big gaps of rock stones at edges of streams.

Khaliq (1990) and Khan et al., (2008) caught this species from grasses grown along water streams.

Family Euphaeidae Selys, 1853

Genus Bayadera Selys 1853 Two species have been studied under the genus. The specimens were recorded from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Key to the species of Bayadera

1. Forewing with 23 – 24 antenodals; hind wing with 18 – 19 antenodals; a robust ventral spine present near the base of superior anal appendage…...………….indica _. Forewing with 19 – 21 antenodals; hind wing with 15 – 16 antenodals; an obtuse ventral spine present near base of superior anal appendage……………..longicauda

1. Bayadera indica Selys, 1853

1853 Epallage indica Selys 1853 Euphaea indica walker 1890 Bayadera indica Kirby

A total of 18 specimens were collected from 14 different sites. Measurement of body parts is given in Table 36.

Table 4.36: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera indica.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 10 37.55 ± 0.72 Abdomen ♀ 08 32.68 ± 1.33 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 35.38 ± 2.68 Forewing ♂ 10 35.30 ± 0.48 Forewing ♀ 08 35.00 ± 2.32 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 35.16 ± 1.54 Hindwing ♂ 10 33.30 ± 0.39 Hindwing ♀ 08 32.81 ± 2.84 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 18 Av. Length = 33.25 ± 1.88 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The data of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) was compared with current study to evaluate difference in body length of species.

Table 4.37:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera indica on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 37.50 Not Given 35.50 Khaliq (1990) 37.47 36.00 34.78 Zia this study 35.38 35.16 33.25

Length of the species seems to be decreasing with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. The distributional details are given in tables (38 – 40).

Table 4.38:. Distribution of Bayadera indica in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Mean

Temp. °C 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Humid Kotli- 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad - 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 sattyaan 2005 Humid New Localities Added: All the above localities, this species is first time reported from Punjab Province.

Table 4.39:. Distribution of Bayadera indica in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Sub- 10-v- Swat Maraghzar 1 1 Humid 35-29 72-27 22.5 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Mingora - 1 Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 2006 & Arid New Localities Added: Mingora (Swat).

Table 4.40:. Distribution of Bayadera indica in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Muzaffar- 04-vi- Sub- Patika 1 - 34-25 73-31 25 abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Muzafar- 05-iv- Sub- - 1 34-07 73-53 20 abad abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar 05-iv- Sub- Noseri 2 - 34-27 73-28 17 abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 08-vi- Sub- Chikar 1 - 35-18 73-56 25 abad 2005 Humid Rawalak 01-v- Sub- Poonch - 1 33-51 73-46 22 ot 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 2 33-47 74-06 21.5 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira - 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 2005 Humid 03-iv- Sub- Bhimber Samahni 1 - 33-05 74-08 22.5 2007 Humid Kotli Dongi 1 - 04-v- Sub- 33-32* 73-54* 25

2007 Humid 28-ix- Sub- Mirpur Dudial 1 - 34-26* 73-16* 27.5 2005 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided New Localities Added: All the above localities except Rawalakot and Banjosa. Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1995) reported this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) and Khaliq and Maula (1999) its presence in N.W.F.P.

Specimens collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K were statistically compared with each other to study the difference in their body lengths (Table 41).

Table 4.41: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Bayadera indica collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 35.00 35.25 33.50 N.W.F.P. 35.16 36.83 34.50 AJ&K 35.50 34.76 32.92

AnalysisA of variance showed non-significant differences for abdomen (F2,17 =

0.03, P<0.96), forewings (F2,17 = 2.59, P<0.10) and hind wings length (F2,17 = 0.85, P<0.44).

Habitat: Grasses and tall vegetation within slow running streams. Also found sitting on rocks near water. Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from rocks within water streams. Khaliq et al., (1995) documented grassy margins of stagnant water as common habitat for this species.

2. Bayadera longicauda Fraser, 1928

A total of 6 specimens from 6 different localities were collected. Measurement of body parts is given in table below.

Table 4.42: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera longicauda.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 03 38.17 ± 1.04 Abdomen ♀ 03 34.00 ± 0.50 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 06 Av. Length =36.08 ± 2.39 Forewing ♂ 03 35.67 ± 0.57 Forewing ♀ 03 37.33 ± 0.57 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 06 Av. Length =36.50 ± 1.04 Hindwing ♂ 03 33.66 ± 0.28 Hindwing ♀ 03 34.50 ± 0.86 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 06 Av. Length =34.08 ± 0.73 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurement of collected specimens was compared with earlier documented data of Fraser (1934) to compare difference in body length of species (Table 43).

Table 4.43:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Bayadera longicauda on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 38.00 Not Given 34.00 Zia this study 36.08 36.50 34.08

The length of abdomen seems to decrease however, no noticeable difference was observed in case of hind wings length.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were collected from Punjab and AJ&K. Details regarding material examined alongwith ecological observations is presnted in Tables (44, 45).

Table 4.44:. Distribution of Bayadera longicauda in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Humid Kotli- 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad - 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 sattyaan 2005 Humid 05- Kahuta Sub- Rawalpindi 1 viii- 33-39 73-31 27.5 (Pinjar) Humid 2005 New Localities Added: All the above localities, this species has been first time reported from Punjab Province.

Table 4.45:. Distribution of Bayadera longicauda in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Muzaffar- 04 vi- Sub- Patika - 1 34-25 73-31 25 abad 2005 Humid 05- Muzaffar- Muzafar- Sub- 1 - iv- 34-07 73-53 20 abad abad Humid 2005 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawlakot - 1 33-51 73-46 22 2005 Humid New Localities Added: Rawalakot (Poonch).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was earlier reported by Yousuf et al., (2000) from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

The specimens collected from both areas were compared statistically with each other to evaluate difference in their body lengths.

Table 4.46:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Bayadera longicauda collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 36.33 36.00 33.83 AJ&K 35.83 37.00 35.16

Statistical comparison shows non-significant differences (Abdomen: F1,5 = 0.53,

P<0.82; Forewing: F1,5 =1.50, P<0.28; Hindwing: F1,5 =2.20, P<0.21). Habitat: Tall vegetation besides water bodies. Yousuf et al., (2000) recorded this species from different water streams.

Super Family Coenagrionoidea

Four families and eight sub-families alongwith twelve genera and twenty five species were recorded. A key to families is presnted as under,

Key to the families of Coenagrionidae

1. IA (Cross vein) absent; an additional basal cross vein present well distant to anal crossing ; Second cubitus (Cuii) distinctly shorter…..…Platystictidae (Fig. 4.14a) __. IA (Cross vein) present; no additional basal cross vein present; Second cubitus (Cuii) either short or normal in length..……...……………………….2 (Fig. 4.14b) 2. IA (Cross vein) much shorter and reduced; costal and lower sides of discoidal cell almost equal in length and with its outer end squared…Protoneuridae (Fig. 4.15 a) __. IA (Cross vein) normal in length; costal and lower sides of discoidal cell unequal with its out end acute to subacute………………………...... 3 (Fig. 4.15b) 3. Costal and lower sides of discoidal cell sub-equal and outer angle sub-acute; Most of the cells of wings four sided; MA (medio anal vein) and IRiii straight for their greater lengths, may be zigzagged apically or not at all …………………………………………...…………Platycnemididiae (Fig. 4.16a) __. Costal side of discoidal cell markedly shorter than lower one and the outer angle very acute; most of the cells of wings five sided; MA (medio anal vein) and IRiii noticeably zigzagged for their greater lengths…..Cenagrionidae (Fig. 4.16b)

AC Additional cross vein Cuii

Fig. 4.14a: Forewing of Protosticta hearseyi

Cuii

Fig. 4.14b: Forewing of Pseudagrion rubriceps

IA Discoidal cell

Fig. 4.15a: Forewing of Elattoneura souteri

Discoidal cell

Fig. 4.15b: Forewing of Coeliccia vacca

IRiii

Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.16a: Forewing of Calicnemis eximia

IRiii

Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.16b: Forewing of Cerigrion cerinorubellum

Arculus Second Antenodal

Fig. 4.17a: Forewing of Ceriagrion coromandelianum

Second Antenodal Arculus

Fig. 4.17b: Forewing of Agriocnemis pygmaea

Anal bridge

Fig. 4.18a: Forewing of Pseudagrion rubriceps

Anal bridge

Fig. 4.18b: Forewing of Enallagma cyathigerum

Pterostigma

Fig. 4.19a (i): Fore and hindwings of Ischnura aurora

Ventral Spine

Fig. 4.19a (ii): Ventral spine in female of Enallagma cyathigerum

Pterostigma

Fig. 4.19b: Fore and hindwings of cercion calamorum dyeri

Family Coenagrionidae Kirby, 1890

Key to the subfamilies of Coenagrionidae

1. Arculus lying at level or a very little distal to the level of second antenodal nervure ...... 2 (Fig. 4.17 a) _. Arculus lying much distal (minimum to half the length of antenodal) to the level of second antenodal nervure...... Agriocnemidinae (Fig. 4.17 b) 2. Anal bridge originating from hinder border of wing just from the point where it get connected to ac……………………………....Pseudagrioninae (Fig. 4.18 a) _. Anal bridge originating from hinder border of wing much or less (minimally equal to the length of ac) in proximity to the point where it get connected to ac…...... 3 (Fig. 4.18 b) 3. Pterostigma of forewing and hind wing differing in color and shape (Fig. 4.19 a (i)); female bearing a ventral spine on the eigth abdominal segment……………... ………………………………………………………..Ischnurinae (Fig. 4.19a (ii)) _. Pterostigma of forewing and hindwing same in colour and shape; abdomen of female without such ventral spine…...……….…...…Coenagrioninae (Fig. 4.19 b)

Sub family Coenagrioninae

A single genus with single species is reported under this subfamily.

Genus Cercion Navas, 1907

1. Cercion calamorum dyeri Ris, 1916

1916 Paracercion calamorum Ris 1916 Agrion calamorus Ris 1919 Argiocnemis dyeri Fraser 1919 Argiocnemis gravelyi Fraser 1919 Coenagrion dyeri Fraser 1924 Coenagrion violacea Fraser

A total of five specimens were collected from three different localities in Punjab province. Data regarding measurements is given in Table 47.

Table 4.47: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Cercion calamorum dyeri.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 04 20.35 ± 0.47 Abdomen ♀ 01 22.50 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 05 Av. Length = 20.78 ± 1.04 Forewing ♂ 04 14.37 ± 0.47 Forewing ♀ 01 16.50 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 05 Av. Length = 14.80 ± 1.03 Hindwing ♂ 04 13.00 ± 0.57 Hindwing ♀ 01 15.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 05 Av. Length = 13.40 ± 1.02 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average The measurements reported earlier by Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) was compared with present study to evaluate difference in length of species with respect to time (Table 48).

Table 4.48:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Cercion calamorum dyeri on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 22.25 Not Given 15.75 Khaliq (1990) 21.20 15.35 14.26 Zia this study 20.78 14.80 13.40

A decreasing trend was observed in body length of species.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from three different localities in Punjab province. Details of material examined alongwith ecological observations is given below.

Table 4.49:. Distribution of Cercion calamorum dyeri in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 06-viii- Sub- 32- Sialkot Marala 1 - 74-32* 30 2005 Humid 30* Jalpari 07-viii- Sub- 33- Rawalpindi 2 1 73-05 30 Dam 2005 Humid 36 31-viii- Sub- 33- Islamabad Taramari 1 - 73-05 27 2005 Humid 43 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

New Localities Added: Taramari (Islamabad).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was earlier reported from Punjab province by Khaliq (1990).

Habitat: Specimens were collected from vegetation grown along stagnant water of a pond and small dam. However in Taramari, a single specimen was collected from running water spot. Khaliq (1990) collected this species from weedy margins of ponds. Only few species of genus Cercion are known to breed in moving waters, yet the members of family Coenagrionidae are known as “Pond Damselflies” (Silsby, 2001).

Subfamily Agriocnemidinae

One genus is reported under this subfamily.

Genus Agriocnemis Selys, 1877

Four species are reported under the genus. A simple taxonomic key to species is also provided.

Key to the species of Agriocnemis

Males

1. Labrum metallic blue in colour; middle lobe of prothorax extended backwards………………………...…………...……….………………….pygmaea _. Labrum without metallic colouration; Middle lobe of prothorax not extended backwards…...…………………………………………………………………….2 2. Meso and meta thorax black dorsally, the black colour extends laterally as midway between humeral and anterolateral sutures...……………… .….dabreui _. Meso and meta thorax black dorsally but laterally as far as the anterolateral suture only………………………………………………………………………....3 3. Posterior lobe of prothorax at its centre produced quadrately; 7-1/2 post nodal crossveins present in forewings ………………….…………...……splendidissima _. Posterior lobe of prothorax at its centre produced squarely; 6 postnodal crossveins present in forewings……….………………………………………………….nana

Females

1. Postocular spots behind each eye are attached by a broad transverse band which covers the entire occiput; prothorax black dorsally, a small pale yellowish spot on either side of prothoracic middle lobe……………………...…………….....dabreui _. Postocular spots behind each eye not attached by any stripe or band; prothorax brown dorsally, and without any lateral spot at its middle lobe…………………..2 2. Middle lobe of prothorax extended backwards; posterior prothoracic lobe very slightly produced backwards………………………………………...….....pygmaea _. Middle lobe of prothorax not extended backwards; posterior prothoracic lobe greately produced backwards……………………………………………………..3 3. Prothoracic posterior lobe extended backwards quadrately at its centre; 7-1/2 postnodal cross veins present in forewings………………………....splendidissima _. Prothoracic posterior lobe at its centre produced squarely; 6 postnodal crossveins present in forewings…...…...…………………….………………….………..nana

1. Agriocnemis dabreui Fraser, 1919

A total of 12 specimens were collected during the present study. Measurements of different body parts is given in table below. Table 4.50: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis dabreui.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 02 15.50 ± 0.70 Abdomen ♀ 10 17.75 ± 0.75 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 17.37 ± 1.13 Forewing ♂ 02 12.00 ± 0.70 Forewing ♀ 10 12.75 ± 0.54 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 12.62 ± 0.60 Hindwing ♂ 02 10.00 Hindwing ♀ 10 11.95 ± 0.49 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 11.62 ± 0.88 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average The measurement of species reported earlier by Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) was compared with current data to study variation in size of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.51:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agrocnemis dabreui on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 14.50 Not Given 10.25 Khaliq (1990) 16.84 11.75 10.43 Zia this study 17.37 12.62 11.62

Length of species appears to be increasing with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K. Data regrading collected material examined and ecology is presented below (Tables 52 – 54).

Table 4.52:. Distribution of Agrocnemis dabreui in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 06- Sub- 74- Sialkot Marala - 1 viii- 32-30* 30 Humid 32* 2005 Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal 11 32-43 72-58 22.5 Saidan Shah 2005 Arid Walana 04-x- Semi- Chakwal Dam - 1 32-55 72-25 22.5 2005 Arid (Talahgung) 04-x- Semi- Chakwal Talahgung - 1 32-55 72-25 22.5 2005 Arid Saghar 05-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-55 72-25 22.5 (Talahgung) 2005 Arid Mamdot 05-x- Semi- Chakwal - 2 32-55 72-25 22.5 (Talahgung) 2005 Arid 14- Sub- Jehlum Dina - 1 viii- 33-03 73-36 32 Humid 2005 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned.

New Localities Added: All thet above localities except Sialkot (Marala).

Table 4.53:. Distribution of Agrocnemis dabreui in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 2006 Humid

100

Table 4.54:. Distribution of Agrocnemis dabreui in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Muzaffar 08-vi- Sub- Chikar - 2 35-18 73-56 25 abad 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Chikar (Muzaffarabad).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from N.W.F.P.

The specimens collected from above localities were compared with each other to observe variations in their body length (Table 55).

Table 4.55:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis dabreui collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 17.61 12.77 11.77 N.W.F.P. 15.00 11.50 10.00 AJ&K 17.50 12.50 11.75

AnalysisA of variance shows that specimens differs non-significantly i.e abdomen

(F2, 11 = 3.52, P<0.07), forewings (F2,11 = 2.65, P<0.12) and hindwings F2,11 = 2.28, P<0.15).

Habitat: Thin as well as thick grassy vegetation growing at banks of water streams. Also recorded from weedy stagnant water ponds. Khaliq (1990) collected this species from grassy margins of large ponds.

2. Agriocnemis nana Laidlaw, 1914

Only a single specimen from a single locality was recorded throughout the country, Measurement for its different body parts is given in Table 56.

101

Table 4.56: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis nana.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♀ 1 16.50 Forewing ♀ 1 11.00 Hindwing ♀ 1 10.00

Measurement of collected specimen was compared with earlier reported measurements of Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990). The comparison is presented in Table 57.

Table 4.57:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis nana on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 18.00 Not Given 10.00 Khaliq (1990) 16.79 11.05 10.26 Zia this study 16.50 11.00 10.00

Comparison of mean values shows decreasing trend in abdomen and forewings length, however variable data has been observed in case of hindwings.

Distribution Pattern

The specimen was recorded from a single locality in Punjab province. Details regarding material examined and ecological observations are given below.

102

Table 4.58:. Distribution of Agriocnemis nana in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 05-viii- Bhawalpur Panjnad 1 - Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5 2005 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab.

Habitat: The specimen was collected from grassy bank of a river.

3. Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur, 1842

1842 Agrion pygmaeum Rambur 1877 Agriocnemis australis Selys 1882 Agriocnemis velaris Selys 1911 Agrion kagiensis Matsumura 1913 Agriocnemis hyacinthus Tillyard

Altogether 60 specimens (37♂, 23♀) were collected from a wide range of habitats. Measurements for their body parts is given in table below.

Table 4.59: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis pygmaea.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 37 15.81 ± 0.61 Abdomen ♀ 23 17.97 ± 1.19 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 60 Av. Length =16.64 ± 1.37 Forewing ♂ 37 10.54 ± 0.54 Forewing ♀ 23 13.26 ± 0.73 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 60 Av. Length =11.58 ± 1.47 Hindwing ♂ 37 9.55 ± 0.45

103

Hindwing ♀ 23 12.30 ± 0.70 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 60 Av. Length =10.60 ± 1.45 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average The data of current study was compared with Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) to observe difference in length of species.

Table 4.60: Comparison of abdomen and wings lengths of Agriocnemis pygmaea on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 17.50 Not Given 10.62 Khaliq (1990) 17.81 11.85 11.07 Zia this study 16.64 11.58 10.60

The length of abdomen and forewings seems to decrease. But no meaningful differences were observed for hindwings length.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were collected from 39 different localities of the country. It was recorded from all the four provinces and AJ&K. Details for collected specimens is given below.

Table 4.61:. Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Saghar 05-x- Semi- Chakwal 11 32-55 72-25 22.5 (Talahgung) 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 2 33-18 74-18 22.5 2005 Arid Walana 04-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-55 72-25 22.5 Dam 2005 Arid

104

(Talahgung) 07-x- Semi- Khushab Jaba - 1 32-38 72-22 25 2005 Arid Semi- 04-xi- Mianwali Taunsa - 1 Arid to 30-42 70-39 17.5 2005 Arid 13-vii- Semi- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 2005 Arid 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 1 1 33-43 73-05 30 2005 Humid Rawal- 05-ix- Sub- Tret - 1 33-50 73-18 24 pindi 2005 Humid Rawal- 13-v- Sub- Gujar Khan 2 - 33-15 73-18 27.5 pindi 2005 Humid 14-viii- Sub- Jehlum Jehlum 2 1 32-55 73-42 32 2005 Humid 10-viii- Semi- Lahore Lahore 1 1 31-34 74-19 30 2005 Arid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala 1 - 32-30* 74-32* 30 2005 Humid Faisal- 12-viii- Faisalabad 1 - Arid 31-25 73-06 30 abad 2005 Bhawal- 05-viii- Panjnad 1 - Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5 pur 2005 02-ix- Multan Multan 1 - Arid 30-12 71-28 30 2005 Choolis- 04-x- Yazman 1 - Arid 29-07 71-48 25 tan 2005 01-xi- Sahiwal Sahiwal 1 - Arid 31-58 72-19 17.5 2007 01-x- D.G.Khan D.G.Khan 1 - Arid 30-04 70-38 25 2006 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

New Localities Added: Saghar, Walana dam, Simly dam, Jehlum, Sahiwal and D. G. Khan.

105

Table 4.62:. Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Sub- 04-iv- Swat Bahrain 12 Humid 35-14 72-59 17.5 2005 & Arid Sub- 02-v- Swat Mingora 1- Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 2006 & Arid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 1 34-01 71-33 22.5 2006 Humid 01-vii- Semi- Kohat Kohat 11 33-34 71-27 30 2006 Arid Dera Ismail Dera Ismail 18-vii- - 2 Arid 31-50 70-54 32.5 Khan Khan 2006 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur 1 - 33-59 72-55 25 2006 Humid 01-ix- Sub- 35- 71- Dir Upper Dir 11 22.5 2006 Humid 12* 52* * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

Table 4.63:. Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 15-iv- Sukhar Sukhar 1 1 Arid 27-42 68-52 30.2 2007 Tando Hyder- 20-iv- Muhammad 1 1 Arid 25-07 68-31 30 abad 2007 Khan Nawab- 10-iv- Nawabshah 2 - Arid 26-15 68-26 27.5 shah 2007 01-v- Karachi Karachi - 1 Arid 24-53 67-02 30 2007 01-v- Dadu Dadu 1 - Arid 26-43 67-46 32.5 2006 Shikar 18-iv- Shikarpur - 1 Arid 27-57 68-39 32.5 pur 2006 New Localities Added: Nawab Shah, Dadu and Shikarpur. Table 4.64:. Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in Baluchistan.

106

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 05-vi- Sibi Sibi 1- Arid 29-33 67-52 37.5 2007 18-vi- Khuzdar Khuzdar 1 1 Arid 27-47 66-36 30 2007 28-vi- Panjgur Panjgur 1 - Arid 26-58 64-06 32.5 2007 08-vi- Semi- Zhob Zhob 1 - 31-21 69-29 30 2007 Arid 01-vii- Bela Lasbella 11 Arid 31-21 69-29 32.5 2007 Makran 15-vii- Makran 2- Arid 25-90 64-58 30 Coast 2007

Table 4.65:. Distribution of Agriocnemis pygmaea in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 1 1 33-08 73-38 25 2005 Humid 01-vii- Sub- Kotli Kundaal 1 - 32-34 71-19 27.5 2005 Humid New Localities Added: Kundaal.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected this species from Azad Jammu And Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also documented its presence in N.W.F.P.

Specimens were collected from each province and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. They were compared statistically with each other to calculate difference in their body lengths (Table 4.66).

107

Table 4.66: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis pygmaea collected from four provinces and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 16.44 11.48 10.44 N.W.F.P. 16.80 12.03 11.07 Sindh 17.09 11.86 10.86 Baluchistan 16.31 10.75 10.00 AJ&K 16.83 11.66 10.66

The analysis of variance shows non-significant differences among specimens of

all areas (Abdomen: F4,59 = 0.58, P<0.67; Forewing: F4,59 = 1.0, P<0.36; Hindwing: F4,59 = 0.84, P<0.50).

Habitat: Thick and dense vegetation growing along and a little away from water streams. Also collected from rice fields and stagnant water spots surrounded by heavy grassy vegetation. Khaliq (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) documented stagnant water spots with weeds around it as common habitats of A. pygmaea. Subramanian (2005) collected this species from ponds and marshes.

4. Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919

Seven specimens were recorded from Punjab, Baluchistan and AJ&K. Their measurements are shown in Table 4.67.

108

Table 4.67: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis splendidissima.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 03 16.50 ± 0.50 Abdomen ♀ 04 17.37 ± 0.85 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 07 Av. Length =17.00 ± 0.81 Forewing ♂ 03 12.33 ± 0.28 Forewing ♀ 04 13.37 ± 0.47 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 07 Av. Length =12.92± 0.67 Hindwing ♂ 03 10.50 ± 0.50 Hindwing ♀ 04 12.25 ± 0.28 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 07 Av. Length =11.50 ± 1.00 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average Previous reported data for length of species was compared with current study in order to evaluate differences in body length os species with respect to time period (Table 68).

Table 4.68: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Agriocnemis splendidissima on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 17.87 Not Given 11.25 Khaliq (1990) 15.23 12.11 11.20 Zia this study 17.00 12.92 11.50

VariableV trend in length of abdomen and wings length was observed.

109

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were collected from four different localities of country. Distributional details are given in tables (69 – 71).

Table 4.69:. Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C Bhara- 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad 1 - 33-42 73-10 27.5 kahu 2005 Humid 14- Sub- Jehlum Dina - 2 viii- 33-03 73-36 32 Humid 2005

New Localities Added: All the above localities.

Table 4.70:. Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 05-vi- Sibi Sibi 1 - Arid 29-33 67-52 37.5 2007

Table 4.71:. Distribution of Agriocnemis splendidissima in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. °C 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1 2 33-59 73-40 25 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: The above locality

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Baluchistan province. Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

110

Specimens collected from above localities were compared statistically for evaluating differences in their lengths.

Table 4.72:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Agriocnemis splendidissima collected from Punjab, Baluchistan and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 16.83 13.00 11.66 Baluchistan 16.00 12.00 11.00 AJ&K 17.50 13.16 11.50

AnalysisA of variance showed insignificant differences between the species

collected from different areas i.e abdomen (F2,6 = 1.62, P<0.29), forewings (F2,6 = 1.25,

P<0.37), hindwings (F2,6 = 0.11, P<0.89).

Habitat: Found flying along running water, marshy areas and feeding on aphids in rice fields. Khaliq (1990) collected this species from marshy areas and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) documented weedy margins of stagnant water spots as habitat for this species.

Subfamily Pseudagrioninae

Key to the genera of Pseudagrioninae

1. Frons bearing a sharp prominent ridge; posterior lobe of prothorax lacking a fringe like process in case of female only...... Ceriagrion (Fig 4.20a) _. No ridge on the frons; posterior lobe of prothorax having a forwardly directed pair of fringed process………………………………..…...Pseudagrion (Fig 4.20b)

111

Ridge on the frons

Posterior lobe of prothorax

Fig. 4.20a: Head of Ceriagrion coromandelianum♀

Frons

Posterior lobe of Fringes on the prothorax lobe Fringes on the lobe

Fig. 4.20b: Head of Pseudagrion rubriceps

112

Genus Ceriagrion Selys, 1876

Two species were recorded under this genus. A simple key to genus is also presented.

Key to the species of Ceriagrion

1. Abdomen with unmarked bright citron yellow colour in males; Female olivaceous with an ochreous tint on dorsum; Pterostigma in wings of both sexes yellowish ………………………………………………………………...... Coromandelianum _. Abdomen marked with bright red at its base and anal ends, but dorsal sides black in between; pterostigma tinted with amber in both sexes…..…………Cerinorubellum

1. Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer, 1865

1865 Agrion cerinorubellum Brauer 1865 Pyrrhosona cerinorubellum Brauer

Thirteen specimens were collected. Measurements for abdomen and wings lengths were taken and given in table below.

Table 4.73: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 10 30.85 ± 1.27 Abdomen ♀ 3 30.83 ± 0.76 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 30.84 ± 1.14 Forewing ♂ 10 20.65 ± 0.81 Forewing ♀ 3 22.33 ± 0.28 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 21.03 ± 1.03 Hindwing ♂ 10 18.80 ± 0.85 Hindwing ♀ 3 21.00 ± 0.50

113

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 19.30 ± 1.23 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The data of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) was compared with the measurements of current study to observe differences in length of species over time period.

Table 4.74: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 32.50 Not Given 20.50 Khaliq (1990) 32.08 19.55 18.46 Zia this study 30.84 21.03 19.30

The comaprison of abdomen and wings length of species gave variable results.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were collected from nine different spots in Punjab and AJ&K. Ecological data for collected specimens is given in Table 75.

Table 4.75:. Distribution of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 - 33-18 74-18 22.5°C 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kattas 1 - 32-56* 72-51* 22.5°C 2005 Arid

114

Missriot 21-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi - 1 33-36 73-05 30°C Dam 2004 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided. New Localities Added: Kattas.

Table 4.76:. Distribution of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot - 1 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 2 - 33-08 73-38 25.5°C 2005 Humid 10-iv- Sub- Mirpur Palak 2 - 33-20 73-45 25 °C 2005 Humid 18-iv- Sub- Mirpur Azad Pur 1 - 38-11 72-44 25 °C 2006 Humid 20-iv- Sub- Mirpur Banni 11 33-09 73-42 25 °C 2008 Humid Muzaffar- 10-vi- Sub- Chinari 2 - 34-10 73-50 25 °C abad 2005 Humid New Localities Added: Rawalakot, Mangla, Palak, Azad Pur and Banni.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khan et al., (2008) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Khaliq (1990) reported it from Punjab province.

The specimens of Punjab and AJ&K were compared with each other to study diference in their lengths (Table 77).

Table 4.77:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ceriagrion cerinorubellum collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewings Hindwings Punjab 29.83 20.66 19.00 AJ&K 31.15 21.15 19.40

The analysis of variance showed non significant differences for abdomen length

(F1,12 = 3.76, P<0.07), forewings(F1,12 = 0.48, P<0.50) and hindwings (F1,12 = 0.22, P<0.64).

115

Habitat: Recorded from dwarf vegetation growing near very slow moving water channels as well as from tall vegetation present among and aside bogs amd marshes.

Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from high grassy vegetation grown in marshy areas near water lakes. Subramanian (2005) documented banks of canals, ponds and rivers as common habitats of this species. Khan et al., (2008) collected it from margin of a slow running stream.

2. Ceriagrion coromandelianum Fabricius, 1798

1798 Agrion coromandelianum Fabricius 1842 Agrion cerinum Rambur

It is one of the common species of country. Measurements for body lengths is given in Table 78.

Table 4.78: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion coromandelianum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 47 28.93 ± 1.87 Abdomen ♀ 36 29.45 ± 1.19 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 83 Av. Length = 29.16 ± 1.62 Forewing ♂ 47 20.94 ± 0.97 Forewing ♀ 36 21.45 ± 0.88 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 83 Av. Length = 21.16 ± 0.96 Hindwing ♂ 47 19.28 ± 1.15 Hindwing ♀ 36 20.08 ± 0.81 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 83 Av. Length = 19.63 ± 1.08 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

116

Earlier documented measurements by Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) were compared with the data of present study to observe changes in length of species with respect to time period (Table 79).

Table 4.79: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ceriagrion coromandelianum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 29.75 Not Given 19.50 Khaliq (1990) 30.24 21.11 19.92 Zia this study 29.16 21.16 19.63

The comparison shows variable data regarding body lengths of species with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

The species is very wide spread and has been recorded from all provinces, northern areas and AJ&K. Collection was done from 47 different spots. Details regarding material examined and ecological data is given in Tabel 80.

Table 4.80:. Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 05-viii- Bhawalpur Panjnad 1 2 Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5 °C 2005 Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C Saidan Shah 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 1 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Ghurab 04-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C Dam 2005 Arid

117

(Talahgung)

Walana dam 04-x- Semi- Chakwal -1 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C (Talahgung) 2005 Arid 12-viii- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 1 Arid 31-25 73-06 30°C 2005 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 1 2 33-43 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad Rawal Dam 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 14-viii- Sub- Jehlum Jehlum - 2 32-55 73-42 32 °C 2005 Humid 08-x- Semi- Khushab Oogali 1 1 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid 1km from 10-viii- Semi- Lahore 11 31-34 74-19 30 °C River Ravi 2005 Arid 31-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Chakri - 1 33-17 72-45 32.5 °C 2007 Humid 30-xi- Sub- Rawalpindi Soan River 2 - 33-36 73-05 17.5 °C 2004 Humid 31-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Ayub Park 3 1 33-36 73-05 32.5 °C 2005 Humid 30-x- Sub- Rawalpindi Mandra 1 1 33-21 73-15 22.5 °C 2005 Humid Kahuta 05-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi 11 33-39 73-31 27.5 °C (Pinjar) 2005 Humid Kahuta 05-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi 12 33-39 73-31 28.5 °C (Naramator) 2005 Humid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala 11 32-30* 74-32* 30 °C 2005 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

New Localities Added: Ghurab dam, Walana dam (Chakwal), Simly dam (Islamabad), Jehlum, Oogali (Khushab), Chakri, Pinjar and Naramator (Rawalpindi).

118

Table 4.81:. Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-ix- Semi- Kohat Kohat 1 - 33-34 71-27 27.5 °C 2006 Arid 01-ix- Sub- Lower Dir Timergara 1 1 35-12* 71-52* 23 °C 2006 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 1 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid Sub- 02-v- Swat Mingora 1 - Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Landaakay - 1 Humid 34-38 71-55 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Swat 1 1 Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- Khawaz 08-v- Swat - 1 Humid 34-55 72-28 22.5 °C Khaila 2006 & Arid Sub- 18-v- Swat Matta - 1 Humid 35-19 72-44 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- Malam 29-iv- Swat 2 - Humid 34-59 72-37 17.5 °C Jaba 2006 & Arid Sub- 30-iv- Swat Kalam 1 - Humid 35-30 72-35 17.5 °C 2004 & Arid * The localities for which the exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned. New Localities Added: Landaakay, Swat, Malamjaba and Kalam.

Table 4.82: Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Karachi Karachi 1 - Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007

119

Table 4.83: Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vii- 32.5 Bela Lasbella - 1 Arid 31-21 69-29 2007 °C Makran 15-vii- Makran 1 - Arid 25-90 64-58 30 °C Coast 2007

Table 4.84: Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in Northern Areas - Gilgit.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vi- Semi- Diamer Darel 1 - 35-26 74-06 30 °C 2006 Arid

Table 4.85: Distribution of Ceriagrion coromandelianum in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 03-iv- Sub- Bhimber Samahni 1 - 33-05 74-08 22.5 °C 2007 Humid 13-iv- Sub- Bhimber Kodala 4 1 32-52 74-19 22.5 °C 2007 Humid 20-v- Sub- Kotli Sensah 11 33-31 73-46 25 °C 2004 Humid 18-vii- Sub- Kotli Sersawa - 2 33-34 73-50 27.5 2004 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 1 33-08 73-38 25 °C 2005 Humid 28-ix- Sub- Mirpur Dudial 1- 34-26* 73-16* 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 08-vi- Sub- Chikar 1 1 35-18 73-56 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 2 1 34-07 73-53 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Muzafar 05-iv- Sub- 13 34-07 73-53 20 °C abad abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 10-vi- Sub- Chinari 1 - 34-10 73-50 25 °C abad 2005 Humid

120

01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 11 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 11 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 11-v- Sub- Poonch Abbasspur 1- 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 1 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid * The localities for which the exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned.

New Localities Added: Samahni, Kodala, Sersawa, Dudial, Chikar, Chakothi, Hajira and Abbasspur.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (2008) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also collected it from N.W.F.P.

Specimens collected from all areas were subjected to statistical analysis and brought following results (Table 86).

Table 4.86:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ceriagrion coromandelianum collected from four provinces, AJ&K and Northern Areas.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 29.36 21.04 19.59 N.W.F.P. 29.25 21.35 19.96 Sindh 26.00 21.00 19.50 Baluchistan 27.50 20.75 18.50 Nothern Areas 30.00 21.50 20.00 AJ&K 29.05 21.26 19.58

121

Analysis of variance revealed non-significant differences for abdomenal length

(F5,82 = 0.99, P<0.43), forewings (F5,82 = 2.35, P < 0.85) and hind wings (F5,82 = 0.70, P<0.60).

Habitat: Specimens were collected from variable number of ecological habitats incl; rice fields, grasses growing near stagnant water, dwarf vegetation along water streams and lakes and from weeds present on banks of very slow running water ways. It was recorded from stagnant water ponds to perennial water flows of the country. I found it in plains as well as on high peaks of mountains.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from weedy margins of stagnant water spots. Subramanian (2005) reported it from banks of rivers, canals and ponds. He also confirmed its frequent presence much away from water bodies.

Genus Pseudagrion Selys, 1876

Six species were collected under this genus all over the country. A simple taxonomic keys for species has been prepared and presented,

Key to the species of Pseudagrion

1. Frons, face and vertex of head mainly black……………………………hypermelas _. Frons, face and vertex not as above..………...…………………………………….2 2. Frons, face and vertex of head bright reddish orange to dark ochreous……….…..3 _. Frons, face and vertex of head green or blue marked with black……………….....4 3. Thorax golden green dorsally, sky blue laterally, marked with black; never with pruinescence; a single narrow black humeral stripe present……….….....rubriceps _. Similar as above but lacking the humeral stripe…………………..……ceylanicum 4. Thorax sky blue dorsally and ventrally, having medial and humeral black stripes……………………..……………………………………………..…………5 _. Thorax pale bluish in colour, having three fine black lines on the mid-dorsal carinal ridge of thorax and an additional black thicker humeral stripe...... decorum

122

5. Superior anal appendages bearing a long stout spine on inner side near the base ………………………………………………………………………….spencei _. Superior anal appendages without any spine on the inner side at base……..laidlawi

1. Pseudagrion ceylanicum Kirby, 1891

1818 Archibasis ceylanica, Kirby 1924 Pseudagrion rubriceps, Laidlaw 1933 Pseudagrion ceylanicum, Fraser

Only a single male was collected. Measurements for body parts was taken and given in the table below.

Table 4.87: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion ceylanicum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 1 29.50 Forewing ♂ 1 19.50 Hindwing ♂ 1 18.00

The measurements of species was compared on time period basis with previous reported data to observe change in length of species with respect to change in time period.

123

Table 4.88:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion ceylanicum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.50 Not Given 20.50 Zia this study 29.50 19.50 18.00

Decreasing trend in body length of species was observed.

Distribution Pattern

A single male specimen was studied. Details regarding distribution are given in Table 89.

Table 4.89: Distribution of Pseudagrion ceylanicum in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 1 - 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 1998 Humid New Localities Added: The above locality.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Habitat: Bank of a big dam. The specimen was housed and studied at National Insect Museum, Islamabad.

Silsby (2001) reported the species of family psudagrioninae from variable habitats. He documented their presence in stagnant water of ponds and pools to flowing water of streams and rivers.

124

2. Pseudagrion decorum Rambur, 1842

1841 Agrion decorum Rambur

Twenty specimens of species were collected and measurement of abdomen and wings length was taken (Table 90).

Table 4.90: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion decorum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 10 28.70 ± 0.71 Abdomen ♀ 10 28.45 ± 1.18 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 20 Av. Length = 28.57 ± 0.96 Forewing ♂ 10 20.55 ± 0.89 Forewing ♀ 10 21.70 ± 0.91 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 20 Av. Length = 21.12 ± 1.06 Hindwing ♂ 10 19.25 ± 0.67 Hindwing ♀ 10 20.35 ± 0.91 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 20 Av. Length = 19.80 ± 0.96 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The earlier recorded measurements of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990) were compared with present study to observe changes in length of species with time span.

Table 4.91: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion decorum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.00 Not Given 19.50 Khaliq (1990) 29.71 20.62 19.71 Zia this study 28.57 21.12 19.80

125

The comparison shows a decreasing trend in case of abdomen length, however no meaningful increase has been observed in forewings and hindwings length.

Distribution Pattern

The species was found in all the four provinces and AJ&K, however not found in northern areas of country. Ecological data for recorded specimens is given in tables below.

Table 4.92:. Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Missriot 21-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi -2 33-36 73-05 30 °C Dam 2004 Humid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala 1- 32-30* 74-32* 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 - 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar - 1 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid 05-viii- Bhawalpur Panjnad 2 - Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5°C 2005 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

Table 4.93:. Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar - 1 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid

126

Table 4.94:. Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Karachi Karachi 11 Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007 20-iv- Hyderabad Hyderabad 1 - Arid 25-23 68-21 30 °C 2007

Table 4.95: Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vii- Lasbella Lasbella - 1 Arid 31-21 69-29 32.5°C 2007

Table 4.96:. Distribution of Pseudagrion decorum in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47 74-06 21.5°C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 - 33-46 73-55 22.5°C 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja - 1 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 1 33-08 73-38 25.5°C 2005 Humid 20-v- Sub- Kotli Sensah - 1 33-31 73-46 25 °C 2004 Humid Muzaffar Neelum 01-v- Sub- 2 1 34-27 73-28 20 °C abad Valley 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Banjosa, Hajira, Arja and Sensah. The species has been reported first time from districts Poonch, Bagh and Kotli.

127

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported its presence in Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and N.W.F.P.

The specimens were compared for difference in their body lengths on area basis (Table97).

Table 4.97:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion decorum collected from four provinces and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 28.35 20.64 19.35 N.W.F.P 28.00 21.00 20.50 Sindh 28.50 21.16 19.50 Baluchistan 29.00 22.00 21.50 AJ&K 28.81 21.43 20.00

Non-significant differences were observed i.e abdomen (F4,19 = 0.30, P<0.87),

forewing (F4,19 = 0.65, P<0.63) and hindwing (F4,19 = 1.62, P<0.22).

Habitat: Recorded from rice fields and vegetation around different water spots.

Khaliq (1990), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected this species from weedy margins of standing water spots.

3.3 Pseudagrion hypermelas Selys, 1876

Seven male specimens were recorded from Punjab and Azad Jammu & Kashmir, their measurements are given in Table 98.

128

Table 4.98: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion hypermelas.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 07 26.71 ± 0.90 Forewing ♂ 07 18.07 ± 0.73 Hindwing ♂ 07 17.35 ± 0.55 ± Standard Deviation

The lengths were compared with earlier reported measurements and following results were obtained.

Table 4.99:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion hypermelas on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 23.25 Not Given 15.00 Khaliq (1990) 28.99 18.90 18.12 Zia this study 26.71 18.07 17.35

The comparison shows variable results regarding difference in body lengths of species with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were recorded from six different localities. Details regarding material

examined with its ecological information is provided in table below.

129

Table 4.100: Distribution of Pseudagrion hypermelas in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 1 - 33-43 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Saidan 1 - 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Shah 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 - 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid 08-x- Semi- Khushab Oochali 1 - 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid 04-x- Semi- Khushab Sorimor 2 - 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid * The localities for which the exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned.

New Localities Added: Simly dam, Ochali and Sorimor.

Table 4.101:. Distribution of Pseudagrion hypermelas in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) recorded this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) collected its specimens from Punjab province.

Data for collected specimens was compared statistically to evaluate difference in their lengths on area basis (Table 102).

130

Table 4.102:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion hypermelas collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 26.91 18.25 17.50 AJ&K 25.50 17.00 16.50

The comparison shows non-significant results in all cases. Abdomen (F1,6 = 2.68,

P<0.16), forewing (F1,6 = 3.57, P<0.11), hind wing (F1,6 = 4.28, P<0.09).

Habitat: Densely vegetated banks of water streams. Khaliq (1990) and Khaliq et al., (1990) reported stagnant water spots with weeds and grasses grown around it as important habitat of this species.

4. Pseudagrion laidlawi Fraser, 1922

Sixteen specimens were recorded and measurements for their abdomen and wings were taken.

Table 4.103: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion laidlawi.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 16 22.03 ± 0.95 Forewing ♂ 16 14.78 ± 1.09 Hindwing ♂ 16 13.50 ± 0.75 ± Standard Deviation

The data of current study was compared with previous documented measurements of Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990).

131

Table 4.104: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion laidlawi on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 25.00 Not Given 16.00 Khaliq (1990) 28.99 18.90 18.12 Zia this study 22.03 14.78 13.50

Comparison of specimens with previous data shows decreasing trend in length of species.

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Data regarding material examined and ecological information is presented in Table 105.

Table 4.105:. Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 02-ix- Multan Multan 1 - Arid 30-12 71-28 30 °C 2005 Rangpur Rangpur 16-viii- 1 - Arid 30-30 71-34 32.5 °C (Thal) (Thal) 2005 05-viii- Bhawalpur Panjnad 1 - Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5 °C 2005 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 - 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Arid Rawal- 31-viii- Sub- Ayub Park 2 - 33-36 73-05 30 °C pindi 2005 Humid 19-iv- Semi- Attock Attock 1 - 33-46 72-21 22.5 °C 2005 Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned. Table 4.106:. Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in N.W.F.P.

132

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid

Table 4.107:. Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 22-iv- Sukkhur Sukkhur 1 - Arid 27-42 68-52 30.2 °C 2007 01-v- Karachi Karachi 1 - Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007 20-iv- Hyderabad Hyderabad 1 - Arid 25-25 68-32 30 °C 2007

Table 4.108:. Distribution of Pseudagrion laidlawi in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 - 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1 - 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bagh 1 - 33-48 70-46 25 °C 2005 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bajri 2 - 27-57 66-27 25 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities, this species is first time reported from Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) documented this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) recorded its presence in Punjab, Sindh and N.W.F.P.

133

Table 4.109: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion laidlawi collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 21.78 14.50 13.35 N.W.F.P 22.50 15.00 14.00 Sindh 21.16 13.83 12.66 AJ&K 22.80 15.70 14.10

Statistical anaylsis revealed non-significant differences among specimens for

length of abdomen (F3,15 = 2.95, P<0.07) and forewing (F3,15 = 2.87 P<0.08), however

significant differences were observed in case of hindwings (F3,15 = 4.05, P<0.03).

Habitat: Rice fields, grassy margins of streams, rivers and water lakes.

Khaliq (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) reported this species from densely vegetated weedy margins of stagnant water spots.

5. Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876

1891 Archibasis ceylonica Kirby 1939 Pseudagrion flaviforns Needham and Gyger

A total of twenty eight specimens were collected. Measurements for abdomen and wings length were taken and given in Table 110.

134

Table 4.110: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion rubriceps.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 19 29.97 ± 1.69 Abdomen ♀ 09 29.22 ± 0.93 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 28 Av. Length = 29.73 ± 1.51 Forewing ♂ 19 20.50 ± 1.05 Forewing ♀ 09 22.05 ± 1.52 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 28 Av. Length = 21.00 ± 1.40 Hindwing ♂ 19 19.34 ± 1.13 Hindwing ♀ 09 2066 ± 1.52 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 28 Av. Length =19.76 ± 1.39 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements of specimens collected during this study were compared with previously recorded measurements of Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) and gave following results,

Table 4.111:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion rubriceps on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 29.00 Not Given 20.00 Khaliq (1990) 30.32 21.61 20.21 Zia this study 29.73 21.00 19.76

No noticeable and meaningful results were obtained for difference in body lengths on time period basis.

135

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were collected from twenty three different localities of country. Data regarding material examined and their ecological observations is given as under,

Table 4.112:. Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 1- 33-43 73-05 30 °C dam 2005 Humid

13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27 °C 2005 Humid

Chachan 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad -1 33-43 73-05 27 °C village 2005 Humid

Ayub 14-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi 1- 33-36 73-05 30 °C Park 2005 Humid

Missriot 21-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi -1 33-36 73-05 30 °C Dam 2004 Humid

Semi- Attock Attock 1- 19-iv-2005 33-46 72-21 22.5 °C Arid

Faisal- 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad 1- 31-25 73-06 30 °C abad 2005 Arid Chua Semi- Chakwal Saidan 2 1 01-x-2005 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C Arid Shah

New Localities Added: Simly dam and Chachan village.

136

Table 4.113:. Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- 02-v- Swat Mingora 1- Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Swat 11 Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5°C 2006 & Arid 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur 1 - 33-59 72-55 25 °C 2006 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid 29-ix- Semi- Kohat Kohat 1- 33-34 71-27 27.5 °C 2006 Arid

New Localities Added: Mingora and Swat. The species has been first time reported from District Swat.

Table 4.114:. Distribution of Pseudagrion rubriceps in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 1 - 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira - 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 11-v- Sub- Poonch Abbasspur 1 - 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 1 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1- 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bagh 1- 33-48 70-46 25 °C 2005 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bajri 3- 27-57 66-27 25 °C 2005 Humid

137

30-vi- Sub- Bagh Harighal -1 33-59 73-45 25 °C 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Muzaffar- 05-iv- Sub- -1 34-07 73-53 20 °C abad abad 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Rawalakot, Banjosa, Hajira and Abbaspur, Arja, Bagh, Bajri. The species is first time reported from Districts Poonch and Bagh (AJ&K).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Yousuf (1993) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported its collection from Punjab and N.W.F.P.

Analysis of variance was carried out to compare the length of specimens on area basis. Table 4.115:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion rubriceps collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 29.50 21.00 19.70 N.W.F.P 30.00 20.91 19.75 AJ&K 29.79 21.04 19.83

Statistical analysis showed non-significant differences in all cases i.e. abdomen

(F2,27 = 0.20, P<0.81), forewing (F2,27 = 0.01, P<0.98) and hindwing (F2,27 = 0.02, P<0.97).

Habitat: These damselflies are very easily distinguishable due to their coloured frons. I collected them from rice fields, vegetation beside large reservoirs of stagnant water as well as along running water bodies. It was mostly found in thin and short grassy vegetation in contrast to openlit tall and strong grasses at the spots.

138

Khaliq (1990), Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Yousuf (1993) collected this species from weedy margins of standing water spots. Subramanian (2005) documented its presence at banks of large rivers.

6. Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922

Altogether twenty five specimens comprising fourteen males and eleven females were collected. Measurements for abdomen and wings length were taken.

Table 4.116: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion spencei.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 14 23.89 ± 1.11 Abdomen ♀ 11 23.50 ± 1.83 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 25 Av. Length = 23.72 ± 1.00 Forewing ♂ 14 16.25 ± 1.38 Forewing ♀ 11 17.54 ± 0.68 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 25 Av. Length = 16.82 ± 1.29 Hindwing ♂ 14 14.82 ± 0.99 Hindwing ♀ 11 16.09 ± 0.86 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 25 Av. Length = 15.38 ± 1.12 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average The collection of current study was compared with earlier studies to evaluate difference in species lengths with respect to time period.

Table 4.117: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Pseudagrion spencei on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 23.25 Not Given 15.50 Khaliq (1990) 23.77 17.18 16.03 Zia this study 23.72 16.82 15.38 The comparison showed variable trend in length of species with respect to time period.

139

Distribution Pattern

The collection was done from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Baluchistan and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details regarding specimens and ecological data of spots are given in table below.

Table 4.118:. Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 2 1 33-43 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala - 1 32-30* 74-32* 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Rawal 30-ix- Sub- Mandra 1 - 33-21 73-15 27.5 °C pindi 1995 Humid Rawal Jalpari 07-viii- Sub- 21 33-36 73-05 30 °C pindi Dam 2005 Humid Rawal 31-viii- Sub- Ayub Park 1 - 33-36 73-05 30 °C pindi 2005 Humid Rawal Gujar 02-v- Sub- 1- 33-15 73-18 27.5 °C pindi Khan 2006 Humid 19-iv- Semi- Attock Fateh Jung 11 33-34 72-39 22.5 °C 2005 Arid 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 - 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005, Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

New Localities Added: Simly dam and Fateh Jung. Table 4.119:. Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations

140

Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur - 1 33-59 72-55 25 °C 2006 Humid Sub- 01-iv- Peshawar Peshawar 2 2 Humid & 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Arid

Table 4.120:. Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 18-vi- Khuzdar Khuzdar 1 - Arid 27-47 66-36 30°C 2007 28-vi- Panjgur Panjgur 11 Arid 26-58 64-06 32.5°C 2007

Table 4.121:. Distribution of Pseudagrion spencei in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1- 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 01- iv - Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 2 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 2005 Humid Muzafar- Muzafar- 05-iv- Sub- 1- 34-07 73-53 20 °C abad abad 2005 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported species its specimens from Punjab, N.W.F.P and Baluchistan province.

The collection was done from fifteen localities in different areas. Specimens were then compared for differences in their lengths on area basis. Table 4.122: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Pseudagrion spencei collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P, Baluchistan and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing

141

Punjab 23.76 16.76 15.26 N.W.F.P 23.60 16.80 15.30 Baluchistan 23.00 15.66 14.50 AJ&K 24.25 17.87 16.50

On comparison statistically, it was observed that specimens differ non-

significantly in all cases. Abdomen (F3,24 = 0.91, P<0.45), forewing (F3,24 = 1.88, P<0.16) and hindwing (F3,24 = 2.33, P<0.10).

Habitat: Vegetated bank of a water lake, moving and stagnant water spots. Khaliq et al., (1990) collected this species from weedy margins of stagnant water spots.

Subfamily Ischnurinae

Four genera were studied under this subfamily. A simple key for generic characters is prepared. Key to the Genera of Ischnurine

1. Pterostigma of forewing is larger as compared to that of hindwing (Fig 4.21a)…………………………………… …... ….……………....…Aciagrion _. Pterostigma of both wings equal in size (Fig 4.21b)….… ………….………….….2 2. Two prominent tubercules on dorsal apical border of abdominal segment 10 ..…..…...... 3 (Fig 4.22a) _. No tubercule on dorsal apical border of segment 10…… ....Enallagma (Fig 4.22b) 3. Coloured postocular spots always present (Fig 4.23 a(i)); tubercles on the dorso- apical border of segment 10 closely apposed (Fig 4.23a(ii))…… .…....….Ischnura _. No coloured postocular spots present (Fig 4.23 b(i)); tubercles on the dorso- apical border of segment 10 widely separated by a notch (Fig 4.23 b(ii)) ………………………………...……………………………… ……Rhodischnura

142

Pterostigma in Forewing Pterostigma

Pterostigma in Hindwing

Fig. 4.21a: Wings of Aciagrion hisopa Fig. 4.21b: Wings of Enallagma cyathigerum Tubercles Tubercles absent

Fig. 4.22a: Ischnura aurora Fig. 4.22b: Enallagma cyathigerum

Postocular coloured spots Tubercles

Fig. 4.23a (i): Postocular spots in I. forcipata Fig. 4.23a (ii): Tubercles in I. aurora

Tubercles

Fig. 4.23b (i): Rhodischnura nursei Fig. 4.23b (ii): Rhodishnura nursei (Post ocular spots absent) (with widely separated tubercles)

143

Genus Aciagrion Selys 1891 1. Aciagrion hisopa Selys, 1876

1876 Pseudagrion hisopa Selys 1929 Aciagrion aciculare Lieftink

A total of 9 specimens were collected from seven different localities. Data regarding their measurements is givenin Table 123.

Table 4.123: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Aciagrion hisopa.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 5 18.40 ± 0.89 Abdomen ♀ 4 17.62 ± 0.47 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 9 Av. Length = 18.05 ± 2.50 Forewing ♂ 5 12.60 ± 0.22 Forewing ♀ 4 10.50 ± 0.40 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 9 Av. Length = 11.66 ± 1.14 Hindwing ♂ 5 11.80 ± 0.27 Hindwing ♀ 4 9.87 ± 0.62 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 9 Av. Length = 10.94 ± 1.10

± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements of species reported earlier were compared with measurements of current study, their mean values are shown in table below,

Table 4.124: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Aciagrion hisopa on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 25.50 Not Given 16.25 Zia this study 18.05 11.66 10.94

144

Length of the species seems to be decreasing noticeably with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done during years 2005 and 2006 in three different months of the year. Huge variations in mean daily temperatures of areas was observed. Details regarding material examined and ecological observations is given below.

Table 4.125:. Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid

Table 4.126:. Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat. Long Temp. Sub- 05-v- Swat Tror Ziarat 1 1 Humid 35-32 72-39 20 °C 2006 & Arid

Table 4.127:. Distribution of Aciagrion hisopa in AJ&K.

[ Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 20-v- Sub- Poonch Abbaspur 1- 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 1 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid Muzafar 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi - 2 34-07 73-53 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzafar 10-vi- Sub- Chinari 1 - 34-10 73-50 25 °C abad 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1- 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid New Localities Added: Abbaspur.

145

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) described this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq and Maula (1999) collected its specimens from N.W.F.P.

Comparison of all collected specimens from different areas was carried out to study their difference in body lengths on area basis (Table 128).

Table 4.128: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Aciagrion hisopa collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 17.50 12.50 11.50 N.W.F.P. 18.00 11.50 11.00 AJ&K 18.16 11.58 10.83

On statistical comparison it was noticed that specimens differs non – significantly

for abdomen (F2,8 = 0.24, P<0.79), forewings (F2,8 = 0.24, P<0.79) and hind wings (F2,8 = 0.12, P<0.88) length.

Habitat: Running water as well as standing water pits with lot of thin grassy vegetation in surroundings. Khaliq et al., (1990) collected this species fom weedy margins of a stagnant water spot.

Genus Enallagma Charpentier, 1840

Two species were identified under this genus.

Key to the species of Enallagma

1. Abdominal length not more than 17mm; 6 to 7 postnodals in forewings; legs white and with 4 to 5 spines on hind femora………….....……….……………...... parvum

146

_. Abdominal length more than 20mm; more than 7 postnodals in forewings; legs black and with 8 to 10 spines on hind femora...... …….……………...... cyathigerum

1. Enallagma cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840

1782 Agrion aereus Harris 1836 Agrion hastulatum Stephen 1840 Agrion cyathigerum Charpantier 1835 Agrion annexum Stephens (nec Charpentier, 1825) 1840 Agrion pulchrum Hagen 1845 Agrion brunnea Evans 1840 Agrion charpentieri Selys 1861 Agrion annexum Hagen 1875 Enallagma robustum Selys 1956 Enallagma continentale Belyshev 1975 Enallagma nigrolineatum Belyshev and Haritonov

The collection was recorded from twenty two localities of country. All specimens were measured for their wings and abdomen length.

Table 4.129: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma cyathigerum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 15 23.73 ± 0.82 Abdomen ♀ 07 21.71 ± 0.90 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 22 Av. Length = 23.09 ± 1.26 Forewing ♂ 15 20.23 ± 0.79 Forewing ♀ 07 19.85 ± 0.55 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 22 Av. Length = 20.11 ± 0.73 Hindwing ♂ 15 19.10 ± 0.71

147

Hindwing ♀ 07 18.35 ± 0.37 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 22 Av. Length = 18.86 ± 0.71 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average The comparison of specimens in present study was carried out with measurements of Fraser (1933) to observe change in length of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.130:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma cyathigerum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 25.75 Not Given 19.75 Zia this study 23.09 20.11 18.86

A trend of decrease in body length of species was observed.

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were recorded from twelve different spots in northern areas of country. Details of collected specimens alongwith ecological data is given in Table (131 and 132).

Table 4.131.. Distribution of Enallagma cyathigerum in Northern Areas – Baltistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- 01-vii- Ghanche Balghar 1 - Humid & 36-15 74-40 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 04-vii- Ghanche Kharko 2 - Humid & 36-05 74-35 20°C 2006 Arid Sub- 07-vii- Ghanche Yougo 1 1 Humid & 35-25 76-21 22.5 °C 2006 Arid 10-vii- Sub- Ghanche Surmo 1 - 35-12 76-24 22.5 °C 2006 Humid &

148

Arid

Sub- 14-vii- Skardu Shigar 1- Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- Hussain 19-vii- Skardu 1- Humid & 35-25 75-24 22.5 °C abad 2006 Arid Sub- 22-vii- Skardu New Ranga - 1 Humid & 35-19 75-36 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 25-vii- Skardu Olding 1- Humid & 35-20 75-34 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 27-vii- Skardu Sundus 2- Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 30-vii- Skardu Shangrilla - 4 Humid & 35-25 75-27 21.5 °C 2006 Arid

Table 4.132.. Distribution of Enallagma cyathigerum in Northern Areas – Gilgit.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- Hunza- Borath 10-vi- 31 Humid 36-25 74-51 22.5 °C nagar Lake 2006 & Arid 16-vi- Semi- Gilgit Gilgit 2- 35-54 74-18 25 °C 2006 Arid New Localities Added: Borath lake (Hunza Nagar) and Gilgit.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq et al., (1994) reported this species from northern areas of Pakistan.

Habitat: Recorded from grasses along standing water lake and slow moving water streams. It was also collected from bushes and spiky plants present much away from water lake at Hunzanagar. A majority of collection spots were having water that comes due to melting of snow on mountains during summer.

149

2. Enallagma parvum Selys, 1876

1919 Ischnura immsi Laidlaw

Two male specimens were collected. Measurements for their body parts is shown in table below.

Table 4.133: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma parvum.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 02 17.75 ± 1.06 Forewing ♂ 02 11.75 ± 0.35 Hindwing ♂ 02 11.25 ± 0.35 ± Standard Deviation

Earlier reported measurements by Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) were brought into comparison with current study (Table 134).

Table 4.134:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Enallagma parvum on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 17.00 Not Given 11.00 Khaliq (1990) 18.22 12.64 11.85 Zia this study 17.75 11.75 11.25

The comparison provides variable data regarding measurement of abdomen and wings length. Distribution Pattern

Table 4.135:. Distribution of Enallagma parvum in Punjab.

150

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala 1 - 32-30* 74-32* 30°C 2005 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided

Table 4.136: Distribution of Enallagma parvum in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) collected its specimens from Azad Jamu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Collection of both areas was compared statistically to see difference in body length of specimens of both areas.

Table 4.137:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Enallagma parvum collected from Punjab and N.W.F.P.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 17.00 11.50 11.00 N.W.F.P. 18.50 12.00 11.50

No statistical comparison is not possible due to less number of values available. However from the above given values we can see that the specimens of N.W.F.P. appear to be larger than those of Punjab province.

A comparison of all the collected specimens from different areas was carried out in order to study their differences in body lengths.

Habitat: Bogs and marshes.

151

Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from stagnant water spots.

Genus Ischnura Charpentier, 1840

Five species were recorded under this genus. A simple key to species is also prepared.

Key to the species of Ischnura

Males

1. Inferior anal appendages shorter than superiors……...………………….……………2 _. Inferior anal appendages longer than superiors……...………………….…………….4 2. Segment 3 – 6 of abdomen entirely citron yellow…………………….………..aurora _. Segements 3 – 6 of abdomen black dorsally, but pale bluish laterally…….………….3 3. Costal side of pterostigma shorter in forewings as compared to radial; posterior lobe of prothorax simple, hairless and rounded………………………..…….forcipata _. Costal and radial sides of pterostigma equal in lengths; posterior lobe of prothorax extended backward, possessing a fringe of pale long hairs and is triangular …………………………………………..…………………………….……fountainei 4. Posterior lobe of prothorax extended backwards forming a spout like structure; superior anal appendages swollen at their base and crossed apically; inferiors with a small spine at their base….……………………………………………..……elegans _. Posterior lobe of prothorax rounded and simple; superior anal appendages not as above; inferiors not bearing any basal spine.……….…………………....senegalensis

Females

1. Posterior lobe of prothorax rounded and simple…………………...... ….……..……...2 _. Posterior lobe of prothorax extended backwards at its middle……...………….……..3 2. 6 – 7 post nodals to forewings…………………….……..………...……………aurora _. 7-1/2 – 8-1/2 postnodals to forewings…………..……………..………….senegalensis 3 Posterior lobe of prothorax extended backwards producing a broad triangle and with a fringe of long pale hairs…………………………...…...……….…….fountainei

152

_. Psterior lobe of prothorax simple, elevated or extended posteriorly and is hairless………………………………………………………..……….….………...…4 4. Posterior lobe of prothorax simple and elevated at its middle…………...…..forcipata _. Posterior lobe of prothorax extended much backwards forming a spout like structure………………………..…….………………………………..….….…elegans

1. Ischnura aurora Brauer, 1865

1865 Agrion aurora Brauer 1876 Agrion delicatum Hagen 1876 Ischnura delicata Hagen 1890 Micronympha aurora Kirby 1920 Nanosura aurora kennedy 1965 Ishnura bhimtalensis Sahni

It is a common species of the country. As total, fifty three specimens were collected. Measurements for abdomen and wings were taken and given below.

Table 4.138: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura aurora.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 46 17.78 ± 1.00 Abdomen ♀ 07 17.92 ± 0.78 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 53 Av. Length = 17.80 ± 0.97 Forewing ♂ 46 11.54 ± 0.62 Forewing ♀ 07 14.42 ± 0.53 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 53 Av. Length = 11.92 ± 0.93 Hindwing ♂ 46 10.67 ± 0.62 Hindwing ♀ 07 12.78 ± 0.39 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 53 Av. Length = 10.95 ± 9.93 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

153

The measurements of species reported in different studies was compared with data of present study to observe change in length of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.139:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura aurora on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 18.50 Not Given 12.75 Khaliq (1990) 18.22 12.64 11.85 Zia this study 17.80 11.92 10.95

The comparison shows a decreasing trend in length of species body with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were recorded from fourty four different spots of country. They were found in each province, northern areas and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details are shown in tables (141 – 145).

Table 4.140: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 - 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kattas 1 - 32-56* 72-51* 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Dharabi 01-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C (Talahgung) 2005 Arid

154

Pir Nara 01-x- Semi- Chakwal 2- 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C (Talahgung) 2005 Arid 04-x- Choolistan Yazman 1 - Arid 29-07 71-48 25 °C 2005 12-viii- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 - Arid 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Kotli 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad 1- 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C sattyaan 2005 Humid 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 14-viii- Sub- Jehlum Dina 1 - 33-03 73-36 32 °C 2005 Humid 10-viii- Semi- Lahore Lahore 1 - 31-34 74-19 30 °C 2005 Arid 02-ix- Multan Multan 1 - Arid 30-12 71-28 30 °C 2005 Rawal 30-x- Sub- Mandra 1 - 33-21 73-15 22.5 °C pindi 2005 Humid Rawal Kahuta 05-viii- Sub- -1 33-39 73-31 28.5 °C pindi (Naramator) 2005 Humid Rawal 05-ix- Sub- Tret 1 - 33-50 73-18 24 °C pindi 2005 Humid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala 1 - 32-30* 74-32* 30 °C 2005 Humid Rangpur 16-viii- Thal -1 Arid 30-30 71-34 32.5 °C Desert 2005 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: Kattas, Dharabi and Pir Nara, Kotlisattyan, Dina and Naramator.

Table 4.141: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-x- Sub- Abbotabad Abbotabad - 1 34-08 73-12 20 °C 2006 Humid 18-vii- D.I.Khan D.I.Khan 1 - Arid 31-50 70-54 32.5 °C 2006 Sub- 01-ix- Dir Timergara 11 Humid 35-12* 71-52* 23 °C 2006 & Arid 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur 2 - 33-59 72-55 25 °C 2006 Humid

155

19-ix- Semi- Kohat Kohat 1- 33-34 71-27 27.5 °C 2006 Arid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Gulli 1 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Oogi 1 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid Sub- 02-v- Swat Mingora 11 Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: Gulli and Oogi.

Table 4.142: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Desert 28-iv- Umer kot 3- Arid 28-50 70-09 30°C Lake 2007 01-v- Karachi Karachi 1 - Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007

New Localities Added: Umer Kot (Desert Lake)

Table 4.143: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vii- Bela Lasbella 2- Arid 31-21 69-29 32.5 °C 2007 Makran 15-vii- Makran 1- Arid 25-90 64-58 30 °C Coast 2007 18-vi- Khuzdar Khuzdar 1 - Arid 27-47 66-36 30 °C 2007 28-vi- Panjgur Panjgur 1 - Arid 26-58 64-06 32.5 °C 2007

Table 4.144: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in Northern Areas: Division – Gilgit.

Material Examined Ecological Observations

156

Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 16-vi- Semi- Gilgit Danyore 1 - 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

Table 4.145: Distribution of Ischnura aurora in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 1 - 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid 03-iv- Sub- Bhimber Samahni 1 - 33-05 74-08 22.5 °C 2007 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 1 - 33-08 73-38 25 °C 2005 Humid 10-iv- Sub- Mirpur Palak 2 - 33-20 73-45 25 °C 2005 Humid 08-vi- Sub- Muzaffarabad Chikar 1 - 35-18 73-56 25 °C 2005 Humid 10-vi- Sub- Muzaffarabad Chinari 1 - 34-10 73-50 25 °C 2005 Humid 04-vi- Sub- Muzaffarabad Patika 1 - 34-25 73-31 25 °C 2005 Humid Garhi 05-v- Sub- Muzaffarabad 1 - 29-29 68-02 25 °C Dopatta 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 1 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 11-v- Sub- Poonch Abbaspur 1 - 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid Azad 04-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti 1 - 33-43 73-36 20 °C Pattan 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Arja, Smahni, Palak, Abbasspur, Hajira and Azad Pattan.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) reported this sepcies from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) documented its presence in Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also reported it from N.W.F.P.

157

A comparison of specimens was carried out on area basis to study the difference in length of species.

Table 4.146:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura aurora collected from four Provinces, Northern Areas and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 17.55 11.85 10.85 N.W.F.P. 18.00 12.54 11.54 Sindh 17.87 11.12 10.00 Baluchistan 19.00 12.20 11.40 AJ&K 17.60 11.67 10.71 Northern Areas 16.00 11.00 10.50

The analysis of variance showed significant differences for abdomen (F5,52 = 3.18, P<0.01). However in case of forewings and hindwings non-significant differences were observed (F5,52 = 1.44, P<0.22; F5,52 = 2.62, P<0.30).

Habitat: Thin grasses, swampy places, river banks, rice fields, marshes and weedy water ponds. Sometimes found between submerged vegetation along river banks. Being a very light weighed and small sized species, air currents sometimes carry it far away from its origional habitat.

Khaliq (1990) collected this specie from weedy margins of stagnant water ponds. Subramanian (2005) described vegetated banks of rivers, canals and ponds as habitat for this species.

2. Ischnura elegans Vander Linden, 1820

1820 Agrion elegans Vander Linden 1885 Ischnura lamellata Kolbe

158

Fourty three specimens were recorded from all over the country, measurements for their body parts is given in Table 147.

Table 4.147: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura elegans.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 22 22.13 ± 1.44 Abdomen ♀ 21 22.16 ± 1.06 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 43 Av. Length = 22.15 ± 1.20 Forewing ♂ 22 16.75 ± 0.84 Forewing ♀ 21 16.40 ± 0.58 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 43 Av. Length = 16.58 ± 0.73 Hindwing ♂ 22 15.43 ± 0.77 Hindwing ♀ 21 15.54 ± 0.31 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 43 Av. Length = 15.48 ± 0.59 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

A comparison of measurements was made with previous studies to highlight diffrerences in species body length.

Table 4.148:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura elegans on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 24.25 Not Given 16.87 Khaliq (1990) 22.72 16.82 15.71 Zia this study 22.15 16.58 15.48

The comparison of mean values shows decreasing trend in length of species.

Distribution Pattern

159

The specimens were recorded from twenty six localities of country. Details for collected material is as under.

Table 4.149:. Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kattas 1 - 32-56* 72-51* 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Ghurab Dam 04-x- Semi- Chakwal 1 - 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C (Talahgung) 2005 Arid 04-x- Semi- Khushab Sori Mor 1 2 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: All the above localities.

Table 4.150: Distribution of Ischnura elegans in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- Swat Shin 1 -05-v-2006 Humid & 34-39 72-19 22.5 °C Arid Sub- Khawaz Swat - 1 08-v-2006 Humid & 34-55 72-28 22.5 °C Khaila Arid Sub- Swat Mingora 1 102-v-2006 Humid & 34-46 72-22 22.5 °C Arid

Table 4.151:. Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Northern Areas – Baltistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- 08-vi- Skardu Goor 1- Humid & 35-15 75-36 22.5 °C 2006 Arid

160

Sub- 14-vii- Skardu Shigar - 1 Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 19-vii- Skardu Husainabad - 2 Humid & 35-25 75-24 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 22-vii- Skardu New Ranga 1- Humid & 35-19 75-36 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 25-vii- Skardu Olding 21 Humid & 35-20 75-34 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 27-vii- Skardu Sundus 1- Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 30-vii- Skardu Shangrilla - 1 Humid & 35-25 75-27 21.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 04-vii- Ghanche Kharko 1 2 Humid & 36-05 74-35 20°C 2006 Arid

Table 4.152: Distribution of Ischnura elegans in Northern Areas – Gilgit.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vi- Semi- Diamer Darel 11 35-26 74-06 30 °C 2006 Arid 02-vi- Semi- Diamer Chillas - 2 35-26 74-06 30 °C 2006 Arid 04-vi- Semi- Gilgit Juglote 1- 35-39 73-24 25 °C 2006 Arid 16-vi- Semi- Gilgit Danyore 11 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid 18-vi- Semi- Gilgit Kashroat 21 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid Chinar 03-vi- Semi- Gilgit 1- 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C Bagh 2006 Arid Sub- Gackuch 18-vii- Ghizzer 12 Humid 36-11* 73-46* 25 °C Bala 2006 & Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

161

Table 4.153:. Distribution of Ischnura elegans in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot - 1 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 20-v- Sub- Poonch Abbaspur 1 - 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid 05-v- Sub- Bagh Bagh 2 - 33-48 70-46 20 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Rawalakot, Hajira and Abbasspur.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was earlier reported by Kanth (1985), Khaliq et al.,(1990) and Khan et al., (2008) from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) documented its presence in N.W.F.P. and Baluchistan province. Also Khaliq and Maula (1999) reported this species from N.W.F.P

Analysis of variance was carried out to compare the collection of all areas for difference in their body lengths.

Table 4.154:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura elegans collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. Northern Areas and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 21.20 16.10 15.00 N.W.F.P. 22.50 16.75 15.62 Northern Areas 22.30 16.67 15.61 AJ&K 22.42 16.64 15.42

Results of statistical comparison revealed non–significant differences i.e.

abdomen (F3,42 = 1.23, P<0.31), forewing (F3,42 =0.93, P<0.43) and hindwing (F3,42 = 1.77, P<0.16).

162

Habitat: Thin grassy vegetation, rice fields and marshy places near river banks. Sometimes found between submerged vegetation grown at river banks.

Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from rice fields. Khan et al., (2008) collected this damselfly from the margins of a very slow moving water stream.

3. Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907

1913 Ischnura musa Bartenev 1913 Ischnura gangetica Laidlaw 1965 Agriocnemis nainitalensis Sahni 1933 Coenagrion needhami Navas

It is a widely distributed species of the country. Altogether 135 specimens were collected and measurements for their abdomen and wings length were taken, as given in Table 155.

Table 4.155: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura forcipata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 77 22.72 ± 1.18 Abdomen ♀ 58 22.36 ± 1.16 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 135 Av. Length = 22.57 ± 1.41 Forewing ♂ 77 15.20 ± 0.85 Forewing ♀ 58 16.23 ± 1.61 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 135 Av. Length = 15.64 ± 1.33 Hindwing ♂ 77 14.16 ± 0.90 Hindwing ♀ 58 14.98 ± 1.49 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 135 Av. Length = 14.51 ± 1.25 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements of species reported by Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) was brought into comparison with current study to observe difference in their size.

163

Table 4.156:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura forcipata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 22.75 Not Given 13.25 Khaliq (1990) 22.22 15.90 15.14 Zia this study 22.57 15.64 14.51

Variable results were obtained for the comparison of above given three studies.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh, Northern areas and AJ&K. Distributional detials for collected specimens are given below.

Table 4.157: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Chua Saidan 01-x- Semi- Chakwal - 1 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C Shah 2005 Arid 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 1 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Walana Chakwal 04-x- Semi- Dam 11 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C 2005 Arid (Talahgung) 04-x- Semi- Khushab Jaba 1 2 32-38 72-22 25 °C 2005 Arid 04-x- Semi- Khushab Mardwaal 1 1 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid 14-viii- Sub- Jehlum Jehlum 1 1 32-55 73-42 32◦ C 2005 Humid 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 1 1 33-43 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid

164

Rawal- 05-viii- Sub- Kahuta 2 2 33-39 73-31 28.5 °C pindi 2005 Humid Rawal- 05-ix- Sub- Tret 1 - 33-50 73-18 24 °C pindi 2005 Humid Rawal- 06-ix- Sub- Bhurban - 1 33-60 73-30 22.5 °C pindi 2005 Humid Rawal- Charrapani 13-vii- Sub- 1- 33-55 73-24 20 °C pindi (Murree) 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Walana dam, Jaba, Mardwal, Simly dam and Kahuta.

Table 4.158: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- Khawaz 08-v- Swat - 1 Humid 34-55 72-28 22.5 °C Khaila 2006 & Arid Sub- 18-v- Swat Matta - 1 Humid 35-19 72-44 22.5°C 2006 & Arid Sub- 05-v- Swat Shin 1- Humid 34-39 72-19 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 02-v- Swat Mingora 12 Humid 34-46 72-22 22.5°C 2006 & Arid 29- Semi- Kohat Kohat 2- ix- 33-34 71-27 27.5 °C Arid 2006 18- Sub- Chitral Ramboor 11 viii- Humid 35-50* 71-46* 25 °C 2006 & Arid 12- Sub- Bamboo- Chitral 11 viii- Humid 35-50* 71-46* 25 °C riate 2006 & Arid 10- Sub- Chitral Kailaash 22 viii- Humid 35-50* 71-46* 24 °C 2006 & Arid 12- Sub- Chitral Barens 1- 35-50* 71-46* 25 °C viii- Humid

165

2006 & Arid 14- Sub- Chitral Golain 11 viii- Humid 35-50* 71-46* 25 °C 2006 & Arid 01- Un- Kohistan Patan 1 1 vi- 35-06 73-00 27.5 °C Known 2006 01-x- Sub- Mansehra Shinkyari - 1 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Oogi 2 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 15-x- Sub- Mansehra Gulli 1 1 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Siren 1 2 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 29- Sub- Haripur Haripur 12 ix- 33-59 72-55 25 °C Humid 2006 Sub- 02-x- Upper Dir Sirai 2 1 Humid 35-12* 71-52* 17.5 °C 2006 & Arid 01- Sub- Timer Lower Dir 12 ix- Humid 35-12* 71-52* 23 °C gara 2006 &Arid 01-x- Sub- Abbotabad Harno 2 1 34-01 73-12 20 °C 2006 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: Khawaz Khaila, Matta, Shin, Ramboor, Bambooriate, Kailaash, Barens, Golain, Patan, Shinkyari, Oogi, Gulli, Siren, Sirai and Harno.

Table 4.159: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 25-iv- Thattha Thattha 11 Arid 24-45 67-55 30°C 2007 28-iv- Umer Kot Umer Kot 1 - Arid 28-50 70-09 30°C 2007 03-iii- Hyderabad Tandojam 1 - Arid 25-25 68-32 25 °C 2005 Mirpur Mirpur 27-iv- 21 Arid 25-30 69-10 30°C Khas Khas 2007

166

New Localities Added: All the above localities, this species is first time reported from Sindh Province. Table 4.160: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Northern Areas – Baltistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- 01-vii- Ghanche Balghar 1 1 Humid & 36-15 74-40 22.5°C 2006 Arid Sub- 04-vii- Ghanche Kharko - 1 Humid & 36-05 74-35 20°C 2006 Arid Sub- 07-vii- Ghanche Yougo 2 1 Humid & 35-25 76-21 22.5 ° C 2006 Arid Sub- 11-vii- Ghanche Khaplu 1 2 Humid & 35-10 76-20 22.5 ° C 2006 Arid Sub- 10-vii- Ghanche Surmo 1 - Humid & 35-12 76-24 22.5 ° C 2006 Arid Sub- 08-vi- Skardu Goor 1- Humid & 35-15 75-36 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 14-vii- Skardu Shigar 1- Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 14-vi- Skardu Kathpara -1 Humid & 35-10 76-20 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- Hussain 19-vii- Skardu -1 Humid & 35-25 75-24 22.5 °C abad 2006 Arid Sub- 22-vii- Skardu New Ranga 1- Humid & 35-19 75-36 22.5 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 30-vii- Skardu Shangrilla 1- Humid & 35-25 75-27 21.5 °C 2006 Arid

Table 4.161: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in Northern Areas – Gilgit.

Material Examined Ecological Observations

167

Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Chillas 02-vi- Semi- Diamer 2- 35-26 74-06 30 °C (Goner farm) 2006 Arid 01-vi- Semi- Diamer Darel 1 - 35-26 74-06 30 °C 2006 Arid 05-vi- Semi- Diamer Goru 2 1 35-25 74-27 30 °C 2007 Arid 03-vi- Semi - Gilgit Chinar bagh - 1 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid 16-vi- Semi - Gilgit Danyore 2 - 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid 23-vi- Semi - Gilgit Sonikot 11 35-54* 74-18* 25 °C 2006 Arid 04-vi- Semi - Gilgit Juglote 1 - 35-39 73-24 25 °C 2006 Arid Sub- 10-vi- Astor Rama 1 - Humid 35-22 74-51 20 °C 2007 & Arid Sub- Hunza- 15-vi- Borath Lake 1 1 Humid 36-25 74-51 22.5 °C nagar 2007 & Arid Sub- Gackuch 10-vi- Ghizzer 1- Humid 36-11* 73-46* 25.5 °C Bala 2006 & Arid Sub- Gackuch 15-vi- Ghizzer 1- Humid 36-11* 73-46* 25.5 °C Zireen 2006 & Arid

New Localities Added: Goner Farm, Rama and Borath lake, Hunzanagar.

Table 4.162: Distribution of Ischnura forcipata in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- Bagh Dhirkot 1- 05-v-2005 33-48* 70-46* 20 °C Humid Sub- Bagh Arja 1- 28-vi-2005 33-59 73-40 25 °C Humid Sub- Bagh Bagh 21 29-vi-2005 33-48 70-46 25 °C Humid Sub- Bagh Bajri 12 29-vi-2005 27-57 66-27 25 °C Humid

168

Sub- Bagh Harighal 1- 30-vi-2005 33-59 73-45 25 °C Humid Sub- Poonch Abbaspur 1 - 20-v-2005 33-48 74-58 22 °C Humid Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 1 - 01-v-2005 33-51 73-46 22 °C Humid Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 1 01-v-2005 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C Humid Sub- Mirpur Dudial 1 - 28-ix-2005 34-26* 73-16* 27.5 °C Humid Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 1 01-iv-2005 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C Humid Sub- Mirpur Mirpur 1 - 01-iv-2005 34-27 73-50 25.5 °C Humid Sub- Kotli Kotli -1 29-iv-2007 33-32 73-54 23 °C Humid Sub- Kotli Palak 1- 10-iv-2005 33-20 73-45 23 °C Humid Sub- Kotli Azad Pur 1- 18-iv-2006 38-11 72-44 23 °C Humid Sub- Bhimber Samahni 1 - 03-iv-2007 33-05 74-08 22.5 °C Humid Sub- Bhimber Kodala 3 1 13-iv-2007 32-52 74-19 22.5 °C Humid 18-vii- Sub- Bhimber Sersawa - 1 33-34 73-50 27.5 °C 2004 Humid Sub- 33-32* Bhimber Dongi 1 - 04-v-2007 73-54 25°C Humid Muzaffar Sub- Chinari 1 - 10-vi-2005 34-10 73-50 25 °C -abad Humid Muzaffar Neelum Sub- 1 2 01-v-2005 34-27 73-28 20 °C -abad Valley Humid Muzaffar Sub- Patika 1 1 04 vi-2005 34-25 73-31 25 °C -abad Humid Muzaffar Garhi Sub- - 1 05-v-2005 29-29 68-02 25 °C -abad Dopatta Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned.

New Localities Added: Dhirkot, Bajri, Harighal, Abbaspur, Rawalakot, Dudial, Mangla, Mirpur, Kotli, Palak, Azad Pur, Samahni, Kodala, Sersawa, Dongi. The species has been first time reported from districts Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber.

169

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) and Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) reported its specimens from Punjab, Baluchistan and N.W.F.P. Khaliq and Maula (1999) caught its specimens from N.W.F.P.

All collected specimens were compared on area basis to study difference in their body lengths (Table 163).

Table 4.163:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura forcipata collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh, Northern Areas and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 21.93 15.47 14.34 N.W.F.P 22.75 15.89 14.85 Sindh 21.85 14.28 13.14 Northern Areas 22.90 15.66 14.46 AJ&K 22.57 15.71 14.56

Analysis of variance revealed non–significant results for abdomen length (F4,134 =

2.31, P<0.06), however significant differences were seen in case of forewings (F4,134 =

2.35, P< 0.05) and hindwings length (F4,134 = 3.15, P< 0.01).

Habitat: Rice fields, thin grasses growing along running as well as stagnant water bodies. Some times recorded from thick grassy vegetation present a little distant to water streams. Khaliq (1990) recorded this damselfly from rice fields. Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected the same from weedy vegetation around stagnant spots.

4. Ischnura fountainei Morton, 1905

1916 Ischnura bukharrensis Bartenev

170

The specimens were recorded only from Baluchistan province. Measurement of collected specimens was taken and given in table below, Table 4.164: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura fountainei.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 1 23.50 Abdomen ♀ 5 22.70 ± 1.52

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 6 Av. Length = 22.83 ± 1.40 Forewing ♂ 1 17.00 Forewing ♀ 5 17.70 ± 1.92 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 6 Av. Length = 17.58 ± 1.74 Hindwing ♂ 1 15.50 Hindwing ♀ 5 16.40 ± 1.71

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 6 Av. Length = 16.25 ± 1.57 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The length of specimens in current study was compared with earlier documented measurements of Khaliq (1990). Their mean values are shown in Table 165.

Table 4.165:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Iscnura fountainei on time period basis. Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Khaliq (1990) 23.07 17.60 16.53 Zia this study 22.83 17.58 16.25

Trend of body length seems to be decreasing with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were collected from two spots in Baluchistan province during the year 2007. Ecological data for collection spot is given in Table 166.

171

Table 4.166:. Distribution of Iscnura fountainei in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vi- Arid –Semi- Quetta Quetta 1 2 30-12 67-01 27.5°C 2007 Arid 08-vi- Zhob Zhob - 3 Semi-Arid 31-21 69-29 30°C 2007

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) also reported this species earlier from Baluchistan province.

Habitat: Collected from margins of a water lake with not much vegetation around it, also recorded from grassy edges of a running water stream.

Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from grassy bank of a slow moving stream.

5. Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842

1842 Agrion senegalensis Rambur 1876 Enallagma brevispina Selys

The specimens were recorded from all provinces (except N.W.F.P), northern areas and AJ&K. Measurements for their body parts i.e abdomen and wing length was taken and given in Table 167.

Table 4.167: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura senegalensis.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 13 22.34 ± 1.21 Abdomen ♀ 10 24.00 ± 2.17 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 23 Av. Length = 23.06 ± 1.85

172

Forewing ♂ 13 15.96 ± 0.69

Forewing ♀ 10 17.45 ± 1.46

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 23 Av. Length = 16.60 ± 1.30

Hindwing ♂ 13 14.69 ± 0.80

Hindwing ♀ 10 16.45 ± 1.21

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 23 Av. Length = 15.45 ± 1.32

± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Measurement of species taken during previous studies were compared with specimens of present study to observe difference in size of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.168:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ischnura senegalensis on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing

Fraser (1934) 22.00 Not Given 14.50

Khaliq (1990) 23.78 17.11 16.10

Zia this study 23.06 16.60 15.45

The comparison of body lengths gave variable results.

173

Distribution Pattern

Table 4.169:. Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Rawal- 31-viii- Sub- Ayub Park 1 1 33-36 73-05 30 °C pindi 2005 Humid

01-x- Semi- Chakwal Kalarkahar - 1 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005 Arid 02-ix- Multan Multan 1 - Arid 30-12 71-28 30 °C 2005 Yazman Yazman 04-x- 2- Arid 29-07 71-48 25 °C Choolistan Choolistan 2005

Rangpur Rangpur 16-viii- -1 Arid 30-30 71-34 32.5 °C (Thal) (Thal) 2005

12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 1 1 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Arid

10-viii- Semi- Lahore Lahore 1 - 31-34 74-19 30°C 2005 Arid

Table 4.170:. Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Karachi Karachi - 1 Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007 15-iv- Sukhar Sukhar 1- Arid 27-42 68-52 30.2 °C 2007 03-iii- Hyderabad Tandojam 1 - Arid 25-25 68-32 25 °C 2005 Mir Pur 20-iv- Tharparkar 1- Arid 25-30 69-10 30 °C Khas 2005

New Localities Added: Tandojam

174

Table 4.171:. Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vii- Lasbella Lasbella - 1 Arid 31-21 69-29 32.5°C 2007 Makran Makran 15-vii- 2- Arid 25-90 64-58 30°C Coast Coast 2007

Table 4.172:. Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in Northern Areas – Baltistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat. Long. Temp. Sub- 01-vii- Ghanche Balghar 1 1 Humid & 36-15 74-40 22.5°C 2006 Arid

Table 4.173:. Distribution of Ischnura senegalensis in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bagh 1- 33-48 70-46 25 °C 2005 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bajri 1- 27-57 66-27 25 °C 2005 Humid Azad 04-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti 1- 33-43 73-36 20 °C Pattan 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot - 1 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 04-iv- Sub- Bhimber Barnala - 1 32-52 74-15 22.5 °C 2006 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities. The species is first time reported from Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species earlier from Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan province. Khaliq and Siddique (1995) documented its presence from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

175

Specimens collected from different areas were compared with each other to calculate difference in their body lengths on area basis.

Table 4.174:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Ischnura senegalensis collected from Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Northern Areas and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 22.95 16.45 15.30 Sindh 23.66 16.50 15.83 Baluchistan 22.16 16.50 15.00 Northern Areas 23.75 17.25 16.00 AJ&K 23.20 16.80 15.60

Non-significant differences were observed in all cases, i.e abdomen (F4,22 = 0.29,

P<0.87), forewing (F4,22 = 0.16, P<0.95) and hindwing (F4,22 = 0.24, P<0.90).

Habitat: Collected from different rice fields, slow moving water bodies and margins of Water lake and its out flow. Khaliq (1990) collected this species from swampy places with grasses around it. Khaliq and Siddique (1995) caught this damselfly from weedy margins of a stagnant water spot. Subramanian (2005) reported this species from marshes, wet grasslands and water ponds.

Genus Rhodischnura Laidlaw, 1919 A single species was recorded under this genus.

1. Rhodischnura nursei Morton, 1907

1907 Ischnura nursei Morton

A total of fourty specimens were collected. Abdomen and wings of all collected specimens were measured and data is shown in table below.

176

Table 4.175: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Rhodischnura nursei.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 22 15.88 ± 0.75 Abdomen ♀ 18 16.55 ± 0.59 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 40 Av. Length =16.18 ± 0.75 Forewing ♂ 22 11.93 ± 0.87 Forewing ♀ 18 12.61 ± 0.60 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 40 Av. Length =12.23 ± 0.83 Hindwing ♂ 22 10.79 ± 0.86 Hindwing ♀ 18 11.69 ± 0.75 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 40 Av. Length =11.20 ± 0.92 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Measurement of this species reported in previous studies was compared with current study, comparitive values are presented in Table 176.

Table 4.176:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Rhodischnura nursei on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 15.00 Not Given 10.25 Khaliq (1990) 16.95 11.94 11.25 Zia this study 16.18 12.23 11.20

Variable results were obtained on comparison of species body length on time period basis.

Distribution Pattern

177

The species was recorded from all over the country except northern areas. Distribution data along with ecological information is given in tables below.

Table 4.177:. Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 05-viii- Bhawalpur Panjnad - Arid 29-24* 71-42* 32.5 °C 1 2005 Saghar, 05-x- Semi- Chakwal 1- 32-55 72-25 22.5 °C Talahgung 2005 Arid Kallar 01-x- Semi- Chakwal -1 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C Kahar 2005 Arid 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 2 1 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Arid 14-viii- Sub- Jehlum Jehlum 11 32-55 73-42 32 °C 2005 Humid 04-x- Semi- Khushab Mardwal - 1 32-18* 72-18* 25 °C 2005 Arid 10-viii- Semi- Lahore Lahore 1- 31-34 74-19 30 °C 2005 Arid Semi- 04-xi- Mianwali Taunsa - 1 Arid to 30-42 70-39 17.5 °C 2005 Arid 02-ix- Multan Multan 2- Arid 30-12 71-28 30 °C 2005 16 Rangpur Rangpur -1 -viii- Arid 30-30 71-34 32.5 °C (Thal) (Thal) 2005 Rawal- Missriot 21-viii- Sub- -1 33-36 73-05 30 °C pindi Dam 2004 Humid 06-viii- Sub- Sialkot Marala -1 32-30* 74-32* 30 °C 2005 Humid Yazman, Yazman, 04-x- 1- Arid 29-07 71-48 25 °C Choolistan Choolistan 2005 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: Saghar, Jehlum and Mardwal. The species is first time reported from district Khushab.

Table 4.178: Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Mean

178

Temp.

Sub- Swat Mingora 1- 02-v-2006 Humid & 34-46 72-22 22.5°C Arid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5°C 2006 Humid 18- vii- D.I.Khan D.I.Khan 1 - Arid 31-50 70-54 32.5°C 2006

Table 4.179:. Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 28-iv- Umer Kot Umer Kot - 1 Arid 28-50 70-09 30°C 2007 Tando 20-iv- Hyderabad Muhammad 12 Arid 25-07 68-31 30°C 2007 Khan 01-v- Karachi Karachi - 1 Arid 24-53 67-02 30°C 2007 Thar- Mir Pur 20-iv- 1- Arid 25-30 69-10 30°C parkar Khas 2005 15-iv- Sukhar Sukhar 12 Arid 27-42 68-52 30.2°C 2007 New Localities Added: Umer Kot. The species is recorded for the first time from desert in Paklistan i.e Umer Kot. Table 4.180:. Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 05-vi- Sibi Sibi 2- Arid 29-33 67-52 37.5 °C 2007 18-vi- Sibi Sibi -1 Arid 29-33 67-52 37.5 °C 2007 01-vii- Lasbella Lasbella - 1 Arid 31-21 69-29 32.5 °C 2007 Makran 15-vii- Makran 1- Arid 25-90 64-58 30 °C Coast 2007 15-v- Kharan Kharan 1- Arid 28-35 65-25 27.5 °C 2004

179

Table 4.181: Distribution of Rhodischnura nursei in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira - 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid

11-v- Sub- Poonch Abbasspur 1- 33-48 74-58 22 °C 2005 Humid Azad 04-iv- Sub- Sudhnoti 1- 33-43 73-36 20 °C Pattan 2005 Humid

01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 1- 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 2005 Humid

Muzaffar- Muzaffar- 01-v- Sub- 1- 34-07 73-53 20 °C abad abad 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Hajira, Abbasspur and Azad Pattan. The species is first time reported from districts Poonch and Sudhnoti.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khan et al., (2008) reported this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) also documented its presence in Punjab, N.W.F.P. Baluchistan and Sindh province. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also recorded its specimens from N.W.F.P.

Statistical comparison was carried out for difference in length of all collected specimens on area basis.

180

Table 4.182:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length in specimens of Rhodischnura nursei collected from four provinces and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 16.44 12.44 11.41 N.W.F.P. 15.66 11.50 10.50 Sindh 15.94 12.16 11.22 Baluchistan 16.50 12.58 11.33 AJ&K 15.70 11.70 10.70

All specimens recorded from different areas differs non-significantly i.e.

abdomen (F4,39 = 2.03, P<0.11), forewing (F4,39 = 1.77, P<0.15) and hindwing (F4,39 = 1.05, P<0.39).

Habitat: Only a few specimens were found from each locality. It was collected from grasses growing near standing and very slow moving water bodies, also recorded from rice fields and desert.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from stagnant water spots. Khan et al., (2008) recorded this species from the bank of a slow moving water stream.

Family Platycnemididae Tillyard, 1917

Two subfamilies are studied under this family.

Key to the subfamilies of Platycnemididae

1. Discoidal cell of forewing having its costal side one-fifth or more shorter than the lower one (Fig 4.24a); tibiae in male not dilated (Fig 4.24b)……………….. ..…………………………………………………..…….…….………Calicnemidinae

181

__. Discoidal cell of forewing having its costal and lower sides equal or nearly equal

(Fig 4.25a); tibiae in male somewhat dilated (Fig 4.25b)………...... Platycnemidinae

Sub-Family Calicnemidinae

Two genera with two species are reported under this sub-family. A generic key has

been prepared and given below.

Key to the genera of Calicnemidinae

1. Petiolation of wings begins well proximal to ac (Fig 4.26a)...…….……..………….. 2

__. Petiolation of wings begins to the level of ac (Fig: 4.26b) ....…....…………..Coeliccia

2. Only 3 cells present between the discoidal cell and nervure descending from

subnode (Fig 4.26a)…………………….……………………………….…Calicnemis

__. More than 3 cells present between the discoidal cell and nervure descending from

subnode (Fig 4.27).……………….………..………….……………….…Indocnemis

182

Tibiae

Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.24a: Forewing of Coellicia renifera Fig. 4.24b: Tibiae in Coellicia renifera

Tibiae Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.25a: Forewing of Copera marginipes Fig. 4.25b: Tibiae in C. marginipes

Fig. 4.26a: Forewing of Calicnemis eximia

Fig. 4.26b: Forewing of Coeliccia vacca

Fig. 4.27: Forewing of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov.

183

Genus Calicnemis Strand, 1928

Only a single species is reported under this genus.

1. Calicnemis eximia Selys, 1863

Calicnemis atkinsoni Selys, 1886

A total of seventy eight specimens were collected from variable localities. Measurement details for abdomen and wings lengths is given in table below.

Table 4.183: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Calicnemis eximia.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 42 31.57 ± 1.32 Abdomen ♀ 36 30.12 ± 0.71 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length =30.90 ± 1.30 Forewing ♂ 42 24.58 ± 1.30 Forewing ♀ 36 25.81 ± 1.05 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length =25.15 ± 1.34 Hindwing ♂ 42 23.35 ± 1.21 Hindwing ♀ 36 24.69 ± 1.08 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length =23.97 ± 1.33 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements of present study were compared with Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990). Mean values are given in Table 184.

184

Table 4.184:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Calicnemis eximia on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.50 Not Given 23.00 Khaliq (1990) 28.75 24.14 23.18 Zia this study 30.90 25.15 23.97

An increase (not meaningful increase) in the size of specimens was observed with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from twenty four different localities. Abdomen and wings of all specimens were measured and data is given in table below,

Table 4.185:. Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Chachan 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 21 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C village 2005 Humid

15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 2 2 33-42 73-26 27.5 °C 2005 Humid

Kotli 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad 22 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C Sattyaan 2005 Humid

13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid

Charrapani 13-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi 11 33-55 73-24 20 °C (Murree) 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Chachan village, Lehtarar, Kotli Sattyaan.

185

Table 4.186:. Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 03-x- Sub- Mansehra Bafa 1 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 03-x- Sub- Mansehra Choonay 1 1 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Siren 1 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 02-x- Sub- Mansehra Oogi 1 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid 05-ix- Sub- Abbotabad Harno 4 2 34-01 73-12 22.5 °C 2006 Humid Sub- Sirai 01-ix- Dir 33 Humid 35-12* 71-52* 22.5 °C (Upper Dir) 2006 & Arid Sub- 01-ix- Dir Kotki 21 Humid 35-12* 71-52* 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 01-vi- Kohistan Pattan 1 - Humid 35-18 73-20 27.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 01-vi- Kohistan Dasu 2 3 Humid 35-18 73-20 27.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Tror Ziarat -3 Humid 35-32 72-39 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided

New Localities Added: All the above localities except Tror Ziarat (Swat). This species has been first time reported from ditrict Mansehra, Dir and Kohistan.

186

Table 4.187:. Distribution of Calicnemis eximia in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzaffar- Neelum 01-v- Sub- 55 34-27 73-28 20 °C abad Valley 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 04-vi- Sub- Patika 1 2 34-25 73-31 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Ath 13-x- Sub- 11 34-27 73-31 18 °C abad Muqam 2007 Humid Muzaffar- 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 1 2 34-07 73-53 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Muzafar- 05-iv- Sub- 62 34-07 73-53 20 °C abad - abad 2005 Humid Muzaffar- Garhi 05-v- Sub- 31 29-29 68-02 25 °C abad Dopatta 2005 Humid Muzaffar- 08-vi- Sub- Chikar - 1 35-18 73-56 25 °C abad - 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 2- 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 2 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities except Chakothi and Muzaffarabad. The species is first time reported from district Poonch.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) documented this species from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Khaliq et al., (1990) reported its presence in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq and Maula (1999) also collected its specimens from N.W.F.P.

187

Collection of all the three areas was compared for differences in their lengths. Comparitive values are as under.

Table 4.188:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Calicnemis eximia collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 31.21 25.28 24.10 N.W.F.P. 31.01 25.13 23.94 AJ&K 30.68 25.11 23.94

Statitical comparison shows that all specimens differ non-significantly i.e

abdomen (F2,77 = 0.99, P<0.37), forewing (F2,77 = 0.08, P<0.92), hindwing (F2,77 = 0.08, P<0.92).

Habitat: Spots with water flowing very slowly, swampy places, rice fields, dwarf grasses near water bodies. A few specimens were collected from vegetation on small mountains near water streams. I have never found this species at places with much close human or animal disturbance. Khaliq (1990) reported this species from grasses grown around spring water and marshy places.

Genus Coeliccia Kirby, 1890

Two species under this genus were recorded. A simple taxonomic key is presented here.

Key to the species of Coeliccia

1. Dorsal lower half of thorax palish blue; posterior lobe of prothorax rounded and simple..…………...…………………...………………….… .renifera

188

__. Dorsal side of thorax having a pair of antehumeral stripes; posterior lobe of prothorax extended backward producing a notch, the angles of which prolonged into two horns………..……………………………...……………………… ….…vacca

1. Coeliccia renifera Selys, 1886

1886 Tricoicnemis renifera Selys 1954 Coeliccia kumaonensis Singh and Baijal 1964 Calicnemis maheshi Sahni

Measurements of abdomen and wings for collected specimens were taken and given in Table 189.

Table 4.189: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia renifera.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 8 39.37 ± 0.83 Abdomen ♀ 3 38.66 ± 1.52 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length = 1139.18 ± 1.03 Forewing ♂ 8 26.25 ± 0.65 Forewing ♀ 3 27.50 ± 0.50 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length = 26.59 ± 0.83 Hindwing ♂ 8 25.12 ± 0.58 Hindwing ♀ 3 26.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 78 Av. Length = 25.36 ± 0.63 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurements of species reported earlier by Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990) were compared with current collection to observe differences in size of species with time period.

189

Table 4.190:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia renifera on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 39.50 - 28.00 Khaliq (1990) 37.39 25.93 26.04 Zia this study 39.18 26.59 25.36

Variable results are obtained from above comparison.

Distribution Pattern

Specimens were recorded from four localities of the country. Measurement details are given in Table 191.

Table 4.191:. Distribution of Coeliccia renifera in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Bharakahu 1 1 33-42 73-10 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Murree 13-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi 21 33-55 73-24 20 °C (Charapani) 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Bharakahu.

Table 4.192: Distribution of Coeliccia renifera in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzaffar 30-vi- Sub- Kohala 3 1 34-09 73-28 25 °C abad 2005 Humid 28-vi- Sub- Bagh Arja 2 - 33-59 73-40 25 °C 2005 Humid

190

New Localities Added: All the above localities. The species has been first time reported from Azad Jammu & Kashmir.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab province.

The collection of both areas was compared to evaluate difference in their body lengths on area basis.

Table 4.193:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Coeliccia renifera collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 38.80 26.50 25.30 AJ&K 39.50 26.66 25.41

Non-significant differences were observed for abdomen (F1,10 = 1.29, P<0.28),

forewing (F1,10 = 0.10, P< 0.75) and hindwing lengths (F1,10 = 0.08, P< 0.77).

Habitat: Recorded from grassy and weedy spots, a few spots were very damp and present under dense shade of trees, no sunlight could reach these spots. At such spots I observe them to rest on stones repeatidly after a short flight.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from the bank of a small water stream having dense vegetation around it.

191

2. Coeliccia vacca Laidlaw 1932

A total of seven individual male and female specimens were collected during the year 2005 from three different spots in Punjab province.

Fig. 4.28: Coeliccia vacca ♂ Fig. 4.29: Coeliccia vacca ♀

Differential Characters

Only description of female was cited by Fraser (1933) in Fauna of British India, thus differential characters for only female specimens are provided. The specimens agree with published description, except for following minor differences,

Female:- Head: Labrum dark brown in appearance; Prothorax: Anterior and posterior lobes yellowinsh dark brown in colour with their apices turning to black Thorax: Yellow with mid dorsal carina broadly black towards base of wings; Wings; Pterostigma 1 – ½ cell long. 17 – 19 post nodals to forewings, 15 – 16 in hind.Riv +v arising earlier to subnode. Abdomen: Brownish yellow on dorsum. Segments 6 to 8 dark

192

brown turning to black at their anal ends. However they could not be properly studied due to damaged; Anal appendages: Chocolate brown.

The measurements for abdomen and wings length were also taken and shown in table below,

Table 4.194: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia vacca.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 5 36.50 ± 2.95 Abdomen ♀ 2 37.25 ± 1.06 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 7 Av. Length = 36.71 ± 2.48 Forewing ♂ 5 26.10 ± 0.74 Forewing ♀ 2 28.25 ± 0.35 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 7 Av. Length = 26.71 ± 1.21 Hindwing ♂ 5 24.90 ± 0.89 Hindwing ♀ 2 27.25 ± 0.35 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 7 Av. Length = 25.57 ± 1.36 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The recorded specimens of species were compared with data of Fraser (1933) to observe change in length of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.195:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Coeliccia vacca on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 36.00 Not Given 25.00 Zia this study 36.71 26.71 25.57

193

Comparison of mean values of both the studies shows no meaningful increase for abdomen and wings length.

Distribution Pattern

All collection was done from a single district in Punjab province during the same year. Data regarding distribution and ecological information is given in table below.

Table 4.196: Distribution of Coeliccia vacca in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 2 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad Kotlisatyyan 1 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Chachan 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad 2 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C village 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities. New Record: This species is first time reported from Pakistan.

Habitat: Damselflies were collected from three different sub-mountanous habitats of the province. In Lehtarar, collection was done from a big perennial hilly water way (Fig. 4.30). In Kotlisatyaan, there was water coming from uphill spring. There was lot of green vegetaion, grasses and trees surrounding the spot (Fig. 4.31). However, the third spot was a seasonal water flow, which was passing in between a small village having lush green grasses and lot of vegetable fields in its surroundings, also a lot of wild spiky plantation was present there (Fig. 4.32). All the spots were near roadside or a bit distant to road separated by miles.

194

Fig. 4.30: Perennial water flow in Lehtarar (Islamabad), Punjab.

Fig. 4.31: Water coming very slowly from uphill in Kotlisatyaan (Islamabad), Punjab.

Fig. 4.32: Two seasonal water ways joining at a point in Chachan village (Islamabad), Punjab.

195

Genus Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917

This genus is first time reported from Pakistan.

1. Indocnemis ahmedi sp.nov.

The species is a new addition to science and is first time reported through out world.

Fig. 4.33: Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. (Dorsal View)

Fig. 4.34: I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Ventral View)

196

Fig: 4.35 I. ahmedi sp. nov. Fig. 4.36: I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Lateral View) (Anal appendages)

Fig. 4.37: I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of Forewing)

Fig. 4.38: I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of Hindwing)

197

Fig. 4.39: I. ahmedi sp. nov. Fig. 4.40: I. ahmedi sp. nov. (Closeup of thorax) (Closeup of head)

Only males were collected from both the spots, female is still not known. Detail descriptions for collected specimens are as follows,

Diagnosis

Head: Frons dull black. Three yellow ocelli present on head and from each lateral ocellus, a very dull brown stripe goes towards antennal bases. Clypeus and post clypeus metallic black. However clypeus having anterior border yellowish. Genae metallic black with a patch of yellow on upper side. Labium: Brownish with outer border more darker. Labrum: Dark metallic black with a yellowish brown patch on its anterior and posterior margin. Mandibles brown. Labial and Maxillary palpi reddish brown in colour. Eyes: Black above, olivaceous below, having a green stripe which starts dorsally and ends posteriorly. Vertex black, a broad yellow stripe present on head behind eyes which starts a little disantl to outer border of eyes and ends a bit earlier to middle of head. Antennae and antennal socket black with each segment terminating in dark brown.

198

Thorax: Black lobes on pronotum. Median lobe having white hairs on its margin. Anterior border of median lobe is elevated and is narrower than its posterior border. Posterior lobe of prothorax is naked with rounded margin. Propleuron and prosternum black.

Pterothorax or Synthorax: Both mesonotum and metanotum are black. A broad yellow streak each on mesepimeron and metepimeron, both of which meets underneath thorax. The yellow streak on metepimeron is more broader than mesepimeron thereby reducing black color on metepimeron than red color.

The meso and meta sternum black but also having yellowish patches which are continuity of yellow streaks present on mese and metepimeron.

Legs: Pro coxae and meso coxae are black with their lower side yellow however coxae of meta leg is yellowish. Remaining parts of legs are black having following characters, trochanter of proleg black ending in yellowish margin. Femora of proleg having a rounded yellow spot on it. Femora of meso and meta legs are reddish brown. Distal margin of tibiae, tarsus, all claws and spines of all legs are reddish black.

Wings: Hyaline, slightly suffused with yellow which get a bit darker towards distal ends. Venation black. Pterostigma yellowish brown framed in black nervures covering more than 2 cells.

Wing Venation: Postnodals in forewing, 17 – 19. Postnodals in hindwing 14 – 16.

199

Abdomen: Dorsal View:- Segment 1 and 2 black on dorsum with their connecting basal rings dull black in color. Segment 2 also having a dull red patch on its posterior end. Segment 3 and 4 reddish in color having a black spot on their anterior ends. A mid dorsal yellow line present, segments terminating in black basal rings. Segment 4 also possessing two dull black spots on sides of mid dorsal line. Segment 5 having similar spots but much lighter or dull in color. Segment 6 having only a single black spot on its anterior side. In addition, it also possesses a yellow patch at its posterior part. Segment 7 ending in black colour with much broad band. Segment 8, 9 and 10 are complete black however segment 8 having a red patch on its upper end. Basal ring of segment 8 is different from others and is yellowish in colour.

Lateral View: Segment 1 yellow however segment 2 having red patches on it, segment 3 and 4 red, segment 4 having dull yellow tincture at its end. Segment 5 complete red, segment 6 red but also having yellow streaks near end. Segment 7 reddish having a black streak at its middle which get much broader towards end. Segment 8 more blacker than red. Segment 9 and 10 black. However 9 with a dull red patch on sides. Small white hairs are present on abdomen however the hairs get denser towards segments 7 – 10.

Ventral View: Segment 1 and 2 black, 3 having yellow ground color. Anus black, with its tip again in yellow color. Segment 4 and 5 having a black patch at its anterior border. Underneath of abdomen is mostly crimson. The end of segment having black basal ring. Segment 6, 7 and 10 are more blackish than red. Segment 9 black with its basal rings red brown. However segment 10 is black with a patch of very dull red color. Segment 9 and10 possess dense whitish hairs.

Anal Appendages: Dark reddish brown. Table 4.197:. Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Indocnemis ahmedi.

200

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 4 36.87 ± 0.25

Forewing ♂ 3 * 29.50 ± 0.50

Hindwing ♂ 3 * 27.33 ± 0.28 ± Standard Deviation *Forewings and hindwings of one specimen was destroyed.

Distribution Pattern

These damselflies were collected from N.W.F.P. and AJ&K. Distribution details along with ecological observations is given below.

Table 4.198:. Distribution of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- Kohistan Dasu 2 - 01-vi-2006 Humid & 35-18 73-20 27.5 °C Arid New Localities Added: The above locality.

Table 4.199:. Distribution of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzaffar 11- v- Sub- Noseri 2 - 34-27 73-28 20 °C abad 2005 Humid New Localities: The above locality. New Record: The species is a new to science record.

Specimens collected from both areas were compared statistically to observe difference in their body length.

201

Table 4.200:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. collected from N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing N.W.F.P. 36.75 29.50 27.25

AJ&K 37.00 29.50 27.50

On Statistical comparison it was observed that the specimens of both areas differs

non- significantly. Abdomen (F1,3 = 1.00, P<0.42), forewing (F1,3 = 0.00, P<1.00) and hindwing lengths (F1,3 = 0.33, P<0.66).

Habitat: The species was found flying within dense vegetation. During collection from both spots it was noticed that it was found from the same spots as for those of Calicnemis eximia. At both spots vegetation was almost similar but spots differs from each other. In N.W.F.P. collection was done from roadside spot at which water was coming from uphill melted snow (The peaks of this area got covered with snow in winter season which ultimately melts during summer). The water was falling on road from a height of about 30ft with grasses hanging and grown around its way, yet it was coming from a very huge mountain peak (Fig 4.41). However in AJ&K, collection was done from moving water ways (Fig 4.42) which gets water as a result of snow, melted in summer. This spot was surrounded by dense long grassy vegetation. The area was provided with lot of springs. Snow water also mix up in this same water flow during summer.

202

Fig. 4.41: Habitat for Indocnemis Fig. 4.42: Habitat for Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. in N.W.F.P. ahmedi sp. nov. in AJ&K

Sub-family Platycnemidinae A single genus under this subfamily was recorded.

Genus Copera Kirby, 1890 Two species were collected under this genus. A simple key for species is presented here.

Key to the species of Copera

1. Frons and vertex in male with a broad bronzed black transverse band extended from eye to eye; two posterior pair of tibiae in male slightly expanded; posterior lobe of prothorax in female notched………………………….………..marginipes __. Frons and vertex in male without any transverse band; two posterior pair of tibiae in male widely expanded; posterior lobe of prothorax in female is simple but with a blunt teeth border……………………………………………………….... ciliata

1. Copera ciliata Selys, 1863

203

1863 Psilocnemis ciliata Selys 1922 Pseudocopera trotteri Fraser

Only a single female was collected. Its abdomen and wings length were measured and presented in Table 201.

Table 4.201: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Copera ciliata.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♀ 1 16.50 Forewing ♀ 1 21.50 Hindwing ♀ 1 20.50

The measurement reported by Khaliq (1990) was compared with present study to study the differences in length of species over time period.

Table 4.202:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Copera ciliata on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Khaliq (1990) 17.69 21.94 20.61 Zia this study 16.50 21.50 20.50

The length of species seems to be decreasing with time period.

Distribution Pattern

The specimen was collected from single locality in Sialkot district of Punjab province. Distribution details along with ecological observations are given below.

Table 4.203:. Distribution of Copera ciliata in Punjab.

204

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 06-viii- Sub- 32- Sialkot Marala -1 74-32* 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 30* * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) collected this species from Punjab.

Habitat: Dense vegetation grown around a stagnant water spot. Khaliq (1990) caught this species from weedy margins of large pond near a big perenial river.

2. Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842

1842 Platycnemis marginipes Rambur 1863 Platycnemis lacteola Selys 1863 Psilocnemis marginipes Selys 1863 Psilocnemis striatipes Selys 1898 Copera acutimargo Krug 1965 Disparoneura bhatnagri Sahni

A collection of fourteen specimens was recorded. Their measurements are given in Table (204).

Table 4.204: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Copera marginipes.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 08 28.81 ± 1.48 Abdomen ♀ 06 27.41 ± 1.53 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 14 Av. Length = 28.21 ± 1.61 Forewing ♂ 08 17.87 ± 1.55 Forewing ♀ 06 19.83 ± 0.60

205

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 14 Av. Length = 18.71 ± 1.56 Hindwing ♂ 08 16.68 ± 1.57 Hindwing ♀ 06 18.91 ± 0.49 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 14 Av. Length = 17.64 ± 1.65 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

A comparison of species was made on time period basis with earlier reported measurements in Table 205.

Table 4.205:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Copera marginipes on time period basis. Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 29.50 Not Given 18.50 Khaliq (1990) 31.57 20.82 19.38 Zia this study 28.21 18.71 17.64

The specimens of present study appeared to have noticeable decreasing trend in their body length as compared to previous studies.

Distribution Pattern

Damselflies were collected from six localities in Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Collection detail for the specimens is as under.

Table 4.206:. Distribution of Copera marginipes in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 14-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Ayub Park 1 2 33-36 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid 05-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Kahuta 1 1 33-39 73-31 28.5 °C 2005 Humid

206

Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Saidan 11 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Shah

Table 4.207:. Distribution of Copera marginipes in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-vii- Semi- Kohat Kohat 1- 33-34 71-27 30 °C 2006 Arid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 - 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid 05-ix- Sub- Abbottabad Abbottabad - 1 34-01 73-12 22.5 °C 2006 Humid 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur 1- 33-59 72-55 25 °C 2006 Humid

Table 4.208:. Distribution of Copera marginipes in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 1 - 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira 1 - 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla - 1 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Hajira (Poonch).

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Kanth (1985) and Khan et al., (2008) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

All the specimens collected from different areas were compared to evaluate differences in their body lengths.

207

Table 4.209:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Copera marginipes collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 27.92 18.85 17.78

N.W.F.P. 29.83 19.66 18.66

AJ&K 27.50 17.75 16.62

Statistical comparison revealed non-significant differences among specimens of

all the areas. Abdomen (F2,13 = 2.46, P<0.13), forewing (F2,13 = 1.43, P< 0.28) and hindwing (F2,13 = 1.44, P<0.27).

Habitat: Stagnant as well as running water spots.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from grassy stream and a large reservoir of water. Subramanian (2005) documented puddles, canals, ponds and streams as important habitats for this species. Khan et al., (2008) caught this species from margins of slow moving water streams.

Family Platystictidae Laidlaw, 1924

Sub-family Platystictinae Two genera are reported under this subfamily.

Key to the genera of Platystictidae

1. Anal bridge (ab) absent.………………………….....….Protosticta (Fig 4.43a) _. Anal bridge (ab) present………….………...….…...Drepanosticta (Fig 4.43b)

208

Fig. 4.43a: Forewing of Protosticta hearseyi

Anal Bridge

Fig. 4.43b: Forewing of Drepanosticta polychromatica

209

Genus Protosticta Selys, 1885

A single species was recorded under this genus. Details of collected specimens is as under, 1. Protosticta hearseyi Fraser, 1922 The species is reporded first time from Pakistan and specimens were collected from two different localities of district Islamabad in Punjab province.

Fig. 4.44: Protosticta hearseyi ♂ Fig. 4.45: Protosticta hearseyi ♀

Differential Characters The specimens tally with published description of Fraser 1933, however still differs for following characters,

Male:- Head: First antenal joint, vertex and occiput black. A broad turquoise blue stripe is present between eyes. This stripe on one end touches the occiput and on the other includes two ocelli in it. Prothorax; A broad black stripe on anterior of mesepimeron present. Legs; Femora on extensor surface are without any black transverse lines. Wings; Pterostigma dark brown in colour. 13 – 14 post nodals to forewings, 12 – 13 in hind.

210

Abdomen; Segment 9 bluish black and a little more than twice the length of segment 10. Segment 10 having a very dull bluish spot at the mid basal dorsum. Female:- Wings; 14 post nodals to forewings and 13 in hindwings present. Anal appendages; Brownish black. Measurement of male and female specimens are given in Table 210.

Table 4.210: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Protosticta hearseyi.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 9 33.50 ± 2.04 Abdomen ♀ 3 32.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 33.12 ± 1.87 Forewing ♂ 9 22.94 ± 0.39 Forewing ♀ 3 22.83 ± 0.57 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 22.91 ± 0.41 Hindwing ♂ 9 22.05 ± 0.46 Hindwing ♀ 3 21.83 ± 0.76 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 12 Av. Length = 22.00 ± 0.52 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Reported measurements of Fraser (1933) were compared with current collection to compare differences in length of species with respect to time period.

Table 4.211:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Protosticta hearseyi on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 32.50 Not Given 21.00 Zia this study 33.12 22.91 22.00

An increasing trend in body length was observed.

211

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from two different spots. Details regarding material examined and ecological observations are as under.

Table 4.212:. Distribution of Protosticta hearseyi in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Chachan 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad 52 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C village 2005 Humid 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 4 1 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities. New Record: The species is a new record for country.

Habitat: First spot (in Chachan village) was a narrow water stream densely covered by wild vegetation and grasses. However second spot (at Lehtarar) was a typical mountanous spot with lot of wild vegetation. Here the specimens were collected from slow moving spring water. Both spots were surrounded by thick forests and lot of flora. The habitat recorded for the species resembles to Fraser (1933).

212

Fig. 4.46: Collection Spot at Chachan Fig. 4.47: Collection Spot at Lehtarar Village (Islamabad), Punjab (Islamabad), Punjab

Genus Drepanosticta Laidlaw, 1917

1. Drepanosticta polychromatica Fraser, 1931

Three males were collected from three localities in Punjab province. Measurements for abdomen and wings are given in Table 213.

Table 4.213: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Drepanosticta polychromatica.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 3 29.33 ± 2.08 Forewing ♂ 3 20.50 ± 1.00 Hindwing ♂ 3 19.33 ± 0.76 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Previous reported measuremnets of species were compared with current study to observe differences in body length with respect to time period.

213

Table 4.214:. Comparison of abdomen and wings lengths of Drepanosticta polychromatica collected on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1933) 32.00 Not Given 21.00 Khaliq (1990) 32.19 21.50 21.00 Zia this study 29.33 20.50 19.33

The comparison shows decreasing trend in body length of species.

Distribution Pattern Collection was done from three different localities and from each locality a single male was collected. Information regarding distribution of specimens along with ecological data is provided in table below.

Table 4.215:. Distribution of Drepanosticta polychromatica in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 14-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Ayub Park 1 - 33-36 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid Charra Pani 15-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi 1- 33-55 73-24 20 °C (Murree) 2005 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab province.

Habitat: Collected from a water lake, bank of running water spot and spring water. All the spots were surrounded by dense grasses and other wild flora.

214

Family Protoneuridae Tillyard, 1917 Subfamily Disparoneurinae

A single genus was recorded under this subfamily.

Genus Elattoneura Cowley, 1935

Four species were collected under this genus, a simple taxonomic key to species is prepared. Key to the species of Elattoneura

1. Species coloured black; without any coloured markings on thorax…....…nigerrima _. Species coloured black; with coloured markings on thorax……….…….…….……2 2. Body with sky blue markings…………...………………………………….campioni _. Body with shining red markings…...…………………..…………….….…………..3 3. Red coloured markings only limited to the level of head and thorax.....…..atkinsoni _. Red coloured markings stretched to abdomen upto the base of segment 3….souteri

1. Elattoneura souteri Fraser, 1924

1924 Disparoneura souteri Fraser

Fig. 4.48: Elattoneura souteri ♂ Fig. 4.49: Elattoneura souteri ♀

215

Differential Characters

Collected specimens agree with published description of Fraser (1933), except for following minor differences.

Male: Head: A broad band of reddish yellow to bright red lie at level of posterior ocelli; Prothorax: Velvety black but with a very minute appearance of cherry red at mid of middle lobe; Wings: Pterostigma dark brownish, Postnodals 14 – 16 in forewing and 13 – 14 in hind wings. Cuii 13 – 14 cells long in forewing and 14 – 15 cells long in hind wing; Legs: Dark yellow to brown in old specimens; Abdomen: Segment 1 marked with reddish yellow marking at its base, segment 2 dark reddish brown with a yellow streak at its mid dorsum associated with two minute spots of same color at its base on each side. Segment 6 also having a diffuse sub-apical yellowish spot. Segment 9 and 10 having yellowish markings which turns to reddish black in some old specimens; Anal appendages: Superiors yellowish. Inferiors dull brown.

Female: Head: A brownish yellow band on vertex of head; Wings: 12 – 13 postnodals in forewings and 10 – 11 in hind. Abdomen: Segments 8 – 10 without lateral greenish yellow stripes. Anal appendages: Dark brown.

As a total 31 specimens were collected from five different sites in Punjab, N.W.F.P. and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Their measurements for abdomen and wings length was taken and shown in table below.

Table 4.216: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Ellatoneura souteri.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 18 30.86 ± 1.12 Abdomen ♀ 13 29.34 ± 0.71 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 31 Av. Length = 30.22 ± 1.22 Forewing ♂ 18 18.94 ± 1.21

216

Forewing ♀ 13 20.46 ± 0.82 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 31 Av. Length = 19.58 ± 1.29 Hindwing ♂ 18 17.69 ± 1.28 Hindwing ♀ 13 19.07 ± 0.83 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 31 Av. Length = 18.27 ± 1.30 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Comparison of species body length was done with Fraser (1933). The values are presented in Table 217.

Table 4.217:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Ellatoneura souteri on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 28.00 Not Given 18.00 Zia this study 30.22 19.58 18.27

The specimens of current study shows an increasing trend in its body length. Noticeable increase has been observed in case of abdomen length.

Distribution Pattern

Collection was done from six localities of the country. Their details are given in table below.

Table 4.218:. Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp.

217

Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 45 33-43 73-05 30 °C dam 2005 Humid

Ayub 31-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi 32 33-36 73-05 30 °C Park 2005 Humid 30-x- Sub- Rawalpindi Mandra 3 - 33-21 73-15 22.5 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities.

Table 4.219:. Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-x- Sub- Mansehra Shinkyari 8 6 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for distrcit is provided ] New Localities Added: Above given locality. Table 4.220:. Distribution of Ellatoneura souteri in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 21-v- Sub- Kotli Paghwari 21 33-31 73-46 25 °C 2008 Humid

New Localities Added: Above given locality.

New Record: This species is first time reported from Pakistan.

Table 4.221:. Comparison of abdomen and wing lengths among Ellatoneura souteri collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 30.14 19.05 17.70 N.W.F.P 30.32 20.21 18.96 AJ&K 29.83 19.83 18.16

218

Statistical comparison of mean values shows that the specimens of all areas

differs non significantly in case of abdomen length (F2, 30 = 0.22, P<0.81). However

significant differences are observed for forewings and hindwings lengths (F2, 30 = 3.59,

P<0.03; F2, 30 = 4.20. P<0.02).

Habitat: The species was recorded from variable habitats (Fig. 4.50 – 4.55) i.e. from very slow moving water at ground, fast running water of stream, marshes, bogs and bushes, climbers and creepers near water. It was collected in open sunlit areas as well as from moist and humid stones present under dense shady trees.

Very slow moving water passing in between grasses

Fig. 4.50: Collection Spot at Shinkyari Fig. 4.51:Collection spot at Mandra (Mansehra), N.W.F.P (Rawalpindi), Punjab

219

Fig. 4. 52: Collection spot at Ayub Park Fig. 4. 53: Damp Spot under Dense (Rawalpindi) Shade at Ayub Park (Rawalpindi)

Fig. 4. 54: Open Sunlit Collection Spot Fig. 4. 55: Shady Spot with Climbers at Paghwari (AJ&K) at Simly dam (Islamabad)

220

2. Elattoneura atkinsoni Selys, 1886

1886 Disparoneura atkinsoni Selys 1919 Disparoneura flechteri Fraser

Fig. 4. 56: Specimens of Elattoneura atkinsoni (Destroyed during measurements)

Differential Characters

The specimens tally with published description of Fraser (1933), however differs for following minor characters,

Male:- Head: Bases of antenal segments brown red, red colour behind head not clearly visible; Prothorax: Geminate spot on mid dorsum of middle lobe almost invisible. Mid dorsal streak on posterior lobe absent; Thorax: Red colour is replaced by ochreous, beneath olivaceous, without any markings; Legs: Dark brown to choclate brown in colour. Coxae and trochanter marked with ochreous; Wings: Hyaline, not enfumed. Post nodals 12 – 13 in forewings and 10 – 11 in hind; Abdomen: A triangular spot on each side. Lower border of segments narrowly yellow. Segment 8 and 10 marked with mid dorsal ochreous stripe which is broadened at segment 9 and become swollen at its middle.

221

Female:- Abdomen: Sub-apical lateral spots not confluent with ventral broad yellow stripe on segment 3 and 4. Segment 9 with its ventral border broadly yellow; Wings: 10 – 11 post nodals in forewings, 9 – 10 in hind. Pterostigma brownish. Cuii 4 cells long in forewings and 5 cells long in the hind; Anal appendages: Dark brown, surmounting a conical light brown protuberance.

Measurements for abdomen and wing lengths was taken and given in Table 222.

Table 4.222: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura atkinsoni.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 2 26.25 ± 0.35 Abdomen ♀ 1 28.50 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 27.00 ± 1.32 Forewing ♂ 2 18.50 Forewing ♀ 1 18.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 18.33 ± 0.28 Hindwing ♂ 2 16.00 ± 0.70 Hindwing ♀ 1 16.00 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 3 Av. Length = 16.00 ± 0.50 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The length of species was compared with documented measurements of Fraser (1933).

222

Table 4.223:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura atkinsoni on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.00 Not Given 20.50 Zia this study 27.00 18.33 16.00

Trend of body length seems to decrease noticeably with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Three specimens were collected during the year 2005 from same spot. No other specimen was found any where else, even when serached at the immediate next water spot, a few miles away from first one. Distributional details are given in Table 224.

Table 4.224:. Distribution of Elattoneura atkinsoni in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 21 33-43 73-05 30 °C dam 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Above locality. New Record: The species is first time recorded from Pakistan.

Habitat: Collected from out flow of surplus water from simly dam (Fig. 4.58). One flying specimen was collected from vegetation surrounding moving water, however two specimens were collected by sweeping the net in a cave under big rock stone (Fig. 4.57). The cave was just a few feets away from water.

223

Fig. 4. 57: Small cave under big rock stone at Simly dam (Islamabad)

Fig. 4. 58: Out flow of water at Simly dam (Islamabad)

224

3. Elattoneura campioni Fraser, 1922

1922 Disparoneura campioni Fraser

Fig. 4. 59: Specimen of Elattoneura campioni ♂

Differential Characters The specimens agree with published description (Fraser 1933), but still differs for following characters.

Male:- Head: Labrum with its free end very narrowly pale brown. Vertex traverse by broad azure blue band at the level of anterior ocellus; Eyes: Brownish black above azure blue below, which turn to brownish in older, dried specimens; Prothorax: Balck, lateral stripe of blue present on the margins of anterior lobe and middle lobe, however not much visible on posterior one; Legs: Tibiae blackish on its flexor surface; Wings: Pterostigma chocolate brown covering a little less than one cell. Post nodals 12 – 13 in forewings and 10 -11 in hindwings. Cuii 4 – 5 cells long in forewings however 5 – 6 cells long in hind; Abdomen: Segment 2 black, unmarked. Much visible triangular spot on segment 9; Anal appendages: Superiors black on dorsum.

225

Three male specimens were collected from three different collection sites of the country. Body lengths of all collected specimens were taken and presented in Table 4.58.

Table 4.225: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 03 26.50 ± 1.50 Forewing ♂ 03 17.00 ± 1.00 Hindwing ♂ 03 15.66 ± 0.76 ± Standard Deviation

Length of the specimens in current study was compared with earlier documented measurements of Fraser (1933).

Table 4.226:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 31.00 Not Given 29.00 Zia this study 26.50 17.00 15.66

Specimens of current study appeared to be much shorter, thus a noticeable decreasing trend has been observed in body length of species.

226

Distribution Pattern

Three male specimens were collected from Punjab province and AJ&K. Measurement for body lengths was taken and is given in table below.

Table 4.227:. Distribution of Elattoneura campioni in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 14-x- Sub- 25°C Islamabad Simly dam 1 - 33-43 73-05 2007 Humid 01-x- Chakwal Kalarkahar 1 - Semi-Arid 33-18 74-18 22.5 °C 2005

New Localities Added: Above locality.

Table 4.228:. Distribution of Elattoneura campioni in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 14-viii- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 1- 33-08 73-38 27.5°C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Above locality. New Record: The species is a new record for country.

Table 4.229: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura campioni collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 25.75 16.50 15.25 AJ&K 28.00 18.00 16.50

227

On comparison of species statistically, it was observed that they differ non-

significantly. Abdomen (F1,2 = 3.00, P<0.33), forewing (F1,2 = 3.00, P<0.33) and

hindwing (F1,2 = 8.33, P<0.21).

Habitat: Out flow of dam water in Islamabad with lot of thin, long grasses at its bank (Fig. 4.60). Slow moving water spot (Fig.4.62) in Chakwal. A single specimen was collected from big water reservoir of Mangla dam (Fig 43). But in all cases specimens were found flying above thin dwarf grasses present along water bodies.

Fig. 4. 60: Spot with thin long grasses Fig. 4. 61: Spot with slow moving at Simly dam (Islamabad) water at Kalarkahar (Chakwal)

Fig. 4. 62: Big water reservoir at Mangla (Mirpur)

228

4. Elattoneura nigerrima Laidlaw, 1935

1917 Disparoneura nigerrima Laidlaw

Seventeen specimens were collected during the years 2005, 2006. Details for collected material is as under,

Table 4.230: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura nigerrima.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 07 25.78 ± 1.49

Abdomen ♀ 10 26.40 ± 1.28

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 17 Av. Length = 26.14 ± 1.36

Forewing ♂ 07 17.14 ± 1.65

Forewing ♀ 10 17.20 ± 0.63

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 17 Av. Length = 17.17 ± 1.11

Hindwing ♂ 07 15.71 ± 1.18 Hindwing ♀ 10 16.20 ± 0.53

Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 17 Av. Length = 16.00 ± 0.86 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

Specimens were compared with published measurements of Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990).

Table 4.231: Comparison of abdomen and wing lengths of Elattoneura nigerrima on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 25.50 Not Given 15.75 Khaliq (1990) 27.60 17.38 16.38 Zia this study 26.14 17.17 16.00

229

Variable results were obtained for comparison of species body length on time period basis.

Distribution Pattern

The specimens were recorded from Punjab, N.W.F.P and AJ&K. Ecological observation for collection sites is provided in table below.

Table 4.232:. Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Chua 01-x- Semi- Chakwal Saidan 11 32-43 72-58 22.5 °C 2005 Arid Shah 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Rawal 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad 1- 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C Dam 2005 Humid 30-x- Sub- Rawalpindi Mandra - 2 33-21 73-15 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 31-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Ayub Park 1 - 33-36 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Rawal Dam, Mandra and Ayub Park.

Table 4.233: Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-ix- Sub- Haripur Haripur - 1 33-59 72-55 25 °C 2006 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Peshawar Peshawar 1 1 34-01 71-33 22.5 °C 2006 Humid

Table 4.234:. Distribution of Elattoneura nigerrima in AJ&K.

230

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 11 33-51 73-46 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa -2 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 10-vi- Sub- Muzaffarabad Chinari 1 - 34-10 73-50 25 °C 2005 Humid 01-iv- Sub- Mirpur Mangla 12 33-08 73-38 25.5 °C 2005 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) reported this species from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Table 4.235: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Elattoneura nigerrima collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P. and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 25.92 17.07 15.92 N.W.F.P. 25.75 16.75 16.00 AJ&K 26.43 17.37 16.06

Statistical comparison shows that all specimens differs non-significantly i.e.

abdomen (F2,16 = 0.32, P<0.72), forewing (F2,16 = 0.27, P<0.76) and hindwing (F2,16 = 0.39, P<0.96).

Habitat: Grassy vegetation around water bodies. Khaliq (1990) collected this species from banks of streams.

231

Super Family Lestoidea

Key to the families of Lestoidea

1. IA leaving the wing border just proximal to the base of discoidal cell; Cuii (second cubitus) very slightly elevated towards costa at its origion from discoidal cell ….………...……….……….……….………Lestidae (Fig 4.63a) __. IA leaving the wing border at or distal to the base of discoidal cell; Cuii (second cubitus) strongly elevated towards costa at its origion from discoidal cell……...………………………………….…..……...…..Chlorolestidae (Fig 4.63b)

Family Lestidae Calvert, 1901

Sub-family Lestinae

Two genera under this subfamily were recorded. A taxonomic key to genera is prepared and presented here.

Key to the genera of Lestinae

1. Discoidal cell in both wings shaped similarly; wings petiolated a little before the level of ac; ac lies midway between the level of basal and distal antenodals ...………………………...……………….....…….……..Lestes (Fig 4.64a) _. Discoidal cell of hindwing much longer and narrower than that of forewing; wings petiolated at the level of ac; ac lies at a level more or less distal to the midway between basal and distal antenodals ………………………………….………….………………...Cylonolestes (Fig 4.64b)

232

Cuii

Fig. 4. 63a: Forewing of Lestes umbrinus ♂

Cuii

Fig. 4.63b: Forewing of Magelestes major ♂

233

Distal antenodal Basal antenodals Discoidal Cell

Ac Distal antenodal

Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.64a: Fore and hindwings of Lestes umbrinus ♂

Distal antenodal Ac Basal Discoidal Cell antenodal

Distal antenodal

Basal Ac antenodal Discoidal Cell

Fig. 4.64b: Fore and hindwings of Cylonolestes cyanea ♂

234

Genus Cylonolestes Kennedy, 1920

1. Cylonolestes cyanea Selys, 1930

1862 Lestes cyanea Sleys 1920 Lestes cyaneua Kirby 1922 Indolestes helena Fraser 1924 Indolestes veronica Fraser 1930 Ceylonolestes cyanea Fraser

Fig. 4.65: Cylonolestes cyanea ♂

235

Fig. 4.66: Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ Fig. 4.67: Cylonolestes cyanea ♂ (Lateral view) (Dorsal view of head and thorax)

Differential Characters

The specimens tally with the published description of Fraser (1933) except for following characters.

Male: Head: Anterior border of labrum dark brownish to black; Anteclypeus sky blue with a very small patch of black in one specimen only; Prothorax: Anterior lobe pale bluish on dorsum which turns to yellowish green at lateral side; Wings: Apices tinted with amber in older specimens. Vein Riii originating about 3 to 4 cells distal to the nodus; anal crossing (ac) lies midway between the distal and basal antenodals or a bit nearer to the former; Postnodals 10 – 12 or sometimes upto 14 in forewings and 10 – 12 in the hind; Abdomen: Segment 10 blue, with some blackish shade ventrally.

Only four male specimens were found from three different sites within two districts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Details regarding their measurements is given in the Table 236.

236

Table 4.236: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Cylonolestes cyanea.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 04 36.00 ± 0.91 Forewing ♂ 04 26.50 ± 0.40 Hindwing ♂ 04 25.37 ± 0.94 ± Standard Deviation

Comparison of the species measurement was carried out with earlier reported data of Fraser (1934) in the table below.

Table 4.237:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Cylonolestes cyanea on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 34.25 Not Given 24.25 Zia this study 36.00 26.50 25.37

The comparison shows an increasing trend in length of species with respect to time period.

Distribution Pattern

The species was recorded only from Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Details regarding material examined and ecology of area is shown in Table 238.

237

Table 4.238: Distribution of Cylonolestes cyanea in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Sudhnoti Tararkhal 1- 33-46 73-38 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Sudhnoti Khai Gala 1- 33-46 73-38 25 °C 2005 Humid

17-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 - 33-47 73-49 25 °C 2007 Humid Muzaffar- 11-v- Sub- Noseri 1- 34-27 73-28 20 °C abad 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities.

New Records: The species is a new record for country. Habitat: Running water spots surrounded by dense bushes and grasses (Fig 4.68). However one specimen was collected from a water lake at Banjosa (Fig 4.69).

Fig. 4.68: Collection spot of Cylonolestes cyanea at Tararkhal (AJ&K)

238

Fig. 4.69: Collection spot of Cylonolestes cyanea at Banjosa (AJ&K)

Genus Lestes Leach, 1815

Five species were collected under this genus from variable localities of the country.

Key to the species of Lestes

1. Thorax without metallic markings……..……….………………………..….…...…2 _. Thorax having metallic green antehumeral stripes on it ..……….……..…...….…..3 2. Vertex of the head palish brown; Prothorax, thorax and abdomen dark brown to reddish or paler on dorsum; no spot present above the base of middle coxae …………………………………..…….…………………………………....umbrinus _. Vertex of the head dull black; Prothorax and thorax not as above, abdomen black on dorsum; a fairly large black spot present above the base of middle coxae ……………………..…………………….……………..……...…………thoracicus 3. Thorax having a single uniformly narrow antehumeral stripe on either side…...….4

239

_. Thorax having deeply crenulated antehumeral stripes on its outer border only ...... praemorsa praemorsa 4. Head with its vertex and thorax with its dorsal side, pale brown in colour; thorax having cocspicuous metallic green antehumeral stripes; a pair of ‘comma’ like spots are present on dorsal sub apical border of abdominal segments 2 – 7 ..…………………………………………………………………………….viridulus _. Head with its vertex and thorax with its dorsal side black; thorax having a dull narrow metallic green stripe on either side; no spots on abdominal segments 2 – 7 as above ...…………………………………………………………………..patricia

1. Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924

Two unidentified females under genus Lestes housed at National Insect Museum, Islamabad were studied. Measurements for their abdomen and wings are given in Table 239.

Table 4.239: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes patricia.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♀ 02 25.75 ± 3.18 Forewing ♀ 02 22.75 ± 2.47 Hindwing ♀ 01* 18.50 ± Standard Deviation * Hind wing of one specimen was destroyed.

A comparison of the species body length was done with earlier reported measurements of Fraser (1934).

240

Table 4.240:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes patricia on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 37.00 Not Given 24.00 Zia this study 25.75 22.75 18.50

The length of specimen was observed to be decrerasing noticeably.

Distribution Pattern

The distribution details for specimen as cited were as under.

Table 4.241:. Distribution of Lestes patricia in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzaffar Garhi 06-vi- Sub- - 2 29-29 68-02 25 °C abad Dopatta 1989 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was earlier reported from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) by Luqman (1995).

Habitat: Bank of fast flowing water stream.

2. Lestes praemorsa praemorsa Selys, 1862

1862 Lestes praemorsa praemorsa Selys 1890 Lestes praemorsa Kirby 1893 Lestes decipiens Kirby 1924 Lestes praemorsa sub sp. Andamanesis Fraser 1924 Lestes dorothea Fraser 1931 Lestes praemorsa dorothea Fraser

241

A total of four specimens were studied at National Insect Museum Islamabad. Measurement of different body parts was taken and given in Table 241.

Table 4.242: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes praemorsa praemorsa.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen♂ 02 34.25 ± 1.76 Abdomen♀ 02 36.50 ± 2.12 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 04 Av. Length = 35.37 ± 2.05 Forewing♂ 02 24.00 ± 1.41 Forewing♀ 02 25.50 ± 2.12 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 04 Av. Length = 24.75 ± 1.70 Hindwing♂ 02 23.25 ± 1.76 Hindwing♀ 02 24.75 ± 1.76 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 04 Av. Length = 24.00 ± 1.68 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The specimens were compared for their measurements with Fraser (1934).

Table 4.243: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes praemorsa praemorsa on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 32.25 Not Given 21.00 Zia this study 35.37 24.75 24.00

The comparison shows an increasing trend in length of this species

242

Distribution Pattern

Distribution details for collected specimens are provided in Table 244.

Table 4.244:. Distribution of Lestes praemorsa praemorsa in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzaffar Garhi 06- viii- Sub- 1 - 29-29 68-02 22°C abad Dopatta 1999 Humid Muzaffar 05-v- Sub- Chakothi 1 2 34-07 73-53 25 °C abad 1999 Humid

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Luqman (1995) reported this species was from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Habitat: No information regarding habitat was cited with the specimens.

3. Lestes thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920

A total of 13 specimes were collected and measurement of their body parts was taken. The species was recorded from Punjab, Sindh and AJ&K.

Table 4.245: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes thoracicus.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♂ 08 28.31 ± 0.65 Abdomen ♀ 05 27.40 ± 0.41 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 27.96 ± 0.72 Forewing ♂ 08 19.81 ± 0.88 Forewing ♀ 05 20.60 ± 1.08 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 20.11 ± 1.00 Hindwing ♂ 08 18.62 ± 0.69

243

Hindwing ♀ 05 19.40 ± 1.24 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 18.92 ± 0.97 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The measurement of species was compared with previous reported data of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990).

Table 4.246:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes thoracicus on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.25 Not Given 20.50 Khaliq (1990) 29.84 21.19 20.65 Zia this study 27.96 20.11 18.92

A decrease in length of species was observed.

Distribution Pattern

These damselflies were recorded during the years 2004, 2005 and 2007. Details for collection along with ecological data is given below.

Table 4.247:. Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 12-viii- Semi- Faisalabad Faisalabad 2 - 31-25 73-06 30 °C 2005 Arid

244

Table 4.248:. Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 15-iv- Sukhar Sukhar 1- Arid 27-42 68-52 30.2 °C 2007 03-iii- Hyderabad Tandojam 1 - Arid 25-25 68-32 25 °C 2005

New Localities Added: Tandojam.

Table 4.249:. Distribution of Lestes thoracicus in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa - 1 33-47 74-06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 02-v- Sub- Poonch Hajira - 1 33-46 73-55 22.5 °C 2005 Humid 28-ix- Sub- Mirpur Dudial 1 - 34-26* 73-16* 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 20-v- Sub- Kotli Sensah 11 33-31 73-46 25 °C 2004 Humid 18-vii- Sub- Kotli Sersawa - 2 33-34 73-50 27.5 °C 2004 Humid 03-iv- Sub- Bhimber Samahni 1 - 33-05 74-08 22.5 °C 2007 Humid 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bagh 1 - 33-48 70-46 25 °C 2005 Humid * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for district is provided New Localities Added: All the above localities except Banjosa and Bagh. This species is first time reported from districts Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (1990) reported this species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Khaliq (1990) collected its specimens from Sindh and Punjab province.

The collected specimens were subjected to statistical analysis to find out differences in their lengths on area basis.

245

Table 4.250: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Lestes thoracicus collected from Punjab, Sindh and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 27.75 19.00 18.00 Sindh 29.00 20.75 19.25 AJ&K 27.77 20.22 19.05

On comparison of specimens statistically, non-significant differences were

observed i.e. abdomen (F2,12 = 3.46, P<0.07), forewings (F2,12 = 1.95, P<0.19) hindwings

(F2,12 = 1.10, P<0.36).

Habitat: Wild weeds and grasses growing near stagnant water spots.

Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from rice fields and standing water spots. Khaliq and Siddique (1995) collected this species from margins of slow running water streams.

4. Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1892

Orolestes motis Baijal and Agarwal, 1955

A total of 13 specimens from 9 different localities were collected from Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. Measurement of different body parts was taken and given in table below.

Table 4.251: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes umbrinus.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

246

Abdomen ♂ 5 30.60 ± 0.54 Abdomen ♀ 8 31.18 ± 0.92 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 30.96 ± 0.82 Forewing ♂ 5 22.30 ± 1.25 Forewing ♀ 8 23.56 ± 0.49 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 23.07 ± 1.03 Hindwing ♂ 5 21.00 ± 1.36 Hindwing ♀ 8 22.62 ± 0.44 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 13 Av. Length = 22.00 ± 1.19 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The length of specimens in current study was compared with Fraser (1933) and Khaliq (1990).

Table 4.252:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes umbrinus on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 30.75 Not Given 20.50 Khaliq (1990) 30.67 21.53 20.98 Zia this study 30.96 23.07 22.00

On comparison, no meaningful increase seems to appear in species length.

247

Distribution Pattern

Collection details for specimens is provided in Table 253.

Table 4.253:. Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Chattar 1 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Simly 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad 11 33-43 73-05 30 °C Dam 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Simly dam.

Table 4.254:. Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Sindh.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-iv- Mithi Desert -2 Arid 24-44 69-48 30 °C 2006 26-iv- Shadadpur Shadadpur - 1 Arid 27-42 68-52 30 °C 2007 23-iv- Umer Kot Umer Kot 1 - Arid 28-50 70-09 30°C 2006 Mir Pur 20-iv- Tharparkar -1 Arid 25-30 69-10 30 °C Khas 2005 01-v- Karachi Karachi - 1 Arid 24-53 67-02 30 °C 2007 15-iv- Sukhar Sukhar 21 Arid 27-42 68-52 30 °C 2007

New Localities Added: All the above localities except Karachi and Sukhar. This species is reported first time from districts Mithi, Umer Kot and Tharparkar.

248

Table 4.255:. Distribution of Lestes umbrinus in Baluchistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 18-vi- Sibi Sibi - 1 Arid 29-33 67-52 37.5 °C 2007

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Khaliq (1990) documented this species from Sindh and Baluchistan province. Khan et al., (2008) collected its specimens from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K).

Collected specimens were compared on area basis to observe difference in their body lengths.

Table 4.256: Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Lestes umbrinus collected from Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 31.16 22.50 21.00 Sindh 30.83 23.16 22.22 Baluchistan 31.50 24.00 23.00

Statistical comparison shows non-significant differences. Abdomen (F2,12 = 0.32,

P<0.58), forewing (F2,12 = 0.90, P<0.36), hindwing (F2,12 = 2.67, P<0.13).

Habitat: Recorded from grasses and other dwarf vegetation near water streams in Punjab and Baluchistan provinces. Few females were collected from spiny bushes in desert at Sindh. It is very important to note that when the species was collected from the deserts of Mithi and Umer Kot, there was no water avialable even at the distance of miles. However when collected from other spots there was running as well as standing water spots in close proximity. It is also worth mentioning that specimens

249

were collected during early morning times (06:00 am) in Umer Kot and Mithi. Normally no damselflies species are seen at such early hours of the day.

Khaliq (1990) collected this species from rice fields, large reservoir of stagnant water and from grasses in swampy places. Khan et al., (2008) caught this species from the bank of a slow running water stream.

5. Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842

Lestes viridulus Kirby, 1890

Three females from three different spots were collected from Punjab province and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Measurements for abdomen, forewings and hindwings length is given in Table 257.

Table 4.257: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Lestes viridulus.

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm) Abdomen ♀ 03 33.83 ± 0.76 Forewing ♀ 03 25.00 Hindwing ♀ 03 23.73 ± 0.28 ± Standard Deviation

The measurement of species was compared with previous reported measurements of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990).

250

Table 4.258:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Lestes viridulus on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 34.25 Not Given 23.75 Khaliq (1990) 34.00 25.00 24.00 Zia this study 33.83 25.00 23.73

The body length of species is appearing to decrease with time period.

Distribution Pattern

Table 4.259:. Distribution of Lestes viridulus in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Rawal 11-vii- Sub- Islamabad -1 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C Dam 2005 Humid 14-viii- Sub- Rawalpindi Ayub Park - 1 33-36 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Ayub Park.

Table 4.260:. Distribution of Lestes viridulus in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 29-vi- Sub- Bagh Bagh -1 33-48 70-46 25 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: Bagh, the species is first time recorded from this district.

Earlier Records from Pakistan: This species was reported earlier by Khaliq (1990) from Punjab province.

251

Table 4.261:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Lestes viridulus collected from Punjab and AJ&K.

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 33.50 25.00 23.75 AJ&K 34.50 25.00 24.00

Non-significant differences were observed for abdomen (F1,2 = 1.33, P<0.45) and hindwings length (F1,2 = 0.33, P<0.66). Yet they have same length in case of forewings.

Habitat: Banks of streams with grassy vegetations.

Khaliq et al., (1995) recorded this species from weedy margins of water channels made to irrigate rice fields.

Family Chlorolestidae Pinhey, 1982

Sub-Family Megalestinae A single genus is reported under this subfamily.

Genus Megalestes Selys, 1862

Single species has been collected under this genus from avariable number of habitats.

Megalestes major Selys, 1962

A total of 50 specimens (29♂, 21♀) were collected from 21 different spots in Punjab, N.W.F.P., Northern Areas and Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Measurement of body parts is given in Table 262.

Table 4.262: Measurement of abdomen and wings length of Megalestes major.

252

Character No. of Specimens Mean Length (mm)

Abdomen ♂ 29 48.91 ± 1.38 Abdomen ♀ 21 45.83 ± 3.12 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 50 Av. Length = 47.62 ± 2.72 Forewing ♂ 29 36.62 ± 1.03 Forewing ♀ 21 37.97 ± 1.78 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 50 Av. Length = 37.19 ± 1.53 Hindwing ♂ 29 34.74 ± 1.04 Hindwing ♀ 21 36.42 ± 1.67 Total No. of ♂&♀ collected 50 Av. Length = 35.45 ± 1.57 ± Standard Deviation, Av. = Average

The data for measurement was compared with earlier documented measurements of Fraser (1934) and Khaliq (1990).

Table 4.263: Comparison of abdomen and wings length of Megalestes major on time period basis.

Mean Values (mm) Data Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Fraser (1934) 48.50 Not Given 32.25 Khaliq (1990) 49.85 37.21 35.90 Zia this study 47.62 37.19 35.45

The comparison of lengths shows decreasing trend for abdomen and forewing lengths, however variable data has been observed in case of hind wings.

253

Distribution Pattern

Details regarding collected specimens and their sites of collection is given in tables 264 – 267 with ecological observations.

Table 4.264: Distribution of Megalestes major in Punjab.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Simly dam 3 2 33-43 73-05 30 °C 2005 Humid 15-vii- Sub- Islamabad Lehtarar 4 - 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C 2005 Humid 13-vii- Sub- Islamabad Bharakahu 2 1 33-42 73-10 27.5 °C 2005 Humid Kotli 10-vii- Sub- Islamabad -1 33-43 73-05 27.5 °C sattyaan 2005 Humid 13-vii- Sub- Rawalpindi Murree 2 3 33-55 73-24 20 °C 2005 Humid

New Localities Added: All the above localities, except Murree.

Table 4.265: Distribution of Megalestes major in N.W.F.P.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. 05-ix- Sub- Abbottabad Harno 3 2 34-01 73-12 22.5 °C 2006 Humid Sub- 01-vi- Kohistan Dasu 2- Humid 35-18 73-20 27.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- 04-v- Swat Miandum 11 Humid 35-04 72-34 22.5 °C 2006 & Arid Sub- Tror 04-v- Swat 21 Humid 35-32 72-39 22.5 °C Ziarat 2006 & Arid 01-x- Sub- Mansehra Shinkyari 1 - 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 Humid

254

02-x- Mansehra Balakot 1 1 Humid 34-20* 73-12* 20 °C 2006 03-x- Mansehra Kaghan - 1 Humid 34-20* 73-12* 17 °C 2006 * The localities for which exact data was not known, data for their district is mentioned.

New Localities Added: All the above localities, except Miandum and Tror Ziarat. This species is first time collected from district Mansehra.

Table 4.266: Distribution of Megalestes major in Northern Areas – Baltistan.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Sub- 25-vii- Skardu Oolding 31 Humid & 35-20 75-34 22.5°C 2006 Arid Sub- 27-vi- Skardu Aliabad -1 Humid & 35-25 75-43 22.5°C 2006 Arid

Table 4.267: Distribution of Megalestes major in AJ&K.

Material Examined Ecological Observations Mean District Locality ♂ ♀ Date Climate Lat.' Long'. Temp. Muzafar- 11-v- Sub- Noseri 1 1 34-27 73-28 20 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzafar- 04-vi- Sub- Patika - 1 34-25 73-31 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzafar- 05-vi- Sub- Chakothi 1 1 34 - 07 73 - 53 25 °C abad 2005 Humid Muzafar- 30-vi- Sub- Kohala 1 - 34-09 73 - 28 25 °C abad 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Rawalakot 1 2 33 - 51 73 - 46 22 °C 2005 Humid 01-v- Sub- Poonch Banjosa 1 2 33 - 47 74 - 06 21.5 °C 2005 Humid 18-vii- Sub- Kotli Sersawa -1 33-34 73-50 27.5 °C 2004 Humid New Localities Added: All the above localities, except Banjosa. This species is reported first time from districts Muzafarabad and Kotli.

255

Earlier Records from Pakistan: Kanth (1985) and Khaliq et al., (2008) reported this species earlier from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) areas. Khaliq (1990) collected its specimens from Punjab and N.W.F.P. Khaliq and Maula (1999) also documented its presence in N.W.F.P.

Collected specimens were compared for the difference in their body lengths on area basis.

Table 4.268:. Comparison of abdomen and wings length among specimens of Megalestes major collected from Punjab, N.W.F.P., Northern Areas and AJ&K .

Mean Values (mm) Collection Abdomen Forewing Hindwing Punjab 46.94 36.52 34.80 N.W.F.P. 47.00 37.21 35.60 Northern Areas 50.20 37.40 35.50 AJ&K 48.23 38.00 36.23

Analysis of variance shows non-significant differences. Abdomen (F3,49 = 2.53,

P<0.06), forewing (F3,49 = 2.57, P<0.06), hindwing (F3,49 = 2.23, P<0.09).

Habitat: Tall grassy vegetation beside water bodies as well as on nearby small mountains. Some specimens were collected from rice fields and swampy spots along the banks of fast running streams. At dusk, they were observed to hide under mountain cover. Khaliq (1990) recorded this species from the branches of dwarf trees and grassy banks of streams.

256

Richness of Zygoptera observed in Pakistan

In the current study, 51 species of Zygoptera were collected throughout Pakistan. Among these, 42 (maximum number) were recorded from Punjab province while only 7 (minimum number) were collected from Baluchistan province. Area wise distribution of Zygopterous fauna in Pakistan is shown in Figure 4.70.

55 51 50 45 42 38 40 35 30 23 25 20 No. Species of 15 10 10 10 7 5

To Pu AJ N. Si Ba No tal nja &K W.F ndh luc rth b .P. his ern tan Ar eas

Fig: 4.70. Richness of Zygoptera in Pakistan

257

New Records and Comparison of Explored Fauna

A comparison based upon number of species recorded from different areas was also made at the conclusion of these studies. Maximum number of species (68) and maximum new records (7) were recorded from Punjab province, yet the localities visited were also maximum. Reasons for minimum number of species recorded from northern areas would be low temperature throughout the year and short duration summer (1 – 2 months only).

80 68 70

60 57

50 42 38 40 36 34 33 33 30 23 20 10 10 7 7 10 4 2 0 0 0 0 L S N L S N L S N L S N L S N L S N o p e o p e o p e o p e o p e o p e c . w c . w c . w c . w c . w c . w . E . E . E . E . E . E (P x R (N x R (S x R (B x R (A x R (N x R b p e p e i p e p e p e p e lo c .W lo c n lo c u lo c J lo c .A lo c .) r o r o d r o .) r o & r o r o e rd . e rd h e rd e rd K e rd ) e rd d s F d s ) d s d s d s d s .P ) .)

Fig. 4.71: New Records and Comparison of Explored Fauna

258

Trend observed in body length of Zygoptera on Time Period Basis (1933- 34 Vs Current Study)

Trend in body length of collected Zygoptera was studied by comparing abdominal lengths of recorded damselflies with those of Fraser (1933 – 1934). By doing this, a trend over a period of more than seventy years become evident. It was observed that out of fifty one recorded species, thirty three species showed decrease in length, however only seventeen species showed increased length. These results also verify the statement of Boyd (2005) that size of Odonata has decreased and still decreasing with time span. Comparison of one species, Indocnemis ahmedi (new to science) was not possible. Possible reasons for decreased length includes urbanization which results in deforestation, increased level of pollution and vanishing of suitable habitats for Zygoptera. Due to increased air and water pollution, it become difficult for damselflies larvae as well as for adults, to meet their oxygen requirements which ultimately results in reduced body size and change in their biology. Similarly deforestation and loss of suitable habitats results in food scarcity and decreased life span. Similar effects were studied by Ather (1991), who also discussed the effects of pollution, and intensification of modern agriculture on the biology of Odonata. Although a decrease in length was observed, yet the differences were non-significant for abdomen (F1,96 = 0.28, P< 0.05) when compared with the specimens showing increased lengths. Increased length in 17 recorded species might be due to their presence in relatively less polluted and ecologically less disturbed areas.

60 51 50

40 33 30

20 17 No. of Species of No.

10 1 0 Toatl Species Decrease in Increase in Comp. Not Recorded Length Length Possible

Fig. 4.72: Trend observed in Body Length of Zygoptera on Time Period Basis (1933- 34 Vs Current Study)

259

Difference observed in body length of Zygoptera on Area Basis

Damselflies recorded from all the four Provinces (Punjab, N.W.F.P., Sindh, Baluchistan), Northern Areas and AJ&K were compared for their differences in abdomen lengths on area basis. Statistical analysis showed non-significant differences among thirty species, however only three species showed significant difference. Comparison of eighteen species was not possible, as they were recorded from any single area or province only. The higher number of species showing non-significant differences indicates lesser variation in species in terms of space. Which shows that the change in topography, climate and water quality etc within the country have no direct effect on the body size of Zygoptera.

60 51 50

40 30 30

18 20 No. Species of

10 3 0 Toatl Species Non- Sig. Diff. Sig. Diff. Comp. Not Recorded Observed Observed Possible

Fig: 4.73. Difference observed in body length of Zygoptera on Area Basis

260

Diversity Indices of the Explored Damselflies Species

Diversity index of the explored species was calculated following Menhinick (1964) for all the four provinces, northern areas and AJ&K. It was observed that maximum diversity index was observed in case of AJ&K, followed by Punjab province and minimum was recorded for northern areas. Higher values of diversity index indicates richness of species in AJ&K and Punjab province. Possible reasons for this increase includes prevalance of suitable average temperature in most of the AJ&K and Punjab province, here summer season lasts for about 4 – 5 months. In addition, AJ&K also possess lot of aquatic habitats (streams and springs) which favours the richness of Zygoptera in this area. However lower diversity recorded in northern areas could be the result of short summer span in these areas, which last only for one to two months only. Hussain (2006) calculated diversity index for zygopterous species recorded from districts Astor and Ghanche of northern areas in Pakistan.

2.5 2.07 2.16 2 1.51 1.51 1.5 1.32

1 0.63

Diversity IndexDiversity 0.5

. h s K J& Sind rea A Punjab A .W.F.P chistan N alu B orthern N

Fig: 4.74. Diversity Indices of the Explored Damselflies Species

261

Sex Ratio of the Damselflies in the Surveyed Habitats

Sex ratio of the collected species was also evaluated. Out of one thousand and sixty one collected specimens, 633 individuals were male whereas 428 were female damselflies. The overall sex ratio was 1:1.6 and is biased towards females.

1200 1061 1000

800 633 600 428 400 No. Specim of ens 200

0 Total Males Females

Fig: 4.75. Sex Ratio of the Damselflies in the Surveyed Habitats

262

Optimum activity period of Zygoptera observed in Pakistan Active period for Zygoptera in Pakistan was also observed. It was noticed that damselflies were found during the months of March to December, thereby showing their activity period in the country. No damselfly specimen was collected during the months of January, February and December, possibly because of the lower temperature and other unsuitable environmental conditions including less availability of hosts in winter etc. However maximum number of species along with higher number of specimens were recorded during the months of May and July. It is well documented that Zygoptera prefers high temperature and humidity periods. In Pakistan May is one of the hottest month and July has the maximum humidity percentage. Khaliq (1990) reported the period of April to October as active period for Zygoptera. A graphical representation of active periods of Zygopterous species in each month of year along with number of specimens collected for each month is presented in Fig. 4.76.

250 228 225 195 200 175 155 144 150 138 122 No. of Specimens 125 No.of Spec ies 100 71 75 50 33 29 33 23 25 16 22 25 000033 53 00 0

y y h y t r r r c ril y s e e Jul b b ber Ap Ma June gu o m m Jnuar Mar u A Oct ve ce Februa No September De

Fig: 4.76. Optimum Activity period of Zygoptera observed in Pakistan

263

Table 4.269: An overview of presence or absence of zygopterous species in different areas of Pakistan

S. Areas Northern Punjab N.W.F.P. Sindh Baluchistan AJ&K No Species Areas 1. Neurobasis chinensis Linnaeus, 1758 + + - - + - 2. Libellago greeni Laidlaw, 1924 + - - - - - Libellago lineata lineata Burmeister, 3. + - - - - - 1839 4. Rhinocypha hilarye Fraser 1927 - - - - + - 5. Rhinocypha immaculata Selys, 1871 - - - - + - Rhinocypha quadrimaculata Selys, 6. + - - - + - 1853 7. Rhinocypha trifasciata Selys, 1853 + + - - + - 8. Rhinocypha uinimaculata Selys, 1853 + + - - + - 9. Bayadera indica Selys 1853 + + - - + - 10. Bayadera longicauda Fraser, 1928 + - - - + - 11. Cercion calamorum dyeri Ris, 1916 + - - - - - 12. Agriocnemis dabreui Fraser, 1919 + + - - + - 13. Agriocnemis nana Laidlaw, 1914 + + - - - - 14. Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur, 1842 + + + + + - Agriocnemis splendidisima Laidlaw, 15. + - - + + - 1919 Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer, 16. + - - - + - 1865 Ceriagrion coromandelianum 17. + + + + + + Fabricius, 1798 18. Pseudagrion ceylanicum Kirby, 1891 - - - - + -

264

19. Pseudagrion decorum Rambur, 1842 + + + + + - 20. Pseudagrion hypermelas Selys, 1876 + - - - + - 21. Pseudagrion laidlawi Fraser, 1922 + + + - + - 22. Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys,1876 + + - - + - 23. Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922 + + - + + - 24. Aciagrion hisopa Selys, 1876 + + - - + - Enallagma cyathigerum Charpantier, 25. - - - - - + 1840 26. Enallagma parvum Selys, 1876 + + - - - - 27. Ischnura aurora Brauer, 1965 + + + + - + Ischnura elegans Vander-Linden, 28. + + - - + + 1820 29. Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907 + + - + + + 30. Ischnura fountainei Morton, 1905 - - - + - - 31. Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 + - + + + + 32. Rhodischnura nursei Morton, 1907 + + + + + - 33. Calicnemis eximia Selys, 1863 + + - - + - 34. Coeliccia renifera Selys, 1886 + - - - + - 35. Coeliccia vacca Laidlaw 1932 + - - - - - 36. Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. - + - - + - 37. Copera ciliata Selys, 1863 + - - - - - 38. Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842 + + - - + - 39. Protosticta hearseyi Fraser, 1922 + - - - - - 40. Elattoneura souteri Fraser, 1924 + + - - + - 41. Elattoneura atkinsoni Selys, 1886 + - - - - - 42. Elattoneura campioni Fraser, 1922 + - - - + - 43. Elattoneura nigerrima Laidlaw, 1935 + + - - + - 44. Cylonolestes cyanea Selys, 1930 - - - - + - 45. Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924 - - - - + -

265

Lestes praemorsa praemorsa Selys, 46. - - - - + - 1862 47. Lestes thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920 + - + - + - 48. Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1892 + - + + - - 49. Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842 + - - - + - 50. Megalestes major Selys, 1962 + + - - + +

266

The above table shows an over view of presence or absence of all the collected species in each province. It was observed that species viz., L. lineata lineata, Cercion calamorum dyeri, Coeliccia vacca, Copera ciliata, Protosticta hearseyi, Elattoneura atkinsoni were collected from Punjab province; Ischnura fountainei from Baluchistan; Libellago greeni and Enallagma cyathigerum from northern areas and species Rhinocypha hilarye, R. immaculata, Pseudagrion ceylanicum, Cylonolestes cyanea, Lestes patricia and L. praemorsa praemorsa from AJK. It is interesting to note that species recorded from one province were not recorded from other province; means their occurrence was found to be restricted within individual province.

Although a variable number of specimens were collected for these species, but on country level these can not be considered common species due to their absence in any other area. These can be said rare but abundant as well or abundant but less common. In contrast to this a single species i.e Ceriagrion coromandelianum, has been collected from each and every province of the country. Thus proving itself an abundant wide spread and prevalant species of the country.

267

SUMMARY

Extensive field surveys to collect zygopterous fauna of Pakistan were carried out during 2004 – 2008 in all the four provinces, northern areas and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). A total of 1061 specimens belonging to 51 species and sub-species were identified under 5 families and 26 genera. Specimens were identified following the most authenticated and standard taxonomic keys. Among these eight species; Libellago lineata lineata, Libellago greeni, Protosticta hearseyi, Coeliccia vacca, Cylonolestes cyanea, Ellatoneura souteri, Ellatoneura campioni and Ellatoneura atkinsoni are reported first time from Pakistan and one species i.e Indocnemis ahmedi sp. nov. is a new to science record. So, as a whole, nine species are added to the existing zygopterous fauna of Pakistan. Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurement of body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), mean temperature for localities, habitat description, sex ratio of collected specimens with their dates of collection, distribution range, differential characters from published description for new records to country and detailed characters for a specimen which is new addition to science has been provided. Coloured images for new records, their taxonomic characters and habitats are captured. Taxonomic keys for superfamilies, families, subfamilies, generic and species level are also prepared.

Additionally, comparison of all collected species has been done for following two parameters. (i) Difference in species body lengths when compared on time period basis and (ii) Difference in the body length of species when compared on area basis. Measurement data of current collection is compared with earlier reported measurements of Fraser (1933 – 34) and Khaliq (1990) for comparison of species on time period basis. It is observed that in majority cases, the specimens of current study appeared relatively smaller than previous studies.

268

To find out the differences in body lengths of species on area basis, measurement data is subjected to statistical analysis. It is observed that in all cases specimens differ non-significantly however in few cases comparison was not possible due to presence of species in any single area only.

At the end an overview of the presence or absence of the species in each area is provided, which shows that the species Libellago greeni, Libellago lineata lineata, Rhinocypha hilarye, Rhinocypha immaculata, Cercion calamorum dyeri, Pseudagrion ceylanicum, Enallagma cyathigerum, Ischnura fountainei, Coeliccia vacca, Copera ciliata, Protosticta hearseyi, Elattoneura atkinsoni, Cylonolestes cyanea, Lestes patricia, Lestes praemorsa praemorsa are recorded only from a single area. These species were not found in any other province or area than the area of collection. In contrast to this, there is only a single species i.e. Ceriagrion coromandelianum which is collected from each and every province, northern areas and AJ&K. Thus indicating its abundance and high prevalence within the country.

On completion of study, zygopterous fauna of Pakistan has become richly explored with a total of 51 species, thereby adding nine new records to earlier reported data. Among the collected 51 species, 42 species (maximum number) are recorded from Punjab and only 07 species (minimum number) are collected from Northern Areas of Pakistan. Maximum number of species (42) and maximum number of new records (07) are recorded from Punjab province. The study provides detailed habitat descriptions along with coloured photographs of their corresponding habitats, coloured images for new records and for taxonomic characters of all recorded species. This study encompasses detailed taxonomic studies on damselflies throughout the country and their differences with respect to time period and areas basis for the first time. Concerning temporal changes in body parts (abdominal length), among 51 collected species, 31 species were showing a decreased trend in their abdominal length while 17 exhibited increase in length over a period of about 70 years ( when compared with work of Fraser, 1933 – 1934). In relation to different geographical localities, a non-

269

significant difference in abdominal length of different specimens collected from different localities is recorded.

Regarding diversity index, maximum value is calculated for AJK fauna (2.16) followed by Punjab (2.07), N.W.F.P. and Baluchistan (1.51), Sindh (1.32) and Northern Areas (0.63). Sex ratio of the collected fauna is 1:1.6; as females were relatively abundant than males.

Whole of collected fauna has been housed at Biosystematics laboratory of Entomology Department, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi as reference collection for future taxonomic studies.

270

Check List of Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan

Superfamily Calopterygoidea

Family Calopterygidae Selys, 1850 Subfamily Calopteryginae

Genus Neurobasis Selys, 1853

Neurobasis chinensis Linnaeus, 1758

Family Chlorocyphidae Cowley, 1937

Genus Libellago Selys, 1840

Libellago lineata lineata Burmeister, 1839 Libellago greeni Laidlaw, 1924

Genus Rhinocypha Rambur, 1842

Rhinocypha immaculata Selys, 1871 Rhinocypha unimaculata Selys, 1853 Rhinocypha hilarye Fraser, 1927 Rhinocypha trifasciata Selys, 1853 Rhinocypha quadrimaculata Selys, 1853

Family Euphaeidae Selys, 1853

Genus Bayadera Selys 1853 Bayadera indica Selys, 1853 Bayadera longicauda Fraser, 1928

271

Super Family Coenagrionoidea

Family Coenagrionidae Kirby, 1890

Subfamily Coenagrioninae

Genus Cercion Navas, 1907

Cercion calamorum dyeri Ris, 1916

Subfamily Agriocnemidinae

Genus Agriocnemis Selys, 1877 Agriocnemis dabreui Fraser, 1919 Agriocnemis nana Laidlaw, 1914 Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur, 1842 Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919

Subfamily Pseudagrioninae

Genus Ceriagrion Selys, 1876

Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer, 1865 Ceriagrion coromandelianum Fabricius, 1798

Genus Pseudagrion Selys, 1876

Pseudagrion ceylanicum Kirby, 1891 Pseudagrion decorum Rambur, 1842 Pseudagrion hypermelas Selys, 1876 Pseudagrion laidlawi Fraser, 1922 Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922

272

Subfamily Ischnurinae

Genus Aciagrion Selys 1891

Aciagrion hisopa Selys, 1876

Genus Enallagma Charpentier, 1840

Enallagma cyathigerum Charpantier, 1840 Enallagma parvum Selys, 1876

Genus Ischnura Charpentier, 1840

Ischnura aurora Brauer, 1865 Ischnura elegans Vander Linden, 1820 Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907 Ischnura fountainei Morton, 1905 Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842

Genus Rhodischnura Laidlaw, 1919

Rhodischnura nursei Morton, 1907

Family Platycnemididae Tillyard, 1917

Subfamily Calicnemidinae

Genus Calicnemis Strand, 1928

Calicnemis eximia Selys, 1863

Genus Coeliccia Kirby, 1890

Coeliccia renifera Selys, 1886

273

Coeliccia vacca Laidlaw 1932 Genus Indocnemis Laidlaw, 1917

Indocnemis ahmedi sp.nov.

Subfamily Platycnemidinae

Genus Copera Kirby, 1890 Copera ciliata Selys, 1863 Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842

Family Platystictidae Laidlaw, 1924 Subfamily Platystictinae

Genus Protosticta Selys, 1885

Protosticta hearseyi Fraser, 1922 Genus Drepanosticta Laidlaw, 1917

Drepanosticta polychromatica Fraser, 1931

Family Protoneuridae Tillyard, 1917 Subfamily Disparoneurinae

Genus Elattoneura Cowley, 1935

Elattoneura souteri Fraser, 1924 Elattoneura atkinsoni Selys, 1886

274

Elattoneura campioni Fraser, 1922 Elattoneura nigerrima Laidlaw, 1935

Super Family Lestoidea

Family Lestidae Calvert, 1901 Subfamily Lestinae

Genus Cylonolestes Kennedy, 1920

Cylonolestes cyanea Selys, 1930

Genus Lestes Leach, 1815

Lestes patricia Fraser, 1924 Lestes praemorsa praemorsa Selys, 1862 Lestes thoracicus Laidlaw, 1920 Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1892 Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842

Family Chlorolestidae

Subfamily Megalestinae

Genus Megalestes Selys, 1862

Megalestes major Selys, 1962

275

LITERATURE CITED

Ali, H. A., 1983. Study on the population and feeding habits of dragonflies (Odonata)

on insect pests of cotton. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Annonymous, 2008. Dragonflies and Damselflies: Odonata - Dragonflies And

Damselflies And People. http://animals.jrank.org/pages/2313/Dragonflies-

Damselflies-Odonata-DRAGONFLIES-DAMSELFLIES-PEOPLE.html.

Anjum, S. A. 1997. Biosystematics of odonate naiads of the Punjab by rearing

techniques. M.Sc. thesis, Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Bedjanic, M. 2006. Species list of the dragonflies of Sri Lanka. In Bambaradeniya,

The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The

World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka.

pp. 31-34.

Borror, D. J. and R. E. White. 1970. A Field Guide to the Insects. New York:

Houghton Mifflin Company.

Boyd, S. 2005. Damselflies and dragonflies. Scientific Illustration Major. University

of Georgia, Athens. http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Insecta/Odonata/.

Chishti, M. Y. 1979. Damselflies of Faisalabad. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric.,

Faisalabad, Pakistan.

276

Chown, S. L. and K. J. Gaston. 1999. Exploring links between physiology and ecology

at macro scales: the role of respiratory metabolism in insects. Biol. Rev.

Camb. Phil. Soc., 74: 87 – 120.

Clausnitzer, V. 2003. Odonata of African humid forests – a review. Cimbebasia. 18:

173 – 190.

Corbet, P. S. 1962. A biology of dragonflies. Witherby, London. Pp. 119.

Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations Nat. Hist., 2: 1–90.

Emiliyamma, K. G. 2005. On the Odonata (Insecta) Fauna of Kottayam district,

Kerala, India. Zoos’ Print Journal, 20(12): 2108 – 2110.

Elzinga, R. J. 1981. Fundamentals of Entomology. 2nd ed. pub. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632. Pp. 422.

Fraser, F. C. 1919. The dragonflies of India. Rec. Ind. Mus., 8: 80–81.

Fraser, F. C. 1922. New and rare Indian Odonata in the Pusa collection. Mem. Dept.

Agric. India (Ent. Ser.), 7(7): 1–77.

Fraser, F. C. 1923. The dragonflies of India. J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 29: 746.

Fraser, F. C. 1933–34. Fauna of British India, Odonata, Vols. 1–2, Tayler and Francis

Ltd., London.

Gardner, A. E. 1960. “A key to the larvae of the British Odonata”. The New

Naturalist Dragonflies. Collins St. James, London, pp. 190-225.

Hardy, F. G., Syaukani and Eggleton, P. 2001. The effects of altitude and

rainfall on the composition of the termites (Isoptera) of the Leuser Ecosystem

(Sumatra, Indonesis). J. Trop. Ecol., 17: 379 – 393.

277

Hussain, Z. 2006. Taxonomic studies of Odonata of district Gilgit and Astor, Northern Areas – Pakistan. M.Sc. thesis, University College of Agriculture Rawalakot, Pakistan. Irshad, M. 2008. Biological control of insects and weeds in Pakistan. 1st ed. pub.

Higher Education commission, Islamabad Pakistan. Pp.315.

Jahangir, A. 1997. Taxonomic studies of Odonata of Gilgit and Baltistan areas. M.Sc.

thesis, Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Kakkassery, F. K. 2005. Dragonflies and damselflies of India.

http://www.geocites.com/com/indianodonata/index.html.

Kanth, Z. I. 1985. Odonata of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. M. Sc. thesis, Dept. Agric.

Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Khaliq, A., 1990. Taxonomic studies on Zygoptera (Odonata) of Pakistan. Ph.D.

thesis, Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Khaliq, A. and F. Maula. 1999. Records of dragonflies from swat valley, Pakistan.

Fraseria, 6(1&2): 1–2.

Khaliq, A., A. Hayat and A. Hussain. 1992. Some dragonflies of district Mansehra

(N.W.F.P). Pak. J. For., 42(2): 74–77.

Khaliq, A. and M. Siddique. 1995. Rice field Odonata in Poonch and Bagh districts of

Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Notul. Odonatol., 4(6): 106.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1992a. Calopterygoidea (Zygoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan.

Pak. Entomol., 14(1&2): 84–87.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1992b. Coenagrionidae (Zygoptera: Odonata) of

Pakistan.I. Subfamily Agriocnemidinae. Pak. J. Zool., 24(4): 159–64.

278

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1992c. Coenagrionidae (Zygoptera: Odonata) of

Pakistan. II. Subfamily Pseudagrioninae. Pak. J. Zool., 24(4): 159–64.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1993a. Coenagrionidae (Zygoptera: Odonata) of

Pakistan. III. Subfamily Ischnurinae. Pak. J. Zool., 25(4): 329–36.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1993b. Taxonomic studies on Platystictidae, Protoneuridae

and Platycnemididae (Zygoptera: Odonata) from Pakistan. Pak. Entomol.,15

(1&2): 91–94.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1993c. Taxonomy of the superfamily Lestoidea

(Zygoptera: Odonata) from Pakistan. Pak. Entomol., 15(1&2): 59–66.

Khaliq, A. and M. Yousuf. 1994. Coenagrionidae (Zygoptera: Odonata) of

Pakistan. IV. Subfamily Coenagrioninae with phylogenetic relationship

among the Pakistan genera of the family. Pak. J. Zool., 26(2): 135–37.

Khaliq, A., M. Ayub, M. A. Nafees and F. Maula. 1994. A collection of Odonata from

Gilgit and Baltistan, Kashmir with three new species for Pakistan. Notul

Odonatol., 4(4): 68–69.

Khaliq, A., M. I. Abbasi and Kh. F. Ahmad. 1993. Odonata from Murree hills of

Pakistan. Pak. J. Entomol. Kar., 8(2): 37–40.

Khaliq, A., S. Aslam and S. A. Anjum. 1995. Description of the naiads of six species

of Odonata from Poonch Valley of Azad Kashmir. Pak. J. Zool., 27(1): 71 –

76.

Khaliq, A., W. H. Shah and Z. Iqbal. 1990. Damselflies (Zygoptera: Odonata) of

district Poonch, Pak. Entomol., 12(1&2): 90–91.

279

Khan, M. R., M. Irshad and M. A. Rafi. 2008. Insect Fauna of Azad Jammu and

Kashmir. MK Traders, Islamabad-Pakistan.

Kirby, W. F. 1886. On a small collection of dragonflies from Murree and Campbellpur

(N. W. India) received from Major J. W. Yerbury. R. A. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 325–329.

Kirby, W. F. 1890. A synonymic catalogue of the Neuroptera-Odonata or Dragonflies

with appendix on Fossil species. London, Pp.202.

Kumar, A. and M. Prasad. 1981. Field ecology, zoogeography and taxonomy of the

Odonata of the western Himalaya, India. Occ. Pap. Zool. Surv. India, 20: 1–

118.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1914. Zoological results of the Abor expedition 1911–1912. Odonata.

Rec. Ind. Mus., 8: 335–49.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1915. Notes on oriental dragonflies in the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind.

Mus., 11(1–3): 197–99.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1917. A list of dragonflies recorded from the Indian Empire with

special reference to the collection of Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus. 13 (1): 23

– 40, 321 – 48.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1919. Idem. Ibid., 16 (2) : 169 – 195.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1920. Idem. Ibid., 19 (3) : 145 – 163.

Laidlaw, F. F. 1921. Idem. Ibid., 22 (4) : 75 – 91.

280

Laidlaw, F. F. 1920. A list of the dragonflies recorded from the Indian empire with

special reference to the collection of the Indian Museum. Rec. Ind. Mus., 19:

145 – 63.

Laird, M. [Ed.]. 1977. Tsetse. The future for biological methods in integrated control.

Int. Develop. Res. Cent. Ottawa, Pp.220.

Luqman, M. 1995. Taxonomic studies of Odonata of district Muzaffarabad (Azad

Kashmir). M. Sc. Thesis. Deptt. Agric. Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad,

Pakistan.

Mitra, A. 2006. Current Status of the Odonata of Bhutan: A checklist with four new

records. Bhu. J. RNR, 2(1): 136 – 143.

May, M. L. 2002. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the damselfly genus Enallagma and

related taxa (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Syst. Entomol, 27,

387 – 408.

Menhinick, E. F. 1964. A comparison of species-individual diversity indices applied to

samples of field insects. Ecology, 45: 859 – 861.

Meyer, J. R. 2005. Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies. Department of Entomology,

NC State University.

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/odonata.html.

Morton, K. J. 1907. Odonata collected by Lt. Col. Nurse chiefly in N. W. India. Trans.

Ent. Soc. Lond., 303–308.

Mousseau, T. A. 1997. Ectothermis follow the converse to Bergmann’s Rule. Evol.,

51: 630 – 632.

281

Najam, M. A. 1984. Population and feeding habits of dragonflies on insect

pests of rice. M. Sc. Thesis, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Needham, J. G. 1930. A manual of dragonflies of China. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol.,

Peiping, China.

Niazi, W. A. K. 1984. Damselflies of district Rawalpindi. M.Sc. thesis, Deptt. Agric.

Entomol., Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Nomura, S. 1995. A List of dragonflies collected in Bangladesh. ESAKIA, (35): 135 –

140.

Orr, A. G. 2003. A Guide to the Dragonfly of Borneo: Their Identification & Biology.

Nat. Hist. Pub. (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

Pedigo, L. P. 2002. Entomology and pest management. 4th ed. pub. Pearson

Education, Inc. Singapore. pp. 93–94.

Qadri, M. A. H. 1968. Zoogeography of Pakistan. Central Urdu Board, Lahore. (In

Urdu).

Rafi, M. A., M. R. Khan, A. Zia and A. Shehzad. 2009. Diversity of Odonata in

District Poonch and Sudhnuti of valley of Kashmir – Pakistan, with a new

record of the country. Halteres, 1(1): 28 – 35.

Rambur, M. P. 1842. Histoire naturelle des Insects. Nevropteres. Paris, 17: 1 – 291,

pls. 1 – 8.

Rehen, A. C. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships of Odonata.

Systematic Ent., 28(2): 181.

282

Room, P. M. 1979. Parasites and predators of Helioithis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

in cotton in the Namoi valley, New South Wales, Australia. J. Aust. Ent. Soc.

18 (3): 223 – 228.

Salur, A. and S. Mesci. 2007. Additional records for the Odonata fauna of Corum

Province (Turkey). Mun. Ent. Zool., 2(1): 169 – 170.

Sankey, J. 1999. A guide to the adult damselflies & dragonflies of Ottawa district.

http://web.ncf.ca/bf250/odonata.html.

Selys – Longehamps, M. E. de. 1831 – 1902. Vide: Fauna of British India, Odonata,

Vol. 1, Taylor and Francis Ltd. London.

Silsby, J. 2001. Dragonflies of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,

Dc. Pp. 216.

Singh, R. J. 1995. The Nepal Digest - April 20, 1995 (7 Baishakh 2052 BkSm).

http://library.wustl.edu/~listmgr/tnd/0127.html.

Sota, T., H. Masakazu and Y. Tsuyoshi. 2007. Geographic variation in body and

ovipositor sizes in the leaf beetle Plateumaris constricticolis (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae) and its association with climatic conditions and host plants.

Eur. J. Entomol., 104:165 – 172.

Subramanian, K. A. 2005. Dragonflies and damselflies of Penisular India - A field

guide. Project Lifescape. Indian Academy of Sciences, Banglore, India.

Pp.118.

Survey of Pakistan (SOP), 1997. Atlas of Pakistan. Directorate of Map, Govt. of

Pakistan, Rawalpindi – Pakistan, Pp. 143.

283

Triplehorn, C. A. and N. F. Johnson. 2005. Borror and Delong’s Introduction to the

study of insects (7th ed.). Thompson Brooks/Cole. pp. 198 – 199.

Trueman, J. W. H and R. J. Rowe. 1997. Odonata: Dragonflies and damselflies.

Santa Barbara City Coll., USA.

http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Odonata&contgroup=Pterygota.

Trueman, J. W. H and R. J. Rowe. 2001. Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies).

http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Odonata&contgroup=Pterygota.

Wahizatul-Afzan, A., J. Jullia and A. Amirrudin 2006. Diversity and distribution of

dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in Sekayu recreational forest, terengganu. J.

Sust. Sci. Mgt. 1(2): 97-106.

Williamson, E. B. 1905. Indian Agriidae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Hist. Mus., Pp.359.

Woodward, G. 2001. Dragonflies: Behaviour and ecology of Odonata. Freshwater

Biol. 46(1): 141.

Yang, T. H. 1976. Investigation on the insects used for medicine in Chinese

pharmacology. Ph.D. Thesis, privately published, Taipei, Pp. 252.

Yasumatsu, K., T. Wongsiri, S. Navavichit and C. Tirawat. 1975. Approaches toward

an integrated control of rice pests. Part 1. Survey of natural enemies of

important rice pests in Thailand. Tech. Bull. Pl. Prot. Serv., Thailand, No. 24,

Pp. 21.

Yousuf, M., A. Khaliq and M. A. Ali. 1995. Population and feeding habits of some

dragonflies on insect pests of cotton. Fraseria, 1(1&2): 1 – 3.

284

Yousuf, M., A. Khaliq and M. A. Najam. 1998. Population and feeding capacity of

dragonflies on insect pests of rice in Pakistan (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Notul.

Odonatol., 5(2): 17–19.

Yousuf, M., A. Khaliq and W. A. K. Niazi. 1996. Studies on the intraspecific

variations in Aristocypha quadrimaculata Selys (Zygoptera: Chlorocyphidae)

from Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Yousuf, M. and M. A. Ali, 1986. A new and easy method of feeding dragonflies in

captivity. Notul. Odonatol., 2 (8): 117 – 118.

Yousuf, M. and M. Y. Chishti. 1986. List and distributional records of some

damselflies of the Faisalabad district, Pakistan (Zygoptera). Notul.

Odonatol., 2: 135–36.

Yousuf, M., M. L. Abbasi and A. Khaliq. 2000a. Description of a new allotype of

Bayadera longicauda Fraser (Euphaeidae: Odonata) from Azad Kashmir. Pak.

Entomol., 22(1–2): 45–46.

Yousuf, M., M. L. Abbasi and A. Khaliq. 2000b. Some new species of Lestidae

(Zygoptera: Odonata) from Pakistan. Pak. Entomol., 22(1–2): 81–84.

Yunus, M., M. Yousuf and G. Jilani. 1980. Insect and spider mite pests of cotton in

Pakistan. Final Tech. Rept. P. L. 480 Proj., Deptt. Agri. Entomol., Univ.

Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan, Pp. 256.

Zia, A., M. A. Rafi, Z. Hussain and M. Naeem. 2009. Occurrence of Odonata in

Northern Areas of Pakistan with seven new records. Halteres, 1(1): 48 – 56.

285

Zia, A., M. Naeem, M. A. Rafi and S. A. Hassan. 2008. A list of damselflies

(Zygoptera: Odonata) recorded from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Pak.

J. Sci. Ind. Res., 51 (6): 329 – 332.

286

List of Abbreviations Used

PB; Punjab Province N.W.F.P; North West Frontier Province BU; Baluchistan Province AJK; Azad Jammu and Kashmir NA; Northern Areas D.G. Khan; Dera Ghazi Khan D. I. Khan; Dera Ismail Khan incl; Including Fig.; Figure km; Kilometers cm; Centimeters mm; Millimeters &; And ♂; Male ♀; Female °C;C Degree Centigrade Long.'; Longitude Lat.'; Lattitude Temp; Temperature Loc; Locality Sp.; Species sp. nov.; Species Novum