DOCSLIB.ORG

5.1. the Two Daimachi: Analysis of TT 1-2 and [TT] 3-5

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5.1. the Two Daimachi: Analysis of TT 1-2 and [TT] 3-5 5. Daimachos of Plataia SALVATORE TUFANO – Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma [email protected] 5.1. The Two Daimachi: Analysis of TT 1-2 and [TT] 3-5 T 1 (= BNJ 65 T 1a; FGrHist 65 T 1a [Euseb. Praep. evang. 10.3.3 p. 464b Mras]). “καὶ τί γὰρ ᾽Εφόρου ἴδιον”, <ἔφη>, “ἐκ τῶν Δαιµάχου καὶ Καλλισθένους καὶ Ἀναξιµένους αὐταῖς λέξεσιν ἔστιν ὅτε τρισχιλίους ὅλους µετατιθέντος στίχους;” 1 ἔφη Stephanus 2 ὅλους BN “‘And what does really belong to Ephoros, then’ – he went on, ‘who literally copied, without exceptions, three thousand lines from those writings of Daimachos, Kallisthenes, and Anaximenes?’” (tr. S. Tufano). T 2 (= BNJ 65 T 1b; FGrHist 65 T 1b [Euseb. Praep. evang. 10.3.23 p. 467d Mras]). ἀλλ᾽ ἵνα µὴ καὶ αὐτὸς κλοπῆς ἄλλους αἰτιώµενος κλέπτης ἁλῶ, τοὺς πραγµατευσαµένους τὰ περὶ τούτων µηνύσω. Λυσιµάχου µέν ἐστι δύο Περὶ τῆς ᾽Εφόρου κλοπῆς· ᾽Αλκαῖος δέ, ὁ τῶν λοιδόρων ἰάµβων καὶ ἐπιγραµµάτων ποιητής, παρώιδηκε τὰς ᾽Εφόρου κλοπὰς ἐξελέγχων. “So that I myself might not be found guilty of plagiarism, while accusing other people, I will mention all those authors who focus on this topic. First, there are two books by Lysimachos On Plagiarism; then, Alkaios (that poet of railing Salvatore Tufano. Boiotia from Within. Teiresias Supplements Online, Volume 2. 2019. © Salvatore Tufano 2019. License Agreement: CC-BY-NC (permission to use, distribute, and reproduce in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed and not used for commercial purposes). Tufano, Boiotia from Within – 5. Daimachos iambs and epigrams), confuted and made fun of Ephoros’ plagiarisms.” (tr. S. Tufano). T 3 (= BNJ 716 T 1; FGrHist 716 T 1 [Str. 2.1.9 C 70]). ἅπαντες µὲν τοίνυν οἱ περὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς γράψαντες ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ψευδολόγοι γεγόνασι, καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν δὲ Δηΐµαχος, τὰ δὲ δεύτερα φέρει Μεγασθένης [...] ἐπέµφθησαν µὲν γὰρ εἰς τὰ Παλίµβοθρα ὁ µὲν Μεγασθένης πρὸς Σανδρόκοττον, ὁ δὲ Δηΐµαχος πρὸς Ἀµιτροχάδην τὸν ἐκείνου υἱὸν κατὰ πρεσβείαν, ὑποµνήµατα δὲ τῆς ἀποδηµίας κατέλιπον τοιαῦτα, ὑφ᾽ ἧς δή ποτε αἰτίας προαχθέντες. 2 φέρει Radt λέγει mss. ἄγει Aly 4 Σανδρόκοττον Korais ἀνδρόκοττον Λ ἀνδρόλοτον BCE Ἀµιτροχάδην Lassen ἀλλι- mss. “Sure, all the authors of works On India have generally been lying, but Daimachos exceeded them all, and then comes, in second place, Megasthenes. [...] They were both sent as ambassadors to Palimbothra: Megasthenes, to the court of Sandrocottos, Daimachos to that of Amitrochades, Sandrocottos’ son. They left us Commentaries of such a (bad) sort, moved by mysterious grounds.” (tr. S. Tufano). T 4 (= BNJ 716 T 2; FGrHist 716 T 2 [Str. 2.1.19 C 76]). πάλιν δ᾽ ἐκείνου τὸν Δηΐµαχον ἰδιώτην ἐνδείξασθαι βουλοµένου καὶ ἄπειρον τῶν τοιούτων. “And also, when he wants to show that Daimachos is a layman and has no expertise of these subjects.” (tr. S. Tufano). 316 Tufano, Boiotia from Within – 5. Daimachos T 5 (= BNJ 716 T 3; FGrHist 716 T 3 [Str. 2.1.4 C 68-9]). πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἀπόφασιν ταύτην ὁ Ἵππαρχος ἀντιλέγει διαβάλλων τὰς πίστεις. οὔτε γὰρ Πατροκλέα πιστὸν εἶναι δυεῖν ἀντιµαρτυρούντων αὐτῷ, Δηϊµάχου τε καὶ Μεγασθένους, οἳ καθ᾽οὓς µὲν τόπους δισµυρίων εἶναι σταδίων τὸ διάστηµά φασι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ µεσηµβρίαν θαλάττης, καθ᾽οὓς δὲ καὶ τρισµυρίων· τούτους τε δὴ τοιαῦτα λέγειν καὶ τοὺς ἀρχαίους πίνακας τούτοις ὁµολογεῖν. 2 οὐδέ Meineke δυοῖν B 3 τε Korais γε mss. “Hipparchos answers by disproving these causes. Because Patrokles was not reliable, as he is contradicted by two witnesses, Daimachos and Megasthenes, who say that the distance from the southern sea is, at some points, twenty thousand stadia, in others, thirty thousand. He says that they mention these numbers and that the ancient maps confirm them.” (tr. S. Tufano). 5.1.1. The Namesakes: Two Biographies Our witnesses on Daimachos as a historian can hardly all be connected to the same figure. A first group of sources (TT 1-2) revolves around information ascribed by Eusebius to Porphyrios, who probably read Lysimachos of Alexandria (cp. infra). Another series of passages in Strabo’s Geography refers to an ambassador who wrote on India. Strabo also mentions him along with Megasthenes: Strabo’s probable intermediary source was Eratosthenes, who could probably still read Daimachos and Megasthenes.1109 The first Daimachos was plagiarized by Ephoros in his Histories (BNJ 70 T 17), which means that Daimachos finished his work by 340 BCE, the date of the siege of Perinthos, 1109 TT 3-5. Cp. BNJ 716 F 3. For the origin from Eratosthenes of the quotes from Daimachos and Megasthenes, see Dognini 2000: 100 and Roller 2010: 138-9. 317 Tufano, Boiotia from Within – 5. Daimachos the last event personally touched upon by Ephoros in the composition of his work.1110 The second consequence of this tradition is that Daimachos was coterminous with Anaximenes (BNJ 72 T 28) and Kallisthenes (BNJ 124 T 33), the other two writers of Ἑλληνικά who are mentioned in the same context. In fact, we must consider that Ephoros had all these books available when he finished the draft of the first twenty-nine books of his Histories: this gives us a terminus ante quem of around 330 BCE.1111 There is a high degree of homogeneity in the list of Anaximenes, Kallisthenes, and Daimachos, if we consider their dates and the characteristics of their production. Despite the impossibility that Daimachos also wrote the Hellenica of Oxyrhynchos,1112 as suggested by Jacoby (1924; 1950), the detail on the plagiarism of Ephoros is explicit in defining Daimachos’ work on the same level as that of the other names that occur with him. Since no witness explicitly mentions Daimachos’ Ἑλληνικά, the existence of this title has been strongly suspected, but this is not enough to doubt the value of Lysimachos’ comparison: this author, in his On the Plagiarism of Ephorus (BNJ 382 F 22), was probably comparing Daimachos with two other universal historians (T 2) and not contrasting a 1110 The suggestion of later dates for the completion of this part of the work does not take into account the fact that both Aristotle and Lykourgos used Ephoros. We infer from an observation by Clement of Alexandria (Strom. 1.139.3 = BNJ 70 F 223), that Ephoros probably meant to deal with events until 335 BCE, but the project was interrupted from a lack of time (Breglia 1996: 63-4; Prandi 2013b: 684-5). 1111 Davies 2013: 59 and n.11. On Ephoros’ method and on his work in general, see Barber 1935, Schepens 1977, Parmeggiani 2011, and the essays edited by de Fidio – Talamo 2013 (among which, Landucci Gattinoni 2013 confirms the main date which I follow in the text). 1112 To respect the structure of the Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, J. Engels (2011a), editor of Daimachos of Plataia for Brill’s New Jacoby (65), re-quotes the Hellenika of Oxyrhynchos as a fifth fragment (BNJ 65 F 5), despite discrediting Jacoby’s trust in this authorship (1924). However, it now seems better to align it with the few certain data we possess on Daimachos and deny him this work, as G.L. Barber first suggested (Barber 1935: ix n.1; for a critical overview, cp. Camacho Rojo 1994: 537-40, spec. 537-8). We still lack positive evidence on the authorship of the Hellenika Oxyrhynchia; see, at least, Grenfell – Hunt 1909; Meyer 1909; Gigante 1949; Jacoby 1950; Bartoletti 1959; Bruce 1970; Accame 1978; Canfora 1988; McKechnie – Kern 1988; Chambers 1993; Bianchetti – Cataudella 2001; Behrwald 2005; Bleckmann 2006; Cuniberti 2009, and Occhipinti 2016. It is sometimes forgotten what H. Bloch (1940: 303-76, spec. 344) and R. Nicolai (2006: 693-720, spec. 708 and n.53) rightly observed, i.e. that Dionysius of Halikarnassos (Thuc. 9) does not know any historian who, like the author of the Hellenika, organized their subject matter for military campaigns: this means that he might as well be a writer whose name is completely obscure to us. 318 Tufano, Boiotia from Within – 5. Daimachos local historian, Daimachos, with different figures.1113 If, moreover, it is uncertain whether these authors are listed by Porphyrios in chronological order (Daimachos > Anaximenes > Kallisthenes),1114 the witnesses on Anaximenes (ca. 380-20 BCE; BNJ 72)1115 and on Kallisthenes (ca. 370-27 BCE; BNJ 124)1116 confirm that these two wrote before Ephoros.1117 This same Daimachos was quoted by Athenaeus Mechanicus in a passage, which consists in a series of sources: according to Jacoby (1926a: 4) and to Zecchini (1997: 192-3), the names are registered in chronological order,1118 even though the section (F 5) is textually troublesome and it is not completely certain whether Daimachos worked after Aineas Tacticus, whose Poliorketika were written in the first half of the fifties of the fourth century BCE.1119 This fragment was not considered a witness, in previous scholarship, because of doubts that still exist on the authorship of the mentioned work (cp. infra) and on the chronological criterion behind the list.1120 The second Daimachos wrote a treatise on India1121 as a result of his mission in the region. Daimachos was sent by a Seleukid king, probably Antiochos I,1122 to Palimbothra (skr. 1113 Dognini 2000: 103-4. Cp., from a different point of view, Zecchini (1997: 192): “Dalla testimonianza di Lisimaco [...] si può [...] ricavare che [...] Daimaco dovette scrivere un’opera analoga a quelle di Callistene e di Anassimene, con cui è citato, cioè Elleniche.” 1114 For the suggestion of a chronological disposition of these names, see Zecchini 1997: 192. However, it is not completely certain whether Anaximenes actually lived long before Kallisthenes. 1115 On Anaximenes, see infra in text. 1116 Prandi (1985; 2013b, spec. 692-3) confirmed both the plausibility that Kallisthenes’ work was known and usable by Ephoros, and his chronological precedence (cp., on the precedence of Daimachos and Kallisthenes over Ephoros, Niese 1909: 175 n.2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Power and Politics in the Mycenaean World and Its Reflection in the Homeric Epic: the Iliad
    Near East University (NEU) Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of International Relations The Evolution of Power and Politics in the Mycenaean World and its Reflection in the Homeric Epic: the Iliad By: Nicolaie A. Şorodoc We certify that the thesis is satisfactory for the award of the Degree of Master of International Relations Examining committee: Prof. Dr. Levent Köker Faculty of Law, Department of Law, NEU Prof. Dr. Jouni Suistola Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of International Relations, NEU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Efdal Özkul Faculty of Education, Department of History Teaching, NEU Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Aykut Polatoğlu 1 Jury Report June, 2010 Student Info: Full Name Nicolaie Alin Şorodoc Faculty Economics and Administrative Sciences Institution Near East University Department International Relations Thesis Info: Title: The Evolution of Power and Politics in the Mycenaean World and its Reflection in the Homeric Epic the Iliad Abstract: This study tries to go beyond the boundaries of present day issues and examine the evolution of power and politics of the Mycenaean people during the Bronze Age. At each stage, be it big-man leadership, chiefdom or state based society I examine how power and social complexity increases and what were the reasons behind such a phenomenon. I start with some few considerations regarding developments during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age and then I jump to the question of the “coming of the Greeks.” I argue that any explanation of the political life shall start from early stages; it is only then that we might get a measured insight in respect to the workings of political and social institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Homer and Greek Epic
    HomerHomer andand GreekGreek EpicEpic INTRODUCTION TO HOMERIC EPIC (CHAPTER 4.IV) • The Iliad, Books 23-24 • Overview of The Iliad, Books 23-24 • Analysis of Book 24: The Death-Journey of Priam •Grammar 4: Review of Parts of Speech: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Pronouns, Prepositions and Conjunctions HomerHomer andand GreekGreek EpicEpic INTRODUCTION TO HOMERIC EPIC (CHAPTER 4.IV) Overview of The Iliad, Book 23 • Achilles holds funeral games in honor of Patroclus • these games serve to reunite the Greeks and restore their sense of camaraderie • but the Greeks and Trojans are still at odds • Achilles still refuses to return Hector’s corpse to his family HomerHomer andand GreekGreek EpicEpic INTRODUCTION TO HOMERIC EPIC (CHAPTER 4.IV) Overview of The Iliad, Book 24 • Achilles’ anger is as yet unresolved • the gods decide he must return Hector’s body • Zeus sends Thetis to tell him to inform him of their decision • she finds Achilles sulking in his tent and he agrees to accept ransom for Hector’s body HomerHomer andand GreekGreek EpicEpic INTRODUCTION TO HOMERIC EPIC (CHAPTER 4.IV) Overview of The Iliad, Book 24 • the gods also send a messenger to Priam and tell him to take many expensive goods to Achilles as a ransom for Hector’s body • he sneaks into the Greek camp and meets with Achilles • Achilles accepts Priam’s offer of ransom and gives him Hector’s body HomerHomer andand GreekGreek EpicEpic INTRODUCTION TO HOMERIC EPIC (CHAPTER 4.IV) Overview of The Iliad, Book 24 • Achilles and Priam arrange an eleven-day moratorium on fighting
    [Show full text]
  • THE ARGONAUTIKA He'd Gone on His Vain Quest with Peirithoos: That Couple Would Have Made Their Task's Fulfillment Far Easier for Them All
    Book I Starting from you, Phoibos, the deeds ofthose old-time mortals I shall relute, who by way ofthe Black Sea's mouth and through the cobalt-dark rocks, at King Pelias 's commandment, in search of the Golden Fleece drove tight-thwarted Argo. For Pelias heard it voiced that in time thereafter a grim fate would await him, death at the prompting of the man he saw come, one-sandaled, from folk in the country: and not much later-in accordance with your word-Jason, fording on foot the Anauros's wintry waters, saved from the mud one sandal, but left the other stuck fast in the flooded estuary, pressed straight on to have his share in the sacred feast that Pelias was preparing for Poseidon his father, and the rest of the gods, though paying no heed to Pelasgian Hera. The moment Pelias saw him, he knew, and devised him a trial of most perilous seamanship, that in deep waters or away among foreign folk he might lose his homecoming. ,\row singers before 7ny time have recounted how the vessel was fashioned 4 Argos with the guidance of Athena. IW~cctIplan to do now is tell the name and farnib of each hero, describe their long voyage, all they accomplished in their wanderings: may the Muses inspire mnj sinpng! First in our record be Orpheus, whom famous Kalliope, after bedding Thracian Oikgros, bore, they tell us, 44 THE XRGONAUTIKA hard by Pimpleia's high rocky lookout: Orpheus, who's said to have charmed unshiftable upland boulders and the flow of rivers with the sound of his music.
    [Show full text]
  • Erysichthon Goes to Town
    Erysichthon Goes to Town James Lasdun’s Modern American Re-telling of Ovid Pippa J. Ström A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classical Studies Victoria University of Wellington 2010 ERYSICHTHON GOES TO TOWN by Pippa J. Ström ©2010 ABSTRACT The Erysichthon of Ovid’s Metamorphoses is given, in James Lasdun’s re-telling of the story, a repeat performance of chopping down a sacred tree, receiving the punishment of insatiable hunger, selling his daughter, and eating himself. Transgressive greed, impiety, and environmental destruction are elements appearing already amongst the Greek sources of this ancient myth, but Lasdun adds new weight to the environmental issues he brings out of the story, turning Erysichthon into a corrupt property developer. The modern American setting of “Erisychthon” lets the poem’s themes roam a long distance down the roads of self- improvement, consumption, and future-centredness, which contrast with Greek ideas about moderation, and perfection being located in the past. These themes lead us to the eternally unfulfilled American Dream. Backing up our ideas with other sources from or about America, we discover how well the Erysichthon myth fits some of the prevailing approaches to living in America, which seem to have stemmed from the idea that making the journey there would lead to a better life. We encounter not only the relationship between Ovid and Lasdun’s versions of the story, but between the earth and its human inhabitants, and find that some attitudes can be traced back a long way.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Homer's Roads Not Taken
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Homer’s Roads Not Taken Stories and Storytelling in the Iliad and Odyssey A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Classics by Craig Morrison Russell 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Homer’s Roads Not Taken Stories and Storytelling in the Iliad and Odyssey by Craig Morrison Russell Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Alex C. Purves, Chair This dissertation is a consideration of how narratives in the Iliad and Odyssey find their shapes. Applying insights from scholars working in the fields of narratology and oral poetics, I consider moments in Homeric epic when characters make stories out of their lives and tell them to each other. My focus is on the concept of “creativity” — the extent to which the poet and his characters create and alter the reality in which they live by controlling the shape of the reality they mould in their storytelling. The first two chapters each examine storytelling by internal characters. In the first chapter I read Achilles’ and Agamemnon’s quarrel as a set of competing attempts to create the authoritative narrative of the situation the Achaeans find themselves in, and Achilles’ retelling of the quarrel to Thetis as part of the move towards the acceptance of his version over that of Agamemnon or even the Homeric Narrator that occurs over the course of the epic. In the second chapter I consider the constant storytelling that [ii ] occurs at the end of the Odyssey as a competition between the families of Odysseus and the suitors to control the narrative that will be created out of Odysseus’s homecoming.
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Reception in Contemporary Women's
    CLASSICAL RECEPTION IN CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S WRITING: EMERGING STRATEGIES FROM RESISTANCE TO INDETERMINACY by POLLY STOKER A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History, and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham April 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The reader who rewrites remains a vital interlocutor between the classical past and the modern classicist. However, the neglect of the female reader in classical reception studies is an omission that becomes ever more conspicuous, and surely less sustainable, as women writers continue to dominate the contemporary creative field. This thesis makes the first steps towards fashioning a new aesthetic model for the female reader based on irony, ambivalence, and indeterminacy. I consider works by Virginia Woolf, Alice Oswald, Elizabeth Cook, and Yael Farber, all of whom largely abandon ‘resistance’ as a strategy of rereading and demand a new theoretical framework that can engage with and recognize the multivalence of women’s reading and rewriting.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Hopkins's Homer: a Scholarly Edition of Gerard Manley
    ABSTRACT Hopkins’s Homer: A Scholarly Edition of Gerard Manley Hopkins’s Dublin Notes on the Iliad Melinda Creech, Ph.D. Mentor: Joshua King, Ph.D. In a letter to his mother (13 January 1886), Gerard Manley Hopkins mentioned that he was “taking notes for one [a book] on Homer’s art.”(CW II 757). These notes on the Iliad, made while Hopkins was living in Dublin, on sixty-five pages of folded sheets of paper, are housed at Campion Hall, Oxford. In the Campion Hall manuscript, Hopkins makes this final statement: “After this I am going to make my notes mainly on my interleaved book. Feb. 12 ’86.” Those additional fifteen pages, interleaved into his copy of Homeri Ilias (1883), are housed at the Foley Library, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington. Taken together, the two sets of notes, consisting of 514 items and pertaining to fifty- seven pages in his edition of the Iliad, were written between November 1884 and ca. February 1886. A transcription of Hopkins’s notes, those housed at Campion Hall, and those housed at Gonzaga University, and a commentary on those notes comprises the bulk of the dissertation. These Dublin Notes on the Iliad, written by Hopkins during one of the darkest times of his life, when he was estranged from his country, his family, and his beloved Wales, provide a unique insight into the way he regarded the art of Homer’s poetry—the way Homer ordered the words, phrases, and lines that contributed to that poetry; the way that “stock” epithets were not stock at all, but expressed nuanced characteristics of the things and people they modified; the value Homer placed on the inscape of words, fitting each word into its place in the lines of dactylic hexameter—and the way Hopkins reflected his study of Homer in his own poetry, particularly the poetry he wrote and revised while living in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Collection of Hesiod Homer and Homerica
    COLLECTION OF HESIOD HOMER AND HOMERICA Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns, and Homerica This file contains translations of the following works: Hesiod: "Works and Days", "The Theogony", fragments of "The Catalogues of Women and the Eoiae", "The Shield of Heracles" (attributed to Hesiod), and fragments of various works attributed to Hesiod. Homer: "The Homeric Hymns", "The Epigrams of Homer" (both attributed to Homer). Various: Fragments of the Epic Cycle (parts of which are sometimes attributed to Homer), fragments of other epic poems attributed to Homer, "The Battle of Frogs and Mice", and "The Contest of Homer and Hesiod". This file contains only that portion of the book in English; Greek texts are excluded. Where Greek characters appear in the original English text, transcription in CAPITALS is substituted. PREPARER'S NOTE: In order to make this file more accessable to the average computer user, the preparer has found it necessary to re-arrange some of the material. The preparer takes full responsibility for his choice of arrangement. A few endnotes have been added by the preparer, and some additions have been supplied to the original endnotes of Mr. Evelyn-White's. Where this occurs I have noted the addition with my initials "DBK". Some endnotes, particularly those concerning textual variations in the ancient Greek text, are here ommitted. PREFACE This volume contains practically all that remains of the post- Homeric and pre-academic epic poetry. I have for the most part formed my own text. In the case of Hesiod I have been able to use independent collations of several MSS. by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Government of Troy: Politics in the Iliad William Merritt Sale
    The Government of Troy: Politics in the "Iliad" Sale, William Merritt Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Spring 1994; 35, 1; ProQuest pg. 5 The Government of Troy: Politics in the Iliad William Merritt Sale N RECENTLY PUBLISHED STUDIES of Homeric formulae I have I called attention, on the basis of statistical evidence, to two facts about Homer's Trojans in the Iliad: (1) The nominative proper-name formulae used by the poet to refer to them display a remarkable lacuna: there are no frequently occurring, 'regular', formulae. 1 The other characters and peoples who are mentioned anything like as often as the Trojans all have regular formulae, usually more than one. We give the term 'regular formula' a quantitative definition, "exactly repeated six times or more," but the phenomenon is not mere­ ly quantitative; there are certain qualities that regular formulae have and that infrequently occurring formulae tend to lack. Most notable of these are their noun-epithet form (nominative proper-name noun-verb formulae all occur infrequently) and the occurrence of the formula in a major colon:2 frequently oc­ curring formulae are noun-epithet and occupy major cola; infre­ quent formulae fall in minor cola, and the less frequently they occur, the more likely they are to fall in minor cola and to be noun-verbal in syntax. Hence the distinction between regular and infrequent formulae is qualitative, and the Trojans in the nominative lack something they ought to have, noun-epithet formulae used regularly to fill metrical spaces that the other characters have formulae to fill. A lack of regular formulae is significant; and the significance is statistically demonstrable.3 1 w.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Mythology / Apollodorus; Translated by Robin Hard
    Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Robin Hard 1997 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as a World’s Classics paperback 1997 Reissued as an Oxford World’s Classics paperback 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Apollodorus. [Bibliotheca. English] The library of Greek mythology / Apollodorus; translated by Robin Hard.
    [Show full text]
  • The Two Voices of Statius: Patronymics in the Thebaid
    The Two Voices of Statius: Patronymics in the Thebaid. Kyle Conrau-Lewis This thesis is submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts School of Historical and Philosophical Studies University of Melbourne, November 2013. 1 This is to certify that: 1. the thesis comprises only my original work towards the degree of master of arts except where indicated in the Preface, 2. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, 3. the thesis is less than 50,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. 2 Contents Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Chapter 1 24 Chapter 2 53 Chapter 3 87 Conclusion 114 Appendix A 117 Bibliography 121 3 Abstract: This thesis aims to explore the divergent meanings of patronymics in Statius' epic poem, the Thebaid. Statius' use of language has often been characterised as recherché, mannered and allusive and his style is often associated with Alexandrian poetic practice. For this reason, Statius' use of patronymics may be overlooked by commentators as an example of learned obscurantism and deliberate literary self- fashioning as a doctus poeta. In my thesis, I argue that Statius' use of patronymics reflects a tension within the poem about the role and value of genealogy. At times genealogy is an ennobling feature of the hero, affirming his military command or royal authority. At other times, a lineage is perverse as Statius repeatedly plays on the tragedy of generational stigma and the liability of paternity. Sometimes, Statius points to the failure of the son to match the character of his father, and other times he presents characters without fathers and this has implications for how these characters are to be interpreted.
    [Show full text]
  • Iliad Book I
    Iliad Book I 1. Who were the sons of Atreus? 2. Who asked Apollo to curse the Greeks and why? 3. Did the Achaeans know why Apollo plagued them at first? 4. What had to be done to stop the plague? 5. Why did Agamemnon refuse? 6. What are Myrmidons? 7. What did Agamemnon take and from whom to replace Chryseis? 8. Who stopped Achilles from killing Agamemnon? 9. Which Achaean leader claimed to know Theseus? Extra: Find Pylos on a map and read the story of Theseus and the Minotaur. 10. What did Agamemnon do instead of giving back Chryseis? 11. To whom did Achilles turn for help when he lost Briseis? Extra: Read the story of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis and the story of Achilles’ birth. 12. Why did Achilles think she could persuade Zeus? 13. What did Achilles want? 14. Where was Zeus? Extra: Find modern Ethiopia on a map. 15. What three actions did the Achaeans take at the temple to appease Apollo? 1. 2. 3. 16. How did Zeus indicate he would do as Thetis asked? 17. Who tried to change Zeus’ mind? 18. How did Hephaestus become injured? Iliad Book II 1. The evil or false dream was sent to Agamemnon by _______________. Extra: Keep a list of the gods/goddesses on each side of the war. 2. The dream came to Agamemnon as who? 3. Agamemnon’s staff had been made by whom? And how was it acquired? 4. When the Achaean troops assemble Agamemnon tells them that Zeus wanted them to do what? 5.
    [Show full text]